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Science 10 - Module 37

1. The document discusses factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions, including nature and size of reactants, concentration, temperature, and presence of catalysts. 2. It provides examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions and explains how temperature, surface area, and concentration can increase or decrease reaction rates. 3. Catalysts are also introduced as substances that increase reaction rates without being consumed in the reactions.

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Karlyn Kaye Salunga
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42 views9 pages

Science 10 - Module 37

1. The document discusses factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions, including nature and size of reactants, concentration, temperature, and presence of catalysts. 2. It provides examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions and explains how temperature, surface area, and concentration can increase or decrease reaction rates. 3. Catalysts are also introduced as substances that increase reaction rates without being consumed in the reactions.

Uploaded by

Karlyn Kaye Salunga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HIGH SCHOOL

Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS 1 Hour
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1

Gain Attention

Inform Learners of objectives


At the end of this module, you should be able to:

Cognitive:
1. define and differentiate exothermic and endothermic reactions

Affective:
2. recognize the importance of the rate of reactions of chemicals
at home especially in food preservation

Psychomotor:
3. perform experiment on rate of dissolving rock and powdered sugar

Stimulate Recall of Prior Learning

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is


incorrect. Write your answer in your notebook.
______1. The speed of chemical reactions can be altered by adding a catalyst.
______2. When a chemical reaction gives off heat, it is an exothermic reaction.
______3. The speed of chemical reaction increases as the particle size increases.
______4. When chemical equilibrium is achieved, there is no change in the
concentration of reactants and products.
______5. Heating causes more products to be formed for an endothermic reaction.
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1

Present the content and provide learning


guidance
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
When you burn wood, heat is produced. We use this heat to cook our food or
boil water. The chemical reaction in this case is the burning of wood and since heat
is given off, we say the reaction is EXOTHERMIC. So, we define an exothermic
reaction as a reaction where heat is evolved or given off. When you mix urea and
water, the container of the mixture feels cold. This is an example of ENDOTHERMIC
reaction, a reaction wherein heat is absorbed. To represent an exothermic reaction,
the value of change in enthalpy (DH) is negative while for the endothermic reaction,
the value is positive. Enthalpy refers to the heat content measured at constant
pressure. Exothermic reaction: Reactants ------- Products

C + O2 ® CO2 DH = -393.5 kJ/mo

Endothermic reaction: Reactants ® Products

N2 + O2 ® 2NO DH = +180 kJ/mol

Aside from being exothermic or endothermic, chemical reactions taking place


around you are also sometimes very fast or very slow. Burning is a very fast
chemical reaction while the rusting of iron is slow. If a certain chemical reaction is
desirable or useful like the production of drugs to cure diseases, we want the
chemical reaction to happen fast so we can produce more in a short period of time.
Is there anything we can do to alter the rate or speed of chemical reaction?

Did you know that firecracker explosion is an example of an exothermic reaction?


It is a very fast exothermic reaction!

Nature and Size of the Reactants


The activity demonstrated that particle size can increase or decrease the rate
of reaction. Though no chemical reaction has taken place, the rate of dissolution of
sugar is faster for the powdered sugar than the rock sugar. Similarly, the wood we
use to cook our food is chopped to a desirable size so it will burn easily. If we do not
chop the wood, it will take more time for the wood to burn.
You also observe that some metals do not form rust while others do. Rusting
is a chemical reaction wherein the metal reacts with oxygen present in the air. The
rust formed is the product of that reaction. Gold does not rust but iron forms rust.
Though both are metals, gold does not react with oxygen while iron does.

Some elements have different physical forms. An example is the crystalline


form of diamond and graphite. Though the diamond and graphite are two different
forms, both are made up of the same element - carbon. Carbon exhibits
ALLOTROPY. Another example of an element exhibiting allotropy is phosphorus. One
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1
is white phosphorus and the other is red phosphorus. Between the two, white is
more reactive. It burns readily when exposed to air while the red phosphorus does
not. Red phosphorus is less dangerous and can be stored for long periods of time
without exploding. However, to store white phosphorus, it has to be submerged in
water. Even though both are made up of the same element, their chemical behaviors
are different.

Concentration: The Law of Mass Action


The rate of the reaction is also observed to be proportional to the
concentration of the reacting system. This simply means that the greater the number
of reacting components present in a container, the more reaction will occur in a
given time. An example of this is the concentration of acids. If you have one (1)
molar hydrochloric acid (HCl) and you drop a metal zinc, the gas produced from the
reaction is slow. However, if you have a six (6) molar HCl, the reaction is very fast,
and you can see lots of bubbles forming. Six (6) molar HCl is corrosive as well. Great
care has to be observed in handling this acid.

Temperature
What is the reason why foods stored in the refrigerator stay fresh longer? The
answer is temperature! Temperature can either increase or decrease the rate of
reaction. The spoiling of food indicates that an undesirable chemical reaction has
taken place. During summer, foods are easily spoiled. To avoid spoilage, foods can
be stored inside the refrigerator.

In the same manner, desirable chemical reactions have to be carried out


swiftly. To achieve this, temperature is elevated. Commercially, mixtures are often
heated and then mixed. Extreme caution is required if the reaction is to be
conducted at high temperature. However, some of the reactants are destroyed at
high temperature. Instead of obtaining the desired valuable product, none is
collected because the reactant has already decomposed to some worthless
compound. What can we do then?

Presence of Catalyst
If the desired reaction has to be carried out swiftly, without elevating the
temperature, CATALYSTS are used. Catalysts are substances that alter the rate of
chemical reaction without being consumed. It simply means that catalysts take part
in the reaction but after the reaction has been completed, they can be recovered and
used again. Catalysts alter the rate of reaction. Therefore, these can increase or
decrease the rate of a particular reaction. When a catalyst increases the rate of the
chemical reaction, it is said to be a POSITIVE CATALYST or simply named
CATALYST. If it slows down the reaction, it is called a NEGATIVE CATALYST, more
commonly called an INHIBITOR. How do catalysts accomplish this altering action?
They do so by providing an alternative step or path for the reaction to occur;
they make shortcuts to reach their destination. Catalyst can be of metals, ions,
acids, or bases. Inside our body, we have catalysts. These are called ENZYMES.
Enzymes do amazing tasks like converting the food we eat to energy and
maintaining and repairing our cells.
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1

Elicit Performance
TASK 1
The Rate of Dissolving Rock and Powdered Sugar
Materials: Rock sugar Two (2) drinking glasses (same size)

Powdered sugar Spoon


Water Watch

Procedure:
1. Pour water up to the same level on two drinking glasses.
2. Take a pinch of sugar and drop it in one of the glasses. Do not stir.
After one minute, stir the glass slowly until no sugar can be seen. Record the
time it takes for the sugar to be dissolved completely.
3. Repeat procedure no. 2, this time use rock sugar. The size of
your rock sugar should be that of a mongo bean.
Analysis:
Q1. How much time did it take the powdered sugar to dissolve completely?
Q2. How about the rock sugar?
Q3. Why is this so?
The speed or rate of chemical reactions is altered or changed by
the following factors:
1. Nature and size of the reactants
2. Concentration of the reactants
3. Temperature
4. Presence of a Catalyst
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1

Synthesis
Here are the module’s key ideas:
● Antoine Lavoisier’s discovery in 1789 stipulates that mass is neither created nor
destroyed in any chemical reaction.
● Every single breathing moment, our bodies are doing one of two things: storing
energy from the food we eat and/or spending that energy on daily activities. This
is only possible because the body undergoes chemical reactions.

Assess performance
Directions: Write whether the direction of the reaction will go FORWARD, REVERSE,
or NO CHANGE. Write your answer in your notebook.

2 A(g) + B(g) « Q(g) + heat


_____________1. Pressure increased
_____________2. Volume decreased
_____________3. 2 A removed
_____________4. B added
_____________5. System was cooled
_____________6. Catalyst was added
_____________7. Q was collected
_____________8. Both B and Q were removed; same amount
_____________9. Temperature was increased
_____________10. Both B and Q were added; same amount

Bibliography
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Integrated
Science 1, Module 12. Inside the Earth.

Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education (2013). Science - Grade 8


Learner’s Module. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Punongbayan, R. et al. (1998). The Philippine Archipelago Volume 1. Tarbuck, E.J. et


al. (2009). Earth Science 12th ed.

Department of Education Learners Manual Science for Grade 10. First Edition. 2015.
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1
HIGH SCHOOL
Module 37
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS PART 1

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