Mathematics Grade 10 Unit 1 Note 2

SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Polynomial Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE
Lesson 4
2. Theorems on Polynomials
Remainder Theorem
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and let c be any real
number. If 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by the linear polynomial (𝑥– 𝑐), then the remainder is 𝑓(𝑐).
i.e remainder 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐), 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑐)
Examples
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 1; 𝑑(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, find the remainder using the remainder.

theorem. 𝑓(2) = 23 − 22 + 8(2) − 1 = 8 − 4 + 16 − 1 = 19
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2; 𝑑(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, find the remainder using the remainder.
theorem. 𝑓(2) = (−1)4 + (−1)2 + 2(−1) + 2 = 1 + 1 − 2 + 2 = 2
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1; 𝑑(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, find the remainder.
𝑓(2) = (−1)4 − (−1)3 + (−1)2 + 2(−1) − 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 − 2 − 1 = 0
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5; 𝑑(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, find the remainder.
1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 41
𝑓(2) = ( ) − 3 ( ) + − 5 = − + − 5 = −
2 2 2 8 4 2 8
5. When 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 − 1 is divided by 𝑥 – 2 the remainder is 19. Find the value of b.
3 2
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 1

𝑓(2) = 19 (By the remainder theorem)
3 2
2 − 2 + 𝑏(2) − 1 = 19
8 − 4 + 2𝑏 − 1 = 19
2𝑏 + 3 = 19
𝑏=8
Lesson 5
Factor Theorem
Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one, and let c be any real
number, then
i. 𝑥 – 𝑐 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), if 𝑓(𝑐) = 0, and
ii. 𝑓(𝑐) = 0, if 𝑥 – 𝑐 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥).
Examples
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 , Use the factor theorem to determine whether :
a) 𝑥 + 1 is factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 + 2(−1)2 − 5(−1) − 6 = −1 + 2 + 5 − 6 = 0
So, 𝑥 + 1 is factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
b) b) 𝑥 − 2 is factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
Tr. Abel Kassu Page 1

𝑓(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 − 5(2) − 6 = 8 + 8 − 10 − 6 = 0

So, 𝑥 − 2 is factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
c) b) 𝑥 − 1 is factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(1) = (1)3 + 2(1)2 − 5(1) − 6 = 1 + 2 − 5 − 6 = −8 ≠ 0
So, 𝑥 − 1 is not factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
2. Find 𝑘 so that 𝑥 − 2 is factor of 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 22 .
𝑓(2) = 0 (Factor theorem)
3(2)4 − 2(2)3 − 8(2)2 − 𝑘(2) + 22 = 0
48 − 16 − 32 − 2𝑘 + 22 = 0
−2𝑘 + 22 = 0
𝑘 = 11
Lesson 6
Zeros of a Polynomial Function
For a polynomial function 𝑓 and a real number 𝑐, if 𝑓(𝑐) = 0, then 𝑐 is a zero of 𝑓.
Note that if 𝑥 − 𝑐 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑐 is a zero of 𝑓(𝑥).
Example
Find the zeros of the following functions:
𝑥+5 𝑥−1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = − −1 f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 15 + 1
4 3
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12

c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 25 h. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 16 i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 4
e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4 j. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
Solution:
𝑥+5 𝑥−1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = − −1
4 3
𝑥+5 𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ − −1=0
4 3
𝑥+5 𝑥−1
− = 1 (Multiply both sides by 12)
4 3
3(𝑥 + 5) − 4(𝑥 − 1) = 12
𝑥=7

Therefore, 𝑥 = 7 is the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥).

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 2𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
2𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Therefore, −2, 0, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 are the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥).
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 25
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 9𝑥 2 − 25 = 0 ⟹ (3𝑥)2 − 52 = 0
⟹ 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 5 = 0
5 5
𝑥= or 𝑥=−
3 3
5 5
Therefore, − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥).
3 3
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 16
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 4 − 24 = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4) = 0
⟹ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 4) = 0
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠.
e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 4 , for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Therefore, it has no real zeros.
f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 15 + 1
𝑓(−1) = (−1)15 + 1 = 0
Hence, −1 is the zero of 𝑓(𝑥).
g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 3(𝑥 + 4) = 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠.

To find the zeros of quadratic function (second degree polynomial) of the

form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑎 ≠ 0, we find 𝑥 for which 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Use quadratic formula, 𝑥 =
2𝑎
h. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠.
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 2 )2 − 5𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
Let 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑎2 − 5𝑎 + 4 = 0
Hence 𝑎 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 1
Since 𝑥 2 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 = 1
⟹ 𝑥 = ±2 𝑎𝑑 𝑥 = ±1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, −2, −1,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠.
j. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1) = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Therefore, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠.
NB- Dear Student read the grade 10 Mathematics

text book in addition to the handouts we are sending.

Mathematics Grade 10 Unit 1 Note 2

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SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL Polynomial Functions MATHEMATICS GRADE 10 NOTE

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 1; 𝑑(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, find the remainder using the remainder.

Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 1

Tr. Abel Kassu Page 1

𝑓(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 − 5(2) − 6 = 8 + 8 − 10 − 6 = 0

b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12

Tr. Abel Kassu Page 2

Therefore, 𝑥 = 7 is the zeros of 𝑓(𝑥).

Tr. Abel Kassu Page 3

To find the zeros of quadratic function (second degree polynomial) of the

NB- Dear Student read the grade 10 Mathematics

Tr. Abel Kassu Page 4

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