Exercise 3A

1 a 300° is in the 4th quadrant 11p 1

g cosec = = -3.24 (3 s.f.)
1 10 sin 11p
sec300° = 10
cos300°
In 4th quadrant cos is +ve, 1
h sec6rad = = 1.04 (3 s.f.)
so sec300° is +ve. cos6rad

b 190° is in the 3rd quadrant 1 1

3 a cosec90° = = =1
1 sin90° 1
cosec190° =
sin190° (refer to graph of y = sin q )
In 3rd quadrant sin is - ve,
so cosec190° is - ve. 1 1 1
b cot135° = = = = -1
tan135° - tan 45° -1
c 110° is in the 2nd quadrant
1 1 1
cot110° = c sec180° = = = -1
tan110° cos180° -1
In the 2nd quadrant tan is - ve, (refer to graph of y = cosq )
so cot110° is - ve.
d 240° is in the 3rd quadrant
d 200° is in the 3rd quadrant 1 1 1
sec 240° = = = 1 = -2
tan is +ve in the 3rd quadrant, cos 240° - cos60° - 2
so cot 200° is+ve.
e 300° is in the 4th quadrant
e 95° is in the 2nd quadrant 1 1
cosec300° = =
cos is - ve in the 2nd quadrant, sin 300° - sin60°
so sec 95° is - ve. =
1
=-
2
=-
2 3
-2 3
3 3
1
2 a sec100° = = -5.76 (3 s.f.)
cos100° f -45° is in the 4th quadrant
1 1
1 cot(-45°) = =
b cosec 260° = = -1.02 (3 s.f.) tan(-45°) - tan 45°
sin 260° 1
= = -1
-1
1
c cosec 280° = = -1.02 (3 s.f.)
sin 280° 1 1
g sec60° = = 1 =2
cos60° 2
1
d cot550° = = 5.67 (3 s.f.)
tan550° h -210° is in the 2nd quadrant
1
4p 1 cosec(-210°) =
e cot = = 0.577 (3 s.f.) sin(-210°)
3 tan 4p3
1 1
= = 1 =2
1 sin30° 2
f sec 2.4rad = = -1.36 (3 s.f.)
cos 2.4rad

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 i 225° is in the 3rd quadrant 2p p
6 = p - (in the 2nd quadrant)
1 1 3 3
sec 225° = =
cos 225° - cos 45° æ 2p ö æ 2p ö 1 1
cosec ç ÷ + sec ç ÷ = +
1
= 1 =- 2 è 3ø è 3 ø sin ( 2p3 ) cos ( 2p3 )
- 2
1 1
= +
sin ( 3 ) - cos ( p3 )
p

4p
j is in the 3rd quadrant 1 1
3 = +
3
- 12
4p 1 1 1 3 2
cot = 4p
= p
= = 2
3 tan 3 tan 3 3 3 = -2 +
3
11p p = -2 +
2
k = 2p - (in the 4th quadrant) 3
6 6 3
11p 1 1 1 2 2 3
sec = 11p
= p
= 3= = Challenge
6 cos 6 cos 6 2 3 3
a Triangles OPB and OAP are right-angled
3p triangles as line AB is a tangent to the unit
l - is in the 3rd quadrant circle at P.
4
æ 3p ö 1 1 Using triangle OBP, OBcosq = 1
cosec ç - ÷ = =
è 4 ø sin ( - 4 ) - sin p4
3p
Þ OB =
1
= secq
1 cosq
= =- 2
- 1
2 b ÐPOA = 90° - q Þ ÐOAP = q
Using triangle OAP, OAsin q = 1
1
Þ OA = = cosec q
sinq

c Using Pythagoras’ theorem,

AP 2 = OA2 - OP 2
So, AP 2 = cosec 2 q - 1
1
= -1
sin 2 q
1
4 cosec(p - x) º 1- sin 2 q
sin(p - x) =
sin 2 q
1
º cos2 q
sin x =
sin 2 q
º cosec x
= cot 2 q
1 1 Therefore AP = cot q
5 cot 30°sec30° = ´
tan30° cos30°
3 2
= ´
1 3
=2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
Exercise 3B
1 a 3 a

b
b You can see that the graphs of y = sec q
and y = - cos q do not meet,
so sec q = - cos q has no solutions.

The same result can be found

algebraically
secq = -cos q
c
1
Þ = - cos q
cos q
Þ cos 2 q = -1
There are no solutions of this
equation for real q .

4 a
2 a

b 2 solutions
b The curves meet at the maxima and
minima of y = sin 2q , and on the q -axis
at odd integer multiples of 90°.

In the interval 0 £ q £ 360° there are

6 intersections. So there are 6 solutions of
cot q = sin 2q in the interval 0 £ q £ 360°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
5 a æ pö
iii The graph of y = cosec ç q + ÷ is
è 4ø
the same as that of y = cosec q
æ- p ö
translated by the vector ç 4 ÷
è 0 ø

æ pö
iv The graph of sec ç q - ÷ is the
è 4ø
same as that of y = secq translated
æpö
by the vector ç 4 ÷
è0ø

b y = cot(q + 90°) is a reflection in the

q -axis of y = tan q , so
cot(q + 90°) = - tan q (reflection of y = cot q in the y-axis)
æ pö
tan ç q + ÷ = cot(-q )
æ pö è 2ø
6 a i The graph of y = tan ç q + ÷ is the
è 2ø
same as that of y = tanq translated
æ- p ö
by the vector ç 2 ÷ , i.e by
è 0 ø
p
to the left.
2

ii The graph of y = cot(-q ) is the

same as that of y = cot q reflected
in the y-axis.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
6 b b Reflection in q -axis of y = cosecq
Minimum at (270°, 1)
Maximum at (90°, - 1)

c Translation of y = sec q by the

æ0ö
vector ç ÷ , i.e. +1 in the y direction.
è1ø
It meets x-axis at (180°, 0)
There is a maximum at (180°, 0)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 2)

æ pö æ pö
cosec ç q + ÷ = sec ç q - ÷
è 4ø è 4ø

7 a A stretch of y = sec q in the q direction

with scale factor 12
Minimum at (180°,1)
Maxima at (90°,-1) and (270°,-1)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 1)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
7 d Translation of y = cosecq by the f is y = cosecq
æ 30 ö
vector ç ÷ æ -60 ö
è0ø translated by the vector ç ÷ and
è 0 ø
Minimum at (120°, 1)
then stretched by a scale factor 12 in
Maximum at (300°, - 1)
the q direction.
It meets the y-axis at (0, - 2)
Minima at (15°, 1), (195°, 1)
Maxima at (105°, - 1), (285°, - 1)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 1.155)

e
æ 60 ö
translated by the vector ç ÷ and
è0ø
then stretched by a scale factor 2 in
the y direction.
Minimum at (60°, 2)
Maximum at (240°, - 2)
It meets the y-axis at (0, 4)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
7 g y = -cot2q is y = cot q stretched 8 a The period of secq is 2p radians
by a scale factor 12 in the q direction y = sec3q is a stretch of y = secq with
and then reflected in the x-axis. scale factor 13 in the q direction.
It meets the q -axis at (45°, 0), (135°, 0), 2p
So the period of sec3q is
(225°, 0) and (315°, 0) 3

b cosec q has a period of 2p

cosec 12 q is a stretch of cosec q in the
q direction with scale factor 2.
So the period of cosec 12 q is 4p

c cot q has a period of p

2cot q is a stretch in the y direction by
scale factor 2. So the periodicity is not
affected.
The period of 2cot q is p

h y = 1- 2secq = -2secq + 1 is d secq has a period of 2p

y = sec q stretched by a scale sec(-q ) is a reflection in the y-axis.
factor 2 in the y direction, reflected So the periodicity is not affected.
in the x -axis and then translated by The period of sec(-q ) is 2p
æ0ö
the vector ç ÷ 9 a y = 3+ 5cosec q is y = cosec q
è1ø
stretched by a scale factor 5 in
Minima at (180°, 3)
the y direction and then translated
Maxima at (0, - 1), (360°, - 1)
æ0ö
It meets the y-axis at (0, - 1) by the vector ç ÷
è 3ø

b -2 < k < 8

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
10 a

b The q coordinates at points at which the

gradient is zero are at the maxima and
minima. These are q = -p, 0, p, 2p

1
c Minimum value of
1+ 2secq
is where 1+ 2secq is a maximum.
1
So minimum value of
1+ 2secq
1
is = -1
-1
The first positive value of q where
this occurs is when q = p
(see diagram)
1
Maximum value of
1+ 2sec q
is where 1+ 2secq is a minimum.
1 1
So maximum value of is
1+ 2sec q 3
The first positive value of q where
this occurs is when q = 2p
(see diagram)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
Exercise 3C

1 æ 1 ö
3 b tan x = -2
1 a =ç ÷ = cosec3 q 1 1
sin q è sin q ø
3
Þ =
tan x -2
1
4 æ 1 ö
6
Þ cot x = -
b = 4´ç ÷ = 4cot 6 q 2
tan q
6
è tanq ø
sin x cos x
2 c 3 =
1 1 æ 1 ö 1 cos x sin x
c = ´ç ÷ = sec 2 q
2cos q 2 è cosq ø
2
2 Þ 3sin 2 x = cos 2 x
(multiply by sin x cos x)
1- sin 2 q cos 2 q cos2 x
d = Þ 3=
sin 2 q sin 2 q sin 2 x
(using sin 2 q + cos 2 q º 1) (divide by sin 2 x)
2
1- sin 2 q æ cosq ö
2
æ cos x ö
So =ç ÷ = cot 2 q Þ ç =3
sin q
2
è sin q ø è sin x ÷ø
Þ cot 2 x = 3
sec q 1 1 1
e = ´ = Þ cot x = ± 3
cos q cosq cos q cos5 q
4 4

5
æ 1 ö cosq
=ç ÷ = sec5 q 3 a sin q cot q = sin q ´ = cosq
è cosq ø sin q

cosec3 q cot q secq 1

f b tan q cot q = tan q ´ =1
tan q
1 cosq 1 1
= ´ ´ =
sin q sin q cosq
3
sin 4 q sin 2q 1
2 c tan 2q cosec 2q = ´
1 æ 1 ö cos 2q sin 2q
= 2 =ç ÷ = cosec 2 q
sin q è sinq ø 1
= = sec 2q
cos 2q
2 1 1
g = 2´ = 2cot 2 q
tan q (tan q )
1
2 d cosq sin q (cot q + tan q )
æ cosq sinq ö
= cos q sin q ç +
cosec 2 q tan 2 q 1 sin 2 q 1 è sin q cosq ÷ø
h = 2 ´ ´
cosq sin q cos q cosq
2
= cos 2 q + sin 2 q = 1
3
æ 1 ö
=ç ÷ = sec 3 q e sin 3 x cosec x + cos3 xsec x
è cosq ø
1 1
= sin3 x ´ + cos3 x ´
2 a 5sin x = 4cos x sin x cos x
4cos x = sin x + cos x = 1
2 2

Þ 5= (divide by sin x)
sin x
5
Þ = cot x (divide by 4)
4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 f sec A - sec Asin 2 A d LHS º (1- cos x)(1+ sec x)
= sec A(1- sin 2 A) (factorise) º 1- cos x + sec x - cos x sec x
1 (multiplying out)
= ´ cos2 A
cos A º sec x - cos x (as cos x sec x = 1)
(using sin 2 A + cos 2 A º 1) 1
º - cos x
= cos A cos x
1- cos 2 x
g sec 2 x cos5 x + cot xcosec x sin 4 x º
cos x
1 cos x 1 sin 2 x
= 2
´ cos5 x + ´ ´ sin 4 x º
cos x sin x sin x cos x
= cos 3 x + sin 2 x cos x sin x
º sin x ´
= cos x(cos 2 x + sin 2 x) cos x
= cos x (since cos 2 x + sin 2 x º 1) º sin x tan x º RHS

4 a LHS º cosq + sin q tan q cos x 1- sin x

e LHS º +
sin q 1- sin x cos x
º cosq + sin q
cosq cos x + (1- sin x)2
2
º
cos q + sin q
2 2
(1- sin x)cos x
º
cosq cos2 x + (1- 2sin x + sin 2 x)
1 º
º (using sin 2 q + cos2 q º 1) (1- sin x)cos x
cosq 2 - 2sin x
º sec q º RHS º
(1- sin x)cos x
b LHS º cot q + tan q (using sin 2 x + cos 2 x º 1)
cosq sin q 2(1- sin x)
º + º
sin q cosq (1- sin x)cos x
cos 2 q + sin 2 q (factorising)
º
sin q cos q 2
1 =
º cos x
sin q cosq º 2sec x º RHS
1 1
º ´
sin q cosq cosq
f LHS º
º cosec q sec q º RHS 1+ cot q
cosq
c LHS º cosec q - sin q º
1+ tan1 q
1
º - sin q cosq
sinq º tanq +1
1- sin 2 q tan q
º cosq tan q
sin q º
cos 2 q 1+ tan q
º cosq ´ cos
sinq
sin q º q

cos q 1+ tan q
º cosq ´ sin q
sin q º º RHS
º cosq cot q º RHS 1+ tan q

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
5 a sec q = 2 d cosecq = 2
1
1 Þ =2
Þ = 2 sin q
cosq
1
1 Þ sinq =
Þ cosq = 2
2
Calculator value is q = 30°
Calculator value is q = 45°
sin q is positive
cosq is positive
Þ q is in 1st and 2nd quadrants
Þ q is in 1st and 4th quadrants
Solutions are 30°, 150°
Solutions are 45°, 315°
e 3sec 2 q = 4
b cosecq = -3
4
1 Þ sec 2 q =
Þ = -3 3
sin q
3
1 Þ cos 2 q =
Þ sin q = - 4
3
Calculator value is q = -19.47° (2 d.p.) 3
Þ cosq = ±
sin q is negative 2
Þ q is in 3rd and 4th quadrants 3
Calculator value for cosq = is q = 30°
2
As cosq is ±, q is in all four quadrants
Solutions are 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°

f 5cosq = 3cot q
cosq
Þ 5cosq = 3
sin q
Do not cancel cosq on each side.
Solutions are 199°, 341° (3 s.f.) Multiply through by sin q .
Þ 5cosq sin q = 3cosq
c 5cot q = -2
Þ 5cosq sin q - 3cosq = 0
2
Þ cot q = - Þ cosq (5sin q - 3) = 0 (factorise)
5
5 3
Þ tan q = - So cosq = 0 or sin q =
2 5
Calculator value is q = -68.20° (2 d.p.) When cosq = 0, q = 90°, 270°
tan q is negative 3
When sin q = , q = 36.9°, 143° (3 s.f.)
Þ q is in 2nd and 4th quadrants 5
Solutions are 36.9°, 90°, 143°, 270°

Solutions are 112°, 292° (3 s.f.)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
5 g cot 2 q - 8tanq = 0 b sec q = -3
1 1
Þ - 8tan q = 0 Þ cosq = -
tan 2 q 3
Þ 1- 8tan 3 q = 0 Calculator value is q = 109° (3 s.f.)
Þ 8 tan 3 q = 1 cosq is negative
1 Þ q is in 2nd and 3rd quadrants
Þ tan 3 q =
8
1
Þ tan q =
2
Calculator value is q = 26.57° (2 d.p.)
tan q is positive
Þ q is in 1st and 3rd quadrants
Solutions are 26.57° and (180° + 26.57°)
So solutions are 26.6°, 207° (3 s.f.) Solutions are 109°, -109° (3 s.f.)

h 2sin q = cosecq c cot q = 3.45

1 1
Þ 2sin q = Þ = 3.45
sin q tan q
1 1
Þ sin 2 q = Þ tan q = = 0.2899 (4 d.p.)
2 3.45
1 Calculator value is q = 16.16° (2 d.p.)
Þ sinq = ±
2 tan q is positive
1 Þ q is in 1st and 3rd quadrants
Calculator value for sin q = is q = 45°
2
Solutions are in all four quadrants
Solutions are 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°

6 a cosecq = 1
Þ sin q = 1
Þ q = 90°
Solutions are 16.2° and (-180° +16.2°)
So solutions are 16.2°, -164° (3 s.f.)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
6 d 2cosec 2q - 3cosec q =0 g cosec 2q = 4
Þ cosec q (2cosec q - 3) = 0 (factorise) 1
Þ sin 2q =
4
3
Þ cosec q = 0 or cosecq = Remember that solutions are required
2
2 in the interval - 180° £ q £ 180°
Þ sinq = So - 360° £ 2q £ 360°
3
cosec q = 0 has no solutions Calculator value for sin2q = 1
4
is
Calculator value for sin q = 2
3
is q = 41.8° 2q = 14.48° (2 d.p.)
q is in 1st and 2nd quadrants sin 2q is positive
Solutions are 41.8°, (180 - 41.8)° Þ 2q is in 1st and 2nd quadrants
So solutions are 41.8°, 138° (3 s.f.)

e sec q = 2cosq
1
Þ = 2cos q
cos q
1
Þ cos 2 q =
2
1
Þ cosq = ± 2q = -194.48°, - 345.52°,
2
14.48°, 165.52°
Calculator value for cosq = 1
is q = 45°
2
q = -97.2°, - 172.8°, 7.24°, 82.76°
q is in all quadrants, but remember that
= -173°, - 97.2°, 7.24°, 82.8° (3 s.f.)
solutions required for - 180° £ q £ 180°
Solutions are ± 45°, ± 135°

f 3cot q = 2sin q
cos q
Þ 3 = 2sin q
sin q
Þ 3cosq = 2sin 2 q
Þ 3cosq = 2(1- cos2 q )
(use sin 2 q + cos2 q º 1)
Þ 2cos2 q + 3cosq - 2 = 0
Þ (2cosq - 1)(cosq + 2) = 0
1
Þ cosq = or cosq = -2
2
1
As cosq = -2 has no solutions, cosq =
2
Solutions are ± 60°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
6 h 2cot 2 q - cot q - 5 = 0 b cot q = - 3
As this quadratic in cot q does not 1
Þ tan q = -
factorise, use the quadratic formula 3
-b ± b2 - 4ac p
cot q = Calculator solution is -
2a 6
(You could change cot q to 1
tan q ( you should know that tan p
6
= 1
3 )
and work with the quadratic p
- is not in the interval
5tan q + tan q - 2 = 0)
2
6
1± 41
So cot q =
4
= -1.3508, 1.8508 (4 d.p.)
So tan q = -0.7403, 0.5403 (4 d.p.)
The calculator value for tan q = -0.7403
is q = -36.51° (2 d.p.)

p p 5p 11p
Solutions are p - , 2p - = ,
6 6 6 6

q 2 3
c cosec =
2 3
q 3 3
Þ sin = =
2 32 2
Solutions are - 36.5°, 143° (3 s.f.).
Remember that 0 £ q £ 2p
The calculator value for tan q = 0.5403
q
is q = 28.38° (2 d.p.) so 0 £ £p
2
q 3 q p
First solution for sin = is =
2 2 2 3

Solutions are 28.4°, ( - 180 + 28.4)°

Total set of solutions is
q
p 2p
-152°, - 36.5°, 28.4°, 143° (3 s.f.) So , =
2 3 3
2p 4p
7 a secq = -1 Þ q= ,
3 3
Þ cosq = -1
Þ q =p
(refer to graph of y = cosq )

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
7 d secq = 2 tanq b As 16 = 6sec q - 6cosq
sin q 3
Þ
1
= 2 Þ 8= - 3cosq
cosq cosq cosq
Þ 8cosq = 3- 3cos 2 q
Þ 1 = 2 sin q (cosq ¹ 0)
Þ 3cos 2 q + 8cosq - 3 = 0
1
Þ sin q = Þ (3cosq - 1)(cosq + 3) = 0
2
p 3p 1
Solutions are , Þ cosq = as cosq ¹ -3
4 4 3
1
From (a) AC = 6cosq = 6 ´ = 2 cm
8 a In the right-angled triangle ABD 3
AB
= cosq 1 cos x
AD -
cosec x - cot x sin x sin x
6 9 a º
Þ AD = = 6secq 1- cos x 1- cos x
cosq
1 1- cos x
In the right-angled triangle ACB º ´
sin x 1- cos x
AC
= cosq º cosec x
AB
Þ AC = 6cosq b By part a equation becomes
CD = AD - AC cos ec x = 2
= 6sec q - 6cosq = 6(secq - cosq ) 1
Þ =2
sin x
1
Þ sin x =
2
sin x is positive, so x is in
1st and 2nd quadrants
p 5p
x= ,
6 6

sin x tan x sin 2 x

10 a -1º -1
1- cos x cos x(1- cos x)
sin 2 x - cos x + cos2 x
º
cos x(1- cos x)
1- cos x
º
cos x(1- cos x)
1
º
cos x
º sec x

1
b Need to solve sec x = -
2
Þ cos x = -2
which has no solutions.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 7
 1+ cot x
11 =5
1+ tan x
cos x
1+
Þ sin x = 5
sin x
1+
cos x
sin x + cos x
Þ sin x =5
cos x + sin x
cos x
sin x + cos x cos x
Þ ´ =5
sin x cos x + sin x
cos x
Þ =5
sin x
Þ cot x = 5
1
Þ tan x =
5
Calculator solution is 11.3° (1 d.p.)
tan x is positive, so x is in
1st and 3rd quadrants
Solutions are 11.3°, 191.3° (1 d.p.)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 8
Exercise 3D

1 a Use 1+ tan 2 q = sec 2 q h (1- sin 2 q )(1+ tan 2 q )

with q replaced with 12 q = cos 2 q ´ sec 2 q
1+ tan 2 ( 12 q ) = sec 2 ( 12 q ) 1
= cos 2 q ´
cos2 q
b (secq - 1)(sec q + 1) (multiply out) =1
= sec q -1 2

cosecq cot q
= (1+ tan 2 q ) -1 i
1+ cot 2 q
= tan 2 q
cosecq cot q
c tan q (cosec q -1)
2 2 =
cosec 2 q
(
= tan 2 q (1+ cot 2 q ) - 1 ) =
1
´ cot q
= tan 2 q cot 2 q cosecq
sin q cosq
1 = ´
= tan 2 q ´ 1 sin q
tan 2 q
= cosq
=1
j sec 4 q - 2sec 2 q tan 2 q + tan 4 q
d (sec q -1)cot q
2

= tan 2 q cot q = (sec 2 q - tan 2 q )2 (factorise)

( )
2
1 = (1+ tan 2 q ) - tan 2 q
= tan q ´ 2

tanq
= 12 = 1
= tanq
k 4cosec 2 2q + 4cosec 2 2q cot 2 2q
e (cosec q - cot q )2 2 2
= 4cosec 2 2q (1+ cot 2 2q )
( )
2
= (1+ cot 2 q ) - cot 2 q = 4cosec 2 2q cosec 2 2q
= 12 = 1 = 4cosec 4 2q

f 2 - tan 2 q + sec 2 q k
2 cosec x =
= 2 - tan 2 q + (1+ tan 2 q ) cosec x
= 2 - tan 2 q + 1+ tan 2 q Þ cosec 2 x = k
=3 Þ 1+ cot 2 x = k
Þ cot 2 x = k - 1
tan q secq
g Þ cot x = ± k - 1
1+ tan 2 q
tan q secq
=
sec2 q
tan q
=
secq
= tan q cosq
sin q
= ´ cosq
cosq
= sin q

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 a cot q = 3 90° < q < 180° 24
5 cosq = , q reflex
Þ cot 2 q = 3 25
Þ 1+ cot 2 q = 1+ 3 = 4 As cos q is positive and q reflex,
Þ cosec 2 q = 4 q is in the 4th quadrant.
24
Þ sin 2 q =
1 Use right-angled triangle where cosj =
4 25
1
Þ sin q =
2
(as q is in 2nd quadrant, sinq is positive)

b Using sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 Using Pythagoras' theorem,

1 3 252 = x 2 + 24 2
Þ cos2 q = 1- sin 2 q = 1- =
4 4 Þ x 2 = 252 - 242 = 49
3 Þ x=7
Þ cosq = -
4 7 7
(as q is in 2nd quadrant, cosq is negative) So tan j = and sin j =
24 25
As q is in the 4th quadrant, both
3
4 tan q = 180° < q < 270° tanq and sinq are negative
4
3
Draw a right-angled triangle where tanj = 7
4 a tan q = -
24

1 1 25
b cosec q = =- 7 =-
sin q 25
7

6 a LHS º sec 4 q - tan 4 q

º (sec 2 q - tan 2 q )(sec 2 q + tan 2 q )
(difference of two squares)

Using Pythagoras' theorem, x = 5 º (1)(sec 2 q + tan 2 q )

4 3 (as 1+ tan 2 q º sec 2 q

So cosj = and sin j =
5 5 Þ sec 2 q - tan 2 q º 1)
As q is in the 3rd quadrant, both º sec 2 q + tan 2 q º RHS
sin q and cosq are negative.
b LHS º cosec 2 x - sin 2 x
1 1 5 º (1+ cot 2 x) - (1- cos 2 x)
a sec q = =- =-
cosq cosj 4 º 1+ cot 2 x - 1+ cos2 x
º cot 2 x + cos 2 x º RHS
4
b cosq = - cosj = -
5

3
c sin q = - sin j = -
5

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
6 c LHS º sec 2 A(cot 2 A - cos2 A) g LHS º cosec Asec 2 A
1 æ cos 2 A ö º cosec A(1+ tan 2 A)
º ç - cos 2 A÷
cos A è sin A
2 2
ø 1 sin 2 A
º cosec A + ´
1 sin A cos 2 A
º 2
-1 º cosec 2 A -1 sin A
sin A º cosec A +
(use 1+ cot 2 q = cosec 2 q ) cos 2 A
sin A 1
º 1+ cot 2 A - 1 º cosec A + ´
cos A cos A
º cot 2 A º RHS º cosec A + tan Asec A º RHS

d RHS º (sec 2 q - 1)(1- sin 2 q ) h LHS º (secq - sinq )(sec q + sin q )

º tan q ´ cos q
2 2
º sec 2 q - sin 2 q
(use 1+ tan 2 q º sec 2 q and º (1+ tan 2 q ) - (1- cos2 q )
cos 2 q + sin 2 q º 1) º 1+ tan 2 q - 1+ cos 2 q
sin 2 q º tan 2 q + cos 2 q º RHS
º ´ cos 2 q º sin 2 q
cos q
2

º 1- cos 2 q º LHS 7 3tan 2 q + 4sec2 q = 5

Þ 3tan 2 q + 4(1+ tan 2 q ) = 5
1- tan 2 A 1- tan 2 A Þ 3tan 2 q + 4 + 4 tan 2 q = 5
e LHS º º
1+ tan 2 A sec 2 A Þ 7 tan 2 q = 1
1
º (1- tan 2 A) 1
2
sec A Þ tan 2 q =
7
æ sin 2 A ö Þ cot q = 7
2
º cos A ç 1-
2

è cos A ÷ø
2
Þ cosec 2 q - 1 = 7
º cos2 A - sin 2 A Þ cosec 2 q = 8
º (1- sin 2 A) - sin 2 A 1
Þ sin 2 q =
º 1- 2sin 2 A º RHS 8
As q is obtuse (in the 2nd quadrant),
f RHS º sec2 q cosec2 q sin q is positive.
º sec 2 q (1+ cot 2 q )
1 1 2
1 cos 2 q So sin q = = =
º sec q +
2
´ 8 2 2 4
cos2 q sin 2 q
1
º sec 2 q + 2
sin q
º sec q + cosec 2 q º LHS
2

Alternatively
1 1
LHS º sec 2 q + cosec 2 q º + 2
cos q sin q
2

sin q + cos q
2 2
1
º º
cos q sin q
2 2
cos q sin 2 q
2

º sec 2 q cosec 2 q º RHS

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
8 a sec 2 q = 3tan q 0 £ q £ 360° b tan 2 q - 2sec q + 1 = 0 - p £q £ p
Þ 1+ tan q = 3tan q
2
Þ (sec q - 1) - 2sec q + 1 = 0
2

Þ tan 2 q - 3tanq +1 = 0 Þ sec 2 q - 2sec q = 0

3± 5 Þ sec q (sec q - 2) = 0
tanq =
2 Þ sec q = 2 (as sec q cannot be 0)
(equation does not factorise) 1
Þ cosq =
3+ 5 2
For tan q = , p p
2 Þ q=- ,
calculator value is 69.1° (3 s.f.) 3 3

Solutions are 69.1°, 249°

c cosec 2 q +1 = 3cot q -180° £ q £ 180°
3- 5
For tan q = , Þ (1+ cot 2 q ) + 1 = 3cot q
2
calculator value is 20.9° (3 s.f.) Þ cot 2 q - 3cot q + 2 = 0
Þ (cot q - 1)(cot q - 2) = 0
Þ cot q = 1 or cot q = 2
1
Þ tanq = 1 or tan q =
2

Solutions are 20.9°, 201°

Set of solutions: 20.9°, 69.1°,
201°, 249° (3 s.f.)

tan q = 1 Þ q = -135°, 45°

1
tan q = Þ q = -153°, 26.6° (3 s.f.)
2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
8 d cot q = 1- cosec 2 q 0 £ q £ 2p f (secq - cosq )2 = tan q - sin 2 q 0 £ q £ p
Þ cot q = 1- (1+ cot q )
2
Þ sec 2 q - 2sec q cos q + cos 2 q
Þ cot q = - cot 2 q = tan q - sin 2 q
Þ cot 2 q + cot q = 0 Þ sec 2 q - 2 + cos 2 q = tan q - sin 2 q
Þ cot q (cot q + 1) = 0 æ 1 ö
ç sec q cos q = ´ cos q = 1÷
Þ cot q = 0 or cot q = -1 è cos q ø
p 3p Þ (1 + tan q ) - 2 + (cos q + sin 2 q )
2 2
For cot q = 0 refer to graph: q = ,
2 2 = tan q
For cot q = -1, tan q = -1 Þ 1 + tan 2 q - 2 + 1 = tan q
Þ tan 2 q - tan q = 0
Þ tan q (tan q - 1) = 0
Þ tan q = 0 or tan q = 1
tan q = 0 Þ q = 0, p
p
tan q = 1 Þ q =
4
p
Set of solutions: 0, , p
4
3p 7p
So q = ,
4 4 g tan 2 2q = sec 2q -1 0 £ q £ 180°
p 3p 3p 7p
Set of solutions: , , , Þ sec 2q - 1 = sec 2q - 1
2
2 4 2 4
Þ sec 2 2q - sec 2q = 0
e 3sec 12 q = 2 tan 2 12 q 0 £ q £ 360° Þ sec2q (sec 2q - 1) = 0
Þ sec2q = 0 (not possible)
or sec 2q = 1
Þ cos2q = 1 0 £ 2q £ 360°
Refer to graph of y = cosq
Þ 2q = 0°, 360°
Þ q = 0°, 180°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
8 h sec 2 q - (1+ 3) tanq + 3 = 1 c Solutions of tan 2 k = 2sec k, 0 £ k £ 360°
for 0 £ q £ 2p are solutions of cos k = 2 - 1
Þ (1+ tan 2 q ) - (1+ 3) tan q + 3 = 1 Calculator solution is 65.5° (1 d.p.)
Þ k = 65.5°, 360° - 65.5°
Þ tan 2 q - (1+ 3) tan q + 3 = 0
= 65.5°, 294.5° (1 d.p.)
Þ (tanq - 3)(tanq - 1) = 0
Þ tan q = 3 or tan q = 1 10 a As a = 4sec x
a
Þ sec x =
4
4
Þ cos x =
a
As cos x = b
4
Þ b=
a

b c = cot x
p Þ c 2 = cot 2 x
First answer for tan q = 3 is
3 1
Þ 2 = tan 2 x
p 4p c
Second solution is p + =
3 3 1
Þ 2 = sec 2 x - 1
p c
First answer for tan q = 1 is
4 (use 1+ tan 2 x º sec 2 x)
p 5p æ aö
Second solution is p + = Þ
1 a2
= -1
4 4
c 2 16 çè sec x = 4 ÷ø
p p 5p 4p
Set of solutions: , , , Þ 16 = a 2 c 2 - 16c 2 (multiply by 16c 2 )
4 3 4 3
Þ c 2 (a 2 - 16) = 16
9 a tan2 k = 2sec k 16
Þ c2 =
Þ (sec 2 k - 1) = 2sec k a - 16
2

Þ sec 2 k - 2sec k - 1 = 0 11 a x = sec q + tan q

2± 8 2±2 2 1 1
Þ sec k = = = 1± 2 =
2 2 x secq + tan q
As sec k has no values between - 1 and 1 sec q - tan q
=
sec k = 1+ 2 (sec q + tan q )(sec q - tan q )
sec q - tan q
=
1 2 -1 sec 2 q - tan 2 q
b cos k = =
1+ 2 (1+ 2 )( 2 -1 ) = sec q - tan q
(as 1+ tan 2 q º sec 2 q
2 -1
= = 2 -1 Þ sec 2 q - tan 2 q º 1)
2 -1

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
 1
11 b x + = sec q + tan q + sec q - tan q
x
= 2 sec q
2
æ 1ö
Þ ç x + ÷ = 4sec 2 q
è xø
1 1
Þ x 2 + 2 x ´ + 2 = 4sec2 q
x x
1
Þ x 2 + 2 + 2 = 4 sec 2 q
x

12 2sec 2 q - tan 2 q = p
Þ 2(1+ tan 2 q ) - tan 2 q = p
Þ 2 + 2 tan 2 q - tan 2 q = p
Þ tan 2 q = p - 2

Þ cot 2 q =
1
p-2
( p ¹ 2)
1
cosec 2 q = 1+ cot 2 q = 1+
p-2
( p - 2) + 1 p - 1
= = , p¹2
p-2 p-2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 7
Exercise 3E
1 a arccos(0) is the angle a in 0 £ a £ p æ 1 ö
for which cos a = 0
e arccos ç - ÷ is the angle a in 0 £ a £ p
è 2ø
p 1
Refer to graph of y = cosq Þ a = for which cos a = -
2 2
p æ 1 ö 3p
So arccos(0) = So arccos ç -
2 ÷=
è 2ø 4
p p
b arcsin(1) is the angle a in - £a £
2 2
for which sin a = 1
p
Refer to graph of y = sin q Þ a =
2
p
So arcsin(1) =
2

p p
c arctan(-1) is the angle a in - <a <
2 2 æ 1 ö
f arctan ç - ÷ is the angle a
for which tan a = -1 è 3ø
p p p 1
So arctan(-1) = - in - < a < for which tan a = -
4 2 2 3
æ 1 ö p
So arctan ç - ÷ = -
è 3ø 6

æ 1ö
d arcsin ç - ÷ is the angle a
è 2ø
p p 1
in - £ a £ for which sin a = - æ pö
2 2 2 g arcsin ç sin ÷ is the angle a
æ 1ö p è 3ø
So arcsin ç - ÷ = - p p p
è 2ø 6 in - £ a £ for which sin a = sin
2 2 3
æ pö p
So arcsin ç sin ÷ =
è 3ø 3

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
 æ 2p ö æ æ 1 öö
1 h arcsin ç sin ÷ is the angle a in b sin ç arcsin ç - ÷ ÷
è 3ø è è 2 øø
p p 2p æ 1ö
- £ a £ for which sin a = sin arcsin ç - ÷ = a
2 2 3 è 2ø
æ 2p ö p 1 p p
So arcsin ç sin ÷ = where sin a = - , - £a £
è 3ø 3 2 2 2
æ 1ö p
So arcsin ç - ÷ = -
è 2ø 6
æ æ 1ö ö æ pö 1
Þ sin ç arcsin ç - ÷ ÷ = sin ç - ÷ = -
è è 2ø ø è 6ø 2

(
c tan arctan(-1) )
arctan(-1) = a
p p
where tan a = -1, - <a <
æ 1ö æ 1ö p æ p ö 2 2
2 a arcsin ç ÷ + arcsin ç - ÷ = + ç - ÷ = 0
è 2ø è 2ø 6 è 6 ø p
So arctan(-1) = -
4
æ pö
æ 1ö æ 1 ö p 2p
b arccos ç ÷ - arccos ç - ÷ = - =-
p Þ tan ( arctan(-1) ) = tan ç - ÷ = -1
è 2ø è 2ø 3 3 3 è 4ø

p æ pö p d cos(arccos 0)
c arctan(1) - arctan(-1) = - ç - ÷ =
4 è 4ø 2 arccos0 = a where cos a = 0, 0 £ a £ p
p
So arccos0 =
æ 1ö 2
3 a sin ç arcsin ÷
è 2ø p
Þ cos(arccos0) = cos =0
1 1 2
arcsin = a where sin a = ,
2 2
p p æ 1ö
and - £ a £ 4 a sin ç arccos ÷
2 2 è 2ø
1 p 1 p
So arcsin = arccos =
2 6 2 3
æ 1ö p 1 p 3
Þ sin ç arcsin ÷ = sin = sin =
è 2ø 6 2 3 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
 æ æ 1 öö
4 b cos ç arcsin ç - ÷ ÷ (
e cosec arcsin(-1) )
è è 2 øø
arcsin(-1) = a
æ 1ö p
arcsin ç - ÷ = - p p
è 2ø 6 where sin a = -1, - £a £
2 2
æ pö 3 p
cos ç - ÷ = + So arcsin(-1) = -
è 6ø 2 2
Þ cosec ( arcsin(-1) ) =
1
sin ( - p2 )
1
= = -1
-1

æ æ 2 öö
f sin ç 2arcsin ç ÷÷
è è 2 øø
2 p
arcsin =
2 4
æ æ 2 öö
c tan ç arccos ç - ÷÷ æ æ 2öö p
è è 2 øø So sin ç 2arcsin ç ÷ ÷ = sin = 1
è è 2 øø 2
æ 2ö
arccos ç - ÷ =a
è 2 ø 5 As k is positive, the first two positive
solutions of sin x = k are arcsin k and
2
where cos a = - , 0£a £ p p - arcsin k i.e. a and p - a
2
(Try a few examples, taking specific
values for k).

p p
6 a arcsin x is the angle a in - £a £
2 2
such that sin a = x
p
In this case x = sin k where 0 < k <
2
As sin is an increasing function
æ p
2 ö 3p sin0 < x < sin
So arccos ç - ÷= 2
è 2 ø 4 Þ 0 < x <1
3p
tan = -1
4 b i cos k = ± 1- sin 2 k = ± 1- x 2
k is in the 1st quadrant Þ cos k > 0
d sec(arctan 3)
p So cos k = 1- x 2
arctan 3 =
3
sin k x
(the angle whose tan is 3) ii tan k = =
cos k 1 - x2
p 1 1
sec = p
= 1 =2
3 cos 3 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
6 c k is now in the 4th quadrant, where cos k 7 c The graph of y = arccos(2x + 1) is
is positive. So the value of cos k remains y = arccos x translated by the vector
the same and there is no change to tan k . æ -1 ö 1
ç ÷ and then stretched by scale factor 2
è0ø
p
7 a The graph of y = + 2arcsin x is in the x direction
2
y = arcsin x stretched by a scale factor 2
in the y direction and then translated by
æ0ö
the vector ç p ÷
çç ÷÷
è2ø

d The graph of y = -2arcsin(-x) is

y = arcsin x reflected in the y-axis, then
reflected in the x-axis and then stretched
by a scale factor 2 in the y direction

b The graph of y = p - arctan x is

y = arctan x reflected in the x-axis and
æ0ö
then translated by the vector ç ÷
èp ø

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
8 a y = arcsin x 9 a Let y = arccos x
p
As 0 £ x £ 1Þ 0 £ y £
2
cos y = x, and using cos2 y + sin 2 y º 1
Þ sin 2 y = 1- cos2 y
Þ sin y = 1- cos 2 y = 1- x 2
p
Note, sin y ³ 0 since 0 £ y £
2
so sin y ¹ - 1- x 2

sin y = 1- x 2

p p Þ y = arcsin 1- x 2
Range is - £ f(x) £
2 2 Therefore, arccos x = arcsin 1- x 2
for 0 £ x £ 1
b The graph of y = f (2x) is the graph of
y = f (x) stretched in the x direction by p
b For - 1 £ x £ 0, £ arccos x £ p
scale factor 12 2
 p p
But arcsin has a range of  - , 
y = g(x)  2 2
So arccos x ¹ arcsin 1- x 2 ,
for - 1 £ x £ 0
An alternative approach is to provide
a counterexample.
1
Let x = -
2
3p
arccos x =
4
1 p
arcsin 1- x 2 = arcsin =
2 4
So arccos x ¹ arcsin 1- x 2
c
1 1
The domain is - £x£
2 2

d Let y = arcsin 2x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
Challenge

a y = sec x

b Reflect the graph drawn for part (a)

in the line y = x

y = arcsec x, x £ -1, x ³ 1

p
Range is 0 £ arcsec x £ p, for arcsec x ¹
2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
Chapter review
1 tan x = 2cot x, - 180° £ x £ 90° 4 a i cosec q = 2cot q , 0 < q < 180°
2 1 2cosq
Þ tan x = Þ =
tan x sin q sin q
Þ tan x = 2
2
Þ 2cosq = 1
Þ tan x = ± 2 1
Þ cosq =
2
Calculator value for tan x = + 2
Þ q = 60°
is 54.7° (1 d.p.)
ii 2cot 2 q = 7cosec q - 8, 0 < q < 180°
Þ 2(cosec 2 q - 1) = 7 cosec q - 8
Þ 2cosec 2 q - 7cosec q + 6 = 0
Þ (2cosecq - 3)(cosecq - 2) = 0
3
Þ cosec q = or cosec q = 2
2

2 1
So sin q = or sin q =
Solutions are required in the 1st, 3rd 3 2
and 4th quadrants.
Solution set is:
- 125.3°, - 54.7°, 54.7° (1 d.p.)

p
2 p = 2secq Þ sec q =
2
q
q = 4cosq Þ cos q =
4
1 p 1 4 8
secq = Þ = q= Þ p=
cos q 2 4 q q
Solutions are a ° and (180 - a )° where
a is the calculator value.
1 1
3 p = sinq Þ = = cosecq 2
p sin q sinq =
3
q
q = 4cot q Þ cot q = Calculator value is 41.8° (1 d.p.)
4
Solutions are 41.8°, 138.2°
Using 1+ cot q º cosec 2 q
2

1
q2 1 sinq =
Þ 1+ = 2 (multiply by 16 p 2 ) 2
16 p Calculator value is 30° (1 d.p.)
Þ 16 p 2 + p 2 q 2 = 16 Solutions are 30°, 150°
Þ p 2 q 2 = 16 - 16 p 2 = 16(1- p 2 ) Solution set is:
30°, 41.8°, 138.2°, 150°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
4 b i sec(2q - 15°) = cosec135°, æ pö
0 £ q £ 360° c i cosec ç x + ÷ = - 2, 0 £ x £ 2p
è 15 ø
1 æ pö
Þ cos(2q - 15°) = Þ sin ç x + ÷ = -
1
cosec135° è 15 ø 2
2 p
= sin135° = Calculator value is -
2 4
Solve cos(2q - 15°) =
2 æ pö
, in the sin ç x + ÷ is negative,
2 è 15 ø
interval - 15° £ 2q - 15° £ 705° p
so x + is in 3rd and 4th quadrants.
The calculator value is 45° 15
cos is positive, so (2q - 15°) is in the
1st and 4th quadrants.

p 5p 7p
So x + = ,
15 4 4
So (2q - 15°) = 45°, 315°, 405°, 675° 5p p 7 p p
Þ x= - , -
4 15 4 15
Þ 2q = 60°, 330°, 420°, 690°
75p - 4p 105p - 4p
Þ q = 30°, 165°, 210°, 345° = ,
60 60
71p 101p
ii sec 2 q + tanq = 3, 0 £ q £ 360° = ,
60 60
Þ 1+ tan 2 q + tan q = 3
Þ tan 2 q + tan q - 2 = 0 4
ii sec x = , 0 £ x £ 2p
2

Þ (tan q - 1)(tan q + 2) = 0 3
Þ tan q = 1 or tan q = -2 3
Þ cos 2 x =
tan q = 1 Þ q = 45°, 180° + 45°, 4
3
i.e. 45°, 225° Þ cos x = ±
2
tan q = -2,
3 p
calculator value is - 63.4° (1 d.p.) Calculator value for cos x = + is
2 6
Þ q = 180° + (-63.4°) = 116.6°
As cos x is ±, x is in all four
q = 360° + (-63.4°) = 296.6°
quadrants. Solution set is:
Solution set is:
p p p p
45°, 116.6°, 225°, 296.6° x = , p - , p + , 2p -
6 6 6 6
p 5p 7p 11p
= , , ,
6 6 6 6

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
5 5sin x cos y + 4cos x sin y = 0 c LHS º (1- sin x)(1+ cosec x)
5sin x cos y 4cos xsin y º 1- sin x + cosec x - sin x cosec x
Þ + =0
sin x sin y sin x sin y º 1- sin x + cosec x - 1
(divide by sin x sin y) æ 1 ö
5cos y 4cos x çè as cosec x = sin x ÷ø
Þ + =0
sin y sin x º cosec x - sin x
So 5cot y + 4cot x = 0 1
º - sin x
As cot x = 2 sin x
5cot y + 8 = 0 1- sin 2 x
º
5cot y = -8 sin x
8 cos 2 x
cot y = - º
5 sin x
cos x
º  cos x
6 a LHS º (tan q + cot q )(sin q + cosq ) sin x
æ sinq cosq ö º cos xcot x º RHS
ºç + (sin q + cosq )
è cosq sin q ÷ø
cot x cos x
æ sin 2 q + cos 2 q ö d LHS º -
ºç (sin q + cosq ) cosec x - 1 1+ sin x
è cosq sin q ÷ø cos x
æ 1 ö cos x
ºç (sinq + cosq ) º sin x -
è cosq sin q ÷ø 1
-1
1+ sin x
sin q cosq sin x
º + cos x
cosq sinq cosq sin q
cos x
1 1 º sin x -
º + 1- sin x 1+ sin x
cosq sin q
sin x
º sec q + cosec q º RHS
cos x cos x
º -
cosec x 1- sin x 1+ sin x
b LHS º cos x(1+ sin x) - cos x(1- sin x)
cosec x - sin x º
1 (1- sin x)(1+ sin x)
sin x 2cos x sin x
º º
1 1- sin 2 x
- sin x
sin x 2cos x sin x
º
1 cos 2 x
º sin x2 º2
sin x
1 - sin x cos x
sin x º 2 tan x º RHS
1 sin x
º 
sin x 1 - sin 2 x
1
º
1 - sin 2 x
1
º
cos 2 x
(using sin 2 x + cos 2 x º 1)
º sec2 x º RHS

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
 1 1 4
6 e LHS º + b Solve 2cosec x = - , - 2p £ x £ 2 p
cosec q - 1 cosec q + 1 3
(cosec q + 1) + (cosecq - 1) 2
º Þ cosec x = -
(cosec q - 1)(cosec q + 1) 3
2cosec q 3
º Þ sin x = -
cosec 2 q - 1 2
2cosec q p
º Calculator value is -
cot 2 q 3
(1+ cot 2 q º cosec 2 q )
2 sin 2 q
º 
sinq cos2 q
1 sin q
º 2 
cosq cosq
º 2sec q tan q º RHS

(secq - tan q )(secq + tanq )

f LHS º
1+ tan 2 q
sec 2 q - tan 2 q Solutions in - 2p £ x £ 2p are
º
sec 2 q p p p p
- , - p + , p + , 2p -
(1+ tan 2 q ) - tan 2 q 3 3 3 3
º p 2p 4p 5p
sec 2 q i.e. - ,- , ,
1 3 3 3 3
º
sec 2 q
8 RHS º (cosec q + cot q )2
º cos 2 q º RHS 2
æ 1 cosq ö
ºç +
sin x 1+ cos x è sin q sin q ÷ø
7 a LHS º +
1+ cos x sin x (1+ cosq )2
sin x + (1+ cos x)2
2 º
º sin 2 q
(1+ cos x)sin x (1+ cosq )2
º
sin 2 x + 1+ 2cos x + cos2 x 1- cos 2 q
º
(1+ cos x)sin x (1+ cosq )(1+ cosq )
º
2 + 2cos x (1+ cosq )(1- cosq )
º
(1+ cos x)sin x 1+ cos q
º º LHS
( sin 2
)
x + cos x º 1
2
1- cos q
2(1+ cos x)
º
(1+ cos x)sin x
2
º
sin x
º 2cosec x º RHS

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4
 p c tan q = ± k 2 -1
9 a sec A = -3, < A < p,
2
In the 2nd quadrant, tan q is negative
i.e. A is in 2nd quadrant.
As 1+ tan 2 A = sec 2 A So tanq = - k 2 - 1
1+ tan 2 A = 9 1 1 1
cot q = = =-
tan q - k 2 - 1 k2 -1
tan 2 A = 8
tan A = ± 8 = ±2 2
d Using 1+ cot 2 q = cosec 2 q
As A is in 2nd quadrant, tan A is negative.
1 k 2 - 1+ 1 k2
So tan A = -2 2 cosec 2 q = 1+ = =
k2 -1 k2 -1 k2 -1
k
1 So cosecq = ±
b sec A = -3, so cos A = - k2 -1
3
In the 2nd quadrant, cosecq is positive
sin A
As tan A = k
cos A As k is negative, cosecq = -
1 2 2 k2 -1
sin A = cos A  tan A = -  -2 2 =
3 3
æ pö
33 2 3 2 11 sec ç x + ÷ = 2, 0 £ x £ 2p
So cosec A = = = è 4ø
2 2 2 2 4
æ pö 1
An alternative approach is to use the fact Þ cos ç x + ÷ = , 0 £ x £ 2p
è 4ø 2
that cosec2 q º 1 + cot 2 q
p 1 1
1 9 Þ x + = cos-1 , 2p - cos -1
cosec 2 A = 1 + cot 2 A = 1 +
= 4 2 2
8 8 p p
3 3 2 = , 2p -
Þ cosec A = ± =± 3 3
2 2 4 p p 5p p
So x = - , -
p 3 4 3 4
As < A < p, cosec A is positive, so
2 4p - 3p 20p - 3p
= ,
3 2 12 12
cosec A =
4 p 17 p
= ,
12 12
10 secq = k, | k |³ 1
q is in the 2nd quadrant Þ k is negative æ 1ö
12 arcsin ç ÷ is the angle a in the interval
è 2ø
1 1
a cosq = = p
- £ a £
p 1
secq k whose sine is
2 2 2
æ1ö p
b Using 1+ tan 2 q = sec 2 q So arcsin ç ÷ =
è2ø 6
tan2 q = k 2 -1
æ 1ö p
Similarly, arcsin ç - ÷ = -
è 2ø 6
æ1ö æ 1ö p æ pö p
So arcsin ç ÷ - arcsin ç - ÷ = - ç - ÷ =
è2ø è 2ø 6 è 6ø 3

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 5
 p
2 3
13 sec 2 x - tan x - 2 = 0, 0 £ x £ 2p (
15 arctan x - 2 = - ) 3
3
2 3
Þ (1 + tan 2 x) - tan x - 2 = 0
3
2 3
Þ tan 2 x - tan x - 1 = 0
3
(This does factorise!)
æ 3ö
çç tan x + (
÷ tan x - 3 = 0
3 ø÷
)
è
æ pö
3 Þ x - 2 = tan ç - ÷
Þ tan x = - or tan x = 3 è 3ø
3
p p Þ x-2= - 3
Calculator values are - and
6 3 Þ x = 2- 3

16

p 5p 4p 11p
Solution set: , , ,
3 6 3 6

14 a sec x cosec x - 2sec x - cosec x + 2

= sec x(cosec x - 2) - (cosec x - 2)
= (cosec x - 2)(sec x - 1)

b So sec x cosec x - 2sec x - cosec x + 2 = 0 17 a As 1+ tan 2 x º sec 2 x

Þ (cosec x - 2)(sec x - 1) = 0 sec 2 x - tan 2 x º 1
Þ cosec x = 2 or sec x = 1 Þ (sec x - tan x)(sec x + tan x) º 1
1 (difference of two squares)
Þ sin x = or cos x = 1 As tan x + sec x = -3 is given,
2
1 so - 3(sec x - tan x) = 1
sin x = , 0 £ x £ 360°
2 1
Þ sec x - tan x = -
Þ x = 30°, (180 - 30)° 3
cos x = 1, 0 £ x £ 360°,
Þ x = 0°, 360° (from the graph)
As cosec x is not defined for x = 0°, 360°,
the equation is not defined for these
values, so x = 0°, 360° are not solutions
So the solution set is: 30°, 150°

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 6
17 b sec x + tan x = -3 19 a LHS º sec 4 q - tan 4 q
1
and sec x - tan x = - º (sec 2 q - tan 2 q )(sec 2 q + tan 2 q )
3
º 1 (sec 2 q + tan 2 q )
i Add the equations (as sec 2q º 1+ tan 2 q
10 5 Þ sec 2 q - tan 2 q º 1)
Þ 2sec x = - Þ sec x = -
3 3 º sec 2 q + tan 2 q º RHS

ii Subtract the equations b sec 4 q = tan 4 q + 3tan q

æ 1ö 8 Þ sec 4 q - tan 4 q = 3tan q
Þ 2 tan x = -3- ç - ÷ = -
è 3ø 3 Þ sec 2 q + tan 2 q = 3tan q
Þ tan x = -
4 ( using part (a))
3
Þ (1+ tan 2 q ) + tan 2 q = 3tan q
c As sec x and tan x are both negative, Þ 2 tan 2 q - 3tan q + 1 = 0
cos x and tan x are both negative. Þ (2 tan q - 1)(tan q - 1) = 0
So x must be in the 2nd quadrant. 1
Þ tanq = or tan q = 1
2

4
Solving tan x = - , where x is in the In the interval - 180° £ q £ 180°
3
2nd quadrant, gives 1 1 1
tanq = Þ q = tan -1 , - 180° + tan -1
x = 180° + ( -53.1° ) = 126.9° (1 d.p.) 2 2 2
= 26.6°, - 153.4° (1 d.p.)
18 p = sec q - tan q , q = secq + tan q tanq = 1 Þ q = tan -1 1, - 180° + tan -1 1
Multiply together: = 45°, - 135°
pq = (sec q - tan q )(sec q + tan q ) Solution set is:
= sec 2 q - tan 2 q = 1 -153.4°, -135°, 26.6°, 45°

(since 1+ tan 2 q = sec 2 q )

1
Þ p=
q
(There are several ways of solving
this problem.)

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 7
20 a y = sin x c The curves are the same with the axes
interchanged.
The shaded area in (b) could be added to
the graph in (a) to form a rectangle with
sides 1 and p2 , as in the diagram.

ò
2
sin x dx represents the area between
0

p
y = sin x, the x - axis and x =
2

b y = arcsin x, - 1 £ x £ 1
p p
Area of rectangle = 1 =
2 2
p 1 p
ò sin x dx + ò arcsin x dx =
2
So
0 0 2

1 1
21 cot 60°sec60° = 
tan60° cos60°
1 1 2
= 1=
3 2 3
2 3
1
=
ò arcsin x dx represents the area between
0 3
y = arcsin x, the x-axis and x = 1
22 a The graph of y = 2 - 3sec x is
y = sec x stretched by a scale factor 3 in
the y direction, then reflected in the x-axis
æ 0ö
and then translated by the vector ç ÷ .
è 2ø

b -1 < k < 5

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 8
 p b Let y = arccos x, -1 £ x < 0
23 a The graph of y = 3arcsin x - is Þ cos y = x
2
y = arcsin x stretched by a scale factor 3 Þ sin y = 1 - x 2
in the y direction and then translated by
p
æ 0 ö As –1 £ x < 0, < y £ p,
the vector ç p ÷ 2
çç - ÷÷ so sin y is positive
è 2ø
sin y 1 - x2
Þ tan y = =
cos y x
p
for –1 £ x < 0, < y £ p
2
p
Note that as y  , it is not in
2
the range of y = arccos x

However, from the tan curve, we know

that tan( y - p) = tan y
b Curve meets the x-axis when y = 0 1 - x2
p So tan( y - p) =
Þ 3arcsin x - = 0 x
2 p
p for –1 £ x < 0, - < y - p £ 
Þ arcsin x = 2
6
We can now use the inverse function
p
Þ sin = x
6 1 - x2
y - p = arctan
1 x
Þx=
2 1 - x2
So y = p + arctan
æ1 ö x
Curve meets the x -axis at ç , 0 ÷
è2 ø for –1 £ x < 0

24 a Let y = arccos x, 0 < x £ 1 1 - x2

Thus arccos x = p + arctan
x
Þ cos y = x
for –1 £ x < 0
Þ sin y = 1- x 2
p
Note that as 0 < x £ 1, 0 £ y < ,
2
so sin y is positive
1- x 2
Thus tan y = ,
x
which is valid for 0 < x £ 1

1- x 2
Þ y = arctan
x
1- x 2
So arccos x = arctan for 0 < x £ 1
x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 9