CHAPTER I

MAKING MEASURING TOOLS AND HOW TO USE THEM

1. Transformer and FET measuring device with driver IC LM555

Before we discuss about the SMPS let's make a special measuring tool to measure
The transformer we wound and the FET we will use. Because this tool plays an important role for
success or not in making a power supply. Actually if we have LCR meter or
The oscilloscope is better, but the device is very expensive & rarely available in the market.

Gb 1.1 Transformer & FET Tester

2. Calibrate and wind the coil of the measuring instrument (Transformer & FET Tester)
a. Making a measuring coil
Before continuing to discuss the manufacturing method, it is good that we know the function
from the coil. The function of the coil is to measure Fet
later
Apart from the components written in the picture, try to pay attention to that
there is a picture of the coil, so how do you make the coil above?
The way to make it is: - Prepare a 12mm diameter ferrite rod and enough 0.6mm wire. - Wrap the wire over the ferrite
as much as 40L then make a Center Tap and make it again
40L wrapped clockwise.

b. Calibrate measuring instruments

To calibrate the measuring instrument we made, we must already have a gapped ferrite transformer: - Turn the Avo
selector that has been modified as shown in the picture below to 1000VDC
- Stick the red probe to Pin B (Drain FET Tester), the Black Probe at 12VDC or
inputs
- Give us a supply of measuring tools made by us and don't forget to slide the Switch to the Test section
transformer
- Set or turn the potentiometer on the FET tester until it approaches 200VDC
- Move the AVO selector to 250VDC
- Turn back the Potentio FET tester until you get a figure of 200VDC
- Turn off the test tool and remove all the cables to the transformer as well as to the power supply of the tool
the test, then measure the potential resistance of the test tool. - The potential resistance value is added to 4700Ω,
then the Rb value will be obtained
 Use AVO Needle to be safe at high frequencies.
If using the formula then:
F = 1.44 / Ra + Rb

Description:
F Frequency
Ra is the resistor from Pin 7 to Vcc
Rb is the resistor from pin 7 to pin 2 & 6
Note: The transformer we make must be 200VDC if measured with the device above
or 500µH if using an LCR meter.
In order not to confuse how to calibrate or test the transformer, you can look at
the following picture.
Gb 1.2 How to calibrate or test the transformer

3. Modification of AVO meter Probe

It can be used to measure transformers that are being made or after being made
for the finishing test when the smps is really done.

Gb 1.3 AVO Meter Probe Modification

4. FET (Field Effect Transistor)

a. Meaning of FET
Fet is one of the special types of transistors, different from normal transistors which are when
where is the base current given? Fet will transmit when given voltage (not current), its legs
named G (Gate), D (Drain) and S (Source).
Fet is divided into two types namely N channel and P channel, N channel is made of semi material
conductor N and channel P are made of semi-conductor material P. The upper end is called Drain
and the bottom end is called Source, on the right and left side there is a semi implant
different types of conductors. The terminals on both sides of the implant are connected internally and
called Gate.
The filed effect (electric field effect) comes from the working principle of this transistor
with a depletion layer (depletion layer). This layer is formed between N-type semiconductors
and P-type semiconductors, due to the combination of electrons and holes around the region
border. Just like the electric field, this depletion layer can grow or shrink
depending on the voltage between Gate and Source.

b. Fet foot measurement

In a Fet we must know the ability of Vds (the price of Voltage (V).
found on legs D and S), Rds (resistance price (R) found on legs D and S sec
Gate gets the trigger voltage) and Id (current on the drain), so that's why we have to
make a simple measuring tool as discussed above.
 Measurement of Vds

The way to measure Vds is as follows:

Connect (jumper) FET legs G (Gate) and S (Source) and connect with the device test (what is meant by the + {plus}
sign below is Pin OUT in the scheme above. (don' forgot to slide the test tool switch to the FET test section), turn the
potentiometer to the left until the V designation
(Volt) stops even if the potentiometer is turned left. Read the voltage at AVOhow much
Volts, the price shown by AVO is the Vds FET price.
Note: Measure using digital AVO for perfect measurement.

Gb 1.4 Measuring Vds FET

 Measurement of Id & Rds

As for the size of Id, we cannot explain it because it is relative,

It means that ID of any size if the circuit does not support it will fail as well, however
usually the size of Id is related to what is called Rds, what is Rds? That is the price
the resistance (R) found in the legs (D and S) when the Gate gets the trigger voltage,
usually 10V. As the model mentioned with Vgs or the voltage on
Gate to Source.

How to know the magnitude of Rds? Why does Rds need to be known? this
important and you need to know. If Rds is small by itself the price of Id will be large, which
determine the magnitude of the current that flows as a current pulse, this current pulse later
transferred by a transformer. The larger the Id, the greater the force produced.
How to find out the Rds price you should make a tool for a simple Rds test
but accurate, but quite confusing for those who don't understand.
See the tool and how to test the Rds of a FET.

Gb 1.5 Measuring FET Rds

The components needed are:

- 4 resistors 39Ω/20wtt in parallel
- 1 resistor 1kΩ/0.5watt
- 1 AVO meter
For how to apply, please see the picture above.

The formula for calculating Rds is as follows:

Vcc = Va + Vb or Rcc = Ra + Rb(Rds) = Vcc – Va

Example:
Vcc is measured to show the value of 12V and Va is 10V and Vb = 2V then Rds FET is ?
Rds = {(Vcc-Va) : Vb} x Ra
= (2:10) x 9,75 = 1,95Ω

So knowing the limit of the ability of a FET will make it easier

in determining the winding so that between the FET and the transformer we make is very matching. Will
but a lot of people ignore this measurement (as long as you buy the glue and stick it on).
without first calculating the working ability of the FET, which eventually fails or not
long lasting.

CHAPTER II
CALCULATION OF CIRCUITS ON SMPS AND POWER PRODUCED

1. How to make a coil or coil and count the number of coils

Often some of us make twists that most do not understand how many twists
should be wound and what is the inductance value after being wound and what is the ideal value, this
related to the ferrite material, airgap (air gap) and the physical size of the ferrite, logically
the better the permeability of ferrite (Bmax) then the smaller the number of turns, the larger
airgap, the more windings and the larger the physical size of the ferrite, the less
the total circumference, so that with the reasoning a conclusion is reached, if one or
The three elements above are different, so the number of turns will of course be different, well
How many turns are appropriate and efficient?
Based on repeated experiments the ideal value of inductance is 500 µH or if
you don't have L meter can be used as follows:
Set a tone generator set to a frequency of 44-45Khz and connect the primary coil
with C of 25nF in series and turn on the frequency generator if resonance occurs
that is the inductance value of 500µH, what is the sign of resonance? At L and C there is a surge
great tension. Another way Set the frequency of the transformer test tool at 60khz frequency and
make a circuit so that a voltage of 200 Volts is generated, then this will produce
inductance of 500µH, well which of the above methods can you do? clear
using L meter is the easiest, but what does it have? If you don't have one, choose which one
buy or make yourself? if you buy around 300rb, if you make your own around
10rban, so which one to choose? I still choose to do it myself because of the obvious reason to buy
can afford that price. If you make what kind of tool? The tool is the one at
explain in Chapter I.

To get results that are close to measuring accuracy, a test tool is recommended
supplied with the correct voltage of 12V, not more or less, if it is not exactly 12V supplied
power, there is a high possibility that the measurement results are also inaccurate.
If this way you have found the right one then tap/duculi and count
one by one what is the amount, well now you know how many turns to
the primer. how about the other number of turns? Set the mold voltage to 200 Volts
for the input voltage until you get Voltperlilit or lilitpervol or n/v or g/v
after getting n/v, then calculate the number of turns with the transformation comparison.
2. Determine the size of the wire to be used and determine the polarity of the ends
girth
Before wrapping the fixed wrap as explained above, if after untying
it turns out to be 50 laps, so measure the coker first how many layers will be used, for example the size
koker that is available as wide as 2.5cm or 25mm or even bigger, measuring as wide as 3.5cm
or 35mm, then to make a double layer winding, the number 35/50 means the wire used
is ∅= 0,7mm. The purpose is for the circumference to fit tightly around the coker, if you
using 0.6mm wire and 50 turns, then there will be in the first layer
the rest is 5mm, or you can use a multilayer so that ½ of the circumference can be applied
primer first and the size of the wire is 35 : 25 = 1.4mm. Only the secondary and final winding
The 2nd primary wrap continues the first primary wrap 25 wraps and returns 25 wraps
circumference, so that the primary circumference is a constant amount but the size of the wire becomes large.
Based on the number of twists and turns in the discussion above, we can draw a conclusion, if the amount
the windings are the same then the inductance will be the same, double or single, if double means
increase the size of the wire by increasing the amount of wire, if connected in a clear tie

inductance will change because the number of turns is different. maybe it can be better understood about
increase the size of the wire by increasing the number of wires, so the number of turns is constant, only
doubled or duplicated.
Maybe when wrapping there is something disturbing so the wrapping process is stopped
temporary, for example sudden needs or any other matter, you are sometimes confused yourself just now
wrap clockwise or not? confused, will be dismantled almost
finished or even finished, the marks at the ends are not marked, continue the direction
twisted also because the coker is turned upside down so it is dizzy. Often and even always this happens,
What should you do to avoid mistakes or doubts?
If the primary winding is for example 50 windings and the input voltage is 200V
n/v is 50/200 or 0.25 per volt, how much extra voltage is needed? Stay in for 4
only, for example for a 12V fan, the number 12/4 is 3 turns, for example tone control needs 24V then
24/4 as many as 6 turns, well whatever you want is up to you, for example to supply power amplifier
CT60V then the number 60/4 is 15 turns, because CT is 2 times, so make 2x turns.
The calculation above is just an example so it doesn't have to be the primary winding is 50 turns,
but use the reference value of inductance 500µH how many turns, or you can read again
above information.

3. Knowing the magnitude of the force produced by smps.

Maybe your assumption is like most other people who predict if the wire
used big will definitely produce a big force as well, is that true? let's
discuss.
What is the reference to the force produced by smps? Big transformer, the wire
big? A transformer is a device that functions to transfer power from the primary to the primary
The secondary power that can be transferred is dependent on the maximum ability of
the transformer to transfer it, if the power transformer that can be transferred will be besat too, this
is the ability to transfer, but what can be produced with a large transformer
great power?
Although the ability to transfer power is very large a transformer but not necessarily
that can be transferred big, why? Here's the explanation:
For example, the electricity available at our house is only 450VA and we want to run a
Power Amplifier with 1000Watt output power, once set to a small volume the sound is good,
until the volume is increased and then suddenly the MCB trips. what's wrong Is the PA broken?
Here's the discussion:
Supply a power supply that does not support, so even if you use a big PA, the sound is not
will be large because the input power is small, the output will still be small, what PA can come out
1000 watts? I think it's impossible, as is the case with smps even when using large wires and transformers
able to transfer large watts if the driver is only capable of small watts, can it come out big?
if the smps driver is only capable of 100 watts even if a 200 watt, 500 watt, 1000 watt transformer is used,
or even 5000watts, fixed output does not exceed 100watts. this is the logic, so if there is
who asked can the gacun produce a voltage of 70VCT and a current of 50A? Logically only
already answered, the gacun is designed for a power of no more than 400Watt if it is to produce
as desired above which is calculated to be 140 x 50 = 7000watts. no matter how big
transformer will not achieve the above specification of 7000watts, but only 400watts
maximum.

There is a tendency for colleagues to refer to welders or electric welders, why?

It is thought that electric welding is the only tool that can produce large amperage, is it true?
The answer is correct, because electric welding must be able to produce a large amperage such as 150 Amps,
imagine just the amperage, if it is for the power supply amp the result will be great
Is this opinion true? It is not true if the reference is only amperes, during standby electric welding

produces a voltage of around 60Volt then after use is it still 60Volt? If electric welding
the voltage is stable at 60V and 150 Amperes, then the output power is 60x150=9000watts
is it true? Not true. the output voltage will drop to 8 Volts only and the power used
8x150 = 1200Watt. this is the logic, if it is for power amp and only 8Volt, what can sound?
For electric welding that makes the voltage drop is the duty cycle which is regulated by
deadtime, for a fixed frequency, so it is not pwm that regulates the dutycycle,. The smaller
deadtime the greater the current that is infected with a constant voltage, only the current that
change, until current regulation is done by deadtime.
With the description above, it is clear that the power produced by the transformer is not because
the power of the transformer, but the power that enters the transformer, in this case it is the smps driver.
Tips or what efforts should be made to obtain a large output power
from the transformer? The trick that must be followed is to increase the power that goes into the transformer,
for example, the selection of supporting components, the use of high-efficiency circuits up to
the system operates more optimally and resilient.

CHAPTER III
AIR GAP FERTI CORE TRANSFORMER (AIR GAP) AND HOW TO WIND IT

1. Ferrite Air Gap

In SMPS types, the use of transformers is very diverse, namely gapped ferrite, non-gap ferrite
or even toroid ferrite, here we will discuss SMPS that works with gap ferrite.
What is a gap? Gap is where there is a gap at the meeting of the upper ferrite and the lower ferrite, maximum
the gap is 2mm, let's see the following picture for more clarity.

Gb 3.1 Gap on Ferrite

2. How to open/remove the former ferrite transformer

Method 1 :
Soaked using thener or gasoline until the anchorlack layer melts, but
it takes patience or sometimes it fails completely in this way depending on the type of adhesive
Method 2 : - First open the isolator that coats the ferrite
- Boil the ferrite in boiling water for ±5 minutes (until the heat penetrates into the core) - While hot, open the ferrite by
slowly prying at the connection
to shift just a little
- If it's still difficult, try soaking it for another 5 minutes, then try to open it again, it's usually easy to miss.
Be careful when opening, use liners (heat resistant gloves).
3. How to wrap a Ferrite transformer
Please pay attention and follow the steps according to the instructions and description of the picture.

Gb 3.2 Measuring the inner coker

a. Measure the coker as in the picture how many millimeters high is the inner coker
the example here measured 27mm

Gb 3.3 Example of a close circuit

b. Wrap it with 1mm wire so that it is full and tight, calculate how many wraps it fits on
the coker. The example contains 25 turns, but the coker will be designed for the number of turns
the primary is 44 turns, then the 25 turns are made into the first primary and the rest
later

Gb 3.4 Initial Primary Wrap

c. Cover with enough insulation, the wrap that was made earlier and we will make it next
the main secondary winding....that is, take a 1mm wire and wrap it 11 times
wrap and leave about 5cm left, cut and release again straighten, and cut the wire 3
again along the measurement... until you get 4 long and measuring wire rods
same...1mm. See pictures.
Gb 3.5 Secondary Winding

d. Wrap 4 wire rods together as many as 11 wraps and mark for separation
the wire will be correct, this is for the main secondary winding. 1mm wire double 2 later
will be the minus and plus poles.

Gb 3.5 secondary winding finishing

e. If the secondary winding has been made then there are 8 ends of the winding wire and make double 2
and tie it to the legs of the coker with 4 legs...made opposite so that it is easy to
make his CT. From the 4 stanzas, please divide into two, for example, 2 pieces of wire from the beginning of love
mark A 1 and the end is A2, while the remaining 2 pieces of wire are also given
example marks for the beginning of B1 and the end of B2 so as not to be confused in the connection later..

Gb 3.6 Final Primary Wrap (2nd)

f. Make the 2nd primary winding which will be connected in a draw as much as the target minus the winding
has been made. Example 25 laps target 44 laps, so the remainder is 19 laps. this is for the second primer
and the secondary winding is spread between the 2 primary windings, the purpose of which is to reduce
leakage of induction of magnetism and increase the efficiency of power transfer, wrapping around the winding
The 2nd primer is of course less wire and there is some remaining coker, so wrap it in the middle
just limit the upper and lower edges, the purpose is for the induction to be focused in the middle
gap.
Gb 3.7 Closure of the final winding

g. Cover with insulation and note the picture of the end of the connection coming out of the coker slot
to make it easier to connect...

Gb 3.8 Primary wire connection

h. Solder the winding connection of the first primer with the second primer. That is the end of the
connect is the end of the first primary wire to the beginning of the second primary, while the beginning
The first primary will be connected to 300VDC and the second primary will be connected later
Gacu red cable. fold it in so it looks neat.

Gb 3.9 Primer Finishing

i. We have wrapped everything necessary and covered it with insulation as tightly as possible

Gb 3.10 Inserting the coker to the Ferry

j. Put the ferrite into the cokeer and the ferrite should go in, if it doesn't go into the cokeer
then press the circle to enter.
k. Connecting the secondary wire, if earlier we have marked the ends of the secondary wire, now look carefully at the
connection
the wire so that it is not wrong. The beginning of the winding (A1) is made to be negative (mean in
diode installation) the end of the winding (A2) we connect with the beginning of the winding (B1) for
CT (Ground) and end winding (B2) as positive (plus in diode assembly)

Gb 3.11 Transformer testing

l. Test the transformer with a transformer test tool and determine the frequency of 40-60khz
displayed volts? If the voltage indication is 200V and the frequency is between 40-60khz then the transformer
manufacturing is successful, but if the price is not as recommended then
make a gap in the ferrite to get the price. if this is successful then it's done
make smps transformer

CHAPTER IV
FABRICATION OF SMPS WITH PWM GACUN

1. Schema and Components needed

Before proceeding to the assembly stage of a smps, you should first understand the method
making the transformer and reading the schematic so that there are no mistakes, the following is the schematic
simple manufacturing of smps with pwm gacun and its components.
Gb 4.1 Scheme of SMPS Gacun

Gb 4.1 Scheme2. Blocks on SMPS

a. Block Emi (Electromagnetic interference) and Block rectifier (Rectifier)
b. Counter Block (Snubber) and Secondary Rectifier Block
c. Block switching and Block Error amp detector
It is good if we discuss one function after another.
a. Block Emi Filter and rectifier

 Emi Block Filter

Every smps power supply really needs this network that works to dampen
unwanted vibrations appear in the input network (PLN) from 2 sides,
either from inside the smps or from outside. It is in the form of 2 symmetrical coils
which is clamped by 2 MKM/AC capacitors with a voltage above 250VAC. Main fuse
located at the very front which is intended so that if there is a short circuit or leakage
on emi filter or load can break this fuse. The size of SMPS Gacun fuse

depending on the force of the load. Block emi filter if complete then the order is
before entering the emi filter there is a VDR that parallels the network, its function
limiting the source voltage rise (PLN) in the 240VAC range.
The output of the emi filter usually gets a thermistor (PTC/NTC) which is connected to
load (diode bridge). Its function is to reduce the starting current so that
MCB does not trip. After passing through the thermistor, the AC current is directed
with 4 high-voltage bridge diodes in parallel with c pillar
10nF/103, this c function is to bypass/pass the high frequency
causing a cutoff diode, so that the high frequency does not follow the same direction,
unless it is damped/removed by the filter capacitor to ground. That's why at
need c ceramic 104 in parallel with elko filter or thunder in each
AC voltage rectifier. Good low frequency (using a step down transformer)
or high frequency (with chopper/smps transformer).

 Rectifier block
The rectifier block works to direct AC current into DC.
The rectifier components consist of diodes and electro capacitors, which
each role is a diode to direct the AC current and then be smoothed
ripple by the capacitor (filter). Common types of rectifiers
using the bridge rectifier method which has the advantage of high isolation
between the DC voltage produced and the input voltage.
The input voltage is around 220VAC after being directed and passing through the electromagnet
turns out to be around 308VDC, because 1.4 x 220.
If the elko on the dry rectifier the voltage 308 becomes unreachable
at the same time there is a ripple, the worst consequence is that the SMPS will be hotter
(because trying to stabilize the output and voltage of the pulse form by Dc
ripple). The easiest way to detect this is to measure the 308VDC voltage
or the appearance of a screeching / screeching sound on the main transformer.

Gb 4.2 Block EMI Filter & Rectifier 300VDC

b. Counter Block (Snubber), Secondary Rectifier Block

 Block Snubber
Snubber if interpreted literally Snubber = scolding, it's a little
wrong, but the purpose is like that. In the SMPS system, the transformer is switched (given
voltage by the Transistor or Final FET) with a certain time, then
The transistor/FET will turn off. When the transformer is energized, the core

the transformer becomes a magnet for a moment until the transformer is turned off, the transformer will transfer
energy
magnet to the secondary winding until the transformer is turned on again and so on. Will
but not all magnetic energy can be transferred (due to its imperfection
transformer) resulting in the remaining magnets in the core of the transformer,
The remaining magnetic energy directly enters the Transistor/FET
through the legs of the Collector/Drain with a voltage that may be higher than the capability
the work of the Transistor/FET. The main function of the snubber is to
removes the voltage (accelerates demagnetization) in addition to the snubber
also used to determine/adjust the working frequency of the transformer. Because
the nature of cutting the smps is finally called snubber. The main feature of the snubber circuit
is the arrangement of resistors and capacitors in series in general, but there are
also which uses diodes and capacitors arranged parallel to the winding
transformer primary.

 Secondary Rectifier
The secondary voltage on the smps transformer is not in the form of AC voltage but
DC voltage in the form of a pulse. The voltage appearing on the secondary at
rectified and filtered to obtain the secondary Dc voltage. Characteristics
rectifier/diode should have Fast rectifier properties eg UF4002 not IN4002.
Fast rectifier is meant to be able to direct the pulse with
high frequency, leveling elko is sufficient using hundreds to 2200µF measurements
only, because the voltage frequency that comes out of the transformer is quite high, so it's fast
merecovery/reload quickly.
For pictures of the snubber and secondary rectifier, you can see the picture below
this.

Gb 4.3 Snubber & secondary rectifier

b. Block Switching and Error AmpDetector

 Block Switching
Because smps uses a working frequency between 30-40Khz and frequency
is not found in the DC voltage, then the smps system must be made
or self-stimulating the pulse, the most common method found
is with the self oscillating method. In this type of smps is like
as a network of high power frequency oscillators. It is not uncommon to find smps
which uses IC to make the pulse, for example TDA8380, TEA2661
or STR-group and so on.
In every oscillator system, an initial voltage is needed as a trigger, which
serves as the initial trigger of the oscillator network to oscillate. Pinch voltage

this appears a few seconds after the smps gets the input voltage (AC). Big
This trigger voltage depends on the type of smps network that is used. For example
on STR-F665x the oscillator will work if the trigger voltage has reached 16v.
Because its nature is only as a trigger, this voltage is not used anymore when
smps is working. In general, the trigger voltage is taken directly from
308VDC through a resistor or transistor start up.
If the oscillation is stable and emits a high frequency then the switching block
will work as a main switch. Transformers generally use
Transistors or FETs. The characteristics of the switcher must be able to withstand the current
collector/drain large enough to withstand the voltage on the primary winding
transformer. This current is not a constant current but a momentary current depending on the width
the pulse that moves.
In addition to current capability, the transistor/FET switcher must have a frequency
enough work to be employed as a switcher.
Because the block we are discussing is already a bundle from start up & switching
which is a gacun product so we don't have to bother making it, you can see the schematic
click below to learn it.
Gb 4.4 Switching Block Schematic

The shape of the signal on the Gate (FET) is very important for us to investigate, because it will
determine the output signal.
Measurements on the Gate FET are as follows:
1. If measured with an AVO DC meter, it will show a result of 0.05Volt only
2. If measured using an oscilloscope, it will look like a picture

Gb 4.5 Signal Gate FET

3. From the picture of the oscilloscope it can be temporarily concluded that:

a. Pulse width = 1µS
b. Pulse period (T) = 44µS
c. Frequency F = 1/T = 1/44
µS = 22.727Hz = 23Khz
d. Measured pulse voltage 10Vpp
VR function on the gacun

By rotating the VR from minimum to maximum then what changes is

pulse width, which was 1µS to 2.5µS. The effect on the voltage out smps
eg from 12Volt to 18Volt frequency.
By increasing the pulse width, the duty cycle increases
by turning the trimpot.
 Block Error amp detector
This network works as an output voltage stabilizer, the way it works is
comparing the output voltage (taken from the secondary winding of the transformer with
stable reference voltage. If the output voltage is too high this circuit will
operate the primary circuit to immediately lower the voltage. Lock from
Auto voltage is on this block.
The secondary voltage is increased by expanding the pulse that is switched by
Fet to the primary winding of the transformer and vice versa if it lowers the voltage then
narrowing the width of the pulse that is transferred from the FET to the transformer primary.
If this error amp network fails or is not even installed then the network
smps will be forced to switch the primary coil with a time that exceeds
the ability of the switcher itself, as a result of which the final Transistor/FET will be damaged
See the circuit diagram of the Error amp detector that has been combined with the module
Switching.

Gb 4.5 Block Error amp

For a discussion of how to install this network, we discuss it in the chapter on how to modify
plaster
An additional network apart from the 6 points above is the smps network
protector, but we're sorry we can't display the picture, please
find out at http://google.com
Protection blocks that are important for the perfection of smps include:
1. OVP (Over Voltage Protector)
Functioning to protect from excessive tension, this block will
turn off the smps when it detects a voltage above the smps working voltage
2. OCP (Over Current Protector)
This network works to detect more charges, smps will be off if
detected excessive use
3. OHV (Over Heat Protector
This network works to protect smps if used
cause excessive heat, then the smps will automatically shut down
Almost all the blocks have gone into IC smps, for example STR-w575x, STR-f665x
and so on.
CHAPTER V
MODIFICATION OF GACUN

A lot of people complain or have problems in applying it, actually GACUN already
designed as simply as possible to be easy to use, but because there are many of us
his desire and of course who made this kit does not know your desire, so by the way
whatever kit gacun is forced to satisfy your taste. Tip what you do with the kit
GACUN? If you apply it incorrectly to the spec, of course the glue will fail or fail
don't want to be ruled by you, how can GACUN accept your order? Treat
GACUN deservedly with the menu he likes "Gacun Modification"
Do you know how many GANCU frequencies are used? Maybe not all the gacun
operate with the same frequency, how to know the frequency? And if you
want to change the operating frequency of which part needs to be changed or replaced? Look at the picture
the following.

Gb 5.1 Gacun Modification

What needs to be modified? There are 3 locations that need to be adjusted. see the picture, which is given in the box
red is the part that may need to be modified or changed.
Whatever your needs, this is a single fet type, so the size of the single fet is still the same
lose with double fet(halfbridge) and 4 fet(fullbridge).
Gacun operates at 80khz frequency, what about the transformer you made? Do you still remember?
with an inductance value of 500uH? Well the key to success starts from here, is it still memorizing numbers?
200V, well you absolutely know these two numbers and can translate them, because these are numbers
single fet smps application.
If you use L or primary winding of 500uH then the transformer you make can
operated from 40khz to 60khz frequency. A frequency as big as that is actually less suitable for
gacun, then the gacun frequency is changed or modified to be able to operate at a frequency of 40-60khz, use it
formula. Take the number between 40 - 60 ie 50khz. how do you do it? If C10nF we increase
then the frequency will decrease and what is the exact value of C? F = 1,2/R+C
If you want a frequency of 50 khz then C needs to be increased according to the formula to get 16nF, is it
C this big in the store? If there is none you can use 15nF and how much if you use 15nF the frequency? According to
the formula, a frequency of 53.3 khz is obtained. Can this be applied? Of course
can ! let's look at the following picture.
Gb 5.2 R C Gacu frequency

F =1,2 / R C
Gacu standard resistor 1K5Ω
Gacu standard capacitor 10nF
So the standard gacun frequency is 80Khz
Almost everyone who applies gacun complains why gacun is used for
Why does the amplifier drop the bass? Some try to use an optocoupler but installed where and
how to install it?
See the picture above. There are 4 red boxes that need to be modified.
1. Make the frequency 50khz which was originally 10nF changed to 16nF or 15nF.
2. Optocoupler
How to make GACUN out stable? Use feedback that implements an optocoupler
or photocoupler or PC. Where and how to install it? Follow the directions, don't
until it goes wrong, unplug the 20k ohm VR. And the former draw the middle and right legs connect
or in the jumper and then connect with the optocoupler leg no. 3 and leg no 4 connect with
the remaining VR container hole, or the left VR container leg (seen from the top of the front, which is there
trimpot place) and legs no. 1 and 2 of the opto connect to the out voltage reference that will be in
regulation. How many volts do you want. Gacun let me follow you, don't you follow Gacun.
How and what is the out voltage reference?
By installing feedback, the output voltage can be stable, even if affected by bass,
no shaking at all, as long as it doesn't exceed the ability of its power.

3. Force adjustment
That is to change the price of R0,22ohm/2watt, if you buy a gun, don't install it right away
to electricity but test it first with the test tool we discussed in chapter 1, if you haven't done it yet
The risk is not knowing the capability of the FET used, the size of the R price depends on the FET
which is installed, so don't rely on that. use the appropriate FET
Do you want, test the FET to find out its Vds, if you know the Vds then the application will
know
How to install an optocoupler with an output voltage reference.
look at this picture.
Gb 5.3 Optocuppuler installation (voltage reference)

By fitting this reference circuit, you can adjust the output voltage
plaster We don't discuss how much power it has, please try it and
you can prove it yourself.
With the addition of this reference, what is the output voltage of the gacun produced?
look at the diagram above, every 1k ohm there is a voltage of 1.5Volt, how much do you want?
How much R above is used? Just add up R, the minimum voltage is
(10+47)=57x1.5V =85.5V means this is the same as CT42.75V, and the maximum is
67x1.5=100.5V or CT50.25V, if the trimpot position is in the middle then the output voltage is 93V
or CT46,5Volt. With this reference you can arrange the gacun according to your wishes. If
want a different arrangement you can replace R47K according to the voltage reference above.
1K=1,5Volt. Do not change
zenner voltage later the voltage reference will change, so do the same as the schematic
with Dz 15V. Guaranteed you can.
Why install references to (+) and (-) only and not to CT? CT does not need to be connected,
this censors the total tension, if the tension is CT then each wing gets half
the total voltage.
4. Resistor 0,22Ω/2Watt.
What is the function of R 0,22Ω/2watt? Internally there is a comparative that works for
me-Reset pwm, this comparator works after the voltage in RS reaches 1Volt pulse, if R that
installed at 0.22 ohms means the current will be limited to 1/0.22 or less than 5A
pulse To be made into rms ampere, the size is ⅓ of the pulse current up to around 1.8 ampere
rms, and if so then the gacun kit is only able to absorb power of 1.8x220 = 396VA,
and if the transfer system has 80% effectiveness then the maximum output power is 316VA.
Gacun gives the maximum power limit that can be absorbed is 396VA and this is according to
i'm bigger, but if you want more power then you have to
adjust the characteristics of the FET used.
What specifics should be applied? To produce large power choose FET
with high Vds at least Vds=800V besides that the price of Id is at least 10A, if you can
meet the characteristics like this then you can change the size of the original RS
0.22 Ω/2Watt can be reduced to 0.11 Ω or R0.22 Ω by 2 pieces in parallel. This will
increase the pulse current to 10 Amperes and 3.3A rms current until the absorbed power can
reach 800VA and how do we know the price of the Vds FET in the Gacun KIT? You can test
Vds Gacu in this way.
Gb 5.4 Test Vds

Look at the picture of Gacun Connection with a PC used as an output regulator

plaster the one in the jumper is the middle and right leg of the former VR watch the picture, and
connect it to the leg (pin) 3 of the PC, the left leg of the VR is connected to the pin 4 of the PC, don't turn it upside
down,
If reversed the reference does not work. Maybe Tuser is helped in this way by replacing the main circuit that doesn't
can be repaired and replace the screw is normal, no need to re-set or make a new winding
just connect the original PC part with a direct tensioning kit that matches
itself without any drop. For example TV, DVD, Subwoofer and so on which is the psu
using ACmatic.
All types of ferrite can be applied with the mold above, especially for single FET,
500uH as a reference for the number of transformer primary turns and 200V as a reference for the number of turns
per volt.
The higher the output voltage, the higher the input voltage and the more
the voltage on the Drain (Vds) is also high, so Vds should be tested or during smps
is being operated you can measure the size of Vds while operating that is with help
the probe you made. If you haven't done it yet, do it soon because you can monitor what's going on
ongoing. "Alhamdulillah, this is a summary of the results of unpacking files, discussions, in the group together with
everyone
friends, and Suhu and Masters. I say a big thank you to the
Suhu, the Master who is willing to guide us to be able to do smps not just leave
tension, but know the theory and how to measure. May the Suhu and Masters not get bored
share knowledge that is useful to us".

Have fun creating & experimenting......

Greetings Hot Solder