CHAPTER III CAR CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Learning Objectives At the end of the chapter, learners are expected to: 1. Discuss the geographical location of CAR -Cordillera Administrative Region. 2. Explain the culture and traditions of CAR -Cordillera Administrative Region. 3. Identify the diffirent Provinces of the region.CAR -CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Cord Administrative Region ora). was established on ne 15, 1987 through Executive Order No. 220 issued by President Corazon Aquino. It is the only land- locked region of the Philippines. The region consists of the provinces of Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province. The regional center is the Chartered City of Baguio, officially known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines. Its rugged terrain and breath-taking topography have been home to the sturdy Gnd industrious indigenous teeny tribes collectively called the Igorot, » while its climate has bred an equally | SENGUEF unique culture distinct from that of the “ony country’s lowland colonized regions. It is located in the North-Central part of Luzon and encompasses most of the areas within the Cordillera Central mountain range of Luzon. It is bounded by Ilocos Norte and Cagayan in the North, Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya in the South, Cagayan Valley in the East, and the Ilocos Region in the West. It is the country’s only land-locked region. It has a mountainous topography and dubbed as the “Watershed Cradle of North | Luzon” as it hosts nine major rivers that pri Luzon” ovide ci irrigation and energy for Northern Luzon. 7 ibis 7 Cordillera Administrative Regi ; ninis gion (CAR) is rich in ancient culture. It is the home of the indigenous tribe called the Igorot. The way of life of competitior n, and parade of floats. Other festivals in the region include the Ulalim Festival j i Banau in Kalinga, Lang-ay Festival ji i Imbayah Festival, and the Tabuk Matagoan meena” Provinces ime tourist destinations in the Philippi Ime t e Philippines. enic views and enchantingly cool laces.i ion i ji in Sagada and attractions of the region include the Sumaguing Cave in the mummy caves in Benguet and Mt. Province. There are four Neugi Parks in the region: Cassamata Hill; Mount Pulag, which is the highes' mountain in Luzon; Mount Data; and Balbalasang-Balbalan. The region has been called “the most diversified ethno-linguistic region in the Philippines with the many “sub-dialect variations of its major languages. This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region. However, this did not lead to variations in ‘cultural development”, and the majority of the people share a “similar cultural identity”. * Balangao, spoken in Natonin, Mountain Province. « Bontoc, spoken in Bontoc, Mountain Province. ¢ Ibaloi, spoken in Benguet. * Ifugao, spoken in Ifugao. * Ilocano, spoken in Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Benguet, and Ifugao. It is the regional lingua franca « Isnag, spoken in Apayao. « Itneg, spoken in Abra. ¢ Kalinga, spoken in Kalinga. * Kalanguya, spoken in some parts of Benguet. « Kankanaey, spoken in western Mountain Province and some parts of Benguet. Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60-70% of the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20%-30% of the population. The traditional animist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people. The Igorot cuisine don’t have much to offer given the fact that the sources of food of the ancestors were limited. What they ate were basically composed of what they hunted from the woods, what they Planted on their farms, and what they fished from the rivers. They didn’t have much to experiment with. Still, they were able to concoct rare recipes. * Pinkipikanis a meal prepared by beating a chicken with a stick to make its blood clot near the surface of its skin, making its meat tastier. It is then smoked and served together with sayote and soup. * Pinuneg or blood sausages exclusive to the Benguet Kankanaey 214 is typically served when a pig Was butchered daring a rit, and is or ceremony. e is served as an appetizer or gi. « Binungoris 2 Kalinga dist Tie He of various vegetables fount dish and not 2 “ousehold along with tenga ng daga and othe: around 3 Moms, and Ot-an, that spiral shaped shell-fish you sys, wi v meat inside. ne ae a smoked or sun-dried piece of ra Arar Was Sead ‘think and had a smoky flavor. It was we eae ut the iver of fat was too thick compared to the portion of actual mea it had. i mplex system of beliefs, living simple i ioe ere sein cede? Their Ftuals celebrate their daily lives - 3 ie harvest health, peace, war, and other symbols of living. Religious beliefs, generally nature-related; offerings to Dios Adi kaila, Kabunyan, to anitos, or household gods. They believed that all objects had spirits or were inhabited by such. They engage in gold mining, slash-and burn farming, and planting vegetables. Igorot Dance/ Feast Igorots dance to heal, worship ancestors and gods, and insure positive outcomes during war, harvests, and weather. They dance to ward off misfortune, to congregate and socialize, to mark milestones in the life, and to express repressed feelings. Paypayto (Ifugao warriors portray birds in flight alternating with the role of trappers) “To jump” for the Ifugao, the Paypayto dance is danced as an exhibition of skills as the dancers jump in and out of sticks that are struck in musical syncopation. Ragragsakan (Kalinga women gather and prepare for a budong, or peace pact.) Igorot practices and beliefs includes: * Salip -depicts a warrior cl @ matrimonial blanket. Tachok -Festival Dance that imitates birds flying in the air ° Uyaoy / Uyau wealthy ea -festival dance to attain the second levei of the * Canao- offered for various Purposes: to ce| igious and as part of funeral rite and to secure hese oe . nas- i : Noeeaone week of celebration after Planting and before they TOPs and protect it from Plagues or insects ’ Taditionally, so ial di iati : Wealthy (, Social differentiation has b hagabi, 3 age hae Known as Kadangyan. the wa, so not 8 Dey maintain their hi Re bench, secures their stati ened It heirlooms. ‘Th i igh status by Giving fea: By dt oe € less Wealthy are known a: ee aiming his bride by Presenting her with Y displaying their S natumok; they have littleland. The poor, Nawatwat, have no land; most of them work as tenant farmers and servants to the kadangyan. Ifugao have little no chiefs or councils. Hi of several hamlets. rice field, the own district. Bilateral ki Social control is monbaga, a legal of customary lega by way of a forma! political system; there are lowever, there are 150 district, each comprised ; in the center of each district is a defining ritual er Of which makes all agricultural decisions for the inship obligations provide most of the political contro! @ combination of kinship behavior and control by a authority whose power rests on his wealth, knowledge | rules. Monbaga’s main sanctions are death and fines Since Igorot or Cordilleran’s reside in mountain ranges, their Primary source of living is dry and wet farming of rice or vegetables, gold mining, hunting, fishing (for those residing near Chico and Apayao River), tourism (Sagada, Banawe Rice Terraces, Baguio City), Selling Products (in baguio) such as vegetables, honey, coffee, woven cloth etc The people of an até (one of the Political divisions of a Bontoc village) could only tattoo when some person belonging to that ato had taken a head. Tattoos placed at the back of their hands and wrists after their first kill. These striped designs were called gulot, meaning “cutter of the head”. Tattoos instrument were made from a piece of wood or water buffalo (carabao) horn, three to five needles were affixed. The needles were laid on the skin and driven in with blows of 2 wooden hammer at the rate of 90 to 120 taps per minute En-fa-lok’-nét is the Bontoc word for war, but the expression “na-ma’-ka”—take heads—is used interchangeably with it. The fawi of each ato in Bontoc has its basket containing skulls of human heads taken by members of the ato. Types of tattoos includes, the chak-lag’, the tattooed chest of the head taker. Usually running upward from each nipple, curving out on the shoulders and ending on the upper arms, indicated that the man had taken a head or, as one writer put it in 1905. The pong’-o, the tattooed arms of men and women. The fa’-t&k, for all other tattoos of both sexes. Women were tattooed on the arms only. Earrings (Ifugaos) or pendants (Kalinga, Bontoc, and Gaddang) mostly made of gold, it is considered valuable and is used as a wedding gift. Other are made of copper and silver, some places jade, shell, stone, or clay, sign of the wearer's status,symbol of pride worn by the youth of the mountain-dwelling people. The hole at the center of the lingling-o resembles to an outline of an embryo with umbilical cord which is believed to signify to fertility. Amulet is empowered and purified before wearing through a ritual that involves washing it with blood. According to the local beliefs, lingling-o has supernatural powers that brings luck and improves the owner's fertility. It is also believed that anitos reside in this item. 2‘ hite, yello ig mainly red with black, whi * , Fabric is mainly resent my indigen-_ Bontoc Sweet ese pieces of cloth ee “wanes” (bahag eS Th ics ” is or wrap- ie Igorot heritage, cnen’s “lufid OF getup hexagons and zigza string). jiamonds, e Geometric designs irc are the dancing man or woman, stars, leave Re tation and rice paddies. their intricate woven fabrics wn for a eae tures designs that incorporate optica ‘dang people usually have bright rec f the Ga 9 by beaded ornamentation The Itneg peo! The binakol is 2 an ‘ illusions. Woven ri 7 tones, Their weaving can also be identi i “to bind together” ang in Indonesian term which means ted by diamond stripes of white and red stripes. Ikat or ikkat s a style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process similar to tie- dye on either the warp or weft before the threads are woven to create a pattern or design. Tapis is colorful hand-woven wraparound cloth exclusively woven by the Ifugao women. Alampay is the tapis skirt worn} by Ifugao women. Dominant color for Ifugao weaving is blue and is much darker compared to the brighter colors of the Kalinga. Ifugo anthropometric carving symbolizing an Ifugao rice god or guardian of spirits. Guardians of the Harvest signifies fertility and sometimes believed to house spirits of ancestors usually come in. pairs;It is said by some mumbaki that the male bul-ul must be on the right side while the female one must be on the left side facing the fore of such agricultural crops. In some occasions the bul-uls might have some adornments to its body. A male bul-ul could be wearing a g-string piece of cloth while a female one could be wearing a tapis- a piece of cloth Placed around the waist. Both have ornamental earrings and anklets. Hagabi is a long wooden bench placed under the eaves in the @ house signifies an_ individual stone- x a oO ‘0 o n o o & a 5 o oh ® 3 s ® & o Kalinga Potte: essel)-ta ry have : j vessel)-taller, narrower cman Pes Of vessels: ittoyom (rice cooking | Perture compared to the oppaya anécomes in small, medium, and large sizes. Oppaya (meat and vegetable)- larger aperture and a squat appearance; are grouped into 4 general classes, the 4th being a larger pot than the largest class of cooking rice pots. Imosso (water vessel)-restricted neck and coes in one size. Kankan-ey impaod/impagod/pinnagod means “strapped” because of the type of weaving called bodily tension back strap weaving fasten around their waist a back-strap loom with a warp of threads whose ends were attached to a post or a tree and would begin weaving. Traditional weaving skills of the Kankana-ey women during their farming breaks. Their main source of the colors transferred to the fibers for weaving are different plant species in their Surroundings. Traditionally weave for clothing, for ceremonial use, and forexchange. They weave decorated blankets (galey now referred to as ules), woman's skirts (getap now called tapis) and waistband (wakes or bakget); man’s loincloth/g-string (wanes) and headcloth (bedbed), Design patterns and motifs are festive expressions in the celebration of life (the joys, the revelry, attendant to fertility and abundance/bountiful harvest). Reverence towards their natural surroundings and their harmonious relations with the environment. The shield is made of a single sheet of wood but is cut so that three points project above, and two points, below. Rattan strips are laced across the shield, serving as both ornament and reinforcement. For ornamentation, some shields are etched with geometric lines or crude drawings of snakes, frogs, or humans. Otherwise, the shield is simply soot-black. The spear is a wooden weapon with either a bamboo or metal blade. Other weapons are the battle ax and knives. Funerary Art indicate social status, the Ibalois use blankets not only in the participation of cafiao ritual but also for wrapping the body of the dead. The number of blankets used to wrap the corpse indicate the wealth of the deceased. Some coffins are incised with geometric designs and placed inside caves - Kankanayas of Bakun sometimes carve the shape of an animal head with horns on one end of a wooden coffin, but simple coffins belong to the poorer families. moking pipes are made of wood, clay, or metal. Pipe makers may place a design on the bowl of the pipe by first making a beeswax model. One example of a design is that of a sitting figure of a man; his knees are folded up, his elbows resting on his knees, and his chin resting on his hands. His facial features are clearly etched. ical Bontoc dwelling has walls about three and a half feet high, wa Tet wall open in the middle. The walls on the front and the sides are built of wood slabs but the rear is constructed with stones chinked with clay. The floor is the earth itself often covered with hardened mud. 25preferences are distinctive among the di os and Kankanaysprefer blue, red and black, ‘white and Kalingas have the most colorful PROVINCES Abra is a landlocked province located on the western side of the Cordillera. It is bounded by Ilocos Norte and Apayao on the north, MountainProvince and Ilocos Sur ‘on the south, Kalinga on the east and Ilocos Sur on the west. Tt was created as a Politico- militar province in 1846, prior to which it formed Part of the old Ilocos Province and later to Ilocos Sur when Ilocos was divided ( — : two ole in 1818. Civil a jovernment was established in oy Abra on August 19, 1901, but in z "Sure 2 } \ February 1905 it was re-annexed 7 Ee to Ilocos Sur. Abra remained a sub-province for 12 years, regaining its Status as a regular province on| after the passage of Act No. 2683 on March 9, 1917. : — —— The Province of Abra has a land area of 3,975.55 sq. km. or 1.3% of the total land area of the Philippines. It is the largest in terms of land area among the Provinces in the Cordillera. Abra’s climate is characterized by two distinct seasons. The dry season occurs from ember to April and the wet season occurs from July to November with high rainfall intensities, storms and typhoons. It has an extremely Z in with mountains and hills rising along the periphery and} interior. Geographically, the province may be divided into two) the highlands and the lowlands. The highlands are the east and | nwes Portions bordering the provinces of Ilocos Norte and 92 where most of the hills and mountains are located. The lowlands South and western portions where most of the plains and valley completely surrounded by mountain ranges. Grasses ant the dominant cover occupying 45.7% of the total land areag areas are formerly cultivated and then abandon a central portion extending to the southeastern side Southern part of the province. Areas planted with rice, corand other diversified crops constitute only 9.4%, while 48% is covered with primary and secondary forest. Open/cogonal areas form 16.1% of the total land area. To date, Abra has many tourist attractions, both explored and unexplored. Among them are: the Lady of Victory Statue, the Bangued Cathedral and its Bell Tower, the Bani Hotspring and its living stones, the Century-old Tree in Boliney, the Ikmin River, the Casa Real, Burokibok Mini Park, Abra Mountain Development Educational Center, Cablaan Falls of Lamao, Susok-Narra Falls, Sisim Hotspring, Bucloc River, Bucioc Rice Terraces, Sabangan-Labo Falls, Panawidan Falls, Mapaso Hotspring, Libtec Underground River, Libtec Crystal Cave, Lacub Catholic Church, Abra State Institute of Science and Technology, Lusuac Dam _and Lusuac Spring Resort, Nagpawayan Falls, Mt. Patong, Panaklisan Falls, Banaaw Lake, Sto. Tomas Cave, Manabo Irrigation Tunnel, San Jose Church, Sagsagacat Spring Resort, Calm Spring, Ganuay Cave, Brima Resort, Pidigan Old Church, An-anito Lake, Toloboy Resort, Sallapadan Centennial Tree, Nuestra Sefiora Del Pilar Church, Malanas Overflow Bridge, Angalo’s Footprint, Tangadan Tunnel, Abra River, Don Mariano Marcos Bridge, Tayum Roman Catholic Church, Don Teodoro Brillantes Ancestral House, Gabriela Carifio-Silang Gallery of Fine Arts, Holy Ghost Building, Cellophil Resources Corporation, Sibud-sibud Cave, Mainit Hotspring, Datalan Waterfalls, Tanubong Cave, Kasaniyan-Pingeo Cave, Damanil Waterfalls, Buasao Virgin Forest, Asin Hotspring, and Kimkimay Lake. Originally known as the Arya Abra Festival which started in 1987 under then Governor Vicente P. Valera, the Abrenian Festival is a week- long celebration coinciding with the province’s foundation anniversary held every March 5-10 in the capital town of Bangued. It showcases the province's history and culture, through parades and cultural shows as well as agro-industrial fairs. Other activities in the festival include karerakit, a raft-racing competition along the Abra River. The karerakit aims to highlight the importance and optimum utilization of bamboos and the Abra River -- two of key resources in the province. Other sports competitions related to bamboo and the river are likewise featured. The Province of Abra is composed of Twenty-Seven (27) Municipalities, namely:Bangued, Boliney, Bucay, Bucloc, Daguioman, Danglas, Dolores, La Paz, Lacub, Lagangilang, Lagayan, Langiden, Licuan-Baay, Luba, Malibcong, Manabo, Pefarrubia, Pidigan, Pilar, Sallapadan, San Isidro, San Juan, San Quintin, Tayum, Tineg, Tubo and Villaviciosa.the 7% is located at iS say erent tip of the om / mainland. Itis bouied oon the ( oe provins Norte and ‘Abra, and on the south by Kalinga. f the / It was formerly 2 part of spualb i f Kalinga-Apayao. old province 0 sae ayo. d A yn February vomeplic Act No. 7878 authored by 7 : Congressman Elias K. Bulut of the lone district of Kalinga~-Apayao, was ssed converting the province of Kalinga-Apayao into two separate ‘ABRA and ‘egular provinces: Kalinga and Apayao. The province is almost equally mountainous/hilly (Upper Apayao)) and flat (Lower Apayao) with intermittent patches of valleys and plateaus.) The municipalities of Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao are in Upper Apayao while the municipalities of Flora, Luna, Pudtol and Sta. Marcela are located in Lower Apayao. The prevailing climate in the provini falls under Corona’s Type III Classification. It is characterized by ni very pronounced dry and wet seasons, relatively dry from Novem to April and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain occurs during) December to February while the month of May is the warmest. With the province’s beautiful and untapped resources, Apayad) boasts of a lot of natural as well as man-made places of interests.) Among them are the following: Porag, Banna-ang and Banselan Caves and Porag Falls in Conner; Dacao Dam in Flora; Madarang Memorial Shrine in Kabugao; Mt. Ziniladdun in Luna; the old Spanish Church, the’ Pudtol Dam and the Nagan River in Pudtol; and the Sta. Marcela Dam. The Province of Apayao is composed of Seven (7) Munici alities,, neniys Calanasan, Conner, Flora, Kabugao, Luna, per and Sta. jarcela. Benguet is located on the southernmo: i poe erauve Region between 16’10” and i6sa" ooo aon to acne east longitude. It is bounded on the north b Mour fai Po e, on the south by Pangasinan, on the west by La " iontat ‘Os Sur, and on the east by Nueva Vizcaya and Tfugad, ei Benguet is Politically divid i ne € ally divided into 13 municipaliti ae at hee municipality of La Trinidad Bante one with some basic information are as followses 7 ed_ It was formerly a sub- ~~ oe province of the old Mountain f Province with the passage of Act S No. 1876 on August 13, 1908. It 3 only became a separate province } Teac with the enactment of Republic Act \ No. 4695 on June 18, 1966. PA twumon Generally, Benguet is _/ BENGUET @ mountainous area. Rising f thousands of feet above sea level is the second highest mountain in the Philippines, Mt. Pulag, afew feet @ NUEVA lower than Mt. Apo, located in the BAGUIO CITY VIZCAYA municipality of Kabayan. Elevation ranges from 200 meters to 2,792 meters, the highest at Mt. Pulag. The Halsema Mountain Highway, 95 kilometers of which are in Benguet, traverses the province from south to north. The highest point of the Philippine Highway System, 2,256.10 meters above sea level, is in Mt. Paoay, Atok. Of the province's total land area of 2,616.48 square kilometers, forest land comprises 1,747.40 sq. km. (66.78%) while alienable and disposable lands make up 869.08 sq. km. (33.22%). Classified forest land is distributed as follows: forest/watershed reservation is 657.43 sq. km., timberland is 233.61 sq. km., national parks is 698.67 sq. km., military reservation is 5.54 sq. km. and civil reservation is 152.15 sq. km. Climate in the province is under the Type I climate classification by the Corona’s Systems of Classification with two distinct pronounced seasons, wet from May to October and dry during the rest of the year. The area is pleasantly cool comparable to springtime in temperate countries. Temperature ranges from a low of 8.60 degrees Celsius during the month of January to a high of 26 degrees Celsius during the month of April. Benguet’s tourist destinations and places of interest which are both natural and man-made, are: the Benguet Provincial Capitol, Haight’s Place, Philippine Pali, Naguey Rice Terraces, Pasdong Rice Terraces, Half Tunnel Road along Halsema Highway, Mt. Kabunian, Mt. Guedguedayan, Elephant Mountain, Mt. Lanipew, Tres Marias Falls, Sukod Pulicay Falls, Bedekbek Hotspring, The Ambuklao and Binga Dams, Natubleng Vegetable Gardens, Balatoc Mines, Mt. Ugo, Mt. Pulag, The Mummies of Kabayan, Les-eng Rice Terraces, Palina Rice Terraces, La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post, Strawberry Farms and Rose Gardens of La idad, Benguet State University, Lepanto Golf Course and Air Strip, Sabdang Waterfalls, Hydro Falls, the historic Kennon Road, Bridal Veil Poywas born out of the s th a festival in Baguio . Te 902| NaS tg BLIST (Baguio, La Trinidad, festival fev f strengthening tourism and i ith the objective © Oe in BLIST. Adivay is held Sabian, Tuba) foyment opportunities in fe Is anid nd with the province’s founda ion a jersary ll evel as a viable tourism destination. It is an term for us ning together and having fun. province of Benguet Is composed of Thirteen (. pies namely: Atok, Bakun, Bokod, Buguias, Itogon, Kaba panna, Kibungan, La Trinidad (Capital), Mankayan, Sablan, Tuba D Tublay. nt, Adivay, ¥ as to start wi ism Ifugao is located at the foot of the Cordillera Mountain Ranges. It is MOUNTAIN PROVINCE bounded on the west by Benguet, on the south by Nueva Vizcaya, = on the east by Isabela and on j | the north by Mt. Province. It is » é BANAUE generally located at 120 degrees f 40’17” longitude. It is politically divided IFUGAO TSABELA into 11 municipalities and 175 barangays with the municipality gt of Lagawe as its capital. ES NUEVA VIZCERA Ifugao was formerly a part of the old Mountain Province. It was created as 2 on June 18, 1966 by virtue of Republic Act No as the “Division Law of Mountain Province.” Province was divided into four (4) province: Apayao, Benguet and Mountain Province It fag a land area total of 2,517.78 sq. «m municipalities. The biggest municipality in terms of |e with 454.51 sq. km. or 18.05% of the total pou n the smallest is Hingyon with 114.56 sq. km, or 4.55% al la rea while} Bene aed oe in Ifugao consists Mostly of grassland and eat ae ae is Mostly found on narrow river valleySr Sees arg mount Sid€ swidden (kaingin). Most Cultivated areas are mountain slopes and river valleys. Of the aggregateland area, only 7.7% or 193.91 sq. km. are cultivated for agriculture while grassland and shrubland occupy about 1,607.44 sq. km. or 63.84% of the total land area. The rest of the area are pastureland - 22.45 sq. km., woodland - 658.62 sq. km. and miscellaneous uses, 35.36 sq. km. The soil types of Ifugao are clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam of different varieties. In most cases, the crops planted on clay loam are paddy rice (terraces), coffee, vegetables, root crops and citrus. The province is blessed with a temperate climate. It has a short dry season lasting for three months which starts from the early part of January and lasts through late April. The wet season starts from May and ends by late December. The hottest months are March and April while the coolest months are from November to February. Banaue, Tinoc, Hungduan and the southern part of Kiangan are the coolest places in the province. During summer, Ifugao’s temperature is moderate. This is attributed to its geographical location and its forested areas that tend to regulate the extreme heat of the summer sun. The extreme temperature coming from the southwest direction radiates towards the forest and in return cool mountain breezes profusely blow towards the locality producing a favorable temperature. The province has 45 existing and potential tourist attractions which are classified into four categories: man-made, historical, cultural and natural spots. The man-made attractions include the Rice Terraces of Banaue, Batad, Bangaan, Hapao, Kinga, Bacung, Nunggulunan, Mayoyao, Nagacadan and Julongan, Gohang Mummified Couple and the Magat Dam. The historical attractions which are all located in the municipality of Kiangan are: the Kiangan War Memorial Shrine, Ifugao Museum, the Surrender Site of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the Million-Dollar Hill and the Apfo’or Burial Tombs. The natural attractions include the Nah-toban and Bintacan Caves, Guihob Natural Pool, Tappiyah Waterfalls, Ambuaya Lake, Chapah Waterfalls, Buyuccan Waterfalls, Tenogtog Waterfalls, O’phaw Mahencha Waterfalls, Tukukan Sulfur Hot Spring, Bogya Hot Spring and Ducligan Hot Spring. The cultural attractions include the villages of Tam-an, Bocos, Bokiawan, Pula, Cambulo, Matanglag and Nuntamangan. Added attractions for domestic as well a foreign tourists are the cultural festivals namely: Gotad ad Kiangan, Gotad ad Hingyon, Tungoh ad Hungduan, Imbayah ad Banaue, Kulpi ad Lagawe, Tighaw ad Mayoyao, Bakle ad Nagacadan and Boklay ad Asipulo. For mountain climbing and/or trekking, the province can boast of several mountains to venture to and conquer, like Mt. Amuyao, Mt. Napulawan, Mt. Anapawon and Mt. Nagchayan, to name a few. The Province of Ifugao is composed of Eleven (11) Municipalities, namely:Aguinaldo, Lista, Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao and Tinoc.Kalinga is a landlocked province > T CU lying on the central part of the Cordillera Administrative Region. It is bounded on the north by the Province of Apayao, on the east by Cagayan and Isabela, on the west by Abra and on the south by Mt. Province. ; Kalinga is politically divided into 7 municipalities, 1 component city and 152 barangays with the City of Tabuk as its capital. The - 7 municipalities and the lone component city and some basic information are as follows. It was formerly a part of the old province of Kalinga-Apayao. However, on February 14, 1995, Republic Act No. 7878 authored by Congressman Elias K. Bulut of the lone district of Kalinga-Apayao, was passed converting the province of Kalinga-Apayao into two separate anc regular provinces: Kalinga and Apayao. The province’s geographic feature is characterized on the western portion by sharp-crested interlinking peaks of steep slopes, isolated flat lands, plateaus and valleys. The eastern portion is generally rolling to gradually sloping foothills, with interlocking wide tracks of flat lands and flood plains along its main drainage system. Kalinga has a total land area of 3,071 sq. km. having a topography that is generally rugged and sloping, with mountain peaks ranging from 1,500 meters to 2,500 meters in height. The province enjoys average temperatures ranging from 17'C to 22’C and Type III weather patterns. The dry season extends from November to April. The rest of the year is rainy. The heaviest rains) usually occur in the months of July and October. Some of the places in the area which are most likely to be seen or cited by visitors are the following: Sleeping Beauty - Tinglayan; Kabunyan Natural Dam and Pasil River - Pasil; Preserved Tributary Falls and Forest, and Saltan River - Balbalan; Capito! Provincial Park and) Chico River - Tabuk; Biggest Acacia Tree - Pinukpuk. The Pasil, Saltat and Chico Rivers are the premier whitewater rafting places in the region if not in the nation. For whitewater rafting trips, these rivers not only offers rapid-fire excitement but also a glimpse of the cultural history the Kalinga people. ., The Ullalim Festival is celebrated every 15th of February. This iS uitural festival where all guests and visitors are treated to an ethnpresentation of major Kalinga cultural practices, songs and dances. All eight a of the Province of Kalinga regularly participate in this event. The Province of Kalinga is composed of Seven (7) Municipalities and One (1) Component City, namely:Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil Pinukpuk, Rizal, City of Tabuk (Capital), Tanudan and Tinglayan. Mt. Province is situated centrally in the Cordilleras, Mt. Province ‘ABRA is bounded on the north by peliga, on the south by Ifugao, southwest by Benguet and on - the west by Abra and Ilocos MOUNTAIN Sur. It is accessible from Ifugao SAGADA through the Banaue-Bontoc Reoel PROVINCE Ilocos Sur through the Tagudin- Cervantes-Tadian Road, Kalinga through the Lubuagan-Bontoc Road and Baguio through the scenic Halsema Highway famously S€NGuET TSABELA known as Mountain Trail. Mt. Province is politically divided into 10 municipalities and 144 barangays with the municipality of Bontoc as its capital. The former Mt. Province was created in 1908 with seven sub- provinces, namely: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Lepanto, Amburayan, Kalinga and Apayao. Later, Amburayan and Lepanto were incorporated by the sub-province of Benguet and Bontoc respectively leaving the five sub-provinces known as BIBAK. Mt. Province became an independent province on March 25, 1967 when President Ferdinand E. Marcos officially appointed and inducted into office the first provincial board. On April 7, 1967, the new Mt. Province came into operation. This date was unanimously adopted as the Mt. Province Day by the provincial board in its regular meeting held on June 10, 1980. The topography of Mountain Province is rough characterized by very steep slopes and deep ravines. Small patches of gentle stones may be found along river banks, narrow valleys and tops of ridges. Elevation ranges from 500 meters at Saclit, Sadanga to as high as 2,714 meters to the top of Mt. Kalawitan in Sabangan. The province has two general types of climate. The western portion is under Type I with two pronounced seasons; dry from November toApril and wet during the rest of the year. The eastern portion is UNG. Type III with season not very pronounced: relatively dry from Novem, to April and wet for the rest of the year. Just like other provinces in the Cordillera, Mt. Province also blessed with many natural sceneries, terraces and other toy; attractions. Its places of interests are: Rizal Memorial Plaza, Bo Village Museum, Mornang Lingoy Hot Spring, Mainit Hot Spring famous caves of Sagada (Matangkib, Sugong, Sumaguing, Ganga Angoten), Sagada Hanging Coffins, Alab Petroglyph, Lake Da Lake Dananao, Inodey Waterfalls, Chico River Panoramic View, Brn: Panoramic View, Mt. Data Hotel, Gueday Stone Calendar, Sao-- Weaving, Masferre Photographs and the Enchanted Eels of Cagubats- Tadian. Lang-ay Festival is a wine and cultural festival to celebrate ¢ Mt. Province Foundation Day. It is a week-long activity culminating o the 7th of April, the Mt. Province Day. Among the activities are cultur street dancing, cultural presentations, exhibits and an agro-industr fair. Mt. Province is composed of Ten (10) Municipalities, namely Barlig, Bauko, Besao, Bontoc, Natonin, Paracelis, Sabangan, Sadanga, Sagada and Tadian.