CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: WORKBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 1
150 000
Exercise 1.1 Speed calculations vi speed = = 2.38 × 101 m s −1
(1.75 × 3600 )
4000
1 a average speed = = 32 m s −1 b [slowest] athlete, truck, spacecraft, Earth,
125
alpha-particle, light [fastest]
b 0.8%
c 32.3 or 32.26 m s−1 Exercise 1.2 Measuring speed in
d 0.258 × 100 / 32 = 0.8% the laboratory
2 a Speed does not change (steady speed). 1 a I t is difficult to judge the moment at which
the trolley passes the start and stop points;
b distance = 8100 × 60 × 60 = 2.9 × 107 m
there is a time delay (reaction time) before
c t otal distance of one orbit = 2 × π × you press the stop/start control.
6.75 × 106 = 4.24 × 107 m
b  he time is shorter so the error will be a
T
distance 4.24 × 107 bigger fraction of the measured time.
time = = = 5235 s
speed 8100
2 a  hen the front edge of the interrupt card
W
= 87.3 minutes passes through the first light gate, it breaks
120 the light beam and the timer starts. When
3 a =
distance in one minute = 2.0 km the same edge passes through the second
60
gate, it breaks the beam and the timer stops.
2000
b =
distance in one second = 33.3 m b  he time taken by the trolley to travel
T
60 from one light gate to the other.
3000 c  he distance between the light gates; use a
T
c average speed = = 31.25 m s −1
96 ruler/metre rule/tape measure.

d Speed limit = 33.3 m s–1; the car’s average distance

d speed =
speed was less than this so it was not time
speeding. However, it may have been
e  he trolley’s speed may be changing as it
T
moving faster than the speed limit at some
moves between the two light gates, so the
point during the 3.0 km.
value calculated can only be an average.
4 a i speed =
 300 000 000 m s–1 3 a interrupt card light gate
= 3.0 × 108 m s–1
ii speed =
 11 km s–1 = 11 000 m s–1 trolley
= 1.1 × 104 m s–1
iii speed = 100 / 10.41 = 9.6 m s–1 b  he timer starts as the front edge of the
T
(or 9.6 × 100 m s–1) interrupt card passes through the light gate.
It stops as the back edge leaves the light gate.
5.0 × 10 −2
iv speed = = 1.16 × 106 m s −1
 0.043 × 10 −6 c  easure the length of the interrupt card.
M
Timer shows time for which the beam is
1.07 × 108 length
v speed = = 2.97 × 10 4 m s −1 broken. Calculate average speed = .
3600 time

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4 a paper tape dots evenly spaced Exercise 1.4 Adding and

subtracting vectors
1 a distance
b 0.02 s
b speed
c distance = 12 cm = 0.12 m
time = 5 × 0.02 s = 0.10 s c s calars: mass, density, energy
0.12 vectors: force, acceleration, weight
average speed = = 1.20 m s −1
0.10 2 a six squares
(Note that there are five intervals from the
b three squares
first dot to the sixth.)
c 6 .7 cm (by Pythagoras) at 26.6° to
Exercise 1.3 Displacement–time horizontal
graphs d 1 8 cm (approximately); using a piece
of string
1 a s = displacement; t = time
3 a 20 + 12 = 32 km
b  s = change in displacement; Δt = change
Δ
in time b
c 12 km
45°
Displacement, s

Δs

Δt displacement
0 20 km
0 Time, t

2 a The graph is a straight line.

10 km
b s faster

c 29.7 km
4 a 950 − 100 = 850 km h–1
not moving
b 950 + 100 = 1050 km h–1
c i resultant
0
0 t 100 km h−1
950 km h−1
c  he horizontal straight line can be
T
ii  y Pythagoras, speed2 = 9502 + 1002
b
anywhere on the graph.
= 912 500; speed = 955 km h–1
3 a 600 m
5 6.2 m at 346° (N24°W or 24° W of N)
b 25 s
c 8.0 m s–1 10 m
4 a
800
Displacement, m

600 resultant 30°

5m
400

200

0 5m
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time, s

b greatest speed = gradient of steepest part

of graph = 16.0 m s–1

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Exam-style questions 3 a 3.0 h

distance b 70 km
1 a speed =
time c 23.3 km h–1
b  he leading edge of the card breaks the
T d 50 km h–1
beam, starting the timer. Then, after the
trailing edge leaves the gate, the beam is e 0.5 h
restored, stopping the timer. f 25 km
10 4 a  scalar quantity has magnitude only; a
A
c average speed = = 13.2 cm s −1
0.76 vector quantity has both magnitude and
direction.
d  he trolley’s speed may have been
T
changing as it moved. b  isplacement: the distance travelled in a
d
particular direction
2 a
Displacement / km

200 c 120 km; 72 km

150 d

100

50 72 km

0
0 1 2 3 4 θ
Time / h
120 km
b 1.43 h
e 140 km at θ = 31° N of E

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1 Velocity–time graphs 3 a 22

v / m s−1
1 a v = 0 when t = 0
b a fter 40 s; graph becomes horizontal 8
(gradient = 0) shaded area = displacement

c time = 20 s 0
0 10
t/s
d increase in velocity = 15 m s –1

(7 − 22 ) −15
15 b acceleration = =
e acceleration = = 0.75 m s −2 10 10
20
= −1.5 m s–2
9
f acceleration = = 0.45 m s −2
20 c Gradient is negative (sloping downwards).

1 d See graph.
g area ABX = × 20 × 15 = 150 m;
2 e displacement = 145 m
distance travelled in first 20 s
1 4
v0
h total distance = 150 + × 9 × 20 + 15 ×
Velocity / m s−1

2 10
20 + 24 × 20 = 1020 m
30 v0 – 10
2 a
25
Velocity / m s−1

20 0
0 50
15 Time / s
10
change in velocity = 0.2 × 50 = 10 m s–1; area
5
1
0 under graph = × 10 × 50 + (v0 − 10) × 50 =
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2
Time / s 2000; v0 = 45 m s–1
b between 20 s and 60 s; change in velocity
Exercise 2.2 Deriving the
14
= 14 m s–1; acceleration =
40
= 0.35 m s −2 equations of motion
c distance travelled = 10 × 20 + 17 × 40 + 1 a s = displacement
26 × 20 + 28 × 40 = 2520 m u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = time

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b ‘uniform acceleration’ = constant 2 equation 3:

acceleration (in both magnitude and
direction) s = ut + 12 at 2

(v − u ) 2000 = u × 50 − 0.5 × 0.2 × 502

2 a a=
t ( 2000 + 250 )
b v = u + at u= = 45 m s −1
50
c displacement s 3 using equation 3, displacement in first 10 s =
0.5 × 0.8 × 102 = 40 m
3 a
velocity after 10 s = 0.8 × 10 = 8 m s–1
( initial velocity + final velocity )
average velocity = using equation 3 again, displacement in next
2
10 s = 8.0 × 10 + 0.5 × 0.4 × 102 = 80 + 20 =
(u + v ) 100 m
=
2
final displacement = 140 m
b displacement = average velocity × time
4 a equation 4:
(u + v )
s= ×t v2 = u2 + 2as
2
412 = 282 + 2 × a × 100
c acceleration a
( 412 − 282 )
4 a The object accelerates from u to v in time t. a= = 4.5 m s −2
200
b area of rectangle = ut
b equation 2:
c height of the triangle = v − u = at
(u + v )
s= ×t
d area of triangle = 1
2
× t × at = 1
2
at2 2
( 41 + 28)
e s = ut + 12 at 2 100 = ×t
2
100
f final velocity v t= = 2.9 s
34.5
(v − u )
5 a t=
a Exercise 2.4 Motion under gravity
(v + u ) (v − u ) 1 negative
b s= ×
2 a
2 a
c 2as = (v − u) × (v + u) = v2 − u2
Quantity Displacement Velocity Acceleration
d v2 = u2 + 2as
stone
e time t moving + + −
upwards
Exercise 2.3 Using the equations stone at
highest + 0 −
of motion position
1 a equation 1: stone falling
+ − −
downwards
v = u + at = 12 + 0.75 × 20 = 27 m s–1
b  raph B is correct; gradient is constant
G
(12 + 27 ) and negative.
b average velocity = = 19.5 m s −1
2
3 a velocity at highest point = 0
c distance = 19.5 × 20 = 390 m
0 = 6.52 − 2 × 9.81 × s
d s = 12 × 20 + 0.5 × 0.75 × 20 = 240 + 150 2
s = 2.2 m
= 390 m

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b final velocity = −6.5 m s–1 Exam-style questions

(v − u ) 13.0 1 a acceleration: rate of change of velocity
t= = = 1.33 s
a 9.81 change in velocity
or acceleration = time taken
c s = −55 m
b 0 = 402 + 2a × 2200; a = −0.36 m s–2
v2 = 6.52 + 2 × 9.81 × 55.0 = 1121
v = −33.5 m s–1 c t = 40 / 0.36 = 111 s

(v − u ) (33.5 + 6.5 ) d, e
d t= = = 4.08 s
a 9.81

4 a v ertical component of initial velocity = v

24 sin 45° = 17.0 m s–1
area = distance
b vertical displacement = 0v
travelled
0
c 0 = 17.0 × t − 0.5 × 9.81 × t2 0 t

t = 3.47 s Straight line shows uniform acceleration.

d horizontal acceleration = 0 2 a initial velocity = 0
e  orizontal component of initial velocity
h use s = ut + 1
at2
2
24 cos 45° = 17.0 m s–1
2h
g=
f  istance travelled horizontally =
d t2
17.0 × 3.47 = 58.9 or 59.0 m
b t is increased so g is less.
5 vertical component of initial velocity =
24 sin 50° = 18.4 m s–1 c  orizontal component of velocity =
h
12.0 cos 45° = 8.5 m s–1
0 = 18.4 × t − 0.5 × 9.81 × t2
14.7
18.4 =
time taken = 1.7 s
t= = 3.75 s 8.5
( × 9.81)
0 .5
d v ertical component of velocity
horizontal component of initial velocity = = 12.0 sin 45° = 8.5 m s–1
24 cos 50° = 15.4 m s–1 8.5
acceleration = 2 × = 9.8 m s −2
distance travelled horizontally = 15.4 × 3.75 = 1.73
57.8 m

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 3
b contact force
Exercise 3.1 Identifying forces
1 a contact force

push of man

friction

weight

b contact force weight

3 a upthrust

drag push of man

resistance forward
of water force

weight
weight
c  he force of the car on the ground acts
T
on the ground, not on the car. The free b
body diagram only shows forces acting on
the car.
2 a contact force
friction weight

Exercise 3.2 How forces

affect motion
1 a, b   20 N

4N
B C

weight
Forces on A are balanced.
c  will not move; B will accelerate
A
upwards; C will accelerate to the right.

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2 a diagram 1 d  hey are equal in magnitude, opposite in

T
direction.
b 350 N to the right
e I ncrease the thrust of the engines; reduce
c weight, contact force, drag (of brakes) drag by streamlining the shape, etc.
d 800 N to the left f  raph C; acceleration is maximum
G
at start, so gradient of v–t graph is
Exercise 3.3 Force, mass maximum at start, decreases to zero.
and acceleration g

Acceleration
1 a F = ma = 40 × 103 × 1.2 = 48 kN
F 48
b a= = = 17.1 m s–2
m 2.8
F 200 0
c =
m = = 500 kg 0
a 0.40 Time
2 a weight = mg = 95 × 9.81 = 932 N (The precise shape of the graph is
uncertain, but acceleration decreases
b resultant force = 1200 − 932 = 268 N
towards zero.)
upwards
268 2 a upward force = drag (air resistance);
c acceleration = = 2.82 m s–2 downward force = weight
95
b  iagram 1; air resistance is greater than in
d
510
3 a a = = 0.75 m s–2 diagram 2
680
v = u + at = 12 + 0.75 × 20 = 27 m s–1 c  iagram 2; the two forces are equal and
d
opposite
12 + 27
b s= × 20 = 390 m
2 d  ir resistance is much greater than his
A
downward weight, so there is a resultant
2 s 2 × 2.0 force which acts upwards.
4 a s= 1
gt2 so g = = = 1.6 m s–2
2
t2 1.62
weight 3.9 Exam-style questions
b m= = = 2.4 kg
g 1.6 1 a resultant force = 140 − 65 = 75 N to the
left
c weight on Earth = mg = 2.4 × 9.81 = 24 N
b unbalanced
5 a s peed: m s−1, velocity: m s−1, acceleration:
m s−2, force: kg m s−2, kinetic energy: 75
c a= = 3.75 m s −1
kg m2 s−2 20
b  ase units of a are m s−2 and base units of
B d s = 12 at 2 = 0.5 × 3.75 × 102 = 188 m
m
are s−2 kg−1, which are not the same.
F 2 a contact force
or normal reaction force
c  I base units: kilogram and mole; derived
S
units: newton and m s−1

Exercise 3.4 Terminal velocity weight

1 a 250 kN forwards b weight = mg = 12.0 × 9.81 = 118 N

b 1.25 m s –2
contact force = weight = 118 N
c 0 m s–2
c  he forces on the box are balanced; it is
T
not accelerating.

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3 a 4 a kg m s−2
b density: kg m−3; k: m2
weight air resistance
2
F  10 
b downwards c  2 = constant so new F = 27 ×  
v  30 
c  cceleration will be less. Weight is the
A = 3.0 N
same but air resistance is now upwards,
d Base units of v are m s−1, base units of gλ
reducing the resultant force and hence the
resultant acceleration. are m s−2 × m = m2 s−2, so value of n = 12 .

d Acceleration = g at highest point. The

ball is instantaneously stationary so air
resistance = 0; the only force acting on the
ball is its weight.

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 4
Exercise 4.1 Adding forces 2 a horizontal = vertical component = 177 N

1 a the hypotenuse
vertical
b 22.4 N (by Pythagoras) component
45°
c tan−1 2.0 = 63.4° horizontal
component
2 a, b  
b Each component is at 45° to the force.
3N
15 N
3 a 700 cos 70° = 239 N
b 239 − 120 = 119 N
15 N 3N
c I t is at 90° to the slope, so its component
a b down the slope is zero.

c 15.3 N d r esolving at right angles to the slope:

component of weight = 700 cos 20° =
d tan−1 5.0 = 78.7° 658 N = contact force
3 a s cale diagram of triangle with sides of 4 The angle between NE and E is 45°. The
length 6 cm and 10 cm component of velocity = 300 cos 45° =
212 m s−1.
b length = 14.0 cm so resultant force =
280 N
Exercise 4.3 Moment of a force
c angle = 32°
1 a 37.5 N m anticlockwise
4 a
b 30 N m clockwise
1200 kN
c I t is not in equilibrium; resultant moment
resultant acts anticlockwise.
force
2 a 9 N m anticlockwise
30°
500 kN 9
b =
X = 36 N
0.25
b s cale drawing; resultant force = 807 N at
48° to drag force 3 a t otal clockwise moment =
5.0 × 0.20 + 2.0 × 0.60 = 2.2 N m
Exercise 4.2 Resolving forces 2.2
b =
X = 11 N
0.20
1 a 100 cos 30° = 86.6 N
b 100 sin 30° = 50 N c C = 11.0 + 5.0 + 2.0 = 18.0 N
c 502 + 86.62 = 10 000 = 1002

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4 a uniform 2 a no resultant force; no resultant moment

resultant moment
b b Since X is twice as far as the weight from
C
2.0 m 0.5 m 2.5 m the pivot, its value is half; X = 20 N.
c contact force = 40 − 20 = 20 N upwards
A B
45 g 40 g 25 g 3 a a ngle between cable and pole = tan−1 0.5
= 26.6°
c resultant moment = 3.0 × 25 g + 0.5 × 40 g T sin 26.6 × 1.8 = 10.0 g × 0.9 +
− 2.0 × 45 g = 5.0 g clockwise (as shown in 14.0 g × 1.8
the diagram)
T = 416 N
5 a f orces B and D; equal magnitudes,
opposite directions, not in same b  orizontal component of R = horizontal
h
straight line component of T = 372 N to the left

b 5.0 N m

Exam-style questions
1 a  he bob is in equilibrium; it is stationary,
T
so no resultant force acts upon the bob.
b 1.8 N
1.8
c tension = = 1.99 N
cos 25°

d F = T cos 65° = 0.84 N

e 0.84 N to the left

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 5
Exercise 5.1 The concept of work c  here is displacement in the direction
T
of the force (in other words, towards the
1 a 5J Earth) so the force does work.
b 30 J d closest point to Earth
c 150 J e I t slows down as it moves away from Earth;
speeds up as it returns towards Earth.
2 a  he car does not move in the direction of
T
any force. 6 a 61 N
b pull of b 300 J
crane
c 76 W or J s−1

Exercise 5.2 Gravitational

potential energy and kinetic
weight
energy
c the upward force of the crane
1 a 3.4 N
d 18 000 J = 18 kJ
b 18.2 J
3 a 490 N
c 18.2 J
b friction = 0 N
2 a m = mass
c gravity (her weight)
g = acceleration due to gravity
d 3924 J = 3.9 kJ (or gravitational field strength)
e speed increases h = height
4 a 18 000 J = 18 kJ b  peed is steady (constant), in other words,
S
no acceleration.
b gravitational potential energy
c  he upward force F must equal the
T
c 3920 J = 3.9 kJ downward force mg.
d 1616 J = 1.6 kJ d mgh
e 2384 J = 2.3 kJ e mgh
5 a  he satellite does not move any closer
T 3 a m = mass; v = speed
to the Earth (in other words, there is no
displacement in the direction of the force). b initial velocity u = 0
b furthest point from Earth c v2 = 2as

d 1
2
mv2 = mas

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e ma = F; mas = Fs = work done by force 2.3

3 Lamp A: efficiency = = 0.096
4 a 675 J 24
3.2
b change in his KE = 1072 − 675 = 397 J Lamp B: efficiency = = 0.032
100
5 a change in GPE = 0.059 J
Lamp A is more efficient.
0.059
b v2 = 2 × = 4.71 m 2 s −2 ; v = 2.2 m s −1
0.025 Exam-style questions
c  ll of the bob’s original GPE has been
A 1 a joule: the work done (or energy transferred)
transformed to KE. when a force of 1 N moves a distance of
1 m in the direction of the force
Exercise 5.3 Energy efficiency
b KE = 12 mv2
1 a 57.6 J
2.4
1
× 0.020 × 0.472 = 0.0022 J
b = = 0.040 = 4 %
efficiency 2
60
c mgh = 0.0022 J
2 a 340 MJ
h = 0.011 m = 11.0 mm
b 130 + 90 = 220 MJ
2 a  he block moves up the slope; C is
T
c 120 MJ perpendicular to the slope so there is no
 220  displacement in the direction of C and no
d efficiency =   × 100 = 65% work is done by C.
 340 
b 7.0 × 1.75 = 12.25 or 12.3 J
3 a 210 J
c  ork done against gravity =
w
b 8400 J = 8.4 kJ 20 × 1.75 sin 20° = 12.0 J
c 86.6 kJ d  ork done by the pulling force =
w
d heat (in your body) 12.0 + 12.25 = 24.25 J

e 8.8%; not very efficient 24.25

e=T = 13.9 N
1.75
4 a 157 300 J = 157 kJ
3 a work done = force × distance moved in
b 0.92 MJ = 920 kJ the direction of the force
c 17% b z ero; an object with constant speed and
direction has no resultant force (Newton’s
Exercise 5.4 Power first law).
1 a 3 kW c 8000 × 20 × sin 8° = 2.2 × 104 J
b 2700 kJ d Fv or 200 × 20 = 4000 J
10 MJ e 2.2 × 104 + 4000 = 2.6 × 104 W
c = 116 W
( 24 × 3600 s )
2 a 2620 kg
b 1.39 MJ
c 99 kW

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 6
Exercise 6.1 Momentum Exercise 6.3 Momentum
calculations conservation calculations
1 a 0.20 kg m s−1 1 a m1u1 = m2u2 = 0
b 15 600 kg m s−1 12
b speed = 3.0 × = 8 m s −1
4.5
c 1.8 × 1029 kg m s−1
c opposite directions
2 a 96.2 kg m s−1
2 a 0.21 kg m s−1
b 784 J
b 0.14 kg m s−1; 0.07 kg m s−1
3 a 2 × 40 × 8100 = 648 000 kg m s−1
c momentum before = 0.21 kg m s−1;
b zero (because speed has not changed) momentum after = 0.14 + 0.07
c zero = 0.21 kg m s−1
d  efore: total KE = 0.063 + 0 = 0.063 J
B
Exercise 6.2 Getting a feel for After: KE = 0.028 + 0.0035 = 0.0315 J
momentum changes Total KE is not conserved, so this is not a
perfectly elastic collision.
1 a 2 m s−1
3 a 3.0 kg m s−1
b 4 m s−1
b 5 × 10−25 m s−1
2 a 6 m s−1
b yes Exercise 6.4 Force and
3 a equal but opposite velocities momentum
b 12 cm s−1 1 a 11 250 kg m s−1

4 a A: 10 kg m s−1; B: −10 kg m s−1 b 500 N

b zero (because total momentum = 0) c 0.67 m s−2

c  bjects with equal and opposite

O d 500 N (as in part b)
momentum appear from an explosion; 2 a 420 × 2 × 7850 = 6 590 000 kg m s−1
here we have two objects with equal and
opposite momentum colliding. b 420 × 8.9 = 3740 N
3 It is correct that, when two people collide,
each exerts the same force on the other and
for the same length of time. However, the
effect on an elderly person is likely to be more
serious than on a younger, fitter person.

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Exercise 6.5 Newton’s laws Exam-style questions

of motion 1 a 21 kg m s−1
1 a It will remain stationary. b 525 N
b I t will continue to move in a straight line at c inelastic (the relative speed of the two
the same speed (i.e. with constant velocity). objects has changed)
c I t will continue to move with constant d  omentum is conserved in this
M
velocity. collision (and in any collision). Energy
d The resultant force is zero. is also conserved, but kinetic energy
has decreased; some KE will have been
e The resultant force is not zero. converted to heat, sound, etc.
2 a i I ts velocity is changing at a constant 2 a mgh = 0.70 × 9.81 × 0.06 = 0.41 mJ
rate, so its momentum is also
1
increasing at a constant rate. b 2 mv2 = 0.41 mJ
ii The resultant force is not zero.
2.0 × 0.41×10 −3
so, v = = 1.17 m 2 s −2
2
b i  he rate of increase of momentum
T 0.70 ×10 −3

is decreasing, so the resultant force is
decreasing. so, v = 1.08 m s−1
ii  orces are weight (downwards) and
F c p = 0.70 × 10−3 × 1.08 = 0.76 × 10−3 kg m s−1
drag (upwards), which is less than
weight. Weight is constant but drag p 0.76 × 10 −3
d speed = = = 3.0 ms −1
increases as velocity increases. So, m 0.25 × 10 −3
the resultant force is decreasing,
causing the momentum to increase at 3 a  otal momentum before and after the
T
a slower rate. collision is constant; no resultant force or
the system is closed.
3 a  ewton’s second law says that the
N
resultant force is proportional to the rate b 2 00 × 0.64 + 300 × 0.42 =
of change of momentum; in SI units, the 200 × 0.45 + 300 ×
constant of proportionality is 1 so we can vQ = 0.55 m s−1
ignore it. c  elative velocity before collision =
R
b  nit of momentum = kg m s ;
u −1 0.22 m s−1 relative velocity after collision =
unit of rate of change of momentum = 0.09 m s−1 so collision is not elastic.
kg m s−2 = N d  hange in momentum = force × time and
C
4 a i repel since force on ball P = − force on ball Q
(Newton’s third law) and time acting is the
ii  he forces are equal in magnitude
T same, then the change in momentum of
and opposite in direction. They ball P is equal and opposite to the change
act on different objects (the two in momentum of ball Q.
magnets).
b i  he two forces act on the same
T
object, not on different objects.
ii  he ‘pair’ to weight is the gravitational
T
pull of the person on the Earth. The
‘pair’ to the contact force of the floor
on the person is the contact force the
person exerts on the floor.

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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 7
Exercise 7.1 Density and b 186 N
c
pressure upthrust

1 a volume = 34 pr3 = 34 π × (58.2 × 106)3

= 8.26 × 1023 m3
M
density = = 690 kg m−3
V
b M = rV = 5510 × 34 π × (6.37 × 106)3

= 6.0 × 1024 kg
c  he Earth is composed of denser
T
materials than hydrogen and helium.
2 a p = pressure (pascal, Pa) weight tension in string

ρ = density (kilogram per cubic metre, d p = rgh = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.30 = 2940 Pa
kg m−3)
e F = pA = 2940 × 0.202 = 118 N downwards
g = acceleration due to gravity (metre per
second squared, m s−2) f p = rgh = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.80 = 7850 Pa
h = depth in fluid (metre, m) F = pA = 7848 × 0.202 = 314 N upwards
b 1 Pa = 1 kg m−3 × 1 m s−2 × 1 m = g upthrust = 314 − 118 = 196 N
1 kg m−1 s−2
h tension = (upthrust − weight) =
c volume = 70 m3 (196 − 186) = 10 N
mass = 59 500 kg i Following the same procedure for Block B:
weight = 584 kN upper surface: p = rgh
d 14.0 m 2 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.50 = 4905 Pa

e 41.7 kPa F = pA = 4905 × 0.20 × 0.50

= 491 N downwards
f 41.7 kPa
lower surface: p = rgh
g 143 kPa = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.70 = 6867 Pa
h decrease F = pA = 6867 × 0.20 × 0.50
= 687 N upwards
i 49 kPa
upthrust = 687 − 491 = 196 N
3 a  he density of the wood is less than that
T
of the water, so the blocks will tend to
float upwards as the upthrust is greater
than the weight.

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Exercise 7.2 Stretching things d stress =

200
= 1.77 × 108 Pa
1.13 × 10 −6 m 2
= 177 MPa
1 a stress
e Young modulus = = 201 GPa
strain
f
Hooke's law up A
Load

to here

Load, F
gradient = k

0
0 Extension, x
Extension
E = gradient of load-extension graph ×
length of wire
b i extension = 5.0 cm = 0.050 m cross-sectional area

load = 150 × 0.050 = 7.5 N

Exam-style questions
ii W
 e do not know if the spring obeys
Hooke’s law for this load. 1 a  ressure: the force acting normally per
p
unit area of a surface
2 a work done = 1
Fx = 0.5 × 20.0 × 0.057
2 b F = ρ A = 101× 103 × 0.60 × 1.25 = 76 kN
= 0.57 J
c p = ρ gh = 1000 × 9.81× 1.24 = 12.2 kPa
b  e do not know if the spring obeys
W 2 a
Hooke’s law for this load.
2.6 40
3 a strain = = 0.13
20
b load = 6 × 5.0 × 9.81 = 294 N 30
Load / N

294
stress = = 7350 Pa = 7.35 kPa 20
0.202
4 a steel (greatest value of E) 10
b tin (smallest value of E)
c 0.60 mm 0
0 1 2 3 4
200 Extension / cm
d stress = = 200 × 106
1× 10 −6
b g radient of graph = 11.8 N cm−1
200 × 106 = 1180 N m−1 (approximately)
strain = = 4 × 10−3
50 × 10 9
c extension = 2.1 cm
extension = 4 mm energy stored = ½Fx = 0.5 × 25 × 0.021
4 = 0.26 J
5 a strain = = 8.8 × 10−4
4539 3 a extension = 5.6 mm
b  icrometer screw gauge (or travelling
m 5.6
microscope, etc.) strain = = 2.8 × 10 −3
2000
c cross-sectional area = pr2
= π × (0.6 × 10−3)2 = 1.13 × 10−6 m2

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50 b E = FL
; extension x
b stress = × = 20 × 107 XA
2.5 × 10 −7
= 13.9 × 1.85
2.00
× 1011 × 2.04 × 10−7
20 × 107
Young modulus = = 710 GPa = 6.30 × 10−4 m
2.8 × 10 −3
c Cross-sectional area A of the second wire
c increase in extension = 5.6 − 2.8 = 2.8 mm
is half that of the first wire; stress is twice
average force = 37.5 N as large and so strain is twice as large
provided limit of proportionality is not
work done = 2.8 × 10−3 × 37.5 = 0.105 J exceeded. Extension = strain × original
4 a s tress: force per unit area; strain: the length, so the extension of the second wire
extension divided by the original length is four times larger.

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 8
6
Exercise 8.1 Basic definitions and
units, resistance, p.d. and e.m.f.
1 a  oth are measured in volts and involve
B
energy change per coulomb.
7 a c urrent in the resistor and p.d. across the
b  .d.s exist across resistors; e.m.f.s exist
P
resistor
across sources of electrical energy.
Electrical energy is transferred to other b
forms as charge passes through a p.d.;
other types of energy transfer to electrical
energy in a source of e.m.f.
A
2 electromotive force J C−1
V
charge As
resistance V A−1 c a mmeter low resistance; voltmeter high
power Js −1 resistance
d
 ith the circuit drawn, if the voltmeter
W
3 a e.m.f. has low resistance then the ammeter will
b p.d. measure not only the current through the
resistor, but also the current through the
c current voltmeter. So the voltmeter should have
d the volt high resistance to prevent this.
e the ohm With the voltmeter connected across the
cell, if the ammeter has high resistance
4 a potential difference then the voltmeter reading is the voltage
b potential difference across the resistor added to the voltage
across the ammeter. So the ammeter
c current should have low resistance to prevent this.
d current 8 a 15 Ω
e charge b 18 V

5 Ω=
V
J ( )
= C = J s C −2 Exercise 8.2 Current and charge
A C
s( ) 1 They are in opposite directions.
2 a t he rate of flow of charge at a point in a
circuit

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b 6.0 A Exercise 8.4 Charge carriers

c 0.045 C 1 a n the number of charge carriers per unit
3 a 3.6 C volume

b 2.25 × 1019 q the charge on a single charge carrier,

usually the charge on an electron
c 400 s
v the mean drift velocity of the charge
4 a 1.6 × 10−17 C carriers
b 3.2 × 10−9 A b i nAl
c  he smallest charge that can flow is that
T ii nAlq
of an electron, which is quantised.
l
iii
5 6.25 × 1015 V
charge nAlq
Exercise 8.3 Electrical power and iv current = = = nAVq
energy
time ( )
l
V

1 a 0.25 A
c  he value for n is larger in the metal and
T
b 32 Ω thus the current is larger. The value of v is
actually set by the value of the p.d. across
2 0.22 A a component.
3 a 20 A 2 a electrons
b 144 000 C b ions (sodium ions and hydroxide ions)
c 26 MJ 3 a 5.0 × 1028 m−3
4 a 5.3 V b It is halved.
b 1.3 W c It is four times larger.
5 a 120 kV 4 a 1.8 × 1029 m−3
b 1600 W b 1.4 × 10−4 m s−1
V2 5 a 2.0 A
6 The student who uses P = is likely to be
R
correct because the power supply has a fixed b 5700 s
voltage. The other student has forgotten that c 7.2 × 1022
changing the resistance will also change the
current. However, to obtain the largest heating d  ll the electrons start moving at almost
A
effect outside the power supply the resistance the same time within the wire.
used should match the internal resistance of
6 a I, n and q
the supply, which is likely to be small.
b 1:2
7 a  hemical energy is transferred into electrical
C
energy and some thermal energy (heat) in
the internal resistance of the battery. Exam-style questions
b  lectrical energy is transferred into chemical
E 1 a  he amount of energy changed from
T
energy and some thermal energy (heat) in other forms into electrical energy per unit
the internal resistance of the battery. charge produced by the cell.
b 1.88 × 1021
c i 1.3 × 10−5 m s−1

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ii  ean drift velocity is the average

M 2 a  he ratio of the potential difference
T
distance travelled by the electron in across the component to the current in the
one second in a direction along the component.
wire. The mean speed is a scalar and
b i 48 Ω
is the distance travelled per second.
Since the movement is not in a ii 300 W
straight line the mean speed is much iii
larger than the mean drift velocity. Total power /
S1 S2
kW
iii  o keep the current the same in
T
closed closed 2.4
the narrower section, the electrons
must travel faster in that region. The closed open 1.2
number density of free electrons is open closed 1.8
constant as that is a property of the
open open 0.6
material.

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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 9
Exercise 9.1 Kirchhoff’s laws and b I n 1 s, 4 + 3 = 7 C of charge flow
towards the junction from the 4 A and
conservation 3 A currents. 8 C flows away from the
1 Kirchhoff’s first law: The sum of the currents junction, so another 1 C must flow at P,
entering any point in a circuit is equal to the towards the junction.
sum of the currents leaving that same point. 6 a 4.0 V
Kirchhoff’s second law: The sum of the e.m.f.s b 3.0 V
around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to
the sum of the p.d.s around the same loop. c  he 6 V battery has a larger e.m.f. than
T
the 2 V battery and so current leaves the
2 a charge + terminal of this battery.
b energy d i loses 6 J of energy or 6 J of chemical
3 a 60 C energy transformed to electrical energy

b  he charge that flows into the resistor

T ii g ains 2 J of energy or 2 J of electrical
must flow out of it, as the resistor does energy transformed to chemical energy
not store or produce charge. iii loses 1 J of energy or 1 J of electrical
c 5.0 A energy transformed to thermal energy

d 6.0 A Exercise 9.2 Series and parallel

e  he resistor connected to C has a larger
T circuits
resistance than the resistor connected to D.
1 a R
4 a 2.0 C
R
b
b 20 J 2
c 16 J 3R
c
d 4J 2
5R
e 2.0 V d
2
f  he total e.m.f. in the closed loop of the
T
circuit is 10 V; the total p.d. in the loop is 2 a
8 + 2 = 10 V so the second law is obeyed. X/Ω Y/Ω Z/Ω RAB / Ω
5 a 1 .0 A towards the left (towards the
400 400 400 600
junction)
20 400 400 220
200 300 600 400
400 333 500 500

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b i 0.020 A b 8 = 5I2
ii 8.0 V c 10 = 5I2 + 5I1
iii 4.0 V d I1 = 0.40 A
3 2.0 Ω all three resistors in parallel; 4.0 Ω two I2 = 1.6 A
resistors in series and the third in parallel with
them; 3.0 Ω two resistors in parallel; 12 Ω I3 = 1.2 A
two resistors in series; 9.0 Ω two resistors in e 2 = 5I1
parallel and the third in series; 18 Ω three
resistors in series 3 a maximum 12.0 V

4 a 40 Ω minimum 4.0 V

b 0.15 A b maximum 3.0 A

5 a In IRt = IR1 + IR2 she has used the same minimum 1.0 A
current in the two resistors and in the 4 a I1 = I2 + I3
combined resistor.
b  irchhoff’s first law at the junction on the
K
b Vt = V1 + V2 right shows that I4 = I2 + I3 = I1
c  wo resistors connected in parallel to an
T c E1 = I1R + I2R + I4R
e.m.f. Vt produces a total current It.
d E2 = I3R − I2R
By Kirchhoff’s first law It = I1 + I2
e E1 + E2 = I1R + I3R + I4R = 2I1R + I3R
V
By Kirchhoff’s second law I1 = t and
 R1 Exam-style questions
Vt
I2 = using two closed loops.
R2 1 a I1 = I2 + I3
Vt Vt Vt and so 1 1 1 b 12 = 8I2 + 4I2
= + = +
Rt R1 R2 Rt R1 R2 I2 = 1.0 A
12
Exercise 9.3 Applying Kirchhoff’s c = 0.60 A
20
second law to more complex
d  he e.m.f. in the loop is zero and so
T
circuits 0 = 8I2 + 4I2 − 20I3 taking the clockwise
1 a ACBA and ACDA direction as positive.

(Note: the letters may be in any order, for e 7.5 Ω

example BCAB or ABCA.) f 8 : 3 or 2.67
b ABCDA is 2.0 V 2 a  he sum of the currents entering any
T
point in a circuit is equal to the sum of
ACBA 1.0 V the currents leaving that same point.
ACDA 3.0 V b charge
c ACDA : 3 = 2I2 c I f 1 C of charge passes around the circuit,
ACBA : 1 = 2I2 − 4I1 electrical energy of magnitude E is
produced in the cell. If V1 and V2 are the
d I1 = 0.50 A p.d.s across the resistors then the electrical
I2 = 1.5 A energy changed to thermal energy (heat)
in the two resistors is V1 and V2. Since
e I3 = I1 + I2 energy is neither created nor destroyed
E = V1 + V2.
2 a I2 = I1 + I3

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d i 0.80 Ω 4 a 9.6 Ω
ii 10 A b 1.25 A

iii 3.2 Ω c 2.0 V

iv  he current is very large, producing

T d  he p.d. rises to 6 V as then there are two
T
possible overheating of the battery equal resistors in series which share the
and wires and the battery is run down p.d. equally.
further rather than being charged.
3 a 20 Ω
b  wo lines of eight resistors in series and
T
then these two lines are connected in
parallel.
c  urrent in each resistor is less and so less
C
power/heat is produced.

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 10
Exercise 10.1 Ohm’s law Exercise 10.2 Other components
1 a i  hm’s law does not mention the term
O 1 a  he circuit shown allows voltages of 0 to
T
resistance. 12 V to be displayed. An alternative is to
specify a variable power supply.
ii T
 his is nearly correct but it does not
mention the condition that it is only
true if temperature is constant.
iii T
 his is a definition of resistance and 12 V
not a statement of Ohm’s law. A
iv T
 his is a condition that must be obeyed V
for Ohm’s law to be correct but it is not
the relationship given by Ohm’s law.

b  tatement ii can be made correct by adding

S b  et the slider at one end of the variable
S
the requirement for the temperature/ resistor. Record the readings on the
physical conditions to be constant. voltmeter and ammeter. Repeat these
measurements to produce different
2 a  : This is the only graph where the V–I
C readings of current and voltage, by
relationship is a straight line through the moving the slider from one end of the
origin, so current is proportional to the p.d. variable resistor to the other. Plot a graph
of the current on the y-axis against the
b  : The ratio of voltage/current is the
B
voltmeter reading on the x-axis.
resistance. This is the gradient of a line
drawn from the origin to any point on c  xamples include: use sensitive meters,
E
the graph. The gradient of such a line reading near the top of their ranges;
increases only for B as the current is clean terminals with sandpaper; ensure
increased. voltmeter has a high resistance; check for
zero error on meters.
c  : from 0 to 2 V; C: from 0 to 4 V.
A
For B, although the graph is straight 2 a  he line is not a straight line through the
T
above 3.2 V, the resistance is still origin and so p.d. is not proportional to
changing. current.
3 a  hm’s law is not obeyed. The ratio of V/I
O b  lament lamp (other possibilities exist,
fi
for each value of current listed is 2.0, 2.0, such as a thermistor or a resistor that
2.0, 2.5 and 3.6, showing current is not becomes hot)
proportional to p.d. over the whole range.
c 150 Ω
b from 0 to 0.30 A
d  he resistance is very large (infinite) for
T
voltages from 0 to 0.9 V and then falls;
for example, at 1.6 V the current is 15 mA
and R = 107 Ω.

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e  he resistance is very large (infinite for a

T Exercise 10.3 Resistivity and
perfect diode).
resistance: the basics
f  he current is zero, or very small, for
T
all voltages (0 to 2 V) and the graph is a 1 a
horizontal line along the voltage axis. resistance of a wire × cross - sectional area
resistivity =
3 p.d. across diode = 1.6 V length

p.d. across resistor = 14.4 V b  esistivity takes into account not only
R
the resistance of a wire but the length and
R = 960 Ω
area of a wire to produce a quantity that is
4 a 4.0 A the same for all wires of the same material.
Resistance is particular to a single wire.
b, c
4 c  he resistance of wires depends on the
T
(12,V) length and area; the resistivity is the same
3 for all wires of the same material (at the
3.0 Ω same temperature). Resistance per unit
I /A

2 (1,2) length depends on the area of the wire,

resistor
resistivity does not.
1
2 a Ωm
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 b V m A−1
V/V
c kg m3 A−2 s−3
d  he temperature of the filament lamp
T 3 Using the circuit shown with a variable
changes as current changes. voltage supply, measure the p.d. V across the
5 a wire and the current I in it with the voltmeter
thermistor and ammeter respectively.

light
dependent I
resistor metal wire
A
b  thermistor is usually made from a
A
V
semiconductor and is not a metal. Its
resistance also changes considerably with
Measure the length l of the wire with a metre
a change in temperature, which occurs as
rule and the diameter d of the wire with a
c the current in the thermistor changes.
micrometer screw gauge. Repeat for different
lengths of wire.
V
Calculate R where R = and plot a graph of
Resistance

I
R against l.
ρ
The gradient of the graph = where ρ is the
A
0 πd2
0 resistivity and A is the area = .
Light intensity 4
In the dark an LDR has a resistance of πd2
So, ρ = gradient × .
many MΩ. 4
The largest percentage uncertainty is the
diameter.

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To keep temperature constant, use small 6 a 0.25 or 1 : 4

currents and take the reading quickly and
switch off, or place the wire in a water bath b 4 or 4 : 1
at constant temperature (the wire must be c 0.25 or 1 : 4
insulated).
d 0.25 or 1 : 4
Other precautions include: measure the
diameter at several places along the wire and Exam-style questions
calculate an average; use sensitive meters.
1 a  he graph is a not a straight line through
T
4 a 400 Ω
the origin.
b 100 Ω
b 5.0 Ω
c 200 Ω
c  t higher currents, more power is
A
5 6.0 × 10−8 Ω m produced, the filament is hotter and the
resistance increases with temperature.
6 10 m
7 a 2.0 × 10−8 m2

Resistance / Ω
d
b 8.0 × 10−5 m
5
Exercise 10.4 Resistivity and
resistance: harder problems 0
0 100 400
1 a 239 Ω Current / mA
b Measure the resistance R of the pencil line
e 9.85 × 10−3 m
ρl
and the thickness t = .
Rw 2 a  component for which current is not
A
2 a 0.45 Ω proportional to potential difference.
Another example is a filament lamp,
b 7.2 Ω thermistor or light-dependent resistor.
3 a 0.43 m b
I+
b

Quantity For the second wire

the quantity is:
cross-sectional area smaller – 0 +V
0
resistance bigger
≈ 0.6 V
resistivity the same
current smaller
–
power produced smaller
c  or reverse bias (negative values of V),
F
4 a 13.3 Ω there is no, or a very small, current and
b 2.1 × 10−7 Ω the resistance is very high. This is also
true for p.d. between 0 and about 0.6 V.
5 a 3.7 × 10−4 m As the p.d. increases above 0.6 V, the
b Since power = I2R, a smaller current current increases but is not proportional
means a larger resistance is needed to to p.d.; the resistance decreases. The
produce the same power. To achieve this, rate of change of current with voltage
a wire with a smaller diameter is needed. increases as voltage increases.

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3 a  he current in a metallic conductor is

T c i 1.13 × 10−6 m2
directly proportional to the potential
ii 0.15 Ω
difference across its ends, provided
physical conditions such as temperature iii 0.0125 Ω
remain constant.
b Resistance is constant.

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1 One cell, three e 2 .0 V as this is the voltage across the
internal resistance.
voltages
4 a
1 a E The e.m.f. of a cell – the potential
difference across the cell when there Current / E/V V/V p.d across
is no current A the internal
V The terminal potential difference resistance
across a cell when a current is drawn (E − V) / V
from it 0 1.50 1.50 0
Ir The p.d. across the internal resistance 0.5 1.50 1.25 0.25
of the cell; the ‘lost volts’
1.0 1.50 1.00 0.50
b 2.0 1.50 0.50 1.00
E The electrical energy per unit
charge produced in the cell 3.0 1.50 0 1.50
V The energy per unit charge b  he difference between the known e.m.f. and
T
transferred from electrical to other the measured voltage, 0.25 V, is ‘lost volts’
forms in a component connected to across the internal resistance of the cell.
the cell
Ir The energy per unit charge c  he external resistance is reduced from
T
transformed to heat within the very large (infinity or open circuit) to
internal resistance of the cell very small (short circuit or the terminal
connected by a thick wire).
2 a  hen there is no current or when the cell
W 5 There is a large current. Some p.d. is needed
is on ‘open circuit’. to drive the current through the internal
b  hen the cell is connected to a
W resistance of the battery.
component then there is a current and
a p.d. across the internal resistance. Exercise 11.2 Using the internal
The e.m.f. of the cell is shared across resistance equations
the internal resistance and across the
component, and so is larger than either. 1 a 20 Ω
c  y ‘short circuiting’ the cell – connecting
B b 2.5 Ω
a thick wire of very low resistance across
its terminals. The cell quickly runs down. 2 a 0.40 A

3 a 6.0 V b 3.6 V

b There is no current. c 3.6 V

c 2.0 V d 4.0 V

d 4 .0 V as this is the voltage across the 3 a 0.40 A

external 12 Ω resistor. b 5.0 Ω

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4 a V = E − Ir Vout
e I=
gradient = −r R2
Vin V
y-intercept = E f I = = I = out so this can be
R1 + R2 R2
b 0.50 Ω R2
rearranged to give Vout = Vin
V power R1 + R2
c
supply
g Vout / V Vin / V R1 / Ω R2 / Ω

A 5.0 6.0   50 250

2.0 10.0 100 25
rheostat 4.0 24.0 1000 200
(variable resistor)
5.1 16.2 400 184
5 a 0.21 A
2 maximum voltage 6.0 V, minimum voltage 2.0 V
b 3.3 Ω
3 a 6.0 V
c 0.15 W or J s−1
b 0V
6 a 4.5 V
c 4.0 V
b 3.6 V
4 a 4.8 V
c 2.7 Ω
b i 2.0 V
7 a R/Ω I/A P/W
ii 3.0 V
0 3.0 0
iii 4.8 V
1.0 2.0 4.0
2.0 1.5 4.5 c i 2.8 V

3.0 1.2 4.3 ii 1.8 V

4.0 1.0 4.0 iii 0 V
5 a  s light intensity increases, the resistance
A
b 8.0 W of the thermistor decreases. There is then
c 12 W a smaller proportion of the 6.0 V across
the thermistor and a larger proportion of
d The value for P = c − b the 6.0 V across the fixed resistor.
8 a 60 Ω R 6.0 − 2.0
b =
3000 2.0
b 0.10 A
R = 6000 Ω
c 4.8 V

Exercise 11.3 The potential Exercise 11.4 The potentiometer

divider 1 a 0.10 V

1 a 18 : 12 b i 2.0 V

b 48 V : 32 V ii 2.5 V

c 48 V : 12 V iii 4.0 V
Vin c i 0V
d I=
R1 + R2 ii 0.5 V
iii 2.0 V

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2 a 2 a  circuit in which a voltage or potential

A
EA / V VB / V l/m
difference is split into two or more parts,
2.0 0.60 0.30 usually by resistors in series.
2.0 0.44 0.22 b  he resistors are in series and have the
T
1.5 0.60 0.40 same current or charge flow per unit time.
A larger resistance and the same current
6.0 4.8 0.80
requires a larger p.d. V since V = IR.
b i 0.20 V c 3.43 V
ii 0.049 V d 960 Ω
iii There is a small voltage across the e E0
wire.
c i 19 990 Ω or 20 000 Ω
ii Connect circuit as given. Adjust C D
A B
position of M until the sensitive
meter (ammeter or galvanometer) EX
measures zero. Measure l. Repeat
and average.
EY
iii The voltage = l × 3.0 mV when l is in
10 × l
metres or 6 × .
R + 10
Move the slider until the ammeter
Exam-style questions measures zero. Record the distance along
the wire. Repeat with the other cell.
1 a  he resistance inside the battery that
T The ratio of the two distances is the ratio
decreases the terminal p.d. when there is a of the e.m.f.s of the two cells.
current. It is equal to the difference between
the e.m.f. of the battery and the p.d. across 2.8
3 a current = = 7.4 × 10−3 A
its terminals divided by the current. 380
1.2 R 4.0 − 2.8
b  he e.m.f. of the battery is the number of
T R = or = or
joules per unit charge that is converted 7.4 × 10 −3
380 2.8
from electrical to other forms. Some of 380
2.8 = 4.0 ×
this energy is dissipated in an external 380 + R
resistor and some in the internal R = 163 Ω
resistance. By the conservation of energy
there must be less energy per unit charge b  s temperature rises, the resistance of
A
in the external resistor than is provided. the thermistor decreases. The current in
the circuit increases. There is a greater
c 10.3(5) V voltage across the fixed resistor (it has a
greater proportion of the total resistance
d 2.6 Ω
connected to the battery).
e 8.3 A
f  ith all lamps on, there is a larger current
W
and more ‘lost volts’ across the internal
resistance. This decreases the terminal p.d.
across the battery and the current in the
side-lamps is smaller.

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 20
Exercise 20.1 Ideal gases 4 a volume increases
b
1 a p = pressure (Pa)
V = volume (m3)

Volume
n = number of moles (mol)
R = universal molar gas constant
(8.31 J mol–1 K–1)
T = thermodynamic temperature (K) 0
0 Temperature / K
b  oyle’s law relates p and V; n, R and T
B
are constant (mass is constant since n is
constant).
c I t will condense before it reaches 0 K, so
c n; mass = n × molar mass its volume will suddenly decrease rapidly.
2 a 0.015 mol d 0.064 m3
b 4.0 g 5 a constant = nR
c 2820 mol unit = J K–1
3 a 3200 × 103 Pa b 46.67 J K–1
b c 4.91 × 105 Pa
d 421 K = 148 °C
Pressure

Exercise 20.2 The kinetic

model of a gas
0 1 a n is number of moles; N is number of
0 Volume molecules
b pV = nRT = 13 Nm<c 2>
c 3.2 mol
average KE of 1 molecule
= 12= m <c 2 > 32 n RT
N
N
Avagadro’s number NA = n
R
Boltzmann constant k = NA

so average KE of 1 molecule = 32 kT

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c for 1 mole, RT = 13 NA m<c2> d

average KE of 1 mole = 12 N A m < c 2 > = 32 RT

Mean kinetic energy / J

d i 300 m s−1
ii 9.7 × 104 m2 s−2
iii 310 m s−1
2 a  he total volume of the particles is much
T
less than the total volume of the box.
0
0 Temperature / K
b  he particles of a gas attract one another,
T
but this is only significant when they are
very close together. They do not influence Exam-style questions
each other between collisions.
1 a a gas that behaves according to the
c  hey move with constant velocity
T equation pV = nRT
(constant speed in a straight line).
b 1.50 m3
d  he collisions between particles are
T
elastic; the total kinetic energy of the c 1.24 × 105 Pa
particles is constant. d density = 0.080 kg m−3
3 a 500 kg m s–1 e root-mean-square speed = 2160 m s−1
b 1000 kg m s –1
2 a  articles of the gas move around,
P
c time interval = 0.0040 s colliding with walls; each collision exerts
a force.
frequency = 250 Hz
b t wice as many particles so twice as many
d 250 000 N collisions per second with walls
e 250 000 Pa c  t higher temperature particles move
A
f the same (250 000 Pa) faster so there is greater change in their
momentum at each collision, so greater
g one-third; 83 300 Pa force per collision. There is also a greater
rate of collision of the molecules with
h g reater (by a factor of 1.29,
the walls.
so p = 108 000 Pa)
d mean kinetic energy = 6.21 × 10–21 J
i  ollisions are elastic; no KE is lost when
C
velocity is unchanged after collision. e  he two types of particle have the same
T
mean KE; those with smaller mass
4 a m = mass of an atom or molecule
(nitrogen) must have greater mean-square
< c 2 > = mean-square speed of atoms/ speed for this to be so, since
molecules mean KE = 12 m < c 2 >
b  = Boltzmann constant
k 3 a a mount of substance containing 6.02 ×
T = thermodynamic temperature 1023 particles/molecules/atoms
c It is doubled. b i 2.5 × 10−2 × 523/223 = 5.9 × 10−2 m3
ii 1 .5 × 8.31 × 223/2.5 × 10−2
= 1.1 × 105 Pa

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Workbook answers
Chapter 21
Exercise 21.1 Representing an b F = qE
qE
electric field c a=
m
1 a  wo positive electric charges repel each
T 2 a 4.4 × 10−4 N C−1
other.
b 3.2 × 10–15 N
b There is an attractive force between two
3 a E = electric field strength (N C–1)
opposite electric charges.
V = potential difference (V)
c  lectric field lines are directed from
E
positive to negative. d = separation of the plates (m)
d  n electric field line shows the direction
A b 2 5 000 N C–1 (or 25 000 V m–1 or
of the force on a positive charge placed at 25 kV m–1)
a point in a field.
c 5.0 V
2 a b c
d 9.1 × 10−16 N
+ −
+ −
+ − + + − e 4000 N downwards
+ −
+ −
Exercise 21.3 Moving in an
3 a b electric field
F F
+ Q − Q + 1 a E = 12 000 V m–1
b F = 1.92 × 10–15 N
F
c c a = = 1.15 × 1012 m s–2
+ + + + + m
d to the right, accelerating
Q
F 2 a  lectric field lines are parallel and evenly
E
− − − − − spaced.
b  he field is directed from positive to
T
Exercise 21.2 Calculating force negative.
and field strength
c  ach electron has negative charge so force
E
1 a E = electric field strength (N C–1) is in opposite direction to field lines.
F = force (N) d  he electric force (and gravitational force)
T
q = charge (C) has no horizontal component.

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e  he vertical component of their velocity

T 6000
increases at a steady rate (constant 2 a E= = 30 000 V m−1
0.20
acceleration due to constant force).
b F = 30 000 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 4.8 × 10−15 N
f  he path is a parabola (as for a projectile
T
in the uniform gravitational field of the c, d The path of the electron beam is curved
Earth). where it passes between the plates and
straight when it is in the space beyond.
Exam-style questions electron beam

1 a a region in which a charged body + 6.0 kV

experiences a force − +
F − +
b the force per unit positive charge; E =
q − +
c electric force = Eq = 2500 × −4.5 × 10−9 − +
= 1.1 × 10−5 N (to left) − +

d gravitational force = mg = 1.0 × 10−6 × 9.81

= 9.8 × 10−6 N (downwards) 20 cm

e  he two forces have similar magnitudes so
T
their resultant will be at roughly 45° to the 3 a i towards the right
horizontal. ii  y placing a potential difference
b
between two (vertical) metal plates
electric force (with a hole for the electrons to enter)
b a = (v2 − u2) / 2s = 4.0 × 1014 / (2 × 0.050)
= 4.0 × 1015 m s−2
F ma
c E = q = q = 9.11 × 10−31 × 4.0 ×
resultant 1015
= 2.3 × 104 N C−1
force 1.6 × 10−19
gravitational
force d  everses in direction, towards the left, at
R
constant acceleration until it reaches P
when it then travels at constant speed.

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Workbook answers
Chapter 22
Exercise 22.1 Electric field d ×4

around a point charge e × 1

4

1 a  n electric field is a region where a force

A f ×4
acts on an electric charge due to its charge. g 90 N
force (N)
b electric field strength (N C −1 ) = 4 a 24 N C–1 away from +Q
charge (C)
F b 120 N towards +Q
E=
Q 5 a
c electric force = 8.0 × 10 –16
N to the left
d gravitational force = 8.9 × 10–30 N
downwards +Q

2 a

b  o, the lines are not evenly spaced, they

N
get farther apart with distance from the
charge.
c 2.81 × 107 N C–1
d

b 30 cm
E
3 a F F
+ +

0
0 t

1 cm
6 a The +4.0 × 10 C charge; both charges
−6

are at same distance so the bigger charge

b  orces are equal and opposite in
F will exert the greater force.
direction; act on two different bodies
(the two charges); both are electrical b to the right (away from +4 × 10−6 C)
(the same type). c 2 cm from +4.0 × 10−6 C, 1.0 × 10−6 cm
1
c  agnitude is unchanged but both change
M from +1 C; 242 = 12
direction (they become attractive).

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Exercise 22.2 Electric potential Exam-style questions

1 a 392 J; 19.62 J kg–1 1 a  ny two point charges exert an electrical
A
force on each other that is proportional to
b  ositive charges repel (or the positive
P
the product of their charges and inversely
charge is being pushed against the
proportional to the square of the distance
direction of the electric field).
between them.
c 40 J; 2 V
b 2.8 × 10−7 N
d −
 40 J; the negative charge loses energy in
moving to a higher potential. c 2.8 × 10−7 N

2 a They attract, because they are opposite d I ts electric potential energy has increased
charges. because work must be done to increase
the separation between opposite charges.
b  ork must be done against the attractive
W
force between the charges. 2 a t he work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from infinity to the point
c 9.0 × 109 V
b 3.2 × 10−16 J
d 4.5 × 107 J
3 a  ield lines are equally spaced along their
F c
length.
b −50 kV m−1
2
c straight line
d gradient = negative of field strength
V / kV

doesn’t vary (is constant)

1
e  ield lines are not equally spaced along
F
their length.
f  radient is steepest nearest the charge
G
(small distances). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d / cm
g  earest the charge is where the field is
N
strongest. d 25 kV m–1 (or 25 kN C–1)
h  urthest from charge, where gradient of
F 5
e AB no work; BC = × 3.2 × 10–16
curve is least (and field lines are furthest = 2.0 × 10 J
−16 8
apart).
3 a lines at right angles to the circular
i  ield is strongest at Earth’s surface;
F equipotentials starting on the cable
move upwards for weaker field (away
from surface). arrows showing direction out from cable
∆V
4 a 3.2 m b E =−
(5.4 − 0.7 ) ∆d
b gradient = − = −1.1 V m−1 Smaller distance between for same change
(5.0 − 0.6 )
in potential near cable means larger E.
c gradient is negative; the force is repulsive
∆V
c  =−
E = 5000/8.0 × 10−3
∆d
= 6.25 × 105 N C−1

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 23
Exercise 23.1 Charge, voltage f 5.4 V

and capacitance g 5.4 × 10–3 A

1 a C = capacitance in farad (F) h because the p.d. across R has decreased

Q = charge in coulomb (C) 5 a  raph B; because the p.d. starts to

G
decrease as soon as charge leaves the
V = potential difference in volt (V) capacitor.
b 1 F = 1 C V–1 b  ore slowly because the current will be
M
c 0.01 F smaller and so the charge will leave the
capacitor more slowly.
d 0.01 C
e 0.50 C Exercise 23.2 Energy stored
by a charged capacitor
2 a pico; 10−12
1
b i 2.0 × 10−5 F 1 a gradient =
C
ii 1.0 × 10–2 F b 1.0 mJ

iii 2.0 × 10–11 F c 3.0 mJ; three times

iv 5.0 × 10−9 F d t he work done in adding the second mC

(or work done in increasing p.d. from
3 a 0 A (no current) 2 V to 4 V)
b V; 0 V e I t is necessary to push against the
repulsion of the charge that is already
c -Q
present on the plates.
d +Q
f 1 6.0 mJ; area of first four strips, or of
e an electric field triangle
f 0V 2 a 50 µF; 900 µJ
g V Q
b can be rearranged to Q = CV
C=
V
V
h I= substituting in W = QV gives:
R
W = 1
2 CV × V = 1
2 CV2
4 a 6V
c 0.576 J
b 0.060 C
d 2.78 × 10−5 F
c 6V
r
3 a C=
d 6.0 × 10–3 A (6.0 mA) k
e 0.006 C; 0.054 C b larger radius

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Q
c 2.2 × 10–11 F c C = ΔV = 3.5 × 10−6 F
d 4.4 × 10−7 C d 32 ms
32 ×10−3
e 4.4 × 10–3 J e C= 10000 = 3.2 × 10−6 F
f  oth graphs have the same shape as the
B
Exercise 23.3 Capacitors in series graph shown but have an initial current
and in parallel of 6.0 × 10−4 A and an initial charge of
0.0192 C.
1 a 20 pF
2 a 0.018 C
b 5.0 pF
b 9.0 × 10−5 A
c 5
c 200 s
d 2.0 pF
d 9/e = 3.3 V
e 260 pF
e 3.3 × 10−5 A
f 8.0 pF
f 0.0066 C
2 a in parallel; 60 µF
3 a 6.1 V
b in series; 40 µF
b 6.1 × 10−5 A
c 50 µF
c 2.2 V
3 a  , because each is connected directly
V
across the supply V. d 8.9 × 10−4 C
b Q = C1V + C2V e 28 s
c Q = CtotalV = C1V + C2V, so
Exam-style questions
Ctotal = C1 + C2
1 a  apacitance of a capacitor: the charge
C
d  , because –Q on C1 must be equal in
Q stored on one plate per unit potential
magnitude to +Q on C2. difference between the plates.
Q Q
e V = V1 + V2 = + b 60 mA
C1 C2
Q Q Q 1 1 1 c 0.048 C
f V= = + so = +
Ctotal C1 C2 Ctotal C1 C2 d 5.76 J
4 a series e
b parallel
Potential

c series
d series
e parallel
0
0
Exercise 23.4 Discharging Charge

a capacitor 2 a 308 µF
1 a initial current = 6.0 × 10−4 A b charge on C1 = charge on C2
current at 5.0 ms = 5.2 × 10−4 A = 6.15 × 10–2 C = 62 mC

average current = 5.6 × 10−4 A 3 a 1

2 × 470 × 10−6 × (302 − 22) = 0.21 J

b Q = It = 2.8 × 10−6 C

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   
b 2 = 30 exp  ( 470 ×−10
t
−16 )
× 1.4  c 2.5 = 5 exp  (2.7 ×t10−6 ) × 820 
   

 ( 470 ×−10

t
−16 )

× 1.4  = ln

( 302 )  
 (2.7 ×t10−6 ) × 820  = ln 2
 
t = 0.0018 s t = 0.0015 s
E
c P= t = 120 W d i in parallel 4.9 μF
4 a i t he time taken for the initial charge in series 1/Ctotal = 1/C1 + 1/C2
on the plates of the capacitor (or the
initial current or p.d. across the plates) Ctotal = 1.2 μF
to fall to 1/e of the initial value ii  arallel combination as this has the
P
ii 0.0022 s longer time constant and takes a
longer time to decay.
b  harge flows from one plate of the capacitor
C
onto the other through the ball and plate. A
reduced charge means a lower p.d. across the
plates. Not all of the charge flows in the time
available as the current is not large enough
or the time constant small enough and so
some charge is left on the plates.

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Workbook answers
Chapter 24
Exercise 24.1 Magnetic field lines d  ield lines of magnet and around current
F
cancel on the left (because they are in
1 a circles centred on the wire opposite directions); they add up on the
right; so force is to the left.
b anticlockwise
2 a thumb = direction of force
c c losest to the wire; lines are closer
together first finger = direction of magnetic field
d field lines become clockwise second finger = direction of current
e field lines closer together b left-hand example: force towards top of page
2 a right hand right-hand example: force downwards
into page
b direction of the current
3 a F = force (newton, N)
c direction of the field lines
B = magnetic flux density (tesla, T)
3 a right hand
I = current (amp, A)
b direction of the field lines inside the coil
l = length of conductor (metre, m)
c direction of the current around the coils
F
d I ncrease the current; increase the number of b B= ; 1 T = 1 kg A–1 s–2
Il
coils per unit length; add a ferrous core.
c B, F and I
e  ttract; the second coil will have a south
A
pole at its right-hand end and will attract d F = BIl sin θ.
the north pole of the first coil.
e 0.030 N
f Reverse the current in one coil.
f B
Exercise 24.2 Force on a
current-carrying conductor wire I
1 a–c

N 4 a 0.40 T

F I b 160 µN = 1.6 × 10–4 N

c  eight of wire = 0.2 N approximately;
w
S 1000 times the magnetic force

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5 a  ownwards from the positive to the

d 2 a 6.7 × 10–5 N downwards into page
negative terminal
b 6.7 × 10–5 N upwards out of page
b  agnetic field is into the page. The
M
second finger of the left hand points c  urrent is parallel to magnetic field so
C
down the page and the thumb points to θ = 0° and sin θ = 0. (Or, current does not
the right in the direction of the force. cut across field lines.)
The first finger shows the direction of the 3 a circles around the wire
magnetic field.
clockwise viewed from above
Exam-style questions circles are closer together near the wire
than they are further from the wire
1 a t he force experienced per unit length by
a long straight conductor carrying unit b i arrow towards wire Q
current and placed at a point in a magnetic
field and at right angles to the field ii  he force is the same but the direction
T
is opposite (or both wires attract) due
b north pole to Newton’s third law or although the
current in P is larger than in Q the
c  ttract; south pole of solenoid A is facing
A
field at P due to Q is smaller than
north pole of solenoid B.
the field at Q due to P.
d  he forces are equal in magnitude (but
T
4 a  orce is upwards on the wire due to
F
opposite in direction); an example of
Newton’s third law.
Newton’s third law. Solenoid A has a
Fl  26 × 10 −3 × 9.81 
bigger current acted on by a weaker field; b B = Il =  3.4 × 5.6 × 10−2  = 0.13 T
solenoid B has a smaller current acted on
by a stronger field, and the resulting forces c  he reading on the balance only increases
T
are equal and opposite. by 2.6 sin 60° when the current is switched
on. The force on the wire is BIl sin θ
where θ is the angle between the field and
the wire.

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Workbook answers
Chapter 25
Exercise 25.1 Magnetic forces on e 1.6 × 10–13 N

particles f e lectron deflected in opposite direction

(downwards) and smaller radius of circle
1 a Q = charge on particle (more deflection in square)
v = speed (or velocity) of particle g r educe magnetic flux density or increase
velocity
θ = angle between direction of motion
and magnetic field 5 0.28 m
b  ust be moving at an angle to the
M 6 a 3.2 × 10–19 C
magnetic field.
b 1.7 m
c  ot moving or moving along the
N
magnetic field. c  he second ion has larger mass or smaller
T
charge.
mv 2
2 a F = BQv sinθ = BQv =
R Exercise 25.2 Electric forces
mv on charged particles
so, R =
Bq
1 a speed of movement; direction of movement
2 πR 2 πm
b T= = b  o force in magnetic field; force in electric
N
v Bq
field forwards horizontally. Both travel in
c v = rω a straight line but in the electric field the
v Bq charge speeds up.
so, ω = =
r m
c  orce is out of page initially in magnetic
F
3 a towards the centre of the circle field but towards the centre of a circle and
vertically upwards in electric field. Path
b into the page is a horizontal circle in the magnetic field
c  he force is always at right angles to the
T and not circular (part of a parabola) in
motion of the electron, therefore the force the electric field.
does no work on the electron. 2 a nothing
d 1.0 × 10 –17
N b increases
e 4.3 × 10 T
–5
c stays the same, downwards
f 8.4 × 10–7 s d  cceleration is constant in direction; in
A
4 a a circular arc / a quarter of a circle circular motion the acceleration changes
direction to be always towards the centre
b upwards of the circle.
c to the left e 9.7 × 1011 m s–2
d into the page

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f  cceleration is much larger than the

A c The B-field into the plane of the probe is
acceleration due to gravity 10 m s–2. reversed.
g s ame shape but half the deflection d  he field from the current decreases with
T
downwards within the field distance from the wire.
h  ouble the voltage across the plates; halve
d e 3.1 × 1022 m–3
their separation
f 3.3 m s–1
i  oth modifications double the electric
b
field strength g 4.3 × 10–20 N
h 4.3 × 10–20 N
Exercise 25.3 The Hall effect
4 a 6.5 × 1028 m–3
1 When charges move in an electrical
b  he number density of free electrons is
T
conductor with the electrical current at right
much larger in the metal. With the same
angles to a magnetic field, the charges are
current, the velocity of the charge carriers
forced sideways and produce a p.d. (voltage)
is smaller in the metal and the sideways
across the sides of the conductor.
force on the charge carriers is smaller,
2 a towards the left, out of face P leading to a smaller Hall voltage.

b from the front face S to the back face R

(Note: electrons inside the slice are moving
Exercise 25.4 The velocity
from face Q to face P – the left-hand rule selector
works with the direction of the conventional
1 a towards the left
current and moves them towards face R.)
b B-field is into the page
c face R
E
d between faces R and S c v=
B
e t he electric force and the magnetic force
d 2.0 × 105 m s–1
on an electron
e 0.021 m
f  o there is no resultant force and electrons
S
can move from P to Q. Otherwise, if the f  he magnetic force is larger than the
T
forces are not equal, electrons will build electric force and the ion is deflected to left.
up on face R or S until the forces balance
and then the build-up stops. 2 a eE
g VH = E × d = Bvd b Bev
but, I = Anvq where A = area of face P = td c downwards or down the page
I d  ut of the page (current is to the left and
o
so, v =
Anq the magnetic force is up the page)

BI e  he electric and magnetic forces are equal

T
and, VH = and cancel.
ntq
f  he electric force and the magnetic force
T
h 0.10 T
are both doubled but are still equal to
i 2.0 × 10–2 V m–1 each other.
j 0.19 m s–1 g  he magnetic force is larger than the
T
3 a  he magnetic field is caused by the
T electric force and the electrons hit the top
current in the wire. half of S2.

b  he plane of the probe and the B-field are

T
parallel to each other.

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Exam-style questions b i The voltage between A and B creates

an electric field in the strip. This
1 a  s the particle moves round, the force on
A creates an electric force on
the particle is always perpendicular to its the electrons to cancel the magnetic
velocity or direction of travel. The speed force.
of the particle is constant.
ii Increasing the current increases the
b magnetic force = the centripetal force mean drift velocity of the electrons
and the magnetic force increases.
Bqv = mv2 / r
More electrons move to the top face
c 2.5 × 107 m s–1 to increase the electric field until the
forces cancel.
2 a  he force on the positron is in the opposite
T
direction and thus by Fleming’s left- c 8.5 × 1028 m–3
hand rule, the ‘current’ is in the opposite
4 a i Magnetic force is Bqv and electric
direction. As both particles are initially
force is qE;
moving towards the right, they must have
opposite charges. The positron has opposite when the two forces are equal, there is
charge to the electron, which is negative. no net force;
b  t the start, the radii of the two circles
A this occurs when Bqv = qE which is
are equal to each other and, since specific true for all values of q.
v
charge q / m = and v, B and r are the v = E / B = 30 000 / 0.18
ii 
Br
same for the two particles, the specific = 1.67 × 105 m s–1
charges are equal. mv 2
mv b i Bqv =
c Speed is decreasing; since r = and the rq
Bq
mv
radius is decreasing, v is decreasing. B=
rq
3 a I nto the front (largest) face; by Fleming’s = 118 × 1.67 × 10−27 × 1.67 × 105 /
left-hand rule this produces a force (0.13 × 1.6 × 10−19) = 1.58 T
upwards on the negatively charged
electrons moving from left to right.
ii 0.13 × 120/118 = 0.132 m
iii 0.264 − 0.260 = 0.004 m

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 26
Exercise 26.1 Flux, flux density 4 component of field perpendicular to coil
Bperp = B sin θ
and flux linkage
flux linkage = NΦ = NBperpA = NBA sin θ
1 magnetic flux: the magnetic flux density
perpendicular to a circuit multiplied by the 5 a 7.0 × 10–6 Wb
cross-sectional area of the circuit b 0
magnetic flux linkage: magnetic flux through a c 3.5 × 10–6 Wb
circuit times the number of turns
6 3.2 × 10–4 Wb
magnetic flux density: the strength of a field
equal to the force per unit length on a wire 7 a 2.0 × 10–6 Wb
carrying unit current at right angles to the
b 15
field
the weber: the magnetic flux that passes Exercise 26.2 Faraday’s law
through an area of 1 m2 when the magnetic
flux density is 1 T
and Lenz’s law
2 a  agnetic flux density gives the strength
M 1 a  sketch should show a magnetic field,
A
of the field or how close together the field a conductor (or coil), and a voltmeter,
lines are. cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) or
ammeter to detect the e.m.f.
Magnetic flux tells us the number of lines
that pass through a circuit, e.g. a coil. b  he account should explain how the
T
change in flux linkage is achieved and the
Magnetic flux linkage gives us the number measurements made on the detector, e.g.
of lines counting each line separately move the coil out of the field, note the
or again each time it passes through a maximum voltage on the c.r.o. Repeat
different turn. removing the coil in half the time. The
flux linkage change is the same but the
b Wb; T (or Wb m–2); Wb (or Wb-turns)
rate of change is twice as great and so is
c  ll the flux passes from one coil to the
A the c.r.o. reading.
other (none passes through the air); the
2 a  here is a rate of change in flux through
T
coils have different numbers of turns.
the coil.
3 a  he plane of the coil is at 90° to the
T
b  -pole; it repels the N-pole of the magnet
N
field (the normal to the coil is along the
approaching or reduces the increase in flux.
direction of the field).
c  -pole; it attracts the S-pole of the magnet
N
b 9.0 × 10–9 Wb
leaving or reduces the decrease in flux.
c There is only one turn.

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d  he magnet moves faster as it leaves the

T d about 300 V
coil and the rate of change of flux is
larger. e 0.25 T

e  tronger magnet; move magnet faster;

S Exam-style questions
more turns in coil; reduced resistance of
resistor. 1 a i The induced e.m.f. acts in such a
direction so as to produce effects
3 a  here is a change in the flux through the
T which oppose the change producing it.
coil, as it turns.
ii The current direction is observed on
b  he flux is zero at this point but is
T the ammeter placed in series with the
changing the most rapidly. coil when a known pole of the magnet
c
 ore turns, turn coil faster, larger coil
M is inserted into the coil. Lenz’s law
area or stronger magnetic field; these all suggests that a current in this direction
increase the rate of change of flux linkage produces the same pole at the end of
through the coil: the coil and thus repels the magnet.
The right-hand grip rule shows that
∆( N Φ ) ∆( NBA)
= this is the case, if the direction of the
∆t ∆t current is known from the ammeter.
Turning the coil faster decreases the time
b i 0.024 Wb
for the change.
ii 0.0080 V
Exercise 26.3 Faraday’s law iii From left to right inside the coil, as
in more detail this opposes the reduction in the field
caused by the electromagnet.
1 J C–1; V; T m2 s–1
2 a  he induced e.m.f. is proportional to the
T
2 a 8.0 × 10–3 Wb (or Wb-turns) rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
b 0.16 V though a circuit.

c 0.32 V b i The voltmeter gives a reading in

one direction, then shows zero and
3 20 T s–1 then shows a reading in the opposite
4 1.9 × 10–3 s direction of the same value.

5 a 1.4 × 10–7 A ii As the magnet is moved into the coil,

there is a decrease in magnetic flux
b  he flux through the loop of wire is
T and a rate of change of magnetic flux
constant. through the coil. This induces an e.m.f.
When the magnet is stationary there is
6 a  t the maximum flux, the flux is
A
no rate of change of flux and no e.m.f.
instantaneously constant.
When the magnet is removed, the rate
b The rate of change of flux is largest. of change of flux is opposite (negative
rather than positive) and the e.m.f. is
7 a 2.0 V (this would be negative in value) opposite.
b 0.50 V (and opposite in sign to a) iii Larger maximum values of the
c 0 induced e.m.f. but for shorter times.
The change in flux linkage is the same
8 a 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 ms but as it occurs in a shorter time the
rate of change is larger.
b 10, 30, 50, 70 or 90 ms
c i 3.0 × 10–5 Wb
c the induced e.m.f.
ii 6.0 × 10–3 V

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iii The flux through the coil varies b  here is a change in magnetic flux in the
T
sinusoidally, Φ = BA sin ωt. At area of the frame as the horizontal sides
some times the flux is constant, cut through the Earth’s magnetic field.
instantaneously, and at others the flux
varies very quickly. The rate of change c  ΔΦ/Δt = 9.0 × 10−6 / 0.40
e.m.f. =
of flux is not constant. = 2.3 × 10−5 V

3 a  2.0 × 10−5 × 0.90 × 0.50

BA =
= 9.0 × 10−6 Wb

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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 27
Exercise 27.1 Understanding the Exercise 27.2 Using the equation
terms used for alternating current x = x0 sin ωt
and power 1 a 4A
1 Direct current flows in only one direction; b 2.8 A
alternating current flows in one direction and
then reverses. c 32 Hz

2 Heating effect ∝ (current)2, and the square 2 a 120 ms = 0.12 s

is always positive. There is a current in both
b 8.3 Hz
directions and heating effect exists in both
directions. c V = 10 sin 52.4t
3 The square root of the average value of the d i V = 10 sin (52.4 × 0.060) = 0
square of the current. It is equal to the direct
current that produces the same heating effect ii V = 10 sin (52.4 × 0.030) = 10 V
in a resistance. 1
e sin−1 (5/10) = 30° = 12 th of a complete cycle
4 P=
max I=
R 2I
2
0
2
r.m.s. R
3 a 2.0 or 2 : 1
=
Pav I=
r.m.s. R
2 1
2 Pmax
b 4.0 or 4 : 1
5 a 0.040 s
b 25 Hz Exercise 27.3 Rectification
c 200 V 1 A diode allows current in only one direction
when the applied voltage is in the forward
d 141 V direction. When the applied voltage is in the
e 0 reverse direction, an ideal diode has infinite
resistance and passes no current.
f 4.0 A
2 a 6.0 V
g 2.8 A
b 0V
h 800 W
3 a 2 and 3
i 400 W
b 1 and 4
6 a 354 V
c alternating; in one direction only / direct
b 4.0 A
4 a  alf-wave rectification; only half the wave
H
c 5.7 A is shown and there is no output for the
other half. Full-wave shows both halves.
d 2000 W
b easier to produce smoother output

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c  btaining a more constant voltage rather

o iii Circuit with correct symbol for
than one that varies up and down slightly diodes, capacitor and resistor;
with time four diodes connected correctly
in bridge arrangement to output
d  he capacitor is placed across the output.
T from transformer and to a resistor;
The capacitor charges to the peak voltage capacitor in parallel with resistor.
output. When the supply voltage falls, the
capacitor can provide charge and current b i 1.0 V
to the load to maintain the output.
ii 0.71 V
5 a 2 ms
iii 50 Hz
b 8 ms
c i The process by which the fall of the
c 50 Hz (output) voltage is reduced or by
which the voltage does not fall to zero.
d no change
ii The voltage is not steady.
e increases
iii Increase the capacitance of the
f decreases capacitor. This increases time constant
g increases of the resistor/capacitor combination,
which should be larger than the time
h increase the capacitance for on oscillation.

Exam-style questions d i 0.90 to 0.92 V

ii 4.5 × 10−4 to 4.6 × 10−4 A
1 a i The square root of the average value
of the square of the voltage. It is equal iii 0.0075 to 0.008 s
to the direct voltage that produces the
same heating effect in a resistance. iv Q = It

ii 325 V 3.3 x 10−6 to 3.9 × 105 C

iii 0 V v 0.18 to 0.20 V

b 17.9 W vi C = Q / V or use of V = Voe−t/RC

c  sinusoidal graph with two complete

A 1.7 × 10−5 to 2.2 × 10−5 F
periods. The amplitude is 325 V and the
time for one period is 0.020 s.
2 a i Voltage across resistor is always
positive so current in one direction.
ii full-wave or bridge

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Workbook answers
Chapter 28
Exercise 28.1 Light: is it a wave 5 a  mission does not occur because the
E
energy of the photon is less than the work
or a particle? function. Increasing brightness does not
1 a diffraction and interference change the energy of the photon.

b  ight waves from the two slits arrive out

L b I ncrease the frequency of the light (or
of phase and cancels; using simple ideas, decrease the wavelength); use a metal with
particles go through one slit or the other lower work function.
and do not cancel. 6 a 4.0 × 10–19 J
2 a  ight shines on a metal surface and
L b 1.3 × 10–27 kg m s−1
electrons are emitted.
c 5.0 × 10–19 J
b  gold-leaf electroscope with a clean
A
zinc or magnesium surface is charged d 1.7 × 10–27 kg m s−1
negatively. When ultra-violet light shines 7 a 3.3 × 10–19 J
on it (above the threshold frequency), the
leaf collapses. b 3.0 × 1019
3 a  he minimum frequency of
T 8 a increases
electromagnetic radiation that will eject
b decreases
electrons from the surface of a metal.
c decreases
b I f frequency is low one should be able to
increase intensity or wait long enough for d increases
emission to occur.
c  mission occurs when the energy of a
E Exercise 28.2 The photoelectric
photon is larger than the energy needed equation
for the electron to escape.
1 a  uantum or packet of energy of
q
d  mission occurs immediately the light
E electromagnetic radiation
strikes the surface; the maximum KE of
the photoelectrons does not depend on b  inimum energy required by a single
m
light intensity but only on the frequency electron to escape from a metal surface
of the light. c  he maximum KE corresponds to an
T
4 a a mplitude increases; frequency and speed electron just emitted from the surface,
are the same assuming no other energy apart from the
work function is needed to escape. Some
b e nergy of a photon the same; number of energy may be lost as the electron collides
photons emitted per second increases with atoms and other electrons while
c same maximum energy escaping.

d more electrons per second

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d  ost electrons that are given energy

M b  oth are caused by electrons moving
B
are below the surface and lose energy in between the same energy levels and so
coming to surface. either a photon is absorbed or emitted of
the same frequency.
2 7.0 × 10–19 J
c  se a diffraction grating to view a hot gas
U
3 3.0 × 10–19 J (or view a discharge tube of the gas across
4 7.1 × 1014 Hz which there is a high p.d.).

5 a 5.7 × 10–7 m d  hine white light through the cool gas and
S
look at the spectrum with a diffraction
b 3.5 × 10–19 J grating.
c 4.6 × 10–20 J 3 a  alling the levels (from higher energy to
C
6 3.8 × 10–19 J lower energy) A, B, C and D, the transitions
are AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD.
7 Energy of photon (4.0 × 10–19 J) is larger
than the work function for sodium b −2.4 × 10–19 to −7.6 × 10–19 J
(3.7 × 10–19 J), but not zinc (6.9 × 10–19 J), c 5.2 × 10–19 J
so emission only occurs for sodium.
1 2 d −2.4 × 10–19 to −3.0 × 10–19 J
8 a Ek = mmax = hf − φ
2
So, a graph of Ek against f has slope h. Exercise 28.4 De Broglie
b gradient approximately 6.6 × 10–34 J s
wavelength
c –1 × y-intercept 1 the wavelength associated with a moving
particle
d 2.5 × 10–19 J
2 a 4.5 × 10–10 m
e s ame gradient, intercept closer to the
origin b 2.7 × 10–23 N s
c 2.5 × 10–11 m
Exercise 28.3 Line spectra
3 a 1.3 × 10–22 N s
1 a
b 7.8 × 104 m s–1
Energy of new Energy of Does the
level photon electron emit 4 a 1.6 × 10–16 J
emitted or or absorb a b 1.9 × 107 m s–1
absorbed photon to
move to the c 1.7 × 10–23 N s
new level?
d 3.9 × 10–11 m
−0.54 × 10–18 J 0.3 × 10–18 J emits
5 a electron diffraction
−0.14 × 10–18 J 0.1 × 10–18 J absorbs
−2.18 × 10–18 J 1.94 × 10–18 J emits b λ wave, p particle
−0.09 × 10 –18
J 0.15 × 10 –18
J absorbs Js ( Nm s)
c = = m
b  igh temperature; hit by an electron (in a
h (N s) ( N s)
discharge tube)
6 a 6.6 × 10–35 m
2 a  mission spectra are bright lines at
E
b I f wavelength is much less than the gap then
specific wavelengths. Absorption spectra
no diffraction is observed. Spacing of atoms
are dark lines in an otherwise continuous
provides a gap for diffraction of electrons.
spectrum of colours.

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Exam-style questions 3 a  ach line corresponds to one wavelength

E
or frequency. Since E = hf this implies
1 a  he energy of the photon is lower than
T there is a specific or discrete energy
the work function. change E1 − E2 between energy levels.
b  mission occurs immediately the light
E b i 2.23 and 3.47 eV (or 3.57 × 10–19 and
strikes the surface; the maximum KE of 5.55 × 10–19 J)
the photoelectrons does not depend on
light intensity but only on the frequency ii from A to B (557 nm) and from A to
of the light. C (358 nm)

c 9.2 × 1014 Hz iii −1.51 eV

d 6.6 eV iv 1.00 × 10−6 m

2 a  he de Broglie wavelength is equal to

T 4 a i photoelectric effect
the Planck constant divided by the ii diffraction of electrons by crystals
momentum.
b i smallest wavelength has highest
( mv )2 frequency and largest energy change
b=E =
1
mv
2
2
2m (from −0.50 to −3.6 eV)
mv = ( 2 mE ) energy of photon = 3.1 eV
h h = 3.1 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
λ= =
mv 2 mE
wavelength = hc / E = 4.0 × 10−7 m
c 2.7 × 10 –11
m ii p = E/c = 1.7 × 10−27 N s
d  he wavelength is similar to the spacing
T c i wavelength associated with a particle
of the atoms in the crystal. that is moving/has momentum/has
speed/velocity
ii 1800 m s−1

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 29
Exercise 29.1 Balancing 2 a 9.0 × 1013 J

equations b 1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg

1 proton; 1 p
1 = 1.66 × 10−27 × (3 × 108)2 J

2 a 1 = 1.49 × 10−10 J

b 0 1.49 × 10 −10
= eV
1.6 × 10 −19
c neutron
= 9.3 × 108 eV
d fission
= 930 MeV
3 a 2
c I t is a single nucleon and cannot be split
b positron into smaller nucleons.
c fusion 3 a 90 protons and 138 neutrons
d  hey are protons with a positive charge
T b 3.8167 × 10–25 kg
and repel each other, so high amounts of
energy are required to force the particles c 3.1 × 10–27 kg
together. d 2.8 × 10–10 J
4 a 234 e 1.7 × 109 eV
b alpha-particle (a helium nucleus) 4 a 0.0305 u
c alpha emission b 5.06 × 10–29 kg
5 3
2 He + 01 n → 42 He
c 4.56 × 10–12 J
6 10
5 B + n → Li + He
1
0
7
3
4
2
d 2.85 × 107 eV

Exercise 29.2 Mass defect 5 a 3.58 × 10–13 J

and binding energy b 3.98 × 10–30 kg

1 binding energy: the minimum external energy c 3.347 55 × 10–27 kg

required to separate all the nucleons in a
d 3.343 57 × 10–27 kg
nucleus to infinity
6 a 0.272 u
nucleon number: the total number of protons
and neutrons in one nucleus b 4.1 × 10−11 J
mass defect: the difference between the total
mass of the individual, separate nucleons and
the mass of the nucleus

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Exercise 29.3 Binding energy per f about 2.9 × 10−10 J

nucleon, fusion and fission g 1.6 × 10−10 J

1 a h 2×g−f

Nuclide Number Binding Binding 6.02 × 1023

i h×
of energy / energy 238
nucleons MeV per
nucleon / Exercise 29.4 Half-life and the
MeV decay constant
235
92 U 235 1790 7.6
1
56
26 Fe 56 492 8.79

Number of undecayed
nuclei left after 10 s
87
Br 87 748 8.6

Activity after 10 s
35

Initial number of
Decay constant

Initial activity
b  e: a nucleus needs the most energy to
F

Half-life
remove one nucleon.

nuclei
2 a 2.2 MeV
a 5.0 s 0.139 s–1 1000 139 Bq 250 35 Bq
b 28.4 MeV
b 347 s 0.0020 s–1 5000 10 Bq 4900 9.8 Bq
c 24 MeV c 100 s 0.006 93 s –1
100 0.693 93 or 0.65 or
Bq 93.3 0.647 Bq
3 a about 60
d 6.93 s 0.1 s–1 10 000 1000 Bq 3680 368 Bq
b  usion is the joining together of light nuclei
F e 5.0 s 0.139 s –1
4000 554 Bq 1000 139 Bq
to make a nucleus of larger mass; fission
is the break-up of a large nucleus into two 2 a 0.002 31 min–1
nuclei of approximately equal mass.
b 4.16 × 103 min–1
c  inding energy of nucleus =
b
c 69.3 Bq
binding energy per nucleon × A
3 a 0.0578 hour–1
In fusion the binding energy of the
nucleus formed is more than the sum of b 1.60 × 10−5 s–1
the binding energies of the original nuclei.
c 50%
In fission, the binding energy of the
parent nucleus is less than the sum of the d 31.5%
binding energies of the fragments formed. 4 a 2.15 × 109
d  here is a steeper increase in binding
T b 1.40 × 10−8 s–1
energy per nucleon at low nucleon numbers,
where fusion occurs, than the decrease in c 4.97 × 107 s
binding energy per nucleon at high nucleon
d 1.15 × 108 s
numbers, where fission occurs.
e  he nucleus formed has lower binding
T Exam-style questions
energy per nucleon than the original
nucleus and thus the total binding energy 1 a i The half-life or activity is the same
after fusion is less than before. This is no matter what the external factors
only possible if the initial nuclei have large such as temperature, pressure or the
kinetic energy. presence of other nuclei.
ii It is not possible to predict when or
which nucleus will decay.

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iii The activity during decay shows ii Energy is released when binding
variations or fluctuations. energy per nucleon increases. In fission
a large nucleus splits and in fusion
b i 3
H → 23 He + −01 e + v
1
small nuclei come together. The most
ii 0.00856 u stable nuclei are at the peak of the
graph. Fission occurs on the right side
iii the minimum external energy required of the graph at high nucleon number
to separate all the nucleons in a and fusion on the left side for low
nucleus to infinity nucleon numbers.
iv 1.28 × 10–12 J 4 a  umber of nuclei decaying per unit time
n
v 8.50 × 10 –14
J or the rate at which nuclei decay

2 a b i radioactivity is random
22
11 Na → 0
+1 e+ 22
10 Ne + v
b i the probability that an individual ii average count initially = 3940
nucleus will decay per unit time decay constant = 0.693/8 = 0.0866 day−1
ii 0.267 year–1 count after 10 days = 3940 e−10. The
iii With a small decay constant, the × 0.0866 is a superscript it should be
probability of a nucleus decaying per part of the −10 × 0.0866 so it reads;
second is small and the number of e−10x0.0866 = 1660
nuclei decaying per unit time is also c i the splitting of a nucleus
small. Therefore, it takes a long time
for the number of nuclei to fall to half after being hit by a neutron
the initial value. ii The binding energy per nucleon
c i 2.01 × 10 11 increases. The binding energy of the
products is more than that of the
ii 5.3 × 1010 initial uranium-235 nucleus. They have
iii 0.36 less potential energy.

3 a  e cannot predict when or which

W
nucleus will decay and the activity shows
variations or fluctuations
b 4.6 × 109 years
c i

Binding energy/
nucleon

0
0 20 40 60 80100 Nucleon number

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Workbook answers
Chapter 30
Exercise 30.1 Producing X-rays e 1.45 × 1019 Hz
f 1.93 × 1019 Hz
1 a positive: anode
g 1.6 × 10–11 m
negative: cathode
b t o accelerate electrons to high speed Exercise 30.2 X-rays and matter
(high energy)
1 a P = power in watt, W
c electric field
A = area in m2
d  lectrons would be absorbed by gas or
E
other matter between the electrodes. b 25 kW m–2

e the window c I ntensity does not decrease initially in air

so no spreading out.
f  t the cathode, electrons have high
A
electrical potential energy and zero kinetic d  one; the intensity falls towards zero most
B
energy; as they reach the anode they have quickly.
high KE and low EPE. e  ir; the intensity is constant, i.e. radiation
A
g  ost electron energy heats the cathode; it
M is not absorbed.
rotates so that the part receiving the beam f
moves around and cools off.
I0
h collimated
2 a 120 kV
b 100 keV
Intensity

c braking radiation 0.5 I0

d line spectrum
e 0 eV
f increases
g increases 0
0 half-thickness
   Distance
h no change (constant)
i increases g flesh

3 a electronvolt, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J I

2 a = e−µx
I0
b 1.60 × 10–17 J, 8.0 × 10–14 J, 3.52 × 10–13 J
c 5.0 eV, 5.0 keV, 160 keV b 0.28

d 2.65 × 10–15 J c 0.72

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d 0.50 c  rystal vibrates at the frequency of the

C
ultrasound waves; this produces a p.d.
e ln 0.50 = −0.32 x1/2 across opposite faces of the crystal.
x1/2 = 2.2 cm d  pulse is sent out and then the
A
3 a  -rays are ionising radiation, which can
X transducer detects returning waves.
damage cells and DNA. e  tops the crystal vibrating after the pulse
S
b  he image is made stronger so less
T has been sent, so that it is ready to detect
radiation is needed to create incoming waves.
the image. f 1.0 mm
c  ives higher resolution (smaller details
G g 0.50 mm
can be seen).
3 a It is reflected.
d More contrast = bigger differences in
dark/lightness between areas of different b change in wave speed
tissues.
c 0.985
e  or example: gut tissue is similar to the
F
surrounding tissue so difficult to resolve; d  here is a big difference in values of Z for
T
barium absorbs X-rays strongly so, when bone and muscle. (33% is reflected.)
it is inside the gut, the gut tissue will be e  he patient’s skin is smeared with gel with
T
highly absorbing and so will stand out similar Z value to skin so little ultrasound
clearly. is reflected.
4 a computerised (axial) tomography 4 a  rom the scan, find the time interval
F
b  ource rotated around patient; image built
S between pulses reflected from front
up in computer from intensities of beams and back of bone; knowing speed of
received from all different directions. ultrasound in bone, calculate distance
travelled in this time, this equals twice
c  ealthy organs are exposed to a lower
H bone thickness.
dose than the tissue of interest because
the direction of the beam changes as it b I ntensity depends on the change in
rotates around the patient. acoustic impedance at boundaries; a
big change will give strong (intense)
reflections.
Exercise 30.3 Ultrasound
scanning Exercise 30.4 PET scanning
1 a s ound waves with frequencies above 1 a  chemical placed in the body which
A
20 kHz that cannot be heard by the concentrates in particular areas of
normal human ear the body, e.g. a tumour, and emits a
b 37.5 mm in water; 39.8 mm in muscle radioactive particle, usually a gamma ray,
to enable location of the area concerned.
c f requency stays the same; wavelength
decreases b beta-plus decay

d taking speed = 1500 m s–1 c I t migrates to areas of increased activity

in the body.
wavelength = 2 mm
d  dvantage: less effect on other people as
A
frequency: about 750 kHz radioactivity of person quickly dies away.
2 a  n alternating voltage is applied across
A Disadvantage: The tracer has to be made
opposite faces. just before use, e.g. using a particle
accelerator within the hospital.
b  ltrasound waves pass through into
U
patient.

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2 a 8.2 × 1022 J; 512 keV c 2.5 W m−2

b momentum and mass–energy d  beam of X-rays is directed onto a
A
patient. The part that passes through bone
c I f one photon is emitted then momentum will be attenuated more than the part that
cannot be conserved as the photon has passes through muscle, and so reduced
momentum. If they travel in opposite intensity will reach the detector.
directions, then the momentum of one
photon cancels the momentum of the 3 a E = mc2 = 9.11 × 10−31 × (3 × 108)2
i 
other. = 8.2 × 10–14 J
1
3 a 2
× 400 × 10−12 × 3.0 × 108 = 6.0 × 10−2 m λ = hc / E
b 3.0 × 10−2 m λ = 2.4 × 10–12 m
c  ach event places the area along part
E ii The momentum of one photon is
of the line joining two detectors. Using cancelled by the momentum of the
many events enables computer software to other photon as they move in exactly
see the area where most of the activity is opposite directions with the same
taking place. energy.
b  he patient is surrounded by (a ring of)
T
Exam-style questions gamma detectors. The gamma photons
1 a s ound waves of frequencies higher than travel in opposite directions and are
20 kHz almost simultaneously detected by two
diametrically opposite detectors. The
b 1.71 × 106 kg m–2 s–1 position of increased activity lies along
the line joining the detectors. A 3D image
c  for muscle and fat are similar so only
Z
is created using many detector signals
a small fraction of the intensity of the
(with the aid of computer software). The
ultrasound wave will be reflected. Z for
arrival times / delay times of the photons
muscle and bone are more different so a
(at opposite detectors) pinpoint areas of
greater fraction will be reflected.
increased activity along the line joining
2 a 1.84 × 10–14 J the detectors.
b 2.8 × 1019 Hz

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may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 31
Exercise 31.1 Luminosity, 6 a 930 ± 30 nm

standard candles and distances b 3100 ± 100 K

to galaxies c  ed, as the peak wavelength is slightly
R
larger than 700 nm there will be sufficient
1 Cepheid variable stars pulsate in a predictable
red visible.
way that is directly related to their luminosity.
A supernova is an exploding star. Type 1a
supernova have a known luminosity because Exercise 31.3 Stefan’s law
of the actual mechanism involved in the and stellar radii
collapse of the star.
1 5.8 × 1023 W
2 They both have a known luminosity or power
radiated. 2 kg s−3 K−4

3 They have a greater luminosity and are 3 4πr2 = L/σT 4 = 6.0 × 1018 m2
brighter. Their radiant flux density can be 4 a 6400 K
measured if they are further away.
b 2.8 × 1010 m
4 F = L / (4πd2) = 3.9 × 108 W m−2
5 a  tar A. The lower temperature of A, using
S
5 9.4 × 1024 m λmaxT = constant, means λmax is higher.
6 2:1 b  tar B. Using L = 4πσr2T 4, star B has 14
S
7 a 3.7 × 1026 W of the area of star A but T 4 is 16 times
larger and so the power emitted is 4 times
b 5.7 × 106 : 1 larger than A. As the distances are the
same to the two stars the radiant flux
Exercise 31.2 Wien’s intensity of B is 4 times larger than A.
displacement law
Exercise 31.4 Hubble’s law
1 As the metal gets hotter T increases and as and the Big Bang theory
λmaxT = constant, λmax decreases. A decrease
in wavelength is a shift towards blue in the 1 a  ines in spectrum from edge shifted to
L
spectrum. lower wavelength (higher frequency) due
to Doppler shift.
2 If λmax ∝ 1/T then λmaxT = constant.
b v / c = 6.7 × 10−4%
The values for λmaxT are all 2.9 × 106 nm K or
0.0029 m K to two significant figures. c 0.002 nm

3 5300 K 2 a 7.3 nm; 19.2 nm; 50.8 nm

4 wavelengths less than 73 nm or 7.3 × 10−8 m b 5.6 × 106 m s−1; 1.5 × 107 m s−1;
3.9 × 107 m s−1
5 9400 nm
c 2.3 × 1024 m; 6.1 × 1024 m; 1.6 × 1025 m

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3 Δλ = 31 nm; observed wavelength = 441 nm c i λmaxT = 760 × T = 300 × 9900

4 a 1.0 × 1024 m T = 3900 K
b 7.4 × 10 m s
6 −1
ii its radius is larger
5 Measurement of redshift shows that the 2 a a n astronomical object of known
recession velocity of a (distant) galaxy is luminosity or known power radiated used
directly proportional to its distance. The to measure the distance from Earth to the
further away the galaxy is now the faster it is object
moving. Working backwards in time, all the
galaxies get closer together and end up at a b d 2 = L / (4πF)
point; space shrinks. There is a unique point = 6.1 × 1022 m
at which space and matter started – the start
of the Big Bang. If everything is moving away c  urface temperature can be found from
S
from everything else, then space is increasing λmax × T = constant, knowing the constant
(it is space that is increasing not that the space or comparing with another star, e.g. the
was there already). Sun. Radius r is found using the formula
r2 = L/(4πσT 4).
Exam-style questions 3 a a n increase in the observed wavelength of
1 a i the radiant power passing normally electromagnetic waves when the source is
through a surface moving away from the observer

ii F = L / (4πd 2) b ∆λ/λ ≈ v/c and since the speed of light c

is so high, v must be high for a significant
  = 1.2 × 10−7 W m−2 change in wavelength λ.
iii measured flux intensity may be c v is the speed of recession of the star or
affected by dust/gas in space galaxy away from Earth;
b i thermodynamic or absolute d is the distance from the star or galaxy to
temperature Earth.
ii r2 = L/(4πσT4) d v = 0.064 × 3 × 108 = 1.9 × 107 (m s−1)
r = 1.2 × 109 m H0 = 2.1 × 10−18 s−1

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Workbook answers
Practical skills at AS Level
Exercise P1.1 Scales and f  hen the volume of the liquid is zero,
W
the reading is 6 cm3. Unless every
uncertainties reading is reduced by 6 cm3, all readings
will be larger by 6 cm3 than they should.
1 a 31.4 cm and 34.2 cm
This zero error is larger than the degree
b 91 °C of precision (5 cm3) shown by cylinder
B.
c 0.41 A
2 See the table. Var = variable but some typical
d 56 cm3 values are given.
e  ylinder B has the lower precision as its
C
smallest scale division is 5 cm3, more than
the 2 cm3 for cylinder A.
Analogue thermometer

Analogue voltmeter

Measuring cylinder

Top pan balance

Micrometer
30 cm ruler

Stopwatch
Metre rule

Protractor
Callipers

Is there a yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no

possibility of a
zero error?
What is the 1 mm 1 mm 0.1 0.01 Var Var Var 1° Var Var
smallest scale mm mm 1 °C 0.2 V 2 cm3 0.01 g 0.01 s
division?
What is the 1 mm 1 mm 0.1 0.01 Var Var Var 1° Var Var
uncertainty mm mm 1 °C 0.2 V 2 cm3 0.01 g 0.01 s
(assume no
zero error)?
What is the 100 30 Var Var Var Var Var 180° Var Var 100
largest possible cm cm 110 10 V 100 360° 300 g min
reading? °C cm3
What is the 0.1% 0.3% Var Var 0.9% 2% 2% 0.6% 0.003% 0.0002%
percentage if max
uncertainty 180°
in the largest
possible
reading?

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Exercise P1.2 Finding the 5 a 0.33%

uncertainty in a reading b 0.008 s

1 a 26.0 ± 0.3 s c 0.004 s

(The uncertainty depends on reaction d 0.80%

time and the time for sound to travel and
e 1.9%
may be larger.)
f 0.19 m s−2
b 26.1 ± 0.2 s
c  ll the readings are lower than the true
A Exercise P1.4 Tables, graphs
value.
and gradients
d  he time taken for the sound to travel
T
1 a d/m t/s
from the starting pistol means the v / m s–1 v2 / m2 s–2
stopwatch starts late and records a smaller 0.005 22.25 0.225 0.050
value than the true time – a systematic
error. Variation in human reaction time – 0.010 15.95 0.313 0.098
a random error. 0.015 13.00 0.385 0.148
2 a 2.2 ± 0.1 s 0.020 11.35 0.441 0.194
0.025 10.10 0.495 0.245
b 2.13 ± 0.01 s (or 2.126 ± 0.006 s)
0.030 9.25 0.541 0.292
0.035 8.45 0.592 0.350

b, c 0.40
0.35
c 5 % (4.7%) and 0.47% (or 0.028% if 0.006 0.30
v2 / m2 s−2

is used) 0.25
0.20
d The oscillations die away. 0.15
0.10
0.05
Exercise P1.3 Combining 0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
uncertainties d/m
1 a  hree; you start counting at the first non-
T
zero digit on the left of the number.
d gradient = 9.9 m s−2
b T = 1.26 ± 0.12 s
y-intercept = 0 (m s−2)
c 2(.0)%
e A = 9.9 m s−2
d 6s
B = 0 (m s−2)
2 a L
2 a
b 0.4 cm x/m T10 / s t/s √x / m½
c 4% 0.100 12.7 1.27 0.3162
3 a 2% 0.200 14.1 1.41 0.4472
b 4% 0.300 15.0 1.50 0.5477
c 12 cm 2 0.400 15.9 1.59 0.6325
4 a 1.4% and 4.2% 0.500 16.6 1.66 0.7071
0.020 10.9 1.09 0.1414
b 5.6 or 6%
c 0.33 g cm−3
d 5.8 ± 0.3 g cm−3

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b, c 1.8 3 a 1.0 and 0.96 s2 cm−1

1.6 b 5%
1.4 c I f the percentage difference in the two
t/s

1.2 values of k is less than the largest %

uncertainty in T then the relationship is
1.0 supported.
0.8
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 d Percentage difference in two values of
√x / m½ 0.04
k = 100 × = 4%
0.98
d gradient = 1.0 s m−1/2
This is smaller than the uncertainty in T
y-intercept = 0.95 s and so the readings are consistent with the
relationship.
e A = 1.0 s m−1/2
4 a
B = 0.95 s
Sources of error Improvements to
Exercise P1.5 Mathematical reduce error
relationships and sources of two readings not take more readings
enough to draw a and plot a stated
uncertainty conclusion graph or take more
1 a 1.1 N cm−1 and 2.1 N cm−1 readings and compare
more k values
b 0.56% and 5(.0)%
difficulty in attach with thin string
c I f the percentage difference in the measuring distance
two values of k is less than the largest from centre of
percentage uncertainty in x then the masses to pivot
relationship shown in the formula is difficulty in obtaining use balance pan and
supported. balance, e.g. small add sand
movement of masses
d  ercentage difference in two values of
P
causes rotation
k = 100 × 1.0/1.1 = 90%. This is much
larger than the uncertainty in x and so difficult to judge use pointer on end or
the readings are not consistent with the when balanced have horizontal rule
formula. horizontally close
difficult to pivot rule add balance pan and
2 a 0.500 cm−1 and 0.522 cm−1 at centre of gravity sand without any
b 5.6% or 6% masses to balance
initially
c I f the percentage difference in the two
values of k is less than the largest %
uncertainty in y then the relationship is
supported.
d Percentage difference in two values of
0.022
k = 100 × = 4(.3)%
0.511

This is smaller than the uncertainty in y

and so the readings are consistent with the
relationship.

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b d

Sources of error Improvements to Sources of error Improvements to

reduce error reduce error
two readings not take more readings two readings not take more readings
enough to draw a and plot a stated enough to draw a and plot a stated
conclusion graph or take more conclusion graph or take more
readings and compare readings and compare
more k values more k values
difficult to make the use sliding jockeys or difficulty in measuring slow motion video to
length identical narrower clips force, e.g. difficult to view newtonmeter;
voltmeter or ammeter use a digital voltmeter see maximum force or hang tape vertically
scale not sensitive or that reads to 0.01 V breaks suddenly and add sand slowly
precise enough, e.g. difficult to zero improved method,
only reads to 0.1 V newtonmeter when e.g. use pulley and
diameter too small and use thicker wires of horizontal weights
thus large percentage greater resistivity difficulty in measuring stick to opaque
error in area width, e.g. tape is paper for
contact resistance method of cleaning transparent or curls measurement
causes voltmeter or contacts, e.g. use width is small and large use callipers or
ammeter readings to sand paper on clips percentage uncertainty travelling microscope
vary and wire width changes as tape measure width just
stretches before tape breaks
c
Sources of error Improvements to
reduce error Exam-style questions
two readings not take more readings 1 a
R/Ω I/A I –1 / A–1
enough to draw a and plot a stated
conclusion graph or take 2 0.286 3.50
more readings and 5 0.186 5.38
compare more k
10 0.118 8.50
values
difficulty of timing improve timing 15 0.086 11.6
with reason, e.g. time method, e.g. video 20 0.068 14.7
small, or vibrates fast with timer / video
25 0.056 17.9
or human reaction and view frame-by-
time (0.3 s) compared frame, or use light 30 0.048 21.0
with short time gate at centre of
motion connected to . b, c
timer or datalogger 25
clamp moves or use wooden block
20
oscillation is irregular above and below
hacksaw blade 15
I−1 / A−1

difficult to measure improved method to 10

length of blade with measure length, e.g.
reason, e.g. difficult to use of set square 5
know where to start as
0
jaws of clamp are not 0 10 20 30
straight R/Ω

d gradient = 0.62 V–1

intercept = 2.2 A–1

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1 d 2.601 × 10−3 and 2.454 × 10−3 s2 g−1

e=
E = 1.6 V
0.62 e  ercentage difference in two values of
p
r = 2.2 × E = 3.5 Ω k = 5.9%

2 a 0.510 s As the percentage difference in the two

values (5.9%) is larger than the percentage
b absolute uncertainty in T5 = 0.09 s uncertainty in the data (3.5%) then the
relationship is not consistent with the data.
percentage uncertainty = 3(.5)%
f, g Any four from:
c 0.858 s

Sources of uncertainty/limitations Improvements

two readings not enough to draw a conclusion take more readings for different masses and plot a
graph of T 2 against M or take more readings and
compare more k values
difficulty of timing with reason, e.g. time small improved timing method, e.g. video with timer /
or vibrates fast; human reaction time (0.3 s) video and view frame-by-frame, or use pointer
compared with short time; difficult to judge start on mass and light gate at centre of motion
or end of oscillation connected to timer or datalogger; use fiducial
marker in middle of oscillation
times are small and so large uncertainty use larger values of mass or weaker spring
oscillations are heavily damped and die away use larger values of mass or weaker spring

spring tends to swing as well as rotate place cardboard tube around spring

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Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Workbook answers
Practical skills at A Level
Exercise P2.1 Graphs 4 a −10 000
b −9400
1 a ln y = ln k + n ln x
c −10 000 ± 600
b 1.0
t
c 0.9 or 1.1 d −
C
d 2.5
e 1.00 × 10−3 F (or s Ω−1)
e 2.2 or 2.8
f 6% (same % as uncertainty for gradient)
f 1.0 ± 0.1
g 12
Exercise P2.2 Uncertainty and
using an oscilloscope
2 a from 1.58 to 1.72 V
1 a 1.5 ± 0.1 divisions
b from 0.22 to 0.28 A
b 3.0 ± 0.2 V
3 a i 1.281
c t ime for one oscillation = 2.6 ± 0.1
ii 1.335 divisions
iii 1.224 = 1.80 ± 0.05 ms
b 0.05 and 0.06 d f = 1/T = 560 ± 20 Hz or 4%
I 
c ln   2 a 0.194 ± 0.003 m s–1
A
b 0.309 ± 0.007 m s–2

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Exercise P2.3 Experimental methods

1 Dependent variable Independent variable Controlled quantities
A t s angle of slope
B R T use small currents so that T is not affected
C Vs Vp Ns and Np, frequency of supply
D B I radius and number of turns
E I0 f R and C
F V t V0
G V R temperature of oil, density of steel ball
H T l mass used
I V l applied p.d. to first coil, number of turns

2 Variable How measured Variable How measured

A T computer connected to light gate s metre rule
B R ohmmeter (or voltmeter across and T thermometer close to thermistor in a
ammeter in series) water bath
C Vs a.c. voltmeter / c.r.o. across coil Vp a.c. voltmeter /c.r.o. across coil

D B Hall probe I ammeter in series with coil

E I0 a.c. ammeter in series with coil f oscilloscope connected to supply
F V reading on side of burette t stopwatch
G V stopwatch and time between marks on R callipers or micrometer screw gauge
side v = s/t
H T stopwatch, time for 10 oscillations÷10 l metre rule
I V a.c. voltmeter / c.r.o. across coil l ruler or callipers

3
Variable How changed
A S stop at different position down ramp
B T thermistor in water bath and heater attached
C Vp adjust applied alternating p.d. from supply
D I adjust applied p.d. from supply
E F adjust frequency from supply signal generator
F T measure every 10 s on stopwatch
G R use steel balls of different radius
H L adjust position of clamp on rule
I L move one coil away from the other

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4
Possible additional details include (as well as repeat and average)
A measure to front of ball each time; use electromagnet to release ball from rest and attach
to computer timer
B stir water bath and make sure at constant temperature for some time and reading on
thermistor is constant
C use large number of turns to achieve measurable V; use laminated cores and insulated wire
for turns
D use large current / number of turns to create large magnetic field; Hall probe at right
angles to direction of magnetic field (adjust for maximum reading)
E meter gives r.m.s. value, peak = r.m.s. × 2; use low frequencies for larger currents
F measure to bottom of meniscus at eye level to avoid parallax error
adjust marks further apart until terminal velocity reached (v = s constant); wide tube to stop
G t
edge effects; eye at level of marks to avoid parallax error; dry balls; use clear oil
H measure to centre of mass by measuring distance from either end and averaging; use large
mass to give long period
I use large current/number of turns; use iron core (to increase e.m.f.); measure e.m.f. as
height on c.r.o. × Y-gain; avoid other alternating magnetic fields

5
Possible safety precautions include
A avoid ball causing injury by rolling on floor under feet/stop ball; channel to run straight
B care with water bath at hot temperature (handle with gloves, keep away from people)
C prevent overheating of coils – switch off when not in use; insulated connections/no bare
wire/touch only with insulated gloves as voltages may be high
D prevent overheating of coils – switch off when not in use/use gloves/do not touch coils
E prevent overheating of coils – switch off when not in use/use gloves/do not touch coils
F clamp securely so that apparatus does not overturn; mop up spillages
G mop up spillages of oil; keep oil away from flames; avoid splashing when dropping ball
H clamp securely so that apparatus does not overturn; avoid masses hitting foot
I hot coils – switch off when not in use/use gloves/do not touch coils

6
Graph How used
A s against t 2
a = 2 × gradient
B ln R against T k = − gradient
C Vs against Vp Ns/Np = gradient
D B against I gradient = m0 N/2R
E 1/I02 against f 2 intercept = R 2/V02 gradient = 1/(4p 2 V02C 2)
F ln V against t λ = −gradient; V0 = eintercept; ln V0 = intercept
G v against R 2 A = gradient
H T against l
2 3
k = gradient
I V against 1/l straight line through origin proves relationship

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Exam-style questions 400 π2

2 a gradient =
1 a  efining the problem:
D k
h is the independent variable and d is the b
dependent variable.
M / kg T/s T2 / s2
Method of data collection:
0.075 10.8 ± 0.3 116 ± 6
workable method to find d, e.g. subtract
length of nail that sticks out from initial 0.125 13.7 ± 0.3 188 ± 8
length of nail, mark nail, use depth gauge 0.175 16.8 ± 0.3 282 ± 10
or callipers 0.225 19.0 ± 0.3 361 ± 11
b  iagram of apparatus showing mass
D 0.275 20.6 ± 0.3 424 ± 12
falling onto nail; 0.325 22.5 ± 0.3 506 ± 14
change height of falling mass;
c i–ii
measure height fallen; detail on measuring 600
d or h;
500
subtract length of nail that sticks out
400
from initial length of nail, mark nail,
depth gauge or callipers used. T2 / s2 300
c Mass is constant. 200
Same type of wood and same type of nail. 100
d Plot a graph of log d against log h. 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
n = gradient M / kg

e  recaution linked to falling masses, such

P iii 1560 ± 50 s2 kg−1
as keep well away and use sand trays.
d i 2.53 kg s−2
Additional detail, such as: create a large
d, e.g. large mass, thin nails, soft wood; ii 3.2%
use of a guide for falling mass / guide for
nail; repeat experiment and determine an
average; make nail vertical, e.g. use of a e 17.7 s ± 1.6%
set-square.

4 Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics – Sang & Jones © Cambridge University Press 2020