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Electromagnetic Induction 85

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Chapter 06
Percentage of Questions in Last 34 Years’ in NEET / AIPMT from this Chapter

Percentage
A •induction,
Faraday's laws and Lenz's law of electromagnetic
Induced e.m.f. and current 59%

B (41%)
A (59%)
B 41%

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW?

6.8 SYNOPSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.9 MISCELLANEOUS Questions from NCERT

6.3 MAGNETIC FLUX 6.10 NCERT Exemplar Questions

6.11 ASSERTION-REASON & STATEMENT
6.4 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION BASED Questions from NCERT
6.5 LENZ’S LAW AND CONSERVATION OF 6.12 MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
ENERGY
6.13 ARCHIVE QUESTIONS
6.6 MOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 6.14 ANSWER KEY

6.7. INDUCTANCE
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86
Radio waves Radiation pressure Energy associatedElectromagnetic Induction
Do not require
Wavelength > 0.1 m exerted by an with an any material
Uses: in tele- electromagnetic wave electromagnetic medium for
communication energy associated wave propagation
with em waves (u)
P = speed of light in 1 1 B2
u  0 E 2 
Microwave 2 2 0 Produced
vacuum (c)
Wavelength 0.1m to 1mm by accelerated
Uses: in microwave charge
oven, RADAR

Infra-red
Wavelength 1 mm to Travels with
700 mm speed of light
Uses: treat muscular strain Different types of Characteristics in free space
electromagnetic of electromagnetic 1
Visible waves waves
C  
0 0
Wavelength: 700 nm to = 3 × 108 m/s
400 nm
Uses: to see objects In free space;
magnitude of
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES electric field (E)
Ultraviolet Constituted by mutually perpendicular
Wavelength: 400 nm to magnetic field (B)
time varying electric and magnetic fields = C (speed of light
1 nm
Uses: Preserve food in vacuum)
purifying water
Transverse in
nature
-rays Conduction current Displacement current (ID)
Wavelength: 1nm to 10–3 nm Arises due to flow of Due to time varying
Uses: Medical diagnosis Oscillating
electrons in a definite electric field electric and magnetic
closed path d fields are in phase
-rays I D  0 E
Wavelength: < 10–3 nm dt and their magnitudes
Uses: in medical bear constant ratio
science information E
C 0
on nuclear structure B0

6.1 P.No.: 204

 Electricity produces magnetism, and so the converse, magnetism produces electricity, seemed a reasonable
thing to expect, and yet the best researches of the day could only come up with results that were ambiguous
and unconvincing. Still, the agenda was obvious enough, a charge can electrify a nearby object by induction
and a magnet can magnetize a nearby piece of iron by induction. It was only reasonable to expect that a
current should induce a current in a nearby conductor. Since a steady current generates a steady magnetic
field, should not a steady magnetic field generate a steady current? However logical that was, it was wrong.
 A steady magnetic field does not impart energy to free charges, it does no work on them and yet for a current
to exist, it must get energy from somewhere. A changing magnetic field is something very different. It can
impart energy to charges and it can produce currents.

6.3 P.No.: 206

 Whenever the number of lines of induction, or magnetic flux, passing through a circuit changes, an emf is
produced in the circuit. If the circuit is closed, a current flows through it. The emf and current so produced
are called induced emf and induced current and last only while the magnetic flux is changing. The phenom-
enon is known as electromagnetic induction.
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Electromagnetic
6.4 Induction 87
P.No.: 207
 If the circuit is a coil consisting of N identical loops (turns), then the induced emf is,
 d  The charge dQ passed round the circuit in a time ‘dt’ is
  N  
 dt  given by, N d N
  dQ  i dt   dt   d 
But,  B  dS   B dS cos  R dt R
Hence the total charge which flows round the circuit when
Therefore an emf can be induced in the
the magnetic flux changes from 1 to 2, is given by,
circuit in several ways. 
 N 2 N
Q    d   Q   (2  1 )
1. The magnitude of B can vary with time. R 1 R
2. The area of the circuit can change with time. This expression shows that total charge flowing round the

3. The angle  between B and normal to the plane circuit depends only on the total change in the magnetic
flux and the resistance of the circuit and is independent of
(area vector) can change with time.
the rate at which the flux changes.
4. Any combination of above can occur.
If the circuit contains the resistance only, then the instantaneous induced current ‘i’ is given by,
 N d
i  i
R R dt

6.5 P.No.: 210

 The negative sign of the Faraday’s law indicates that the in- According to Lenz’s law, the induced emf
duced emf opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces opposes the change that produces it. It is
it. this opposition against which we perform
NOTE

mechanical work in causing the change in

 When the north pole is moved towards the coil (figure-1) the magnetic flux. So, it is the mechanical
direction of the induced current in the coil will be such that energy which is converted into electrical
the front face of the coil acquires north polarity. So, the coil energy. Thus Lenz’s law is in accordance
repels the magnet. In other words the coil opposes the motion with the law of conservation of energy.
of the magnet towards itself which is really the cause of the
induced current in the coil.

i i

S N N S
N S N S

Figure-(1) Figure-(2)
 If the south pole of a magnet is moved towards the coil, the front face of the coil will acquire south
polarity, thereby opposing the motion of the magnets.
(Induced
i i current)

S N N S
N S N S

Figure-(3) Figure-(4)
 Similarly the direction of the induced current can be obtained if the north or the south pole of the magnet
is moved away from the coil.
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88 Electromagnetic Induction

6.6 P.No.: 212

 Let us consider a metal rod of length l moving with velocity ‘v’ in a magnetic field B (perpendicular) as
shown in the figure.
P

FE  
If v and
 B are uniform i.e. the magnitude
 of
 
v × B and the angle between v and B is
 constant then induced (motional) emf,

NOTE
v   
 = (v × B) . l
Since this emf is produced due to the
FM motion of a conductor (rod) in a magnetic
field, therefore it is also called motional emf.
Q
 As the rod moves, the electrons in the rod experience a magnetic force so they move to the lower end of
the rod under the action of this force as a result a positive charge is created at the upper end. Thus an

electric field E is produced directed downward along the length of the rod.
 At equilibrium when the magnetic force balances the electrical force the accumulation of charge at the
two ends stops i.e. at equilibrium,
      
FM  FE  0 ;  eV  B  ( eE )  0
  
E vB
 Thus a potential difference is developed across the two ends of the rod which is in other words induced
emf.
Therefore,
  P
The direction of the induced emf is from negative terminal to positive
V  VP  VQ    E  dl
terminal (in the direction of v × B).
e
Q
Thus a conductor cutting magnetic flux
Induced e.m.f., becomes a seat of emf if an external
NOTE

P
  circuit (with flexible wires) is joined
 such that the flux linked is still changing
emf
  V    (v  B)  dl
Q with time, an induced current flows in the
external circuit from the positive end of
P
   the conductor to the negative end, and inside the conductor, the
   (v  B)  dl current flows from the negative end towards the positive end.
Q

 
The above formula is always applicable whether v and B be uniform or non-uniform.

A metal rod of length ‘l’ rotates with uniform angular velocity  about the axis passing through one of its ends

and normal to its plane of rotation in a uniform magnetic field of induction B.

As the rod rotates any free electron inside it also rotates with the same constant angular velocity and so the
electron experiences a force m2x (centrifugal force) radially outward where x is the separation of electron
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Electromagnetic Induction 89
from the axis. So the negative charges (electrons) start to shift to the outer end, hence one end of the rod
becomes negatively charged while the other positively charged.
Therefore an electric field is setup from positive to negative end and at equilibrium,
(FM + m2x = FE) and the shifting of electrons stop.
Putting the values of magnetic force (FM) and electrical force (FE), w
  2

e(| v  B |)  m x  eE
v=wx

2
x
D

w
evB sin 90° + m2x = eE

m
e
x E
m 2 l
E x   xB (v   x) A
e
Potential difference across the ends of the rod,
l
  l l

VD  VA  V    E  dx    E dx cos 0    E dx
0 0 0

Putting the value of E ,
l
 m 2   m 2  l2
VD  VA  V       B x dx     B 
0 e   e 2
 m 2  l2 1 ml 2  eB  If the rod rotates in the
or VA  VD     B   VA  VD   

NOTE
 clockwise sense, then
 e 2 2 e  m
at equilibrium,
2
eB 1 FM + FE = m x
When   , then, VA  VD   Bl 2
m 2

Let at any instant the rod AD makes an angle  with AC. The magnetic C
flux passing through the sector ACD is given by,
D
1 1
  B  (area of sector ACD)  B  l 2  Bl 2
2 2 A
As  increases, the flux linked also increases. Consequently an emf is
induced in the rotating rod, which is given by,
d 1 2 d 1 2
  Bl  Bl 
dt 2 dt 2
If a metal disc is rotated about its axis in a uniform magnetic field then a steady emf is induced between the
axle X and a point Y on the circumference.
Y
From the symmetry of the problem, potential difference between any point
on the rim of the disc and its centre is same. Therefore it is convenient to
take element of the disc as rod and the potential difference across its ends R
can be solved similarly as in the previous case. X
1
The induced e.m.f.   B R 2
2
Z
If  = 2ƒ, where ‘ƒ’ is frequency of rotation then,  = BR2ƒ
All the radial segments of the disc are in parallel and the emf induced in each segment is BR2ƒ. Hence the
total emf induced between X and Y is BR2ƒ.
The induced emf across XY and XZ will be equal but opposite hence the resultant emf between YZ is zero.
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90 Electromagnetic Induction

A rod PQ of length ‘l’ moves with a uniform velocity ‘v’ parallel to a long straight current carrying wire.

Induced emf in the rod : Since the field is not uniform throughout the length of the rod. Therefore let us
consider a small element of length dx at a distance ‘x’ from the wire on the rod.
The emf induced across the element, v
   a
d   v  B  dx i dx
P Q
= vB sin 90° dx cos 180° = – vB dx
 i x
 v 0 dx l
2 x
Therefore net induced emf is given by,
a 1
0 i  al
   d    v dx or    0 iv ln  
a 2 x 2  a 

A rectangular loop with a sliding connector of length l is located in a uniform magnetic field. The connector
has resistance R while the sides AB and CD have resistances R1 and R2 respectively. To obtain the current
flowing in the connector during its motion with a constant velocity ‘v’.

A D
Induced e.m.f. in the connector,
  
  v  B l R1 R R2
v
or  v B sin 90° l cos 0° = vBl
 B C
Current, i  R
eq

R1 R2
Since the two resistances R1 and R2 are in parallel therefore, Req  R 
R1  R2
Currents i1 through R1 and i2 through R2 can by calculated using Kirchhoff’s Laws.

The square frame and the current carrying long wire are located in the same plane. The frame translates to
the right with a constant velocity ‘v’. To find the induced emf in the frame as a function of distance ‘x’.

Let us consider an elemental strip of thickness ‘dy’ at a x a

distance ‘y’. The flux associated with this strip, i
 
d  B  dS  B (dS ) cos 0
y v
 i dy
 B(dS )  0 (ady)
2 y
Net flux linked with the loop,
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Electromagnetic Induction 91

0 a  x dy 0 ax
   d  ia   ia ln  
2 x y 2  x 
Therefore induced emf,
d  x  a  dx 0ia 2 v
    0 ia  2  
dt 2 (a  x)  x  dt 2 x(a  x)
x a

i 1 3 2
Induced e.m.f. (motional emf) in the sides 3 and 4 will be zero as
  
the angle between v  B and dl is 90°. emf induced in the side 1,
  
1  (v  B1 )  a  vB1 sin 90a cos 0  vB1a 4
0 i
1  v a
2 x
  
and  2  v  B2  a  vB2 sin 90a cos 0  vB2 a
0 i
vv a
2 ( x  a)

0 2 1
Net induced emf,   1   2  ia v
2 x( x  a )

The copper connector of mass ‘m’ can slide without friction down two smooth copper bars. At the top the
bars are interconnected through a capacitance. The system is located in a uniform vertical magnetic field of

induction B . The resistance of the bars, the connector and the slide contacts as well as the self inductance
of the loop are assumed to be negligible. To discuss the motion of the connector.

The acceleration in the above case can also be obtained

by applying the conservation of mechanical energy (only in
the absence of frictional force for the sliding contacts) as
C mentioned below
Let any time the rod has moved downward through a
D distance ‘x’, then, loss in GPE of the rod = Gain in its K.E. +
i Gain in the electrical energy of capacitor,
l
1 1
i.e. mg x sin   mv 2  C 2
2 2
A Differentiating the equation with respect to time, we can
obtain the expression for acceleration of the connector.

As the rod slides down, the area of the loop increases, hence flux through the loop increases. As a result an
induced emf and induced current is setup in the loop.
Induced emf across the ends of rod,
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92 Electromagnetic Induction
   F B
  v  B  l  vB sin (90   )l cos 0 M co N
s
 = v Bl cos 
Where ‘v’ is the velocity at any time ‘t’ FM
mg

s
during the motion. sin

co
Charge on the plates of the capacitor 

g
m



at this instant is given by,

sin
q = C = Cv Bl cos 

M
F
Hence the induced current in the loop, If there is frictional force between the bars

NOTE
dq dv and the rod (connector) then the equation
i  B Cl cos  of motion of connector can be written as,
dt dt mg sin a – Fm cos a – mN = ma
i  BCl cos 
Where ‘a’ is the instantaneous acceleration of the connector.
Now the forces acting on the rod or connector are magnetic force and the weight of the connector.
Magnetic force acting on the connector, FM = ilB sin 90° = ilB
By Newton’s second law for the rod,
mg sin  – FM cos  = ma  mg sin  – il B cos  = ma
Putting the value of i, we get, mg sin  – B2 l2 C cos2  = ma
mg sin 
a
m  B 2l 2C cos 2 
Thus connector slides down with constant acceleration.
Hence the velocity after any time ‘t’ or the distance covered by the connector along the bars can be obtained
by applying the simple equations of motion.

B
If the capacitor is replaced by a resistor and the capacitance and the
inductance of the loop formed are negligible. To discuss the motion
D
of the connector. R

Induced emf (motional emf) in the rod,  = v Bl cos 

vBl cos  A
Current through the loop, i 
R
Magnetic force acting on the rod (connector), FM = il B sin 90°
l 2 B 2 v cos 
Putting the value of i, FM 
R
Equation of the motion of the connector, mg sin  – Fm cos  = ma
Putting the value of Fm,
l 2 B 2 v cos 2 
mg sin    ma
R

 l 2 B 2 cos 2  
a  g sin    v ...(i)
 mR 
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Electromagnetic Induction 93
Hence the acceleration varies with velocity. To obtain the velocity as a function of distance,
v s
dv l 2 B 2 cos 2  v
a  v  g sin   v dv   ds
ds mR l B cos 2 
2 2
0
g sin   v 0
mR
v  ƒ( s )
Again to obtain the distance travelled as a function of time,
s t
ds ds
 ƒ( s )  0 ƒ(s)  0 dt
dt
At steady state, acceleration becomes zero and the velocity becomes constant (named as terminal velocity)
i.e. a = 0 at steady state
mgR sin 
Then from equaiton (i) we get, v (terminal) 
l 2 B 2 cos2 

If the capacitor is replaced by an inductor and the resistor, capacitance of the loop formed are negligible.
Initially the connector is held at rest, now it is set free then it starts to oscillate. To discuss its motion,

Induced emf (motional emf) across the rod, B

 = Blv cos  L

di D
L  Bl v cos 
dt
 Ldi  ( Bl cos  )vdt d
l
i s

  L di  Bl cos  ds
0 0
A

 Li  ( Bl cos  ) s
Bls cos 
i ...(A)
L
If the connector has moved through a distance ‘s’ then using conservation of energy,

u=
0 s
Initial position
of connector

v
Loss in GPE of connector = Gain in its K.E + Gain in electrical energy of inductor
1 2 1 2
i.e. (mg sin  ) s  mv  Li
2 2
Energy stored in an inductor carrying a current ‘i’ is given by, U = (1/2) Li2.
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94 Electromagnetic Induction

ds dv di
Differentiating with respect to time, (mg sin  )  mv  Li
dt dt dt
di Bl cos  ds Bls cos 
From equation (A), we get,  and i 
dt L dt L
ds dv B 2l 2 cos 2  ds dv B 2l 2 cos 2 
mg sin   mv  s  mg sin  v  mv  sv
dt dt L dt dt L
dv B 2l 2 cos 2  dv B 2l 2 cos 2 
mg sin   m  s  g sin   s
dt L dt mL

dv d 2 s  B 2l 2 cos2   mg L sin  
 2  s 2 2 
dt dt mL  B l cos2  

mg L sin  d 2 s d 2 x  B 2l 2 cos 2 
Let s  2 2  x then 2  2  x
B l cos2  dt dt mL

B 2l 2 cos 2 
Hence it is the condition for SHM with,  (angular frequency) 
mL
v
2
And T (time period) 
 S N
For equilibrium position,
mg L sin  mg L sin 
x = 0, s  2 2 2
0  s 2 2 (from initial position)
B l cos  B l cos 2 

01 (2) 2 C
(3) 0.1 C
1. The magnetic flux linked with a coil of N turns of area (4) 1 C
of cross section A held with its plane parallel to the 4. A copper wire of length 50.0 cm and total resistance of
field B is 1.1 × 10–2  is formed into a circular loop and placed
NAB perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field that is
(1) (2) NAB increasing at the constant rate of 10.0 mT/s. At what
2
rate is thermal energy generated in the loop?
NAB
(3) (4) 0 (1) 1.32 × 10–8 W
4 (2) 2.36 × 10–4 W
2. The normal magnetic flux passing through a coil
(3) 3.68 × 10–6 W
changes with time according to the equation  = 6t2 – 5t
+ 1. What is the magnitude of the induced current at (4) 4.23 × 10–5 W
t = 0.253 s and resistance 10 . 5. A square loop of wire, side length 10 cm is placed at an
angle of 45º with a magnetic field that changes uniformly
(1) 1.2 A (2) 0.8 A
from 0.1 T to zero in 0.7 seconds. The induced current
(3) 0.6 A (4) 0.2 A in the loop having resistance 1  is
3. A 100 turns coil of area of cross section 200 cm2 having (1) 1.0 mA
2  resistance is held perpendicular to a magnetic field (2) 2.5 mA
of 0.1 T. If it is removed from the magnetic field in one
(3) 3.5 mA
second, the induced charge produced in it is
(4) 4.0 mA
(1) 0.2 C
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Electromagnetic Induction 95
6. The figure shows certain wire segments joined together  0i dl  r
to form a coplanar loop. The loop is placed in a (3) Biot-Savart law is : dB 
perpendicular magnetic field in the direction going into 4 r 3
the plane of the figure. The magnitude of the field  
increases with time. I 1 and I 2 are the currents in the (4) Gauss’s law is :  0  E.dA  q
segments ab and cd. Then, 9. If a magnet is dropped through a vertical hollow copper
×c× × × × ×d× tube then
× ×a× × ×b× × (1) the time take to reach the ground is longer than
×××××××
××××××× the time take if the tube was made out of plastic.
××××××× (2) the magnet will get attracted and stick to the
(1) I1 > I2 (2) I1 < I2 copper tube.
(3) I1 is in the direction of ba and I2 is in the direction (3) the time taken to reach the ground is longer than
of cd. the time taken if the tube was made out of the
(4) I1 is in the direction of ab and I2 is in the direction stainless steel.
of dc. (4) the time taken to reach the ground does not
7. The flux li nked with a circuit is given by  = depend on the radius of the copper tube.
t3 + 3t – 7. The graph between time (x-axis) and induced 10. A bar magnet is allowed to fall vertically through a
emf (y-axis) will be a copper coil placed in a horizontal plane. The magnet
(1) straight line through the origin falls with a net acceleration
(2) straight line with positive intercept S
(3) straight line with negative intercept
N
(4) parabola not through the origin
8. Which one of the following is not true?
 (1) =g (2) Zero
(1) Ampere’s law is :  B.dl   0ienc
(3) <g (4) >g
d B
(2) Faraday’s law is :  
dt

TIME VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCTION

 Whenever a magnetic field varies with time, an induced electric field is produced in any closed path. It can
be understood with the help of the following illustration.
 When a magnet moves towards a stationary loop as shown in the figure an induced current is setup in the
loop. Since loop is stationary therefore magnetic field can not exert the force on the stationary charges (free
electrons). Therefore there must be an electric field in the stationary conductor (loop) which causes the
stationary charges to move, this electric field is induced by the time varying magnetic field of the moving
magnet.
 Unlike electrostatic field (produced by charges) the lines of induced field form closed loop. It is also called a
circuital field or vortex field. It is not a conservative field.
 By the definition of emf the work done to move unit positive charge through one complete cycle of a loop is
equal to the induced e.m.f.,
 
dW qE  dl
i.e.     
q q

  d  dB  
   E  dl or induced emf,       dS  
 E  dl
dt dt

EXPRESSION FOR INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELD

 A symmetrical magnetic field is present in a cylindrical space and is parallel to the axis of cylinder. It is
varying with time, say B = ƒ(t).
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96 Electromagnetic Induction

E
dl

R r
dl
E
E

CASE – 1
Electric field inside the space
 Induced electric field within the cylindrical space (r  R) : Considering the magnetic field to be increas-
ing with time the direction of induced electric field (same as the direction of induced current) is shown in the
figure.
  d d
Applying,   dl  dt 
E  Edl cos 0  dt E
dl

d dB r R
E  dl  B r 2  E 2 r   r 2 dl
dt dt
E
r dB
E for (r  R) E
2 dt
CASE – 2
Electric field outside the space
E
  d dl
  dl  dt B R
2
E
r
dB
 Edl cos 0   R dt
2

R
dl
dB
E
 dl   R
2
E
dt
dB 1 R 2 dB
E 2 r   R 2  E for r  R E
dt 2 r dt

The magnetic induction is increasing with time, to find the expressions for the currents i1 and i2.
i2 i1
Induced emf, i
R2 R1
d1 d dB l R
1   ( Bal )  al
dt dt dt
d2 d dB a
and 2   (blB)  bl b
dt dt dt
The currents i1, i2 and ‘i’ can be solved by using Kirchhoff’s laws.
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Electromagnetic Induction 97

A thin non-conducting ring of mass ‘m’ carrying a charge ‘q’ can freely rotate about its axis. At the initial
moment, the ring was at rest and no magnetic field was present. Then a uniform magnetic field is switched
on and the direction of the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of ring. The magnetic field increases with time
at a constant rate (dB / dt). To obtain the velocity of the ring.


If E is the induced electric field on the ring then,
  d 2 dB
  dl  dt  E  dl   r dt
E

dB r dB
E 2 r   r 2 E
dt 2 dt
Torque acting on a small element of the ring about the centre, d = (dq) Er.
Since the torque on each element of the ring is in the same direction, therefore the net torque on the ring,
r dB qr 2 dB
   d  Er  dq  qEr  q r
2 dt 2 dt
Therefore angular acceleration,

 (I is the moment of inertia)
I

qr 2 dB
q dB d q dB
  2 dt2
 or 
mr 2m dt dt 2m dt

dB
Let B = ƒ(t), then  f  (t )
dt
Therefore,
 t
d q q
 d  f  (t ) dt
2m 0
 f  (t ) or
dt 2m 0

q q
  f (t )  f (0)    f (t ) [As initially B was absent i.e. ƒ(0) = 0]
2m 2m

6.7 P.No.: 219

 Self Inductance

i i
Flux linked with coil
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98 Electromagnetic Induction
Thus when the current in a coil is switched on the self induction opposes the growth of the current and when
the current is switched off, the self induction opposes the decay of the current. The self inductance plays the
same role in an electrical circuit as is played by mass or inertia in mechanical motion.

 Coefficient of self induction (L)

Let us consider a coil of N turns carrying a current ‘i’, then in absence of magnetic materials (iron etc.), the
total flux,
N  i  N = Li
Where L is a constant called the coefficient of self induction
Unit of inductance is henry,
or self inductance of the coil, this gives,

NOTE
1 henry = 1 volt/amp/sec
N & 1 henry = 109 ab henry
L 1 henry = 1 weber/amp.
i
The induced emf (back emf) is given by,
Self inductance of a coil depends
d d upon the size, shape and number
  ( N )  ( Li )

NOTE
dt dt of turns. It also depends on the
magnetic properties such as
di  permeability of the medium in
or,  L or L  which the circuit is immersed.
dt (di / dt )
Thus the coefficient of self induction may be defined in the two ways.
1. It is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit current flows through it.
2. It is numerically equal to the emf induced in the coil when the rate of change of current is unity.

 Self induction of a long solenoid

Let us consider a long solenoid of length l, number of turns per unit length ‘n’, then the total magnetic flux
through the solenoid, net = µ0 ni (nl) A.
Where nl is the total number of turns in length l and A is area of cross-section.
net
Self inductance, L   0 n2lA  L  0 n 2V
i
Where V is the volume of the solenoid.
L
Self inductance per unit volume,  0 n 2 .
V

 Self Inductance of two long parallel wire

The flux through the small element,
0  1 1 
d  Bldx  i   l dx
2  x (d  x) 
Hence the total flux passing through the entire area between i a
two wires of unit length is,
0 d  a  1 1  0 d a l
 il     dx  il 2ln   d
2 a  x d x 2  a  dx
x
0 d a
 il ln  
  a  a
i
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Electromagnetic Induction 99

 0 l  d  a 
Therefore self inductance, L   ln  
i   a 

L 0  d  a 
or self inductance per unit length,  ln  
l   a 
 Self inductance of a cable
 A long co-axial cable consists of two concentric cylindrical conductors of radii ‘a’ and ‘b’ and length ‘l’.
The inner conductor is assumed to be a thin cylindrical shell.
 To obtain L, we should calculate the magnetic flux through any cross section between the two conductors.
For this let us consider a rectangular strip.
 The magnetic field is perpendicular to the shaded rectangular strip of length l and width (b – a). Dividing
this rectangle into elemental strips of width dr. i
The flux through each strip is, d = Bl dr.
a b
Therefore the total flux through this rectangular cross section is,
b
0 i  il  b 
   Bl dr   ldr  0 ln  

dr
a 2 r 2  a  i
r l
 0 l  b 
Therefore, L  ln  
i 2  a  B

L 0  b 
or self inductance per unit length,  ln  
l 2  a 

 Self inductance of a solid cylindrical conductor : This can be obtained in a similar way as in the previous
case.

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
 The first coil in which current passes is known as primary coil and the other coil in which the induced emf is
studied is known as secondary coil.

i1 i2 i1 i2

G
Primary Coil Secondary Coil
The total flux linked with the secondary coil is proportional
to the current in the primary coil. Unit of mutual inductance is Henry.
The mutual inductance depends upon
i.e. N 2 2  i 1 the geometrical and coil construction
NOTE

or N2 2 = L21 i1 factors, as the closeness of two coils, their

Where L21 = M is a constant called the coefficient of mutual orientations, sizes and the number of turns.
In absence of ferro magnetic material
induction or mutual inductance of the two coils. This gives, L21 = L12 .
N i.e. The mutual inductance remains the
M 2 2 same whether the current flows in the coil
i1 1 or coil 2.
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100 Electromagnetic Induction

The emf induced in the secondary coil given by,
d di 2
2  ( N 22 )  L21 1 or L21 
dt dt (di1 / dt )
Thus the mutual inductance of two circuits is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with one circuit
when unit current flows through the other circuit.
OR
The mutual inductance of two circuits is numerically equal to the emf induced in one circuit when the rate of
change of current in the other is unity.

In the figure, two concentric co-planar circular loops A and B are shown. Current flows in the loop A. To find
the magnetic flux through the loop (r << R).
B

A
r R

Since the magnetic field is not uniform over the bigger loop B, so the direct calculation of flux through this
loop is not possible. Therefore we can calculate the flux by applying L21 = L12.
If the same current passes through the loop B, then the flux through the loop A can be obtained easily as,
0i
A   r2
2R
A B i
LAB  ; LBA 
i i
but LAB = LBA A A
0 i B B
therefore  A  B    r2
2R

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO COAXIAL SOLENOIDS

 We have a long solenoid (primary coil) of area of cross section A and having nP turns per unit length. A short
secondary coil S of NS turns is wound closely over the central portion of the primary.

P S

nP
NS
Then the magnetic induction inside the primary is, B = m0nPi.
Magnetic flux through each turn of the primary,  = BA = m0nPi A.
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Electromagnetic Induction 101

Since secondary is wound closely over the central portion of the primary, the same flux is also linked with
each turn of the secondary. Therefore the total magnetic flux through the secondary,
NS = m0 n P NS i A
N S
The mutual inductance, M   M = µ 0nP NS A
i
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
 Whenever the current in an inductor is switched on, the back emf induced in it opposes the growth of current.
Thus the growing current works against back emf before it attains its final steady value. This work which is
provided by the battery supplying the current is stored as magnetic energy around the inductor.
 Since the current (positive charge) flows opposite to the induced emf So the energy stored in a small time dt.

 di 
dU  dq    i dt    i dt  L  
 dt 
dU = Li di
Therefore the net energy stored to build up the current from zero to a value ‘i’,
i
1 2
U  L  i di  U Li Increasing
0 2 i i

 1
Putting, L  U  i
i 2
 (Induced emf)
 1 2
Again putting, i U
L 2 L

ENERGY DENSITY IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

 Let us consider a very long solenoid of length l and cross sectional area A, when a current flows in it, a
magnetic field is established.
The total energy stored in the solenoid,
1 2
U Li ...(i)
2
Where, L = µ0 n2Al ...(ii)
and magnetic field inside the solenoid,
B = µ0 ni ...(iii)
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
1 B2
Therefore the energy stored per unit volume or magnetic energy density U  Al
2 0

1 B2
Thus, energy density 
2 0
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102 Electromagnetic Induction

(1) 0 (2) 0.5 H
02 (3) 2 H (4) 3 H
11. A small circular loop of wire of radius a is located at 15. A circular loop of radius 0.3 cm lies parallel to a much
the centre of a much larger circular wire loop of radius bigger circular loop of radius 20 cm. The centre of the
b. The two loops are in the same plane. The outer loop small loop is on the axis of the bigger loop. The distance
of radius b carries an alternating current I = I0 cos (t). between their centres is 15 cm. If a current of 2.0 A
The emf induced in the smaller inner loop is nearly flows through the smaller loop, then the flux linked
with bigger loop is
0 I 0 a 2 0 I 0b 2 (1) 6.6 × 10–9 weber (2) 9.1 × 10–11 weber
(1) .  cos(t ) (2)  cos(t )
2 b a –11
(3) 6 × 10 weber (4) 3.3 × 10–11 weber
 0 I 0 a 2 a2 16. A short solenoid of radius a, number of turns per unit
(3) .  sin(t ) (4) 0 I 0 .  sin(t )
2 b b length n1, and length L is kept coaxially inside a very
12. If the current through a coil changes from 1 A to 3 A in long solenoid of radius b, number of turns per unit
0.02 s to produce an emf of 6 V, then the self-inductance length n2. What is the mutual inductance of the system?
of the coil is (1) µ0b2n1n2L (2) µ0a2n1n2L2
(1) 0.12 H (2) 0.06 H 2
(3) µ0a n1n2L (4) µ0b2n1n2L2
(3) 0.02 H (4) 0.01 H 17. When the current changes from +2 A to –2 A in 0.05
13. When current in a coil changes from 5 A to 2 A in 0.1 s, seconds, an emf of 8 V is induced in a coil. The
an average voltage of 50 V is produced. The self- coefficient of self inductance of the coil is
inductance of the coil is (1) 0.2 H (2) 0.4 H
(1) 0.67 H (2) 1.67 H (3) 0.8 H (4) 0.1 H
(3) 3 H (4) 6 H 18. If a current of 5 A in a coil of self inductance 2 mH is
14. If a change in current of 0.01 A in one coil produces a cut off in time 0.1 s, the induced emf in the coil is
change in magnetic flux of 2 × 10 –2 weber in another (1) 0.1 V (2) 0.01 V
coil, then the mutual inductance between coils is (3) 0.2 V (4) 0.02 V

COMBINATIONS OF INDUCTORS
 Inductances in series
L1 L2 L3
i i

The equivalent inductance

NOTE

is greater than the greatest

one in the combination.

If the inductors are connected in series and are arranged so that there are no interactions between them
through mutual inductance, the induced voltage across the system of inductors is given by,
 = 1 + 2 + 3 Since, f = Li  f  L (as ‘i’ is same)
di di di di therefore, f1 : f2 : f3 = L1 : L2 : L3
L
dt
 L1  L2  L3
dt dt dt if, f1 + f2 + f3 = f then f1 = [L1f / (L1 + L2 + L3)]
Similarly, f2 = [L2f / (L1 + L2 + L3)]; f3 = [L3f / (L1 + L2 + L3)]
L = L1 + L2 + L3 2
U = (1/2)Li  U  L  U1 : U2 : U3 = L1 : L2 : L3
Where L : equivalent inductance.
 Inductances in parallel (negligible mutual inductance)
In parallel combination, i1 L1
1 = 2 = 3 =  The equivalent
L2 inductance is
NOTE

i2
di di1 di2 di3 smaller than the
L  L1  L2  L3 smallest one in ...(i)
dt dt dt dt i i3 L3 i
the combination.
For the parallel arrangement we also have,
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Electromagnetic Induction 103

i = i1 + i2 + i3
di di 1 di di di 1 1 1
di di1 di2 di3  L    1: 2: 3 : :
or    dt dt L dt dt dt L1 L2 L3
dt dt dt dt
From equation (i) we get, If the mutual inductance is considered then for two inductors.
di L di L di L di In series combination L = L1 + L2 ± 2M
   L1 L 2  M 2
dt L1 dt L2 dt L3 dt In parallel combination L 
L1  L2  2 M
1 1 1 1 Here positive sign is considered for the positive coupling
  
L L1 L2 L3 (where the current traverse the loops in the same sense) and
negative sign for the negative coupling.

COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING OF THE TWO CIRCUITS

 Whenever two electrical circuits are so arranged with respect to each other that the magnetic field due to the
current in one of them is linked wholly or partially with the other, then the two circuits are said to be magneti-
cally coupled with each other.
 A change in the current in one circuit produces an induced emf in the other. Thus energy is transferred from
one circuit to the other.
N11
L1  i1 L1 L2 i2
i1

N 22 N1 N2
L2  1 2
i2
Where 1 and 2 are the magnetic fluxes linked with coils 1 and 2 due to their own currents i 1 and i 2
respectively.
If 12 be the flux linked with the coil 1 due to the current in coil 2 and 21 the flux linked with coil 2 due to the
current in coil 1, then the mutual inductance between them is given by,
N112 N 221
M  L21  L12  
i2 i1
If the two coils are wound on the same core and overlap everywhere then, 12 = 2 and 21 = 1
N12 N 21
Therefore M 
i2 i1

N1 N 212  N11  N 22 

or, M2      L1 L2 or M  L1 L2
i1i2  i1  i2 
This is the maximum possible value of M as the total flux associated with one coil is assumed to be linked
with the other therefore,
M max  L1 L2

In general, M  k L1 L2

Where 0  k  1 and is named as coefficient of coupling so, M  L1 L2 .

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104 Electromagnetic Induction

MAGNETIC ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH A PAIR OF COUPLED CIRCUIT
di1 di
1  L1  L12 2 i1 L1 L2 i2
dt dt
di2 di
 2  L2  L21 1 N1 N2
dt dt 1 2
The rate of work by the induced emf in these circuits or the power absorbed by each of the coupled
inductors.
dW1 di di
P1   1i1  L1i1 1  L12i1 2
dt dt dt
dW2 di di Self energy of

NOTE
and P2    2i2  L2i2 2  L21i2 1 the coil is
dt dt dt
always positive.
Total power absorbed by both the inductors,
dW di di  di di 
P  L1i1 1  L2i2 2   L12i1 2  L21i2 1 
dt dt dt  dt dt 

dW di di d 
or  L1i1 1  L2i2 2  M  (i1i2 ) 
dt dt dt  dt 
as L12 = L21 = M (say)
di2 di d
and i1  i2 1  (i1i2 )
dt dt dt
If both the currents i1 and i2 start from zero at the same instant and reach values of i1 and i2 respectively,
total energy absorbed,
i1 i2 i1i2
1 2 1 2
U  W   L1i1di1   L2i2 di2   M d (i i )  U  2 L i
1 2 11  L2i2  M i1i2
0 0 0 2
The first two terms represent self energies but the last term represents the interaction energy which may be
positive or negative.

GROWTH OF CURRENT IN LC CIRCUIT

 At t = 0, the current tends to increase very rapidly. Therefore, opposition produced by the inductor is
infinite. Hence, no current flows through the circuit at the instant of closing the switch. At t =  the current
has risen to its maximum value and the inductor does not produce any opposition (assuming the resistance of
the inductor to be negligible). At any instant (0 < t < ), let the current through the circuit be ‘i’.
Applying Kirchhoff’s law along the closed path we get,
di R
 L  iR  0 L
dt i
di
or, L    iR
dt
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Electromagnetic Induction 105

i t
di 1 di R Rt R i
or, 0 (  iR)  L 0 dt dt
 i0 e L  (i0  i )
L L imax

NOTE
Thus smaller the ratio L / R the
  ( R / L)t
more rapidly does the current
i  (1  e )
R approach its maximum value and
current in the circuit increases
or i  i0 (1  e ( R / L ) t ) with the decreasing rate. time
Where i0  ( / R )  imax (steady state current at t = ).
L / R has the same dimension as the time and is named as the inductive time constant of the circuit.

L   1 
If t  then i  i0 1    
R   e 

  1 
Therefore, the time constant of a growth circuit is that much time in which the current becomes 1    
  e 
times of its maximum value.

VOLTAGE ACROSS THE INDUCTOR

 The instantaneous voltage across the inductor is given by,
 R  R
di R   t   t
 L i0 e   L    VL  i0 R e  L 
VL  L
dt L
 Energy stored in the inductor,
1 2 1 2
Li  Li0 (1  e  ( R / L ) t ) 2  U  U 0 (1  e  ( R / L ) t ) 2
U
2 2
 Heat produced in the resistor in time ‘t’, L, R' R
t t i
H   i 2 R dt  H   i02 (1  e  ( R / L )t ) 2 R dt
0 0

 Energy lost by the cell in time ‘t’,

t
During the growth of current in a circuit
H    i dt at any instant the rate of energy delivered
NOTE

0
by the battery is the sum of the rate of
energy stored in the magnetic field and the
t
rate of energy consumed in the production
H    i0 (1  e ( Rt / L ) ) dt
0
of heat.
If the inductor coil has some resistance then the Kirchhoff’s equation becomes,
di
  iR  L
 iR '  0
dt
DECAY OF CURRENT
 Initially the switch is connected to ‘a’ so that the growth of current takes place and at the instant current
reaches its maximum value (steady state), switch is connected to position ‘b’ (battery is removed).
At t = 0, the current in the inductor is maximum say i0.
 At steady state (t = ) the current in the inductor reduces to zero and at any time t (0 < t < ), let the current
through the circuit be ‘i’.
Applying Kirchhoff’s law,
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106 Electromagnetic Induction

di as R
L  iR  0 b
dt
i L
di R t R
 t

i i L 0 dt  i  i0 e L

L/R is named as time constant for decay circuit. E

L i i
If t  i 0 i0
R e
Energy lost by the inductor,
U = (1/2) Li2
1 2  (2 R / L ) t
U Li0 e  U  U 0 e (2 R / L )t
2
t t 2R
time
t
2 2
Heat produced in the resistance in time ‘t’, H   i R dt  H   i e 0
L
R dt
0 0

03 24. A solenoid has 2000 turns wound over a length of

0.30 metre. The area of its cross-section is 1.2 × 10–3 m2.
Around its central section, a coil of 300 turns is wound.
19. The back e.m.f. induced in a coil, when current changes
If an initial current of 2 A in the solenoid is reversed in
from 1 ampere to zero in one milli second, is 4 volts, the
0.25 sec, then the e.m.f. induced in the coil is
self inductance of the coil is
(1) 6 × 10–4 V (2) 4.8 × 10–3 V
(1) 1 H (2) 4 H
(3) 6 × 10–2 V (4) 48 mV
(3) H (4) 4 × 10–3 H
25. Two coils of self inductance L1 and L2 are placed closer
20. An e.m.f. of 5 volt is produced by a self inductance, to each other so that total flux in one coil is completely
when the current changes at a steady rate from 3 A to linked with other. If M is mutual inductance between
2 A in 1 millisecond. The value of self inductance is them, then
(1) Zero (2) 5 H (1) M = L1L2 (2) M = L1 / L2
(3) 5000 H (4) 5 mH
(3) M  L1L2 (4) M = (L1 L2)2
21. A 50 mH coil carries a current of 2 ampere. The energy
stored in joules is 26. The equivalent quantity of mass in electricity is
(1) Charge (2) Potential
(1) 1 (2) 0.1
(3) Inductance (4) Current
(3) 0.05 (4) 0.5
27. The momentum in mechanics is expressed as m × v.
22. The current passing through a choke coil of 5 henry is
The analogous expression in electricity is
decreasing at the rate of 2 ampere/sec. The e.m.f.
developing across the coil is (1) I × Q (2) I × V
(1) 10 V (2) – 10 V (3) L × I (4) L × Q
28. In what form is the energy stored in an inductor or A
(3) 2.5 V (4) – 2.5 V
coil of inductance L is carrying a steady current i. What
23. Average energy stored in a pure inductance L when a
is the nature of its stored energy
current i flows through it, is
(1) Magnetic (2) Electrical
(1) 10 V (2) – 10 V
(3) Both magnetic and electrical
(3) 2.5 V (4) – 2.5 V
(4) Heat
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Electromagnetic Induction 107

6.8 Synopsis

 Magnetic Flux :  = uniform angular velocity of the coil

   E0 = maximum induced emf
  B.A = BA cosq for uniform B .
 Self Induction & Self Inductance : When a current flowing
  
   B.dA = for non uniform B . through a coil is changed the flux linking flux with the coil
its own winding changes & due to the change in linking
 FARADAY'S Laws of Electromagnetic Induction : flux with the coil an emf is induced which is known as self
 An induced emf is setup whenever the magnetic flux induced emf & this phenomenon is known as self induction.
linking that circuit changes. This induced emf opposes the causes of induction. The
 The magnitude of the induced emf in any circuit is
property of the coil or the circuit due to which it opposes
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux any change of the current coil or the circuit is known as
d Self-Inductance. Its unit is Henry.
linking the circuit,   .
dt s
 Lenz's Laws : The direction of an induced emf is always Coefficient of self inductance L  or s = Li
i
such as to oppose the cause producing it. i = current in the circuit
d
 Law of EMI : e = – s = magnetic flux linked with the circuit due to the current
dt
The negative sign indicates that the induced emf oppose i.
the change of the flux. L depends only on ; (i) shape of the loop (ii) medium
 EMF Induced in a Straight Conductor in Uniform Magnetic ds d di
Field : self induced emf es     Li   L
dt dt dt
E = BLv sin q
(if L is constant)
where B = flux density
L = length of the conductor
v = velocity of the conductor  Combination of inductors
q = angle between direction of motion of conductor & B. Series combination L = L1 + L2 + ......, i same, V in ratio of
 EMF Induced in a Rod Rotating Perpendicular to Magnetic inductance, U in ratio of inductance,  in ratio of
Field inductance
1 1 1
Parallel combination    ....... , V same, i in
L L1 L 2
1 inverse ratio of inductance, U in inverse ratio of inductance,
E  B 2
2  same

 Mutual Induction : If two electric circuits are such that the

For a wheel rotating in a earth magnetic field effective emf
magnetic field due to a current in one is partly or wholly
1 2 linked with the other, the two coils are said to be
induced between the periphery & centre = B
2 electromagnetically coupled circuits. Then any change of
current in one produces a change of magnetic flux in the
other & the later opposes the change by inducing an emf

within itself. This phenomenon is called MUTUAL

INDUCTION & the induced emf in the later circuit due to
 a change of current in the former is called MUTUALLY
INDUCED EMF. The circuit in which the current is changed
is called the primary & the other circuit in which the emf is
induced is called the secondary. The Co-efficient of mutual
induction (mutual inductance) between two
 Coil Rotation in Magnetic Field such that Axis of Rotation electromagnetically coupled circuit is the magnetic flux
is Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field: linked with the secondary per unit current in the primary.
Instantaneous induced emf. Mutual inducatnce = M
E = NAB sin t  E 0 sin t m flux linked with secondary
where N = number of turns in the coil = I  current in the primary
p
A = area of one turn; B = magnetic induction
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108 Electromagnetic Induction

L
dm d dI
mutually induced emf : E m     MI   M
dt dt dt
(If M is constant)
M depends on (1) geometry of loops (2) medium (3)
I R
orientation & distance of loops.
If two coils of self inductance L1 and L2 are wound over
each other, the mutual inductance M  K L1L 2 where K t=0
is called coupling constant.
For two coils wound in same direction and connected in
series L E
L = L1 + L2 + 2M = time constant of the circuit.  I0  .
R R
For two coils wound in opposite direction and connected in
 L behaves as open circuit at t = 0 [If i = 0]
series
 L behaves as short circuit at t =  always.
L = L1 + L2 – 2M
L
L1L 2  M 2 Curve (1)  Large
For two coils in parallel L  R
L1  L2  2M I
 Transformer

E 2 I1 N 2
 For ideal transformer  
E1 I 2 N1 (2)
Laminated (1)
Core
Primary
Load

winding L
Curve (2)  Small
R
AC mains Secondary  Decay of Current : Initial current through the inductor = I0;
winding
Current at any instant i = I0e–Rt/L
Pout I
 Efficiency   100 %
Pin
I0
 SOLENOID : There is a uniform magnetic field along the
axis of the solenoid

 An emf is induced in a closed loop where magnetic flux is

varied. The induced electric field is not conservative field
I  
axis of solenoid
I
Core
because for induced electric field, the line integral  E.d 
B = m ni (ideal : length >> diameter) around a closed path is non- zero.
where m = magnetic permeability of the core material  Acceleration of a magnet falling through a long solenoid
n = number of turns in the solenoid per unit length decrease because the induced current produced in a circuit
i = current in the solenoid always flows in such direction that it opposes the change
Self inductance of a solenoid L = m0 n2AI or the cause that produces it.
A = area of cross section of solenoid.  The mutual inductance of two coils is doubled if the self
 Super Conduction Loop in Magnetic Field : R = 0; e = 0. inductance of the primary and secondary coil is doubled
Therefore  total = constant. Thus in a superconducting loop because mutual inductance M  L1L2 .
flux never changes. (or it opposes 100 %)  The possibility of an electric bulb fusing is higher at the
1 2 time of switching ON and OFF because inductive effects
 Energy Stored in an Inductor : W  LI produce a surge at the time of switch-off and switch-on.
2
 Energy of interaction of two loops U = I12  I 2 1  MI1I 2  Motional emf : If a conductor is moved in a magnetic field

where M is mutual inductance then motional emf will be E = B  eff v

 Growth of a Current in an L - R Circuit : Here v   eff & v  B & B   eff
E  eff  effective length between the end points of
I
R
1  e Rt L  . [If initial current = 0]
conductor which is perpendicular to the velocity.
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Electromagnetic Induction 109

1. In electromagnetic induction, the induced e.m.f. in a 3A0 B0 4A0 B0

coil is independent of (1) (2)
t t
(1) Change in the flux
3B0 4B0
(2) Time (3) (4)
A0t A0t
(3) Resistance of the circuit
8. The magnetic flux linked with a coil is given by an
(4) None of the above equation  (in webers) = 8t2 + 3t + 5. The induced e.m.f.
2. Lenz’s law is consequence of the law of conservation in the coil at the fourth second will be
of (1) 16 units (2) 39 units
(1) Charge (2) Momentum (3) 67 units (4) 145 units
(3) M a s s (4) Energy 9. The current flowing in two coaxial coils in the same
3. In electromagnetic induction, the induced charge in a direction. On increasing the distance between the two,
coil is independent of the electric current will
(1) Change in the flux (1) Increase
(2) Time (2) Decrease
(3) Resistance in the circuit (3) Remain unchanged
(4) None of the above (4) The information is incomplete
4. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R 10. A copper ring is held horizontally and a bar magnet is
changes by an amount   in time t. Then the total dropped through the ring with its length along the axis
quantity of electric charge Q, which passing during of the ring. The acceleration of the falling magnet while
this time through any point of the circuit is given by it is passing through the ring is
  (1) Equal to that due to gravity
(1) Q (2) Q R (2) Less than that due to gravity
t t
(3) More than that due to gravity
 
(3) Q R (4) Q  (4) Depends on the diameter of the ring and the length
t R of the magnet
5. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a 11. A rectangular coil ABCD is rotated anticlockwise with
circular coil. If the magnet is rotated about its axis, a uniform angular velocity about the axis shown in
then diagram below. The axis of rotation of the coil as well
(1) A current will be induced in a coil as the magnetic field B are horizontal. The induced
(2) No current will be induced in a coil e.m.f. in the coil would be maximum when
(3) Only an e.m.f. will be induced in the coil D Axis
(4) An e.m.f. and a current both will be induced in the
coil
C
6. A metallic ring is attached with the wall of a room. When A
the north pole of a magnet is brought near to it, the
induced current in the ring will be
B
S (1) The plane of the coil is horizontal
a (2) The plane of the coil makes an angle of 45° with
N the magnetic field
(3) The plane of the coil is at right angles to the
magnetic field
(4) The plane of the coil makes an angle of 30° with
(1) First clockwise then anticlockwise
the magnetic field
(2) In clockwise direction
12. A 10 metre wire kept in east-west falling with velocity 5
(3) In anticlockwise direction m/sec perpendicular to the field 0.3 × 10–4 Wb/m2. The
(4) First anticlockwise then clockwise induced e.m.f. across the terminal will be
7. A coil having an area A0 is placed in a magnetic field (1) 0.15 V (2) 1.5 mV
which changes from B0 to 4B0 in a time interval t. The
(3) 1.5 V (4) 15.0 V
e.m.f. induced in the coil will be
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110 Electromagnetic Induction

13. An electric potential difference will be induced between B constant in time and space, pointing perpendicular
the ends of the conductor shown in the diagram, when and into the plane of the loop exists everywhere. The
the conductor moves in the direction current induced in the loop is

M B C B

L Q v
N S
A D
P
(1) P (2) Q (1) clockwise (2) anticlockwise
(3) L (4) M (3) anticlockwise (4) Zero
14. Two rails of a railway track insulated from each other 21. A player with 3 m long iron rod runs towards east with
and the ground are connected to a milli voltmeter. What a speed of 30 km/hr. Horizontal component of earth’s
is the reading of voltmeter, when a train travels with a magnetic field is 4 × 10–5 Wb/m2. If he is running with
speed of 180 km/hr along the track. Given that the rod in horizontal and vertical positions, then the
vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.2 × potential difference induced between the two ends of
10 –4 weber/m2 and the rails are separated by 1 metre the rod in two cases will be
(1) 10 –2 volt (2) 10–4 volt (1) Zero in vertical position and 1 × 10 –3 V in
–3
(3) 10 volt (4) 1 volt horizontal position
15. A conductor of 3 m in length is moving perpendicularly (2) 1 × 10–3 V in vertical position and zero is horizontal
to magnetic field of 10 –3 tesla with the speed of 102 m/ position
s, then the e.m.f. produced across the ends of (3) Zero in both cases
conductor will be (4) 1 × 10–3 V in both cases
(1) 0.03 volt (2) 0.3 volt 22. A coil of area 80 square cm and 50 turns is rotating
(3) 3 × 10 –3 volt (4) 3 volt with 2000 revolutions per minute about an axis
16. When a wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field, the perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.05 Tesla. The
direction of induced e.m.f. changes once in each maximum value of the e.m.f. developed in it is
(1) (1/4) revolution (2) (1/2) revolution 10
(1) 200  volt (2) volt
(3) 1 revolution (4) 2 revolution 3
17. An aeroplane in which the distance between the tips 4
of wings is 50 m is flying horizontally with a speed of (3) volt (4) volt
3
360 km/hr over a place where the vertical components 23. A conducting rod of length l is falling with a velocity v
of earth magnetic field is 2.0 × 10 –4 weber/m 2. The
perpendicular to a uniform horizontal magnetic field B.
potential difference between the tips of wings would
be The potential difference between its two ends will be
(1) 0.1 V (2) 1.0 V (1) 2Blv (2) Blv
(3) 0.2 V (4) 0.01 V 1
(3) Blv (4) B 2l 2v 2
18. A copper disc of radius 0.1 m is rotated about its centre 2
with 10 revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic 24. A conducting wire is moving towards right in a magnetic
field of 0.1 Tesla with its plane perpendicular to the field B. The direction of induced current in the wire is
field. The e.m.f. induced across the radius of disc is shown in the figure. The direction of magnetic field
 2 will be
(1) V (2) V
10 10
(3)   102 V (4) 2  102 V
19. A metal conductor of length 1 m rotates vertically about B i v
one of its ends at angular velocity 5 radians per second.
If the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is
0.2 × 10 –4 T, then the e.m.f. developed between the two
ends of the conductor is (1) In the plane of paper pointing towards right
(1) 5 mV (2) 5 × 10–4 V
(2) In the plane of paper pointing towards left
(3) 50 mV (4) 50 µV
(3) Perpendicular to the plane of paper and down
20. A conducting square loop of side L and resistance R
moves in it s plane with a uniform velocity v wards
perpendicular to one of its sides. A magnetic induction (4) Perpendicular to the plane of paper and upwards
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Electromagnetic Induction 111

25. The current carrying wire and the rod AB are in the 33. Two coils of self inductance L1 and L2 are placed closer
same plane. The rod moves parallel to the wire with a to each other so that total flux in one coil is completely
velocity v. Which one of the following statements is linked with other. If M is mutual inductance between
true about induced emf in the rod them, then
(1) M = L 1L 2 (2) M = L1 / L2
A i
(3) M  L1L2 (4) M = (L1 L2)2
34. The equivalent quantity of mass in electricity is
v
(1) Charge (2) Potential
(3) Inductance (4) Current
35. The momentum in mechanics is expressed as m × v.
B
(1) End A will be at lower potential with respect to B The analogous expression in electricity is
(1) I × Q (2) I × V
(2) A and B will be at the same potential
(3) L × I (4) L × Q
(3) There will be no induced e.m.f. in the rod
36. In what form is the energy stored in an inductor or A
(4) Potential at A will be higher than that at B
coil of inductance L is carrying a steady current i. What
26. The back e.m.f. induced in a coil, when current changes is the nature of its stored energy
from 1 ampere to zero in one milli second, is 4 volts, the
(1) Magnetic
self inductance of the coil is
(2) Electrical
(1) 1 H (2) 4 H
(3) Both magnetic and electrical
(3) H (4) 4 × 10–3 H
(4) Heat
27. An e.m.f. of 5 volt is produced by a self inductance,
37. The coefficient of self inductance of a solenoid is 0.18
when the current changes at a steady rate from 3 A to
mH. If a crode of soft iron of relative permeability 900
2 A in 1 millisecond. The value of self inductance is
is inserted, then the coefficient of self inductance will
(1) Zero (2) 5 H become nearly
(3) 5000 H (4) 5 mH (1) 5.4 mH (2) 162 mH
28. A 50 mH coil carries a current of 2 ampere. The energy (3) 0.006 mH (4) 0.0002 mH
stored in joules is 38. In a transformer, the coefficient of mutual inductance
(1) 1 (2) 0.1 between the primary and the secondary coil is 0.2
(3) 0.05 (4) 0.5 henry. When the current changes by 5 ampere/second
29. The current passing through a choke coil of 5 henry is in the primary, the induced e.m.f. in the secondary will
decreasing at the rate of 2 ampere/sec. The e.m.f. be
developing across the coil is (1) 5 V (2) 1 V
(1) 10 V (2) – 10 V (3) 25 V (4) 10 V
(3) 2.5 V (4) – 2.5 V 39. When the current in a coil changes from 8 ampere to 2
30. Average energy stored in a pure inductance L when a ampere in 3 × 10–2 second, the e.m.f. induced in the coil
current i flows through it, is is 2 volt. The self inductance of the coil (in millihenry)
(1) 10 V (2) – 10 V is
(3) 2.5 V (4) – 2.5 V (1) 1 (2) 5
(3) 20 (4) 10
31. A solenoid has 2000 turns wound over a length of
0.30 metre. The area of its cross-section is 1.2 × 10–3 m2. 40. The mutual inductance between two coils is 1.25 henry.
Around its central section, a coil of 300 turns is wound. If the current in the primary changes at the rate of 80
If an initial current of 2 A in the solenoid is reversed in ampere/secon d, then the induced e. m.f. in the
0.25 sec, then the e.m.f. induced in the coil is secondary is
(1) 6 × 10 –4 V (2) 4.8 × 10–3 V (1) 12.5 V (2) 64.0 V
(3) 6 × 10 –2 V (4) 48 mV (3) 0.016 V (4) 100.0 V
32. A coil is wound as a transformer of rectangular cross- 41. Which of the following does not depend upon the
section. If all the linear dimensions of the transformer magnetic effect of some sort
are increased by a factor 2 and the number of turns per (1) Moving coil galvanometer
unit length of the coil remain the same, the self
(2) Hot wire ammeter
inductance increased by a factor of
(1) 16 (2) 12 (3) Dynamo
(3) 8 (4) 4 (4) Electric motor
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112 Electromagnetic Induction

42. Use of eddy currents is done in the following except 47. The core of a transformer is laminated to reduce energy
(1) Moving coil galvanometer losses due to
(2) Electric brakes (1) Eddy currents
(3) Induction motor (2) Hysteresis
(4) Dynamo (3) Resistance in winding
43. Plane of eddy currents makes an angle with the plane (4) None of these
of magnetic lines of force equal to 48. The pointer of a dead-beat galvanometer gives a steady
(1) 40° (2) 0° deflection because
(3) 90° (4) 180° (1) Eddy currents are produced in the conducting
44. Which of the following is constructed on the principle frame over which the coil is wound
of electromagnetic induction (2) Its magnet is very strong
(1) Galvanometer (2) Electric motor (3) Its pointer is very light
(3) Generator (4) Voltmeter (4) Its frame is made of abonite
45. A transformer is based on the principle of 49. The device that does not work on the principle of
(1) Mutual inductance (2) Self inductance mutual induction is
(3) Ampere’s law (4) Lenz’s law (1) Induction coil (2) Motor
46. Which of the following is not an application of eddy (3) Tesla coil (4) Transformer
currents 50. Eddy currents are produced when
(1) Induction furnace (1) A metal is kept in varying magnetic field
(2) Galvanometer damping (2) A metal is kept in the steady magnetic field
(3) Speedometer of automobiles (3) A circular coil is placed in a magnetic field
(4) X-ray crystallography (4) Through a circular coil, current is passed
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Electromagnetic Induction 113

(Concept Builder)

1. A square of side L meters lies in the x–y plane in a 4. There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A
region, where the magnetic field is given by current starts flowing in B as shown, when A is moved
B  B (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)T , where B is const ant. The towards B and stops when A stops moving. The current
0 0
magnitude of flux passing through the square is in A is counterclockwise. B is kept stationary when A
moves. We can infer that
(1) 2B0L2 Wb (2) 3B0L2 Wb A B
4B0L2 Wb v
(3) (4) 29 B0L2 Wb

(1) there is a constant current in the clockwise

2. A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at A(0, direction in A.
0, 0), B(L, 0, 0 ), C(L, L, 0), D(0, L, 0), (2) there is a varying current in A.
E(0, L, L) and F(0, 0, L). A magnetic field B  B0 (iˆ  kˆ)T (3) there is no current in A.
is present in the region. The flux passing through the (4) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise
loop ABCDEFA (in that order) is direction in A.
(1) B0L2 Wb (2) 2B0L2 Wb
5. Same as problem 4 except the coil A is made to rotate
(3) 2 B0L2 Wb (4) 4B0L2 Wb about a vertical axis (figure). No current flows in B if A
is at rest. The current in coil A, when the current in B
3. A cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis (at t = 0) is counter clockwise and the coil A is as shown
(Figure). A wire is connected from the axis and is made at this instant, t = 0, is
to touch the cylindrical surface through a contact. Then A  B

axis
A
N (1) constant current clockwise.
bar (2) varying current clockwise.
magnet  (3) varying current counter clockwise.
(4) constant current counter clockwise.

S
6. The self inductance L of a solenoid of length l and area
(1) a direct current flows in the ammeter A. of cross section A, with a fixed number of turns N
increases as
(2) no current flows through the ammeter A.
(1) l and A increase.
(3) an alternating sinusoidal current flows through
(2) l decreases and A increases.
the ammeter A with a time period T = 2/.
(3) l increases and A decreases.
(4) a time varying non-sinusoidal current flows
(4) both l and A decrease.
through the ammeter A.
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114 Electromagnetic Induction

• Instructions for Questions 1 to 5 Reason : In the situation of statement-1, the direction

Given bel ow are two statements : one is labelled as in which the rod will slide is that which tends to maintain
Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). constant flux through the loop. Providing a larger loop
In the light of the above s tatements, choose the most area counteracts the decrease in magnetic flux. So the
appropriate answer from the options given below : rod moves to the right independent of the fact that the
direction of magnetic field is into the page or out of the
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct page.
explanation of (A)
4. Assertion : Eddy currents is produced in any metallic
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct conductor when magnetic flux is changed around it.
explanation of (A) Reason : Electric potential determines the flow of
(3) (A) is correct the (R) is not correct charge.
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct 5. Assertion : The quantity L/R possesses dimensions
of time.
1. Assertion : Two coaxial conducting rings of different Reason : To reduce the rate of increases of current
radii are placed in space. The mutual inductance of through a solenoid should increase the time constant
both the rings is maximum if the rings are coplanar (L / R).
also.
Reason : For two coaxial conducting rings of different • Instructions for Questions 6 to 10
radii, the magnitude of magnetic flux in one ring due to Given below are two statements :
current in other ring is maximum when both rings are
In the light of the above s tatements, choose the most
coplanar.
appropriate answer from the options given below :
2. Assertion : A resistance R is connected between the
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
two ends of the parallel smooth conducting rails. A
conducting rod lies on these fixed horizontal rails and (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
a uniform constant magnetic field B exists (3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
perpendicular to the plane of the rails as shown in the (4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
figure. If the rod is given avelocity v and released as
shown in figure, it will stop after some time. The total
6. Statement I : Faraday's laws are consequences of
work done by magnetic field is negative. conservation of energy.
B fixed Statement II : In a purely resistive ac circuit, the current
lags behind the e.m.f. in phase.
R v
7. Statement I : Only a change in magnetic flux will
maintain an induced current the coil.
Reason : If force acts opposite to direction of velocity Statement II : The presence of large magnetic flux
its work done is negative. through a coil maintains a current in the coil if the
circuit is continuous.
3. Assertion : Consider the arrangement shown below. A
smooth conducting rod, CD, is lying on a smooth U- 8. Statement I : Inductance coil are made of copper.
shaped conducting wire making good electrical contact Statement II : Induced current is more in wire having
with it. The U-shape conducting wire is fixed and lies less resistance.
in horizontal plane. There is a uniform and constant 9. Statement I : Self-inductance is called the inertia of
magnetic field B in vertical direction (perpendicular to electricity.
plane of page in figure). If the magnetic field strength Statement II : Self-inductance is the phenomenon,
is decreased, the rod moves towards right. according to which an opposing induced e.m.f. is
produced in a coil as a result of change in current or
D rod magnetic flux linked in the coil.
B
perpendicular 10. Statement I : When two coils are wound on each other,
to page the mutual induction between the coils is maximum.
Statement II : Mutual induction does not depend on
C the orientation of the coils.
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Electromagnetic Induction 115

(Direct from
NCERT)

Match the List – I and List – II and choose the correct 3. A long current carrying wire and a
combination from the options given. loop made of conducting wire are y
1. A square loop of conducting wire is placed in x-y plane, such that the B C
placed s ymmetrically near a long long wire is parallel to y-axis. List – I x
straight current carrying wire as shown. I I is regarding some changes made
in the position of loop and List – II A D
Match the statements in List – I with
indicates the resulting effects.
the corresponding results in List – II.
List - I List - II List – I List – II

(a) If the magnitude of (i) Current will induce in (a) If loop is moved away (i) current is induced in the
current I is increased clockwise direction in from the wire while loop in anticlockwise
the loop keeping in x-y plane, direction.
(b) If the magnitude of (ii) Current will induce in (b) If loop is moved (ii) current is induced in
current I is decreased anticlockwise direction toward the wire while the loop in clockwise
keeping in x-y plane direction.
in the loop
(c) If loop is rotated about (iii) no emf is induced in the
(c) If the loop is moved (iii) wire will attract the loop
x-axis, then just after this loop.
away from the wire
(d) If loop is rotated (iv) the wire will attrat or
(d) If the loop is moved (iv) wire will repel the loop about y-axis, then repel the loop.
towards the wire (v) loop will rotate when just after this
current changes.
(1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (ii), (d) – (iv)
(1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) –(ii), (d) – (iv) (2) (a) – (i, iii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (ii, iv)
(2) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (i, iii) ; (d) – (ii, iv) (3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, iv); (c) – (iii); (d) – (iii)
(3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (iii); (c) – (ii, iii) ; (d) – (ii, iv) (4) (a) – (i); (b) – (iii, iv); (c) – (i); (d) – (iii)
(4) (a) – (i) ; (b) – (iii, iv); (c) – (i) ; (d) – (iii) 4. A conducting loop is held in a
2. The magnetic field in the cylindrical region shown in figure magnetic field such that the  Observer
increases at a constant rate of 10.0 mT/s Each side of the field is oriented perpendicular B (positive direction of field)
square loop abcd and defa has a length of 2.00 cm and to the area of the loop as shown
resistance of 2.00 . Correctly match the current in the in figure (a). At any instant,
wire ‘ad’ in four different situations as listed in List - I magnetic flux density over the
with the values given in List - II. entire area has the same value
but it varies with time as shown (a)
in figure (b).
e d c B
S1 S2
f a 60° 45° t4 t5 t6
b O t1 t2 t3 t
120°

List – I List – II (b)

List – I List – II
(a) the switch S1 is (i) 5 × 10–7 A, d to a
closed but S2 is open (a) Induced current in the (i) For t2 < t < t3
(b) S1 is open but S2 is (ii) 5 × 10–7 A, a to d coil is in the clockwise
closed (b) Induced current in the coil (ii) For t3 < t < t4
(c) both S1 and S2 are (iii) 2.5 × 10–8 A, d to a is in the anticlockwise sense
open (c) Induced current is zero (iii) For t5 < t < t6
(d) both S 1 and S2 are (iv) 2.5 × 10–8 A, a to d (d) Induced current is (iv) For t4 < t < t5
closed. (v) No current flows maximum
(1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (iv) (1) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (ii, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (iv)
(2) (a) – (i, iii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii) ; (d) – (ii, iv) (2) (a) – (i, iii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii); (d) – (ii, iv)
(3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii, iii); (d) – (ii, iv) (3) (a) – (ii, iv); (b) – (i, iii); (c) – (ii, iii); (d) – (ii, iv)
(4) (a) – (i); (b) – (iii, iv); (c) – (i); (d) – (iii) (4) (a) – (iii); (b) – (i, ii); (c) – (iv); (d) – (iii)
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116 Electromagnetic Induction

(Previous Year Questions)

1. In an inductor of self-inductance L = 2 mH, current (1) 3.2 V (2) 4.8 V
changes with time according to relation i = t 2 e –1. At (3) 0.8 V (4) 1.6 V
what time emf is zero ? [AIPMT-2001] 8. A rectangular, a square, a circular and an elliptical loop,
(1) 4 s (2) 3 s all in the x y-plane, are moving out of a uniform magnetic
(3) 2 s (4) 1 s field with a constant velocity, v  viˆ . The magnetic
2. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R field is directed along the during the passage of these
changes by an amount  in a time t. Then the total loops, out ot the field region, will not remain constant
quantity of electric charge q that passes any point in for [AIPMT-2009]
the circuit during the time t is represented by (1) the rectangular, circular and elliptical loops
[AIPMT-2004] (2) the circular and the elliptical loops
1   (3) only the elliptical loop
(1) q  (2) q 
R t R (4) any of the four loops
  9. A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform
(3) q  (4) q  R  magnetic field, B = 0.025 T with its plane perpendicular
t t
3. As a result of change in the magnetic flux linked to the to the loop. The radius of the loop is made to shrink at
closed loop shown in the figure, an emf V volt is induced a constant rate of 1 mms–1. The induced emf when the
in the loop. The work done (joule) in taking a charge q radius is 2 cm, is [AIPMT-2010]
coulomb once along the loop is [AIPMT-2005] (1) 2 V (2) V

(3) V (4) 2 µV
2
10. The current i in a coil varies with time as shown in the
figure. The variation of induced emf with time would
(1) qV (2) zero be [AIPMT-2011]
(3) 2 qV (4) qV/2 i
4. Two coils of self-inductances 2 mH and 8 mH are placed
so close together that the effective flux in one coil is
completely linked with the other. The mutual inductance t
0
between these coils is [AIPMT-2006] T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
(1) 10 mH (2) 6 mH
(3) 4 mH (4) 16 mH
5. A long solenoid has 500 turns. When a current of 2 A emf
is passed through it, the resulting magnetic flux linked
with each turn of the solenoid is 4 × 10–3 Wb. the self- t
(1) 0
inductance of the solenoid is [AIPMT-2008] T/4 T/2 3T/2 T
(1) 2.5 H (2) 2 H
emf
(3) 1 H (4) 4 H
6. A circular disc of radius 0.2 m is placed in ac uniform T/4 T/2 3T/2 T
(2) 0 t
1 2
magnetic field of induction (Wb/m ) in such a way

that its axis makes an angle of 60° with B. The magnetic emf
flux linked with the disc is [AIPMT-2008]
(1) 0.02 Wb (2) 0.06 Wb T/2 3T/4
(3) 0 t
(3) 0.08 Wb (4) 0.01 Wb T/4 T
7. A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform
emf
magnetic field 0.04 T with its plane perpendicular to
the magnetic field. The radius of the loop starts
shrinking at 2 mm s–1. The induced emf in the loop when T/4 T
(4) 0 t
T/2 3T/4
the radius is 2 cm is [AIPMT-2009]
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Electromagnetic Induction 117

11. The current (I) in the inductance is varying with time (1) abcd (2) adcb
according to the plot shown in figure. [AIPMT-2012] (3) The current will reverse its direction as the
electron goes past the coil
I
(4) No current induced
16. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m
T/2 having 50 turns of wire is suspended vertically in a
uniform magnetic field of strength 0.2 Wb/m2. The coil
t T carries a current of 2 A. If the plane of the coil is inclined
Which one of the following is the correct variation of at an angle of 30° with the direction of the field, the
troque required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium
voltage with time in the coil ?
will [AIPMT-2015]
V V (1) 0.15 Nm (2) 0.20 Nm
(3) 0.24 Nm (4) 0.12 Nm
t
(1) (2) 17. A conducting square frame of side ‘a’ and a long
T/2 T
T/2 T straight wire carrying current I are located in the same
t plane as shown in the figure. The frame moves to the
V V right with a constant velocity ‘v’. The emf induced in
the frame will be proportional to [AIPMT-2015]
(3) (4) t
T/2 t T T x
T/2
12. A coil of resistance 400  is placed in a magnetic field. I
If the magnetic flux  (Wb) linked with the coil varies v
with time ti (second) as  = 50 t2 + 4. The current in the
coil at t = 2 s is [AIPMT-2012] a
(1) 0.5 A (2) 0.1 A 1 1
(3) 2 A (4) 1 A (1) (2)
x2 (2 x  a ) 2
13. A wire loop is rotated in magnetic field. The frequency 1 1
of change of direction of the induced emf is (3) (4)
(2 x  a ) 2 (2 x  a )(2 x  a )
(1) once per revolution [NEET-2013]
18. A uniform magnetic field is restricted within a region
(2) twice per revolution
of radius r. The magnetic field changes with time at a
(3) four times per revolution rate dB/dt. Loop 1 of radius R > r encloses the region
(4) six times per revolution r and loop 2 of radius R is outside the region of
14. A thin semicircular conducting ring (PQR) of radius r magnetic field as shown in the figure. Then, the emf
is falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic generated is [NEET-2016]
field B, as shown in figure. The potential difference
developed across the ring when its speed is v, is r R R
× × × × 1 2
Q B
× × × × (1) zero in loop 1 and zero in loop 2
r
dB 2 dB
× × × × (2)   r in loop 1 and   r 2 in loop 2
P R dt dt
(1) zero [AIPMT-2014] dB 2
(2) Bvr2 /2 and P is higher potential (3)   r in loop 1 and zero in loop 2
dt
(3) rBv and R is at higher potential dB 2
(4) 2rBv and R is at higher potential (4)   r in loop 1 and zero in loop 2
dt
15. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown. 19. Two identical charged spheres suspended from a
The abcd is a coil adjacent in the path of electron. common point by two massless strings of lengths l,
What will be the direction of current, if any induced in are initially at a distance d (d << 1) apart because of
the coil? [AIPMT-2015] their mutual repulsion. The charges begin to leak from
a the both the spheres at a constant rate. As a result, the
spheres approach each other wtih a velocity v. Then, v
varies as a function of the distance x between the
b d sphere, as [NEET-2016]
– 1/2
(1) v  x (2) v  x
c (3) v  x–1 (4) v  x 1/2
X Y
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118 Electromagnetic Induction

20. A square loop ABCD carrying a current i, is placed 27. The magnetic flux linked with a coil (in Wb) is given by
near and coplanar with a long straight conductor XY the equation  = 5t2 + 3t + 16. The magnitude of induced
carrying a current I, the net force on the loop will be emf in the coil at the fourth second will be [NEET-2020]
Y B C (1) 10 V (2) 33 V
(3) 43 V (4) 108 V
I i L 28. An inductor of inductance L, a capacitor of capacitance
C and a resistor of resistance 'R' are connected in series
X A D to an ac source of potential difference 'V' volts as
L/2 L shown in figure. Potential difference across L, C and R
0 Ii 20 IiL is 40 V, 10 V and 40 V, respectively. The amplitude of
(1) (2) [NEET-2016] current flowing through LCR series circuit is 10 2 A.
2 3
0 IiL 2 0 Ii The impedance of the circuit is : [NEET-2021]
(3) (4)
2 3
21. A long solenoid has 1000 turns. When a current of 4 A
flows through it, the magnetic flux linked with each
turn of the solenoid is 4 × 10 –3 Wb. The self-inductance
of the solenoid is [NEET-2016]
(1) 3 H (2) 2 H (1) 4 2 (2) 5/ 2 
(3) 1 H (4) 4 H (3) 4  (4) 5 
22. A long solenoid of diameter 0.1 m has 2 × 104 turns per 29. A step down transformer connected to an ac mains
metre. At the centre of the solenoid, a coil of 100 turns supply of 220 V is made to operate at 11V, 44 W lamp.
and radius 0.01 m is placed with its axis coinciding Ignoring power losses in the transformer, what is the
with the solenoid axis. The current in the solenoid current in the primary circuit ? [NEET-2021]
reduced at a constant rate to 0 A from 4 A in 0.05 s. If (1) 0.2 A (2) 0.4 A
the resistance of the coil is 10  2 , the total charge
(3) 2A (4) 4A
flowing through the coil during this time is [NEET-2017]
30. Two conducting circular loops of radii R1 and R2 are
(1) 32 C (2) 16 µC
placed in the same plane with their centres coinciding.
(3) 32 µC (4) 16 C If R1 >> R2, the mutual inductance M between them will
23. A 800 turn coil of effective area 0.05 m 2 is kept be directly proportional to : [NEET-2021]
perpendicular to a magnetic field 5 × 10–5 T. When the
R1 R2
plane of the coil is rotated by 90º around any of its (1) (2)
coplanar axis in 0.1 s, the e.m.f. induced in the coil will R2 R1
be: [NEET-2019] R12 R22
(1) 2 × 10 –3 V (2) 0.02 V (3) (4)
R2 R1
(3) 2 V (4) 0.2 V 31. A body of mass 60 g experiences a gravitational force
24. A cycle wheel of radius 0.5 m is rotated with constant of 3.0 N, when placed at a particular point. The
angular velocity of 10 rad/s in a region of magnetic magnitude of the gravitational field intensity at that
field of 0.1 T which is perpendicular to the plane of the point is: [NEET-2022]
wheel. The e.m.f. generated between its centre and the (1) 0.05 N/kg (2) 50 N/kg
rim is, [NEET-2019] (3) 20 N/kg (4) 180 N/kg
(1) Zero (2) 0.25 V 32. A big circular coil of 1000 turns and average radius
(3) 0.125 V (4) 0.5 V 10 m is rotating about its horizontal diameter at
25. In which of the following devices, the eddy current 2 rad s –1. If the vertical component of earth's magnetic
effect is not used? [NEET-2019] field at that place is 2 × 10–5 T and electrical resistance
(1) electromagnet (2) electric heater of the coil is 12.56 , then the maximum induced
(3) induction furnace current in the coil will be : [NEET-2022]
(4) magnetic braking in train
(1) 1.5 A (2) 1 A
26. A wheel with 20 metallic spokes each 1 m long is rotated
(3) 2 A (4) 0.25 A
with a speed of 120 rpm in a plane perpendicular to a
magnetic field of 0.4 G. The induced emf between the 33. The magnetic flux linked to a circular coil of radius R
axle and rim of the wheel will be (1 G = 10–4 T) is : [NEET-2022]
3 2
[NEET-2020]  = 2t + 4t + 2t + 5 Wb
(1) 2.51 V (2) 2.51 × 10–4 V The magnitude of induced emf in the coil at t = 5 s is:
(3) 2.51 × 10–5 V (4) 4.0 × 10–5 (1) 108 V (2) 197 V
(3) 150 V (4) 192 V
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Electromagnetic Induction 119

6.14
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 01 41. (2) 42. (4) 43. (3) 44. (3) 45. (1)
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (1) 46. (4) 47. (1) 48. (1) 49. (3) 50. (1)
6. (4) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (3)
NCERT EXEMPLAR OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 02 1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (1)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (2) 6. (2)
16. (3) 17. (4) 18. (1)
ASSERTION–REASON & STATEMENT QUESTIONS
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM (DPP) – 03 1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (2)
19. (4) 20. (4) 21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (4) 6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3)
24. (4) 25. (3) 26. (3) 27. (3) 28. (1)
MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS FROM NCERT
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (4)
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (2) ARCHIVE QUESTIONS
11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (2) 1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3)
16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (4) 6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4)
21. (2) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (4) 11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (4)
26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (1) 30. (4) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (4)
21. (3) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (2)
31. (4) 32. (3) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (3)
26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (4) 29. (1) 30. (4)
36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (4) 40. (4)
31. (2) 32. (2) 33. (4)
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