Philosophy Midterms

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Week 1: Introduction to Philosophy of the Human APPROACH

Person DOING PHILOSOPHY Ancient Period (600 BC-600 AD) Cosmocentric

Definitions Of Philosophy • Milesia the so-called Greek miracle happened,


when Thales (Father of Philosophy) and the Pre
• Etymological Definition Socratics asked the question: What is the
• Classical Definition world stuff?
• Contemporary Definition
What is the world stuff?
Etymological Definition
• Thales-WATER
PHILOSOPHY • Anaximenes-AIR
- PHILO(love) • Anaximander-APEIRON
• Heraclitus-FIRE
- SOPHIA(wisdom) • Empedocles-FOUR ELEMENTS
• Democritus-ATOM
Classical Definition • The intellectual miracle which the Greeks gave
birth eventually became the basis for the
• It is expected to be a real definition that tells of
progress which we ascribe today to science and
the very essence or nature of a thing.
technology.
• It is called science because the investigation is
systematic. Great Triumvirate of Greek Philosophers
• "Philosophy is a science which inquiries into the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of all • Socrates
things in the light of pure reason alone." • Plato
• Aristotle
Light of Pure Reason Alone • Aristotle disagrees with Plato, as a scientist, he
• The philosopher uses his natural capacity to refuses to go beyond the world HIC ET NUNC
think or simply, human reason alone or the -Aristotle Medieval Period (600-1600)
so-called unaided reason.
Theocentric
Study of All Things
• Medieval philosophy refers to philosophy in
• Philosophy does not limit itself to a particular Western Europe.
object of inquiry. It is multidimensional or
• Also known as Middle Ages, Age of Belief, and
holistic.
Golden Age of the Christian Church.
Contemporary Definition • Philosophy became the search for the ultimate
causes of all things, eventually leading to the
• “Discipline in which questions are more truth about God.
important than the answers and where every
answer leads to further questions". Modern Period (1600-1900) Anthropocentric

-Karl Jaspers • This is the Age of Geniuses, the Age of


Enlightenment.
VALUES OF DOING PHILOSOPHY • Age of the emergence of mathematics and the
1. Philosophy as a subject enables the student to other sciences.
study, learn and master the various branches
• It is the revival of the glorious achievement of the
and divisions of philosophy and the theories and
Greeks.
beliefs of philosophers.
• The Renaissance ideal man of the man is
2. Philosophy helps the student to develop the
personified by Leonardo da Vince. He is a
ability to form opinions and beliefs.
universal man, an artist, scientist, philosopher,
3. Philosophy helps the student to be resilient and
and theologian all at once.
philosophically calm in the face of disorder and
• Frenchman Rene Descartes (Father of Modern
doubts, uncertainty, indefiniteness, and chaos.
Thought) uses his universal methodical doubt,
4. In relation to deepening of self-awareness,
to doubt all things as far as possible in order to
philosophy also increases the student's self
arrive at certitude.
awareness and awareness of the world.
• For Descartes everything was doubtable, but he
5. Philosophy deepens the student's self
could not doubt that he was doubting, and
awareness.
doubting being a mode of thinking, brought him
6. Philosophy helps the student to be creative. 7.
to his famous philosophy, "cogito ergo sum".
Philosophy helps the student to develop dear
• The Modern Age also made the Remarkable split
concepts and value system.
of two schools of thought: Rationalism and
8. Philosophy provides the student with better
Empiricism
intellectual perspective and outlook.
9. Philosophy gives the student personal freedom Rationalist's Group of Philosophers
the freedom from the biases, prejudices and
convictions and tyranny of customs that have • Rene Descartes
grown up his mind. • Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
TWO APPROACHES OF • Benedict de Spinoza

PHILOSOPHY HISTORICAL
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Contemporary Period (1900-Present) of Law, Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of
Global/Borderless Technology, Social Philosophy, Political
Philosophy, and Hermeneutics among others.
• Immanuel Kant is the Father of post-modernity.
His Famous philosophical Landmark, the Week 2: Methods of Philosophizing
Critique of Pure Reason, marks the end of
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
modern philosophy.
• His critique is the completion of the Universal • Socratic Method
Methodical Doubt of Descartes, likewise, he • Cartesian Method
reconciled the two opposing philosophical • Phenomenological Method
thoughts of rationalism and empiricism
• Scientific Method
• "Thoughts without contents are empty, and
• Historical Method
intuitions without concepts are blind."
SOCRATIC/DIALECTIC METHOD
-Immanuel Kant SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
• It is known by the Greeks as elenchus that means
METAPHYSICS
"argument of refutation" or "to inquire or to
• It is the nature, existence, being of the world. • cross examine", and exchange of ideas through
Greek word "metaphysika" Socratic questioning.
1. Ontology - Study of being and existence. 2. • Also known as Midwifery Method or the Art of
Natural Theology - Study of God, including the endless questioning
nature of religion and the world, existence of • The Socratic Method is named after Greek
the divine. philosopher Socrates who taught students by
3. Universal Science - study of first principles of asking question after question.
Logic and reasoning
CARTESIAN METHOD
THEODICY
• It is also known as Methodic Doubt.
• It is the study of God. • Founded by Rene Descartes the Father of
• It is coined from the Greek words "theos" and Modern Thought/Philosophy.
"dike." • In Meditations on First Philosophy, he
believed that knowledge could proceed to
Theodicy asks the questions. starting points just like mathematics
• If God is all good and all powerful why does evil • For him the method of doubt consists of
exist? doubting everything until you arrive at clear
• Is God the creator of evil in this world? and distinct ideas which are nonsensical to
doubt. With his method of doubt, he founded
COSMOLOGY his famous maxim cogito ergo sum which
means I think, therefore I am.
• It has principles that govern the processes in
nature or the Universe. Four ways to arrive at certitude:
• It looks for answers in the form of empirical
• First is never accept anything except it is clear
understanding.
and distinct.
PSYCHOLOGY • Second, dividing ideas into many parts as
needed to solve it.
• It studies the life principle of living things • Third, arrange ideas from simplest to complex
specifically that of man.
• Last, never leave anything in to chance.
• It was derived from the Greek terms "psyche" and
"logos". PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD

EPISTEMOLOGY • Phenomenology is the science of the essence of


consciousness, and it was founded by Edmund
• It studies the nature and scope of knowledge • It Husserl.
comes from the Greek "episteme" and "logos”. • Husserl is regarded as The Father of Phenomenology
and thought of philosophy as rigorous science. • The aim
LOGIC of Phenomenology Husserl's is to articulate and to
describe the immanent reality of our lived experiences.
• It studies about reason or correct thinking or
reasoning. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• It comes from the Greek term "logos".
• It came from the Greek word "Scientia" which means
ETHICS "to produce knowledge". This method is also known
as the empirical method.
• It is concerned with questions of how people • Scientists use the scientific method to collect
ought to act; the search for a definition of right measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment
conduct. related to a hypothesis, the results aiming to support
• It is derived from the Greek "ethos". or contradict a theory.
OTHER BRANCHES

• Aesthetics, Philosophy of Education, Philosophy


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HISTORICAL METHOD • Person
THE SPIRITUAL WORLD
• The term history came from the Greek word
"iotopia" that means "to investigate" or "to find • Man is destined to live in the spiritual world
out." because he is summoned by God to live with
• This process involves gathering evidences, Him His kingdom.
examining them and formulating ideas in the
past to come up with present truths. THE PHYSICAL WORLD

THE NATURE OF TRUTH • Man is destined to live in the physical world since
he is part of the world, and he lives among
What is TRUTH? entities in the world.
• There is no absolute measure of truth. • The THREE-FOLD LEVEL OF HUMAN
classical concept: ancient Greek philosophy's
concept of "knowledge as justified, true belief". NATURE The Somatic Level
• It is one of the largest and central subjects in • It refers to the body, substance, or stuff of man
philosophy. and secondarily to the bodily structure and color
THE NEO-CLASSICAL THEORIES OF TRUTH of man.

• Correspondence Theory of Truth The Behavioral Level


• Coherence Theory of Truth • It refers to the mode of acting of every man. • It
• Pragmatic Theory of Truth includes the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
Correspondence Theory domains of man.

• This theory states that something is true if it The Attitudinal Level


corresponds to reality or the actual state of • It refers to the mental reaction of every man to
affairs. given stimulus.
Ex: A mammal is a warm-blooded animal, has hair, • It refers to one's opinion, mood, and feelings.
and feeds its young with milk is considered true. Week 4: Theories of Human Nature
That "dog barks" is also true. The statement pigs
can fly, however, is false; in reality, pigs cannot fly. THE ANCIENT PERIOD
Coherence Theory THALES
• This theory proposes that something is true if it • WATER
makes sense when placed in a specific situation • Human brain contains 80% water and the
or context. human body 70%
Ex: Muslims have a belief that certain animals like ·ANAXIMENES
pigs are unclean.
• AIR
Indian people have a custom in which using your • Air is associated with the soul (the breath of
left hand might be considered rude. life).
Pragmatic Theory ANAXIMANDER
• This theory believes that something is true if we • Man evolved from animals of another species.
can put it into practice or is useful in real life. • It • Anaximander can be called the first
also believes that ideas should be continually evolutionist.
tested to confirm their validity.
HERACLITUS
Ex: The scientific method, where experiments are
designed to test hypotheses, is an example of a • FIRE
pragmatic approach to determining truth. • 37° C temperature of the somatic level of
human nature as a conviction that man is
Value Statement
grounded in the world.
"Never be afraid to raise your voice for honesty and • "You can't step in the same river twice"
truth and compassion against injustice and lying
PARMENIDES
and greed. If people all over the world would do
this, it would change the earth." • The changing forms and motions are an
-William Faulkner appearance of a single eternal reality or
"Being".
Week 4: Human Person as An Embodied Spirit • All claims of change or of non-being is
THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN illogical.

PERSON PYTHAGORAS

• Soul is immortal, divine, and is subjected to


• Man
metempsychosis.
• Human
• Man is made up of numbers.

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PROTAGORAS
• The Sensitive Soul feeds itself, it grows, and it
• "Man is the measure of all things of the things reproduces, and it has feelings.
that are, that they are; of the things that are
not, that they are not". Rational

SOCRATES • The Rational Soul is capable of thinking and


judging aside from seeing and growing.
• Man is being who thinks and wills. He gives
more value to the human soul rather than THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
the body. ST. AUGUSTINE
• Knowledge is the ultimate criterion of action.
• For Augustine, God created man in a mortal
PLATO body with an immortal soul and gave man
free will.
• The nature of man is seen in the metaphysical
• God alone who can redeem man.
dichotomy between body and soul.
ST. THOMAS
ARISTOTLE
• Man is substantial unity of body and soul. •
• Man is rational animal
Man is an embodied soul, not soul using a
• According to Aristotle's De Anima, body and
body.
soul are in a state of unity.
THE MODERN PERIOD
THREE PARTS OF SOUL
RENE DESCARTES
Rational
• Man is founded on his idea of substance.
• The rational part of soul is located in the head
• He draws the distinction between God as the
(brain).
infinite substance and man as the finite
Appetitive substance.
• Descartes calls thinking substance Res
• The appetitive part of soul is located in the Cogitans and extended substance Res
abdomen. Extensa
Spirit THE POST-MODERN PERIOD
• The spirit part of soul is located in the chest. KARL MARX
THREE KINDS OF SOUL • Marx's views of human nature lies at his ideas
of labor and society.
Vegetative
• For Marx the nature of man is equivalent to
• The Vegetative Soul feeds itself, it grows, and labor my means of his subsistence.
it reproduces.
Sensitive
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