Grammar bank

GRAMMAR

1A Noun phrases 1
You often have to clarify and define the thing, person or Relative clauses can always start with a relative pronoun:
place you are talking about by adding information after That’s the person that/who I spoke to before.
the noun or pronoun. You can use: I can give you the thing that/which I had.
• a prepositional phrase to show, for example, where the The last time that I saw you was Wednesday.
thing is or what it has. The place that I went to was lovely. The place where we
I love that pizza place in the centre of town. went last year was very expensive.
There’s a Greek restaurant with a lovely terrace. You don’t have to use a relative pronoun if the thing you
• an infinitive with to to show the general function of the are defining is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
thing it defines. You do have to use a relative pronoun if it is the subject of
I need a room to rent. (= a room which I am renting or the relative clause:
which I want to rent) Jo is the friend who has the hotel (that) I was staying in.
We’re looking for somewhere to eat. (= a place where we = My friend has the hotel. (who/my friend is the subject
can eat) of the relative clause)
• a relative clause to add (necessary) information about = I was staying in the hotel. (that/the hotel is the object
of the relative clause)
the noun.
You can define the noun in more than one way.
How about the place we went to for my birthday?
There’s a great place on Church Street which does
Do you know the woman who has the dog?
excellent Lebanese food.

1B Modifying comparisons
To make comparatives, add -er to one-syllable adjectives quite with not as comparatives and not … enough.
and adjectives ending in -y. For most two-syllable and It’s not quite as easy to get to work (compared to where I
longer adjectives use more + adjective. You can modify lived before).
comparatives to show how big the difference is. It’s not quite big enough for me and my family.
• To show a big difference you can use: You can use even or actually to show the comparison is
a lot, far, much, miles + more/less/-er comparatives and too. surprising.
It’s much too far from work. It’s even more noisy since they opened the bar across
This flat is miles better than my last place. the road.
Living in the city is just much more convenient than It’s actually not as expensive as you might think.
living in the country. You can also use a measurement to modify a comparative.
nearly with not as comparatives and not … enough. He’s six years older than me.
It wasn’t nearly as cheap as I expected. You can also compare nouns in similar ways.
The house wasn’t nearly close enough to where I work. There are far/a lot more parks now than before.
• To show a small difference you can use: I don’t have nearly as much space as I did before.
a bit, slightly, a little + more/less/-er comparatives and too. It costs slightly/a bit more money than my old place did,
It’s a bit too big. I don’t need two bedrooms. but I’m happy here.
The kitchen was slightly bigger than this room. It has two more bedrooms than I have now.
I need somewhere that’s a little less expensive.

1C Non-defining relative clauses

Use non-defining relative clauses to add extra information • dates and time We didn’t get there until about eleven,
to sentences that are already clear and complete. These when most people were starting to leave.
clauses always need a relative pronoun, and are more • possession or connection My friend Alex, whose
common in written English. They come after a comma, partner’s a chef, recommended this amazing seafood
and if they come in the middle of a sentence, they are place in town.
separated by commas at each end. In speech, these
• part of a group of people We went out with a big group
clauses are separated from the rest of the sentence by a
of Mo’s friends, none of whom I really knew!
short pause. You can add extra information about:
• people My brother, who I haven’t seen for ages, is
• places We went on to this late-night place, where we
visiting.
got talking to some locals.
In formal, written English you sometimes use whom
• how you felt I met lots of my old friends, which was instead of who when it is the object of a relative clause.
great.
Mr Walsh, whom you met yesterday, is the manager.
• reasons and results My friend knew the people (very formal)
organising it, which meant we got in free!/, which is
Mr Walsh, who you met yesterday, is the manager.
why we got in free! (less formal)

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 PRACTICE

1A 1 Complete the text with one word in 2 Complete the dialogues using the prompts to define the
each space. nouns.
1 A: What’s the name of the friend ? I’ve
Last week, I went out for dinner with some
forgotten. (introduce / me / earlier)
friends 1 university. We went to a
B: Heidi.
place 2 to the beach 3 does
discounts for students. Unfortunately, you What’s the name of the friend (who/that) you introduced me
to earlier?
can’t book and by the time 4 got
there, there was a big queue. Luckily, we 2 A: Remind me again. What’s the name of the guy
knew some of the people 5 were ? (read / news / Channel 1)
queuing and so we were all chatting and B: Zach Gawlinska. How could you forget?
the time passed quickly. When we finally 3 A: What was that place ? (you / go / last
sat down, we still had to wait for someone summer)
6 take our order. I was really hungry!
B: Pula?
I ordered a pizza 7 ham as I thought
A: That’s it! I was telling a friend from work you enjoyed it.
it would be quick, but the rest of the people
8 I was with took ages to decide. 4 A: Why have I heard of Aliva before?
Honestly, I think the whole restaurant could B: Isn’t that the place ? (Julia / from)
hear the noise 9 was coming from A: No that’s Alcoy. How annoying! I’m sure I know it.
my stomach. The people 10 the next 5 A: Who’s Jimmy Wales?
table actually laughed at me – ‘Oh, you’re B: Isn’t he the guy ? Why? (start / Wikipedia)
very hungry!’ Then finally the waiter came
A: They’re talking about him on the radio.
with our food, but he didn’t have the pizza
11 I had ordered! I almost cried! 6 A: Where’s the best place ? (eat / round here)
B: I’d say the place , personally. (end / road)

1B 1 Complete the sentences with comparative forms 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means
using the pairs of words in the box. the same as the first. Use the words in brackets.
1 The film was nowhere near as good as the book.
quite/healthy far/big much/close a lot/time
miles/good slightly/central nearly/sure The book was the film. (much)
2 The restaurant isn’t quite as full on a Thursday.
1 I don’t really like being so far out in the suburbs. I’d It’s on a Thursday. (less)
prefer to be somewhere .
3 It’s going to get a bit warmer later in the week.
2 My parents are as they used to be,
It won’t be later in the week. (cold)
so I’m thinking of moving to where
4 There’s not nearly enough money spent on
they live so I can spend with them.
education.
3 We want to start a family, so we’re looking for
The government should money on
somewhere with at least one more
education. (far)
bedroom and preferably two.
5 There are far more tourists coming here than there
4 My partner says the school near there is
were 20 years ago.
, which is why we’re moving, but I’m
about the whole thing. Twenty years ago, there much
tourism as there is now. (nearly)

1C 1 Match main clauses 1–5 with two non-defining a who doesn’t usually stay out after ten!
relative clauses from a–j. b none of whom speak much English!
1 I didn’t get home until about 6 a.m., c which is why we all decided to go out.
2 We went to that lovely Brazilian place on the main d which meant two hours of listening to them talk
square, about golf!
3 We finished the last of our exams on Friday, e whose dad runs that place I was telling you about.
4 I got stuck in the kitchen with Sergei’s friends, f where we had to queue for about an hour to get in!
5 I didn’t have a late night. I just went out with my g when my flatmate was getting up!
friend Ken, h where we met some people I knew.
i when we threw a big party to celebrate!
j which meant I had to take the day off work!

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 GRAMMAR

2A Present simple and present continuous

Use the present simple to talk about: • things happening around now, but not at the moment
• habits and routines. of speaking.
Note that you usually add a frequency adverb or I’m studying Spanish at university.
expression to show how often. They’re not talking to each other at the moment.
She goes swimming three or four times a week. What are you training for?
I don’t usually work on Saturdays. Note that we often use the present continuous to talk
How often do you do that? about trends.
• things you see as facts, as always true. More people are choosing to work for themselves.
I live quite near the park. The number of young house-buyers is falling.
I don’t have enough time to exercise. Some verbs aren’t usually used in the continuous form.
Which gym do you belong to? These are verbs that describe states and feelings, not
actions. The most common state verbs are:
Use the present continuous to talk about:
agree believe belong know mean own
• things started, but not yet finished at the time of
prefer understand
speaking.
It’s raining really heavily.
I’m not feeling very well. Where are you going?

2B Present habits
You can use lots of different expressions to say how often • Use from time to time to talk about things that
you do things – or how often things happen. sometimes happen. It’s used with the present simple and
• Use tend to + infinitive to talk about things that you usually goes at the end of a sentence or clause. You can
usually do or that are generally true. Note there are two also use every now and then and every now and again in
possible negative forms. the same way.
I tend to start about nine most days. We meet for dinner from time to time, but not often.
I don’t tend to/tend not to work weekends, if I can help it. We have face-to-face meetings every now and again.
(= I don’t usually work) • You can use has/have a habit of + -ing and the present
• Use As a rule/On the whole to show something is continuous with always/constantly to show that you
generally true. Use the present simple with both find annoying something that happens a lot.
phrases, which usually go at the start of a sentence or The coffee machine has a habit of breaking down when
clause. we most need it!
As a rule, I don’t read emails outside of work hours. The coffee machine is always/constantly breaking down
On the whole, it’s quite a relaxed, informal kind of place to at the worst possible time!
work. Note that you can also use the present continuous +
• Use regularly/frequently/often before a main verb to always to talk about positive things that happen a lot.
show something happens often. She’s always smiling.
We regularly discuss goals for the coming months. He’s always helping me carry things up and down the
We often have short meetings via Skype. stairs, which is kind of him.

2C Used to, would and past simple

Used to + infinitive, would + infinitive and the past simple • To talk about single events in the past, you can only use
can all be used to talk about things that happened in the the past simple – NOT used to + infinitive or would +
past, but don’t happen anymore. infinitive.
• Use used to + infinitive, would + infinitive and the past I once got lost in the woods near my house.
simple to talk about repeated past actions. Look at the ways to make negative sentences and
When I was a kid, we always went away in the summer. questions with used to.
When I was a kid, we always used to go away in the I didn’t use to like it, but I do now.
summer. I never used to like it, but I do now.
When I was a kid, we’d always go away in the summer. Did you use to live in Thailand?
• To talk about past states (being, having or liking) you
can use used to + infinitive or the past simple – but
NOT would.
We used to have a dog called Spot when I was young.
We had a dog called Spot when I was young.

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 PRACTICE

2A 1 Complete the questions. Use the present simple or present 2 Find the five sentences with a mistake
continuous form of the verbs in brackets. and correct them.
1 A: Where you usually tennis? (play) 1 Your hair is getting really long!
B: There are courts in the park near where I live, so we go there. 2 I’m afraid she works at the moment.
2 A: Why you ? (laugh) Can I take a message?
B: Oh, sorry. It’s nothing. I just remembered something funny. 3 How are you two knowing each other?
3 A: Why you to Ireland every year? (go) 4 He doesn’t live here anymore, I’m
B: We love it there. It’s a great place to surf. afraid.
4 A: What you at the moment? (read) 5 I’m often going running before work.
B: I’m about halfway through War and Peace! 6 How often are you playing football?
5 A: Where your sister these days? (work) 7 Greater numbers of people are taking
B: She’s just started at a new place, actually. up exercise every year.
6 A: How often they ? (meet) 8 I know he says he doesn’t exercise
B: Twice a week – Tuesdays and Thursdays. much, but I’m not believing him.

2B 1 Complete the sentences with one word from the 2 Find the five sentences with a mistake and correct
Grammar reference. them.
1 a rule, we try to avoid having meetings 1 My boss is always asking us to work late. It’s not
unless they’re really important. fair!
2 We tend to use first names in the office. 2 We don’t tend receive many letters. It’s almost all
3 She’s coming in to my office and asking emails these days.
annoying questions! 3 As a rule, I get to work before eight.
4 I wear casual clothes time to time, but I 4 He has a really annoying habit of interrupt when I’m
prefer to look smart at work. talking!
5 We eat lunch at our desks. It’s pretty 5 She tends to be really good at making sure
normal, to be honest. everyone knows how well they’re doing.
6 He has a nasty of saying one thing, but 6 You should take from time to time a few days off.
meaning another! 7 They’re updating constantly our computer system!
7 I think that on the things are going quite 8 On the whole, most of the big decisions are being
well at the moment. made in our New York office.

2C 1 Cross out the alternatives that are not 2 Tick the correct sentences.
possible. 1 a We never used to going abroad on holiday when I was a kid.
1 My dad never used to/didn’t cook much b We never went abroad on holiday when I was a kid.
when I was young. 2 a I used to live in Fez before I came to Amsterdam to study.
2 I didn’t like/wouldn’t like vegetables b I’d live in Fez before I came to Amsterdam to study.
when I was a kid – but now I’m a
3 a I spend hours and hours writing letters to friends when I
vegetarian!
was younger.
3 Did you use to go/go swimming in the
b I used to spend hours and hours writing letters to friends
river when you were younger?
when I was younger.
4 I never used to/wouldn’t usually worry
4 a I play a lot of sport, but these days I don’t have time.
about anything when I was young.
b I used to play a lot of sport, but these days I don’t have time.
5 My little brother and I would often
go/often went on long walks in the 5 a I used to break my arm falling off a horse when I was nine.
countryside. b I’d break my arm falling off a horse when I was nine.
6 I somehow lost/used to lose the first 6 a I didn’t use to be interested in science, but then I had an
phone I had/would have. amazing chemistry teacher.
7 Our old house was/would be in the b I was never interested in science, but then I had an amazing
centre of town. It was/used to be great chemistry teacher.
being so central. 7 a I had really long hair when I was a teenager.
8 My grandparents used to have/would b I would have really long hair when I was a teenager.
have a house by the sea and we stayed/
we’d stay there most summers.

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 GRAMMAR

3A Present perfect simple questions and answers

Use the present perfect simple to talk about experiences. • be supposed to
When you answer present perfect questions like Have you to show opinions based on what you have read or heard.
(ever) been to …? you can use a range of structures. For No. It’s supposed to get very crowded.
example:
• would like/love to
• present perfect simple
to show your hopes for the future.
to talk about experiences and desires from the past until
No, but I’d love to – it sounds really interesting.
now (no specific time reference).
• be thinking of/might
Yeah, I’ve been there a couple of times.
to show a possible plan.
No, but I’ve always wanted to.
No, but I’m thinking of going there tomorrow.
• past simple
No, but I might go in the summer.
to give details of an experience you had (often with a
specific time reference). • be going to
Yeah, I walked round there yesterday. to show a firm plan about the future.
Yeah, but we didn’t stay there long. No, but I’m actually going to visit next year.
You can also respond to a Have you ever been to …?
• present simple
question by asking questions of your own.
to give your current opinions (based on your experience).
Yeah, I have. What did you think of it?
Yeah. It’s amazing. There’s so much to do there.
No. Have you? No. What’s it like?

3B Present perfect simple and continuous

Use the present perfect to talk about actions or events The population has been growing steadily over the last
that started before now and have a present connection or fifty years. (how long)
result. I’ve been going to the cinema every Saturday since I was a
• Use the present perfect simple to focus on the child. (repeated)
completed action and the present result of that action. It They have been working on the project for several
often explains how much or how many (including none). years. NOT They are working …
Apparently, they’ve found a new cure for hair loss, so Don’t use the present perfect continuous with passive
there’s still hope for you. (completed action) verbs or state verbs (e.g. know, belong).
The population rate has risen by 10 million over the last 30 So far, all the research has been paid for by the
years. (how much) government. (passive)
Doctors have done over 20 tests to find the cause of his I’ve known him for ages.
illness, but without any luck. (how many) In many cases, the present perfect simple can be used
• Use the present perfect continuous to focus on an action instead of the continuous form with no difference
that lasts for a period of time and/or that is unfinished in meaning for the listener. This is true of verbs like
live, work, study and teach, whose meaning suggests
now. It is also used to focus on an action that is repeated
continuation.
over a period of time. It often explains how long. It is
I’ve lived here for the last ten years.
wrong to use the present continuous for this meaning.
I’ve been living here for the last ten years.
I’ve been doing research into hair loss. (unfinished action)

3C Obligation and permission

• Use (semi-) modal verbs such as needn’t, must, should be allowed to means you have permission to do
and can to show obligation or permission. They are something. You’re allowed to eat on the tube.
followed by an infinitive. be not allowed to means you mustn’t or can’t do
At busy stations, you should walk on the left. something.
You needn’t walk on the left when it isn’t busy. We’re not allowed to give advice on visa issues.
You can drink soft drinks on public transport. be not supposed to/meant to means people shouldn’t or
ought not to do something (weak obligation).
• You can also use some common passive verbs or It’s +
adjective. They are all followed by an infinitive with to. On the tube, people sometimes put their feet on the seats,
but you’re not supposed to/but you’re not meant to.
be required to means people have to or must do something
(absolute obligation). It’s illegal to or it’s against the law to show you mustn’t do
something.
You’re required to register with the police.
It’s (im)polite or it’s best (not) to show weak obligation/
be not required to means you don’t have to or needn’t do it
advice.
if you don’t want to.
It’s polite to wear headphones when playing music or
You’re not required to get a ticket …
video on your device.
It’s best to go to one of the walk-in centres.

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 PRACTICE

3A 1 Read the responses to the question Have 2 Make questions and answers using the prompts.
ever you been to Japan? Complete them 1 A: you / fly business class?
with an appropriate verb form and any B: No / you?
preposition you need.
2 A: you / go rafting?
1 No, but I’d love Mount Fuji one
B: No / always want / love that kind of thing
day.
3 A any of you / visit here before?
2 Yeah, I a month there as part of my
B: A few of us / come last year
university degree.
4 A: you / look round the museum?
3 No, but it’s supposed amazing.
B: No, / we / go later / but I’m not sure we’ll have time
4 No, but to be honest, I . It’s so
5 A: you / watch whales / or do anything like that?
far and I hate flying.
B: No / love / I bet it would be amazing
5 Yes. Several times. I it there. I’m
thinking again in the summer. 6 A: you / see / the new Star Wars film?
6 No, but my parents a friend there, so I B: No / pretty bad
might her sometime.

3B 1 Complete the sentences with one verb in 2 Find the five sentences with a mistake and correct
the present perfect simple and one in the them.
present perfect continuous. 1 Only a very small part of the oceans has been exploring.
1 We (not / work) on this project 2 It’s quite worrying that the ten hottest years on record
for very long so we (not / have all occurred since 1998.
make) any major discoveries yet. 3 I’m running the same test over and over again with the
2 A: We (conduct) an online same results each time.
survey to investigate people’s attitudes. 4 What have you found out from all the research you’ve
B: How many people been doing?
(complete) it so far? 5 You’re sitting there for almost an hour now. Have you
A: Almost six thousand. decided what to do?
3 I (not / see) him much 6 The amount of pollution in the city has been falling by
recently, but we by phone 20 percent since they banned cars.
quite a lot. (talk) 7 I have worked for the same drug company for about ten
4 She (be) here for almost a years now.
year, but she only 8 For the past week, several people have been being
(stay) with us since November. connected to a device to see how their heart rate
changes during the day and night.

3C 1 Write rules and customs about 2 Complete the text with one word in each space.
the UK using the prompts.
1 you / suppose / wait for people Different countries have different systems to allow people born outside
to get off the train first the country to become a citizen. In Austria, you’re 1 to live
continuously for at least ten years in the country before you’re
2 against the law / own some 2 to apply for a passport, while in FYR Macedonia some people
kinds of dog 3 become citizens within a year and you 4 n’t even live in
3 polite / give your seat to an
the country! All they 5 do is put €400,000 or more of their own
elderly person on the tube money into a new business that employs local people. In South Korea,
4 require / buy a licence to watch you 6 to prove you can sing four verses of the national anthem,
TV while the Dutch test has questions about normal behaviour such as ‘If
5 you / not allow / smoke inside neighbours you don’t know well are getting married, is 7 polite to:
any place of work send a postcard, give a present or give flowers?’ The UK has a test on
6 you / not suppose / eat the fish rules, facts and customs, which all British people are 8 to know,
you catch when you go fishing although a recent survey found most would fail!

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 GRAMMAR

4A Past simple and past continuous

• Use the past simple to talk about single completed I was coming downstairs when I slipped and fell.
actions. When/While I was cooking, I cut my finger.
My daughter broke her arm over the summer. You sometimes use the past continuous in both clauses of
I didn’t see anything. a sentence, when two actions were in progress around the
Where did you stay? same time.
• Use the past continuous to suggest an action was in While you were enjoying yourself with your friends, I was
repairing the washing machine!
progress around a time in the past – or around the time
another action happened. Note that it is usually used You can also use both the past simple and continuous
to talk about the duration of an action or state. The past
with the past simple.
continuous emphasises the repetition of an action that
We were both living in China when we met.
continued for some time without stopping. When we use
I wasn’t feeling very well, so I just stayed at home. the past continuous like this, we usually add a time adverb
What were you doing when this happened? (for hours, etc.).
When you use the past simple and past continuous in the I spent two weeks in hospital.
same sentence, you often introduce the past simple clause It was raining all morning so I couldn’t put the washing
with when. You can also introduce past continuous clauses out.
with when or while.

4B Past perfect simple

Use the past perfect simple to make it clear that one The past perfect is often used after ‘thinking’ verbs such
action happened before another in the past. You often use as realise, remember and notice and after clauses with
time expressions like before, after, by the time and already when.
to show the order of actions. I was on my way to the airport when I suddenly realised
I’d never seen anything like that before I went to China. I’d forgotten my passport.
After I’d been there a couple of months, I started to feel a I was just leaving the house when I suddenly noticed I’d
bit more comfortable. left a window open.
He’d already made his first million by the time he was 21. When they arrived, everyone had left.
They’d already left by the time we got there. Note that where the order of actions is clear, we often use
the past simple instead of the past perfect simple.
I rang the police after I saw/had seen the attack.
He was only freed/He’d only been freed from prison the
week before it happened.

4C Reported speech
When we report speech, we often – but not always – move When the statement you are reporting is still true, you can
the tense back one step into the past. Look at the direct use present and other tenses as they apply to now.
and reported speech below. He told me he’s never had any problems with the one he
• to report statements about a situation or action at the owns.
time it was said/thought: They said they’ll send a refund sometime this week.
They said, ‘You need to show us the receipt.’ When you report Wh-questions, use the normal word
They said I needed to show them the receipt. order of statements.
• to report statements about an action in progress at the I said, ‘What’s the problem?’
time it was said: I asked what the problem was.
He said, ‘I’m going to complain.’ When you report yes/no questions, use if/whether.
He said he was going to complain. She said, ‘Do you need any help?’
• to report statements about an action further back in She asked if/whether I needed any help.
time before it was said: Remember that when you report speech, you often
change the pronouns and time expressions.
She said, ‘I’ve sorted it out.’
She said, ‘I saw you yesterday.’
She said she’d sorted it out.
She told me she’d seen me the previous day.
• to report statements about a plan or prediction for the
He said, ‘I’ll do it tomorrow.’
future at the time it was said:
He said (that) he’d do it the next/following day.
I asked and they said, ‘We’ll try.’
Note that say can’t take a direct object.
I asked and they said they would try.
He said he’d do it. NOT He said me he’d do it.

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 PRACTICE

4A 1 Complete the sentences with one word. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
Contractions count as one word. the verbs in brackets.
1 A: I dropped a knife on my foot while I 1 I (open) my front door when I
cooking. (hit) myself in the face with it.
B: Oh no! it hurt? 2 I (slip) while I (get out) of
2 I three years in Huddersfield but to be the bath.
honest, I really like living there. 3 I (do) the ironing while Dave
3 He borrowed my car without asking me first. I (have) fun at his office party!
very happy about it! 4 My brother (get into) the car when
4 A: I saw him this morning at around nine. We had I (shut) the door on his hand! Luckily, he
coffee together. (not break) anything!
B: How was he then? he feeling OK? 5 I (jog) in the park when I
5 You were young when it happened. But at that (trip) on a stone and (fall over).
time, you know what you doing? 6 I (fall off) the ladder while I
6 I was shocked by how bad the car looked (clean) the windows and I
afterwards. I mean, they driving very fast (break) my ankle.
when it happened. 7 I (ride) my bike in the countryside
7 She travelling abroad all week, so she when a car (come) round the corner and
couldn’t see her daughter in the school play. almost (hit) me.

4B 1 Choose the correct alternatives. 2 Complete the story with the correct form of
1 I worked/had worked part-time in that store when I the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple, past
was at university. continuous or past perfect simple. Where both the
2 I suddenly remembered where I saw/had seen him past simple and past perfect are possible, use the
before. past simple.
3 He was/had been arrested at the airport late last
Police last night 1 (arrest) a man who
night. 2 (fall) down a chimney while he
4 She lost her job after her boss learnt she lied/had 3 (try) to escape from a house that he
lied to him about why she needed time off. 4 just (break into). The owners
5 The gang broke into the house and had demanded/ 5 (call) the police and emergency services
demanded money. after they 6 (hear) the man’s calls for help!
6 My wife rang/had rung the emergency services Earlier, the man 7 (climb) out through a
while I was helping the victims. window with all the money and jewellery that he
7 By the time I realised what happened/had 8 (take) from the house and was on
happened, it was too late. the roof when the accident 9 (happen). By the
8 I noticed that my neighbour was leaving/had left time the police arrived, the emergency services
his front door open.
10 already (rescue) the man.

4C 1 Complete the reporting sentences with three words.

1 ‘I’ll email you later today.’
You promised me you later that day, but I never received anything.
2 ‘I want to speak to the manager.’
He said he to the manager – and I told him he was speaking to her.
3 ‘I’m afraid we’re still waiting for a delivery.’
They said they for a delivery, so I decided to look elsewhere.
4 ‘I saw him in his office earlier.’
I spoke to her yesterday and she said she in his office earlier.
5 ‘This is the first time I’ve ever done anything like this.’
You said that was the first time you anything like that – but you lied!
6 ‘How do you know?’ He asked me – so I told him.
7 ‘When was it sent?’ I asked them when it , and they had no idea.

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5A Future forms
There are lots of different ways of talking about the future • will + infinitive and be going to + infinitive
in English. While one structure may be preferred for Use these forms to make predictions you feel sure about.
certain meanings, in many cases more than one structure Will is often introduced by think and expect.
can be used with little or no change of meaning. A: Do you think their new product will be a success? (or is
• present continuous going to be)
Use this to talk about events in the future that have B: Yeah, it’s going to do really well. (or it’ll do)
usually been decided and organised with other people. • might/may + infinitive
A time phrase which refers to the future is often used to
Use these to talk about things you think will possibly
avoid confusion with the present. You can also use
happen in the future. You can also use will possibly or
be going to with no change in meaning.
be possibly going to.
We’re having a party on Friday to celebrate our first year
We might have to get rid of some staff in the new year.
of business. (or We’re going to have)
The economy will possibly improve next year, but I’m not
A: Do you want to go to the cinema later?
very hopeful.
B: Sorry, I’m meeting a friend. (or I’m going to meet)
• future continuous (will be + -ing)
• be going to + infinitive
Use this to talk about actions that will be in progress at or
Use this to talk about plans and decisions about the future around a certain point in the future. You can also use
that you have already made (but not necessarily started to be going to be + -ing.
arrange).
Don’t disturb me between 3 and 4 as I’ll be doing a
I’m going to try and get a loan from the bank to help me presentation online. (or I’m going to be doing)
expand the business.
Look at how to make negatives and question forms.
A: What are you going to do after you graduate?
I won’t be working next week, so don’t call me.
B: I’m just going to look for a job.
When will you be arriving? I’ll come and collect you.

5B Adverbs used with the present perfect

Some adverbs are often used with the present perfect • Use so far at the start (or the end) of a sentence to mean
simple. Note that unless otherwise stated, these adverbs until now.
usually go between have/has (not) and the past participle. So far, I haven’t had much luck.
• Use still and yet in negative sentences to emphasise • Use even to show something is surprising.
that something is not completed, but we expect it to I've been very busy. I haven’t even had time to think.
happen. Still goes before have. Yet goes at the end of the • Use only to show that nothing else has been done.
sentence. I’ve only done the first year of my course.
I still haven’t found a suitable place. I haven’t found it yet.
• Use lately or recently at the end of a negative sentence
• Use just to show something happened very recently. or question to mean in the recent past.
I’ve just come back from Mexico. I haven’t been there lately/recently.
• Use already to emphasise something is completed (often Have you seen any good films lately/recently?
before it was expected).
I’ve already finished the whole book.

5C Comment adverbs
Many adverbs describe verbs. They usually go just after the verb (and its object if there is one).
He was talking sadly about how things had ended. I marked his work very carefully but I couldn't find any mistakes.
Adverbs can also modify an adjective. They usually go just before the adjective.
She did amazingly well in her exams. It was quite hot in the classroom. The present was beautifully wrapped.
Comment adverbs show your attitude about a whole sentence or clause. They are usually used at the start of the
clause or sentence they describe, and are followed by a comma. Here are some of the most useful comment adverbs:
actually (this is the real fact) luckily (this is good or lucky)
amazingly (this is very surprising – in a good way) personally (this is my opinion)
apparently (this is what I read/heard, it may not be true) obviously (this is clear because it’s obvious or logical)
basically (this is the most important thing) sadly (this is something bad or wrong)
clearly (this is true – and most people can see this) surprisingly (this is not what I expected)
generally (this is usually true, but not always) unfortunately (this is sad or unlucky)
hopefully (this is what I hope)
Basically, all we did was stay in and watch TV. I haven’t got my results yet, but hopefully I’ve passed.

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5A 1 Replace the underlined form with will + infinitive where 2 Choose the correct alternatives.
this is possible without changing the meaning. 1 I suppose they are lowering/might lower
A: Hey, I was just talking to Alexi. 1We’re going to get their prices, but I think they’ll look at other
something to eat after the meeting. Do you want to come? options first.
B: Erm, I 2may just go home. I’m actually not feeling great. 2 Once the new store is open, we’re
A: Really? Why don’t you go home now? focusing/’re going to focus more on
B: Well, 3I’m doing a presentation in the meeting – I can’t developing our brand.
miss that. I also need to finish preparing some samples for 3 A: When is/may the new store open/
Tomas. 4He’s going to be really annoyed if I haven’t done opening?
them by tomorrow. I promised I would. B: A week on Friday.
A: Can’t he wait a day longer? 4 My father’s retiring, so this time next year,
B: No, 5he’s travelling to Singapore tomorrow. he’ll be on the beach and I’ll be running/’ll
A: Really? 6What’s he doing there? run the whole company.
B: It’s the annual sales conference, but 7he’s meeting some 5 A: Do you think they’ll continue/’ll be
new clients while he’s there too, so I think 8he’s going to continuing to expand the company like
need those samples. they have been doing?
A: I see. I guess 9 you’re going to have to do the best you can. B: Why not? They’re doing really well.

5B 1 Complete the dialogues with an adverb. 2 Complete the sentences with the
1 A: How’s school going? adverbs in brackets.
B: Not so well. I’ve passed three of my eight exams 1 I started building the house two years
this term. ago, but I haven’t finished it. (still)
2 A: How’s the job-hunting going? 2 I’m trying to visit every football ground
B: Great. I’ve actually been offered a job in a company in the league. I’ve been to 16. (so far)
near you, so we could meet up for lunch sometimes. 3 I’ve had three job interviews this
3 A: How’s it going at university? month, but I haven’t heard anything.
B: , it’s been great. I’ve been really enjoying it, (already, yet)
and I’ve made lots of new friends. But I haven’t sat 4 I’ve returned from Moldova. I’m trying
any exams so ask me again in a month’s time! to visit every country in Europe. There
4 A: How’s the training for the marathon going? are two I haven’t been to now!
B: OK. I’ve done a 25 km run, which I got through OK, so I (just, only)
think I’ll be ready for the full marathon in April. 5 I want to buy a flat, but I’ve saved
5 A: How’s your new job going? Have you been on any work trips €15,000 so far. You can’t buy anything
? for that amount of money. (only)
B: You’re joking, aren’t you! I’ve hardly been out of the 6 I often go fishing, but I haven’t had
office! I'm stuck behind my computer all day. much luck. I haven’t caught a small one
for ages now. (lately, even).

5C 1 Choose the best alternatives. 2 Complete the sentences with the adverbs in
1 Personally/Actually, most studies show that brackets. The adverbs are not in the correct order.
students do better in mixed level groups. 1 I felt proud when I got my degree. (incredibly)
2 Surprisingly/Generally, I managed to pass all my 2 My daughter got the top mark in the whole of her
end-of-year exams. I really wasn’t expecting to. year. (amazingly)
3 Basically/Apparently, I think students today have an 3 The exam lasted six hours! I was exhausted
easier time at school than in the past. afterwards. (absolutely)
4 You might not think our education system is doing 4 You checked your answers before you handed
well, but personally/sadly, I think it is. them in. (carefully, hopefully)
5 My son has struggled a bit at school, but luckily/ 5 It takes 10,000 hours of practice to become a good
hopefully he has a really good teacher this year and concert musician. (apparently, really)
he’s doing better.
6 I thought I had explained things, but if people said
6 I was quite a wild child and, unfortunately/ they still didn’t understand what to do, I didn’t do it
apparently, I left school without any qualifications. that well. (obviously, very clearly, personally)

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6A Passive
The passive is formed with a form of the verb be + past • past continuous
participle. The scene was being filmed at night.
Use the passive when you want to focus on the person or • present perfect simple
thing that an action happens to. More than thirty local versions of the programme have
In passive sentences, the main topic of the sentence is been made around the world.
not the doer – the person or thing that does the action.
• past perfect simple
If you include the doer in the sentence, use by. However,
I’d been told by friends that it was amazing, but I thought
the doer is often not mentioned because it is unimportant,
it was pretty average, to be honest.
obvious or unknown.
• modal + passive form
• present simple
I read somewhere that it won’t be released until next
It’s watched by millions every week.
summer.
• present continuous
• be going to + passive form
Parts of the new James Bond movie are being filmed in
The new series is going to be shown on Netflix.
my city!
• gerund + passive form
• past simple
He is excited about being awarded the Oscar.
Friends was first shown back in 1995.

6B Have/get something done

Get/have + object + past participle is a passive structure. • Use have something done in more formal situations.
You often use it to talk about services that you pay Please have every student’s exam checked by an external
someone else to do for you. examiner.
• Compare: • You can also use this structure to focus on things that
Did you make it yourself? happen to you, often bad, but which you don’t organise
No. I had it made for me (by an old friend of mine). or pay for. For this use, use have something done.
We had to get our roof repaired after that big storm the I hate having my photo taken.
other week. He had all his money stolen while he was on holiday.
• Use this structure when you want to emphasise both • Negatives
the thing that an action happens to and the person that We didn’t get it delivered. We collected it ourselves.
the thing belongs to. The doer – the person that does We haven’t had it fixed yet.
the action – is unimportant, unknown or obvious. If you
• Questions
do include the person who does the action, use by.
Have you had your hair cut?
Where did you get your nails done?

6C Probability
When you ask for opinions about future probability, you • to say something probably won’t happen:
usually use will, but be going to + infinitive is also possible. The president is unlikely to support the idea.
Who do you think will win? There’s only a small chance that the company will survive.
What do you think they’re going to do about it? The company probably won’t be here next year.
There are a number of different ways to express • to say something is almost certain not to happen:
probability. If you use will, it is common to modify it with, I doubt he’ll say much about it, to be honest.
e.g. an adverb or other phrase.
He’s not the first person to do that – and he definitely
• to say you’re almost certain: won’t be the last!
I read that he’ll definitely miss the final. Sometimes you can just give short replies to yes/no
It’s bound to get better sooner or later. questions about the future:
Things will change, I’m sure of it. Do you think you’ll get the job?
• to say something is probable: I’m bound to. (= I’m 99% sure I will.)
There’s a good chance an agreement will be reached. I hope so. (= I want this to happen.)
It’ll probably sell for over fifty million. I doubt it./I don’t think so. (= I’m fairly sure I won’t.)
I think she’s fairly likely to become the next leader. I hope not, actually. (= I don’t want this to happen.)
• to say maybe – or maybe not: Note this pattern:
It might happen. It might not. It’s hard to know. I think we’ll win.
There’s a chance it won’t happen. I don’t think we’ll win.
There’s a chance he could end up in prison. NOT I think we won’t win.

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6A 1 Put the words in the correct order to make 2 Complete the article with the words in brackets. Put the
passive sentences. verbs in the active or the passive form.
1 was / It / Tunisia / in / filmed
Decades such as the 1970s 1 (often / call)
2 live / Saturday / shown / It’s / next / being
the Golden Age of Film. Some people say that all the
3 been / off / I / believe / she’s / can’t / killed
great stories 2 (already / tell) and that over
4 millions / appear / being / He’s / in / paid / to / the next few years, TV 3 (replace) film
the / film as our main source of visual entertainment. In the early
5 offered / take / but / I / didn’t / been / them / 2000s, maybe these critics 4 (have) a point: new
had / I / tickets technology meant that films could 5 (make)
6 voted / soon / I’m / off / the / sure / will / by anyone with a mobile phone – but most of these films
sometime / she / programme / be were terrible! Hollywood 6 (get) lazy and endless
7 posted / million / since / been / times / remakes of old movies 7 (release)! That
viewed / It / two / over / it / was / has was then, but now young film makers 8
(produce) incredible films. Cinema 9 (not /
8 films / stopped / from / the / They / making /
kill off) any time soon!
any / should / in / more / series / be

6B 1 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and a 2 Find the four sentences with a
have/get passive form. mistake and correct them.
1 You ought to , you know. It might be broken. 1 I need to get my suit to be cleaned.
(your arm / look at) Do you know a good place nearby?
2 I locked myself out of the house again! I really should 2 We’re having a new kitchen fitted at
and leave it with a neighbour. (a spare key / make) the moment.
3 Sorry. We’ll have to use the stairs. We’re at the 3 I had my car was broken into last
moment. (the lift / repair) night. Luckily, there wasn’t much to
4 I’m thinking of sometime soon. Do you think I steal!
should? (my hair / cut) 4 They got built a swimming pool in
5 I usually every week, but my cleaner is away at the their back garden last year.
moment. (my apartment / clean) 5 He had his nose broken in a car crash.
6 I got compliments after I , so people do notice the 6 I’m afraid you’ll need to have the
difference when they’re done professionally. (my nails / do) whole screen replaced.
7 I’ve been so busy with work recently, I haven’t had time to cook. I 7 You should get that looked at by a
every night. It’s sad! (a pizza / deliver) doctor. It looks nasty!
8 Sorry I can’t drive you there, but I still yet. I just 8 I’m going to have cut my hair this
haven’t had time to sort it out. (my car / not fix) weekend.

6C 1 Complete the sentences with one word in each space. 2 Choose the best short answer.
Contractions count as one word. 1 A: Do you think you’ll ever have kids?
1 What do you think he’s to say about it? B: I hope so/I doubt it. Just not yet.
2 If you think it’s funny, then there’s a good other people 2 A: Do you think we’ll win the next
will, too! World Cup?
3 It’s not been good recently and I think things will B: We’re bound to/I doubt it, but you
improve next year, either. I think things only get worse. never know. It’s not impossible.
4 I’ll be there, I promise. I’m just not sure exactly what 3 A: Do you think you’ll ever live abroad?
time I can get away from work. B: It's unlikely/I’m bound to. My boss is
5 They should try it. You never know. It help. always sending people overseas.
6 There’s only a chance the plan will work, but it’s worth 4 A: Do you think you’ll stay in your
trying anyway. current job?
7 It’s fairly that robots will end up taking lots of our jobs. I B: I’m quite likely to/I hope not. After
mean, it’s already started! all, I’m happy there.
8 There are to be problems to begin with. There always 5 A: Do you think they’ll win the
are with projects like that. election?
9 They said it probably rain today, but take an umbrella B: I hope not/It’s quite unlikely. It’ll be
just in case it does! terrible if they do.

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7A Verb patterns 1: verb + -ing/infinitive with to

When two verbs are used together, the second verb • A small group of verbs can be followed by both the -ing
often takes either the -ing form or the infinitive with to. form and the infinitive with to, but the different forms
The choice of form depends on the first verb. There are affect the meaning.
no rules for this. You just have to learn which verbs are Try drinking lots of water and see if that helps.
followed by which patterns. (= a suggestion)
• verbs followed by the -ing form I tried to stand on it, but it was too painful. (= some kind
avoid consider enjoy finish involve keep mind of effort or difficulty)
miss practise recommend suggest I stopped taking the medicine because it wasn’t helping.
• verbs followed by the infinitive with to (= I used to take it, but I don’t now.)
agree arrange decide expect fail hope learn I stopped to have a little rest. (= This is the reason I
need offer promise refuse want stopped doing what I was doing before.)
• Some verbs can be followed by both the -ing form I must remember to get my medicine from the chemist’s.
and the infinitive with to without any real change in (= It’s important that I do this.)
meaning. I don’t remember getting the knock on my head.
begin continue hate like start (= It happened, but I have no memory of it.)
When did you begin to feel/feeling like this? Don’t forget to take your medicine. (= Remember to do it
because it’s important.)
I hate to complain/complaining, but sometimes it's
necessary. I’ll never forget seeing him there. (= It happened and I
still remember it.)
I don’t like to ask/asking you, but I have to.
When did you start to smoke/smoking?

7B Verb patterns 2: verbs followed by a clause

A lot of verbs are often followed by a clause – that when you do this, you don’t change the word
especially verbs connected to speech and thought. order, so what follows looks like a statement, not a
agree ask bet claim forget imagine know question.
realise remember say suppose tell think I don’t know if he’s married or not to be honest.
wonder I’m sorry, but I’ve forgotten what your name is.
You can link the verb and the clause with that, but I wonder where she’s from.
it’s more common to use no linking word, especially When you use if or a question word, it cannot be
in spoken English. left out like that can.
I forgot (that) you speak Spanish. Questions using these verbs are sometimes called
I agree (that) it’s not a great idea. indirect questions. In indirect questions, use the
I know (that) you don’t agree with me about this. word order of a statement after these verbs.
I told you (that) I can’t remember. Do you know why he can’t come to the meeting?
You can also link some of these verbs to the clause Can you ask if he remembered to send that parcel?
that follows with if or a question word. Notice Do you think (that) she’ll agree to the idea?

7C Noun phrases 2: noun + noun/noun + of + noun

You can modify or add information to a noun in different A good learner’s dictionary will tell you how each
ways. As well as the way described in Lesson 1A, you can compound is usually written.
also: driving test, bus stop, windscreen, bathroom,
• use noun + noun. great-grandparents
I drove almost fifty miles with an empty petrol tank. • use noun + of + noun
I was wearing my new five-hundred-pound suit. I have a terrible fear of flying.
They have a swimming pool. Can you believe it? It’s not the end of the world.
Here, the second noun is the main noun and can be Six cups of tea and two glasses of orange juice.
singular or plural. The first noun is a classifier and acts Here, the first noun is the main noun and can be singular
like an adjective and doesn’t become plural, even if it’s a or plural. The second noun defines the first noun or adds
number. more detail or information.
These combinations of noun + noun are sometimes called Learn new combinations when you meet them.
compound nouns. They are often quite fixed – and some Sometimes both forms are possible, with no difference in
are written as two words, some as one word and some meaning.
with hyphens. the hotel garden/the garden of the hotel
You can also combine the two patterns:
the level of air pollution

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7A 1 Choose the correct alternatives. In one 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
sentence, both alternatives are possible. same as the first. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 I didn’t learn driving/to drive until I was 35. 1 Start with a short walk of a kilometre or two. (suggest)
2 I’d recommend talking/to talk to someone I .
about it if it doesn’t get better soon. 2 I just get really out of breath all the time. (keep)
3 When did you begin feeling/to feel it was I .
becoming a problem? 3 It’d be best if you stayed in hospital overnight. (need)
4 I didn’t expect spending/to spend Christmas I’m afraid you’ll .
in hospital, but it was actually lovely! 4 I’ll send her a card. Can you remind me later? (remember)
5 My job involves dealing/to deal with some I must .
very angry people sometimes.
5 They did lots of different tests, but in the end, they
6 It’s hard to practise speaking/to speak a couldn’t find anything wrong. (fail)
language if you don’t know other speakers.
After doing all sorts of tests, they wrong.
7 I promise stopping/to stop this year, but it’s
6 You should think about becoming a doctor. (consider)
not easy.
Have you ever ?
8 I usually avoid going/to go to the dentist’s
7 On my way to work, I went in to the doctor’s surgery and
unless I really have to.
made an appointment. (stop)
9 I was lucky. The doctor agreed seeing/to see
I was walking past the doctor’s surgery on my way to
me first thing tomorrow.
work and I an appointment.
10 I really tried to eat/eating less meat, but
8 I wanted something for the pain, but the doctor wouldn’t
it was so hard. I kept wanting/to want
give me anything. (refuse)
burgers!
The doctor for the pain.

7B 1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the 2 Find the four sentences with a mistake and
same as the first. correct them.
1 How much did he borrow? 1 I can’t believe how much he does earn.
Do you know ? 2 He admitted he’d stolen the watch.
2 Why have they decided to do that? 3 I don’t know she’s coming to class today or not.
I don’t know . 4 She asked me why do I work so much.
3 You speak Greek! I didn’t know. 5 I could see that it wouldn’t be easy.
I didn’t realise . 6 I suddenly remembered I had a test the
4 Where’s the bank? following day.
Sorry, but could you tell me ? 7 Can you tell me where can I find more
5 Why don’t they complain about it? information?
I wonder . 8 They’re complaining that they haven’t been
6 When’s her birthday? treated fairly.

Can you remember ?

7 Could you lend me five pounds?
Do you think ?

7C 1 Complete the sentences with the plural form of the compound nouns in the box.

amount of money driving test road sign traffic jam car of the future
train station side of the road

1 Most will have to be electric because oil is running out fast!

2 We got stuck in one of the worst I’ve ever seen in my life!
3 He spends crazy on that car of his!
4 Cars were parked on both , which made it really hard to drive down.
5 In the last few months, I’ve taken three and failed each one!
6 None of the were in English, so I couldn’t read any of them!
7 They’ve opened two new in the city over the last few years.

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8A First conditional
Use the first conditional to talk about possible situations in Compare:
the present or future. They should start investing in better defences against the
The sentences have two parts: a possible future ‘condition’ sea if water levels rise. (= They should invest in better
(an action or a situation clause) and the result of that defences only if they know water levels are going to rise.)
action. • unless means ‘if not this situation.’
• The condition clause can be introduced with if, unless, Unless we act now, things are going to get worse.
even if or in case, and these conjunctions are followed by Compare:
a verb in a present tense or can + infinitive. If we don’t act now, things are going to get worse.
• The result part of a first conditional sentence uses: • even if means that something will still be true if
will/be going to + infinitive to show you’re certain another thing happens, but this other thing is not likely
may or might + infinitive to show it’s only a possibility to happen.
should to show you think it’s a good idea. Even if we all start consuming less, we will still face
• in case means ‘in order to be prepared for’ something serious problems in the coming years. (= We are not likely
that may happen. to start consuming less.)
They should start investing in better defences against the Either the condition part of the sentence or the result
sea in case water levels rise. (= They won’t know if water can come first. It depends on what you want to focus on.
levels are going to rise, but they should invest in better When the condition part comes first, separate it from the
defences anyway.) result using a comma.
If we don’t act soon, things will get worse.
Things will get worse if we don’t act soon.

8B Whatever, whoever, whenever, however, etc.

Use whatever, whoever, whenever, however and Ask whoever you want. They’ll all say the same thing.
wherever when: (= ask anybody)
• it doesn’t matter what, where, when, etc. Whenever I go and visit her, she always cooks me a huge
• you don’t have to be specific about the thing, place, meal! (= every time I visit her)
time, etc. She was always kind to me, however badly I’d behaved!
(= it didn’t matter how badly I’d behaved)
• you don’t know the thing, place, time, etc.
She can eat whatever she wants and never seems to put
I give up! Whatever I do, you never seem happy about it!
on any weight! (= she can eat anything and everything)
(= it doesn’t matter what I do)
He always phones us every day wherever he is in the
You can park wherever you want. It’s all free parking on
world. (= it doesn’t matter where he is)
Sundays. (= you can park anywhere)

8C Time conjunctions
Time conjunctions link two parts of a sentence – an event • As soon as, when and once are conjunctions only and are
or action with another event or action – and show the followed by a clause only.
order they happen in. As soon as I graduated, I moved to London. (= I
• Until, after and before can be used as prepositions and graduated and immediately after that I moved to London.)
are followed by a noun. I cried and cried and cried when my son was born.
Happy birthday! Ten more years until retirement! (= My son was born and then I cried.)
I found things really hard after the birth of my first Once we got married, we moved into our own home.
child. (= We got married and then we moved into our own home.)
Please arrive at least fifteen minutes before the start of • When you talk about future events and actions, you use
the ceremony. a present simple or present perfect form in the clause
They can also be used as conjunctions and are followed by that follows the time conjunction.
a clause. Once I start working, I’ll start saving to buy a flat.
Most people in my country live at home with their parents (= I will start working and then I will start saving.)
until they marry. (= First they live at home, then they The present perfect emphasises one action will
marry.) happen before the other.
After I retire, I want to travel more. Things will get easier once we have had paid off the
Personally, I think it’s better not to live together before mortgage. (= We will pay off the mortgage and then
you get married. things will get easier.)
After I’ve paid off my mortgage, I’m going to buy myself
a new car!

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8A 1 Choose the correct alternatives. 2 Find the five sentences with mistakes and correct
1 We’re going to change to solar power in case they them.
might increase/increase the price of gas. 1 Many cities will become terrible places to live if we do
2 If you will want/want to lose weight, you’ll need something about all the pollution.
to eat less sugar, for a start! 2 Unless we stop building on green spaces, we soon
3 People might recycle more if/unless they’re paid don’t have many rare animals left.
to do so. 3 If we all make little changes to the way we do things,
4 Even if we meet/will meet our country's targets, it’ll have a big effect.
25 percent of the earth may still be drier. 4 You should get insurance before you go in case you’re
5 If they want/will want us to move from oil and going to have an accident.
gas, they should invest more in other kinds of 5 Even you stop eating meat, people are still going to
energy. kill animals.
6 We’re going to run out of air that we can breathe 6 You really should start applying now if you want to
unless carbon is/is not cut. go to university next year.
7 Some people will/should always break the rules 7 Unless we don’t act soon, we’ll see more and more
even if they introduce fines for doing so. natural disasters starting to happen.
8 They’re going to build a big wall along the river in 8 If you’re not at home during the day, you should turn
case another flood happens/will happen. all the lights off.

8B 1 Complete the sentences with the words in 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
the box. same as the first. Use three words.
1 I don’t know who said that, but they’re wrong!
whatever whoever wherever however
is wrong!
whenever
2 It doesn’t matter where she goes. She always
1 We get on OK we meet, but I wouldn’t say manages to make friends.
we’re good friends. She makes friends .
2 Some people are just good at enjoying 3 It doesn’t matter what people say about him. I still like
themselves they are in the world. him.
3 Feel free to visit you’re in the area. People can want about him. I
4 he told you, it’s not true. still like him.
5 She’s from Manningtree, that is. 4 Even if you’re really talented, you still have to practise.
6 What an amazing photo! took that is really You still have to practise, are.
talented! 5 Every time I hear this song, I think of you.
7 She has enough money to buy she wants. I think of you this song.
8 It’s a big problem you look at it.

8C 1 Rewrite the pairs of sentences as one sentence. 2 Match sentence halves 1–6 with a–f and link them
1 My dad is going to retire next month. He might go with a conjunction.
and spend some time with my sister in Spain. 1 I used to really love rugby
After my dad . 2 I’ll email you about it
2 Let me speak to my wife first. After that, I’ll call 3 Please don’t play music in your room
you back, OK? 4 My grandfather died one month
I once I . 5 I’ll be worrying about you, so call me
3 I’m going to see her later today. I’ll tell her then. 6 Could you wait here with me
I’ll when .
a you’ve landed in London, OK?
4 We’re getting married next month. We still have
b my bus comes?
lots of things to sort out.
We before we . c my daughter was born, so they never met.

5 I’m moving house next month. Things are going to d I was younger.
be a bit crazy until then. e I leave the office tonight.
Things until . f everyone else has gone to bed.

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9A Patterns after wish

Use wish to say what you would like in situations that are I wish the council would do something about all the
impossible to change. Wish is followed by: rubbish in the streets.
• past simple Note that you do not use wish to talk about future desires
Use wish + past simple to say how you’d like a present that you think are possible. Use hope.
situation to be different. I hope I’ll be OK tomorrow. NOT I wish I’d be OK.
I wish I wasn’t here. I’d rather be at the beach! Short responses
You sometimes see were used instead of was, but this is In conversations, you often use I wish I was, I wish I did,
becoming old-fashioned. I wish I didn’t, I wish I could, I wish he would etc. as short
I wish it were true. responses.
• could A: Why don’t you come for dinner tomorrow?
Use wish + could to say what you’d like to be able to do in B: I wish I could, but I’m busy. Another time maybe.
the present situation. (= I wish I could come for dinner.)
I wish I could drive. It would be easier to find a job. A: Do you have time for a coffee?
I sometimes wish I could move abroad, but I can’t. B: I wish I did, but I really have to go. (= I wish I had time
for a coffee.)
• would
A: Do you need a car?
Use wish + would to say what you want someone/
something else to do now or in the future – even though B: Yeah. I wish I didn’t, but I use it a lot for my job.
you’re sure they won’t do it. (= I wish I didn’t need a car.)

9B Second conditional
Use the second conditional to talk about imaginary The condition clause can come before or after the result
situations now or in the future. The sentences have two clause – or can be left out if you feel the condition is clear
parts, a condition clause and a result clause. from the context.
• In the condition clause, you often use if + the past A: I could invite friends round more easily if I was living
simple/continuous. alone.
1 If they lowered the voting age … (They are not planning B: Yeah, but you’d also have to do all your own
to lower the voting age.) housework! (… if you were living alone.)
2 If I was living alone … (I’m not living alone.) Note that you will sometimes see were used instead of
was, but this is becoming less common:
• In the result clause, use would + infinitive to talk about
certain results. If he were a good leader, he’d do something about the
problem. But he isn’t, and he won’t!
1 … it would increase the number of people voting.
When you think a situation is more likely to happen you
Use might/may + infinitive to talk about less certain
use a first conditional. However, often this is just a point of
results.
view, so either a first or second conditional is possible.
1 … it might encourage young people to get more
involved in politics. If the government increase taxes, it will damage the
economy. (= There is a plan to increase taxes.)
Use could + infinitive to talk about less certain
results involving ability. If the government increased taxes, it would damage
the economy. (= There is no plan to increase taxes.)
2 … I could invite friends round more easily. (= I would be
able to)

9C Past modals of deduction

To make deductions and guesses about the past, use must, someone is telling you or to comment on something that
might and can’t + have + a past participle. someone is reporting. The other person can respond to
• Use must have (must’ve in spoken English) when you your comments as if they were questions:
are almost certain something was true (based on the A: My son came last in the race.
evidence). Something must have scared him. B: Oh dear. He must’ve been disappointed. (= Was he
• Use might have (might’ve) when you think it’s possible disappointed?)
that something was true. A: A bit, but he was also happy he’d got to the final.
He might have had an injury of some kind, I guess. You also use must, might and can’t with a simple infinitive
to comment on present situations.
• Use can’t have when you are almost certain something
A: I train three times a week.
wasn’t true (based on the evidence).
B: That must be hard. You can’t have much time for
The Queen Mother can’t have been very pleased!
anything else.
• Commenting
A: It does take a lot of time, but I like it.
You often use these modals to comment on a story that
B: Be careful! You might overdo it.

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9A 1 Complete the sentences with one word. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
Contractions count as one word. same as the first.
1 A: Why don’t you look for another job? 1 I’m tired and my husband doesn’t help enough with
B: I wish I , but I just don’t have time! the housework.
2 A: She gets such good grades, she should apply I wish more with the housework.
to study medicine. 2 There’s too much corruption in the government.
B: I know. I wish she , but she doesn’t I wish our politicians honest.
seem interested. 3 The traffic is terrible round here.
3 A: I’ve got my interview tomorrow for the I wish they something about the
marketing job. terrible traffic.
B: Oh yes. I it goes well. 4 I would like to move to a better area, but I don’t have
4 A: You look quite fit. enough money.
B: Yeah? I wish I , but I hardly do any I wish I to move to a better area.
exercise. 5 I’d love to spend more time with my family, but I have
5 A: Do you really have to go tomorrow? to work long hours.
B: I wish I , but I need to get back as I’ve I really wish I with my family.
got work to do. 6 My dad should really retire because he’s not that well.
6 A: You seem to get a lot of support at work. I wish before his illness gets worse.
B: Do you think so? I wish we . They don’t 7 My garden is dying because of the lack of rain.
actually help that much at all. I wish . My garden really needs it.

9B 1 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the verbs in the 2 Find the five sentences with a
box. Use a past form or would or could + infinitive. mistake and correct them.
1 If I am president, I would give
be damage do (x2) expect get have to
everyone an extra week of holiday.
increase live spend
2 If we would pay everyone a basic
A: We should invest money in better healthcare. income, there would be less
B: I guess, but if we 1 more on health, people poverty.
2 longer. 3 If the government isn’t investing
A: And what’s wrong with that? in support for young people, crime
B: Well, they 3 retired for longer and the government might go up.
4 spend more money on pensions. 4 People might trust politicians more
A: Well, what if they 5 the retirement age? if they didn’t promise so much.
B: But that wouldn’t be very fair! Imagine if you 6 to 5 If we had better education, we
retire at 65 and then they suddenly increased the age to 70. might can end racism.
A: I know, but they 7 it more gradually and people 6 Companies improved their service if
wouldn’t suffer. I think you just don’t want your taxes put up. consumers complained more.
B: Well, exactly! If they 8 that, it 9 the economy, 7 If the government had more
which means the government 10 less money and money, they would probably just
they would have to cut spending – on health, for example. waste it.

9C 1 Complete the text about King Tutankhamun of Egypt with the correct form of the pairs of verbs in the box.

may/murder can’t/be may/like could/fall must/die must/be can’t/find might/cause

Tutankhamun is today one of the most famous Egyptian kings because of the treasure discovered in his tomb.
However, we know that because his tomb was so much smaller than other kings’, he 1 very important.
Recent research has shown he 2 before he was 20, but there is uncertainty about the cause of his
death. The first idea is that someone 3 him to gain power, because X-rays of the king’s body showed
damage to his head. However, more recent research suggests that a fall 4 the injury. It seems that
Tutankhamun 5 sport – particularly racing horses and hunting. However, X-rays also show he had a
problem with his foot and chest, which 6 very painful. These physical problems also mean he
7 it easy to stand up when racing and so he 8 during a race or when he was hunting.

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10A Third conditional

Use the third conditional to talk about imaginary • In the result clause, use would (not) + have + past
past situations and actions. participle to talk about definite results.
The sentences have two parts: an imagined 2 … we would never have met.
past ‘condition’ (a situation or an action) and the Use might/may + have + past participle for less
imagined result of that situation or action. definite results.
result: 1 … things might’ve been very different.
His achievements wouldn’t have been possible 2 … I may not have ever got married!
imagined situation/action: Use could + have + past participle to talk about
if the French army hadn’t entered Spain in 1808. possibility and ability.
imagined situation/action: 1 ... I don’t think I could have done it.
If Rosa Parks had done as she was told, Once the situation has been established you often
result: don’t repeat the condition clause – you just talk
modern American history might have been about the imagined results.
different. A: If I’d known it was going to be this boring, I
• In the condition clause, use if + past perfect simple or would’ve stayed at home.
continuous. B: I know. We could’ve watched the football. Roma
1 If she hadn’t encouraged me … are playing.
2 If I hadn’t been staying in that hotel … A: I was actually thinking I could’ve done some
work. I have a lot to do.

10B Should have

Use should(n’t) + have + past participle to talk I shouldn’t have denied making the mistake. (If I’d
about past events. It often expresses regrets about apologised and corrected the mistake immediately, I
– or criticism of – actions. wouldn’t have got into an argument.)
I should’ve been more careful to begin with. When you use adverbs like really and probably, you
I shouldn’t have been in such a rush. commonly put them between should(n’t) and have.
They should’ve done more to help. I shouldn’t really have done that!
Use this structure to imagine better alternatives You should at least have asked me what I wanted!
to what actually happened. It is often linked to a However, if you want to add a particular emphasis,
third conditional sentence – or an imagined result you can also put adverbs before should(n’t).
(would’ve/might’ve/could’ve). He definitely should’ve tried harder.

10C Adjective word order

You sometimes use two or more adjectives He was wearing a stripy red and white top.
together. As a general rule, opinion adjectives I love your orange and yellow silk bag.
(adjectives which tell us what the speaker thinks of My daughter’s school has got a new grey and purple
something) come before fact adjectives (adjectives uniform.
that describe age, size, colour, etc).
Also, remember that you often make compound
If you use two or more fact adjectives, you usually nouns by adding two nouns together.
put them in this order:
football boots, shower curtain, coffee table,
size – age – colour – origin – ‘material’ – noun kitchen clock
I bought a lovely new Thai silk shirt. The two nouns always stay together when you
She’s got a beautiful big old blue French car. add descriptive adjectives because the first noun
Look at that ancient blue Chinese bowl. classifies the second noun.
However, note that you don’t often use more than new red and white football boots
three adjectives together. an old plastic shower curtain
When you describe something with two colours, a new wooden coffee table
link them together with and. a second-hand French kitchen clock

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10A 1 Match sentence halves 1–8 with a–h to 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
make third conditional sentences. as the first.
1 The 1960s might have been very 1 Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. His French army then
different in the US suffered a terrible defeat.
2 France probably wouldn’t have won the If Napoleon in 1812, his army
1998 World Cup so easily a terrible defeat.
3 If we’d taken a taxi instead of the bus, 2 Einstein almost didn’t become a scientist. He thought about
4 It’s my own fault. I would almost certainly becoming a watchmaker.
have passed If he a scientist, Einstein a
5 I would never have gone to university watchmaker.
6 If I hadn’t broken my leg when I was 17, 3 I was late for my interview. That’s probably why I didn’t get
the job.
a we wouldn’t have missed our flight!
I the job if I for my interview.
b I could’ve ended up playing for Barcelona!
4 I wanted to stay in Krakow. I only left because my wife got a
c if I’d studied a bit harder.
job in Warsaw.
d if John F Kennedy had lived.
I in Krakow if my wife a job in
e if I hadn’t had such an amazing Warsaw.
geography teacher.
5 You didn’t tell me about it! That’s why I can’t remember.
f if Ronaldo had played for Brazil that day.
I’m sure I if you it.

10B 1 Complete the sentences with should’ve or 2 Read the information in the first sentence. Then
shouldn’t have + the verbs in the box. complete the second sentence with should’ve or
shouldn’t have + verb.
agree delay force get know rush
1 I forgot to tell them about all my experience of working
1 I didn’t do as well as I was hoping to. I in schools. Maybe that’s why I didn’t get the job.
better marks in my exams. I about my school experience. I might’ve
2 Looking back, I can see I the got the job if I had.
changes onto my staff. It was a mistake. 2 I missed the train because I got the time wrong and I
3 After what happened last time, I arrived at the station too late.
better. I just hoped things I the train time on the ticket more
would be different! carefully. I wouldn’t have missed the train then.
4 We introduced the new plan too quickly. We 3 They caused the problem and then they blamed me!
the introduction and talked to They me for causing the problem. It
our staff more first. was their fault!
5 I to take the job. I honestly 4 I regret not wearing a suit now, but I thought it was
didn’t realise how much work it’d involve. going to be quite informal.
6 I blame myself. I the work. I I a suit. Everyone else was wearing one!
didn’t realise how much time I’d need. 5 It was silly to drive to my interview as I was almost late.
I to my interview.

10C 1 Choose the correct option a–c to complete the sentences 1–6.
1 Can you pass me that cup?
a plastic red big b red big plastic c big red plastic
2 We went to see this movie.
a Russian new wonderful b wonderful new Russian c new wonderful Russian
3 He was wearing a jacket.
a dirty old leather b old leather dirty c leather old dirty
4 We stayed in a town.
a beautiful Spanish old b Spanish old beautiful c beautiful old Spanish
5 We got married in a castle.
a fantastic 18th-century Scottish b Scottish fantastic 18th-century c Scottish 18th-century fantastic

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