BUILDING SERVICES

ELECTRICAL & LIGHTING

MODULE IV & V

LIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION

MODULE V
Lighting Design and Calculation
TERMINOLOGIES IN ILLUMINATION
 BASIC PARAMETERS OF LIGHTING

Luminous Intensity (I):

⚫Power or strength of the source of light
⚫How bright a light appears
⚫Luminous power of beams emitted by a power
source in a given direction
⚫Measure of the light power emitted by a light
source in a particular direction per unit angle
based on the sensitivity of the human eye
⚫Measured in candela
 BASIC PARAMETERS OF LIGHTING

Luminance (L):
⚫Intensity of light emitted from a surface per
unit area in a given direction
⚫Only basic lighting parameter that is perceived
by the eye
⚫It specifies the brightness of a surface and is
essentially dependent on its reflectance
⚫Measured in candela/square meter
 BASIC PARAMETERS OF LIGHTING
Light Power / Luminous Power / Luminous
Flux ():
⚫Luminous flux is the amount of light
emitted from the light source in all directions
⚫Luminous power is adjusted to reflect the
varying sensitivity of the human eye to different
wavelengths of light
⚫Unit is lumen (lm)
 BASIC PARAMETERS OF
LIGHTING
Luminous Efficiency (η):
⚫It is the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a light
source to the power input of the source (lm/W)
∅
η= 𝑙𝑚/𝑊
𝑃

⚫Through this value it is possible to assess the

energy saving provided by one lamp compared
to another
Illuminance (E):
⚫When luminous flux falls on a surface, it is
illuminated
⚫Quantity of luminous flux falling on unit area
of a surface
⚫Measured in lux (lx)
1 lumen = 1 candela x 1 solid angle

Luminous Flux Φ = Luminous Intensity I x Solid Angle ω

Φ=Ixω
⚫One lumen is defined as the luminous flux of
light produced by a light source that emits one
candela of luminous intensity over an angle

Φ=Ixω
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF ILLUMINANCE:
⚫Law states that the illuminance (E) at any point on
a plane perpendicular to the line joining the point
and source is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between the source and the plane

I
E 2
r
where I is the luminous intensity in a given
direction
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF ILLUMINANCE:
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF ILLUMINANCE:
• Consider a point source S of luminous intensity I.
• Consider two surfaces A1 and A2 at a distance r1 and
r2 from S
• Let the angle be ω
• Total luminous flux φ = I x ω lumens
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF ILLUMINANCE:
∅ 𝐼ω 𝐼ω
• E on surface of area A1 = = = 2
𝐴1 𝐴1 ω𝑟1
𝑰
= 𝟐 𝒍𝒖𝒙
𝒓𝟏
∅ 𝐼ω 𝐼ω
• E on surface of area A2 = = = 2
𝐴2 𝐴2 ω𝑟2
𝑰
= 𝟐 𝒍𝒖𝒙
𝒓𝟐
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF ILLUMINANCE:
⚫It can also be mathematically expressed as,

2
E1 r2
 2
E2 r1

ie, E1 *r12  E2 *r22

CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. Calculate the illuminance at point A.
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW:
⚫ (When surface to be illuminated is not normal to the source but
at an angle from the source)
⚫Law states that illuminance at a point on a plane is
proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal
at that point and the direction of luminous flux
I
E  d 2 cos

where, I is the luminous intensity of the source in the

direction of the illuminated point
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
⚫ is the angle between normal to the plane
containing the illuminated point and line joining
the source to the illuminated point
⚫d is the distance to the illuminated point
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
⚫P is the source; I is the luminous intensity
⚫Need to find E at Q that is normal to the direction of
point source
⚫Also need to find E at R which is inclined at an
angle from P
⚫PQ = d; PR = r
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
𝐼
⚫𝐸 𝛼 cos 𝜃 ; 𝐸 =
𝑑2

𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⚫𝐸 =
𝑑2

⚫At point Q,
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐼 cos 0 𝐼
𝐸𝑄 = = =
𝑑2 𝑑2 𝑑2
 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
• At point R,
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐼 𝑑 𝐼𝑑 𝐼𝑑 𝑑 2
𝐸𝑅 = = 𝑥 = = x
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟3 𝑟 3 𝑑2

𝐼 𝑑3 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
= 2 𝑥 3 =
𝑑 𝑟 𝑑2

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = adjacent side / hypotenuse = d/r)

This law is also known as 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 law.

CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. Calculate the illuminance E1 and E2.
(ϴ = 36.87 deg)

Ans:
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. Find the illuminance directly below lamp at point
A and at point B.

Answer:
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Answer:
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
LUMEN METHOD:
⚫Calculation of illuminance at indoors
⚫Also known as Light Flux Method
⚫To estimate the illumination pattern from a set of
diffuse lighting sources over a broad area in a
room
⚫Used in areas where a uniform light intensity is
required for the work area
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
LUMEN METHOD:
⚫Illumination level required at the work surface
is obtained by, 
E  rec
A
where, E – illumination level required at the work
space
A – total area of the plane where the work is done
 r e c - flux of light received on the work space
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
LUMEN METHOD:
⚫Received flux in a work space is given by:
rec  CU  MF 

where,
CU – Utilization Factor
MF – Maintenance Factor
 - Total flux given out by all lamps in a
room
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Maintenance Factor:
⚫Defined as the ratio of illumination under normal
working conditions to the illumination when
everything is clean
⚫Accounts for the reduction in light output from a
lighting system due to aging of lamps and
accumulation of dirt and dust on light surfaces
⚫Value of MF is between 0 & 1. Usually assumed
to be 0.8.
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Depreciation Factor:
⚫Light emitted by the source reduces due to dust
or dust decomposition on light
⚫So, the quantity of light reflected from the
ceiling also get reduced
⚫This can be reduced by cleaning the light fittings
⚫But absolute cleanliness is not possible, hence
we need to consider depreciation factor
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Depreciation Factor:
1
DF 
MF
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
UTILIZATION FACTOR () or Coefficient of
Utilization (CU):
⚫Measure of how effective the lighting scheme is.
⚫Ratio of effective luminous flux to the total
luminous flux of all light sources
⚫Always less than one
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
UF depends upon the following factors:
⚫Lumen Output of the light fittings
⚫Geometric shape of the room i.e. Length,
breadth and height of the room will affect the UF
⚫Light output ratio, LOR (how much light gets
lost)
⚫Reflection factors of ceilings and walls
⚫Distribution of light in the room
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
For Uniform Illumination:
⚫To achieve uniform lighting, spacing between the
luminaries should be less than 1.5 times the
mounting height
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
NUMBER OF LAMPS REQUIRED:
rec  MF UF 
EA
rec
 
MF  CU MF  CU

∅
No. of lamps required =
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

E*A
So, No. of lamps required = N 
O *CU * MF
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
𝐸𝑥𝐴
N
𝑂 𝑥 𝐶𝑈 𝑥 𝑀𝐹

where,
E – Required illumination of work space (lux)
A – Area of the work space in sq. m.
O – Luminous flux produced per lamp (lumens)
CU – Coefficient of Utilization
MF – Maintenance Factor
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Points to remember:
 r e c - Luminous flux of light received /utilised on the work
space (lumens)

 - Total flux given out by all lamps in a room (lumens)

O – Lumen Output / Luminous flux produced per lamp

(lumens)
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. A small assembly shop 15m long and 9m wide is to
be illuminated to a level of 200 lux. The coefficient of
utilization is 0.75 and maintenance factor is 0.8.
Calculate the number of lamps required to illuminate the
whole area if the lumen output of the lamp selected is
3000 lumens.

𝐸𝑥𝐴
No. of lamps required = N  𝑂 𝑥 𝐶𝑈 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. An office 30m x 15m is illuminated by 40W
fluorescent lamps of lumen output 2700 lumens. The
average illumination required at the work place is 200
lux. Calculate the number of lamps required to be fitted
in the office. Assume CU to be 0.6 and DF to be 1.25.

𝐸𝑥𝐴
No. of lamps required = N  𝑂 𝑥 𝐶𝑈 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
1
DF =
𝑀𝐹
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Formulas for calculations:
1) Luminous Efficiency of one lamp ,
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
η=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
2) Luminous Efficiency of all lamps in a room,
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
η=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠

3) Luminous flux / Lumen Output =

η x Wattage of lamp
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Formulas for calculations:
Number of lamps:
𝐸𝑥𝐴
1) N =
𝑂𝑥𝐶𝑈𝑥𝑀𝐹
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
2) N =
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 φ
3) N =
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑥 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. A room 15m x 9m long is illuminated by 100W
lamps of luminous efficiency 20 lm/W. The average
illumination required at the work space is 250 lux.
Calculate the number of lamps to be fitted in the room.
Assume CU to be 0.5 and DF to be 1.25.
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. A uniform illumination of 50 lux is to be obtained
on the floor of a room measuring 10m x 10m by
arranging electric light suitably. Calculate the wattage of
all the lamps and the number of lamps if the efficiency
of the lamp is 15 lumens/watt. Assume and write
suitable values required in this calculation.
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln:
E = 50 lux; A = 100 sq.m; η = 15 lumens/W
Assume MF = 1; CU =1
i) Total lumens utilized = E x A = 50 x 100 = 5000 lumens
ii) Total lumens given out by lamps,
𝐸𝑥𝐴 5000
φ = 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 𝐶𝑈 = 1
= 5000 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
iii) Total Wattage =
η
5000
= = 333.33 Watts
15

iv) Assume wattage of each lamp as 100W

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 333.33
Then, N= = =3.33=4 lamps
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 100

or
𝐸𝑥𝐴 50 𝑥 100
N= = = 3.33 = 4 lamps
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑥 η 𝑥 𝐶𝑈 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 100 𝑥 15 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. An illumination of 50lux is to be produced on the
floor of a room 12m x 9m. 36 lamps are required to
produce this illumination in the room, if the coefficient
of utilization is 50%. What is the MSCP of the lamp in
candela?

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥
Mean Spherical Candle Power, MSCP =
4𝜋
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln:
E = 50 lux; A = 12 x 9 sq.m; Number of lamps = 36 nos.; CU = 0.5
Assume MF = 1
i) Lumen output of the lamp,
𝐸𝑥𝐴 50 𝑥 12 𝑥 9
𝑂= = = 300 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑁 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 𝐶𝑈 36 𝑥 1 𝑥 0.5

300
ii) Mean Spherical Candle Power = = 24 𝑐𝑑
4𝜋
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. A certain incandescent lamp, hangs from the ceiling
of a room. The illuminance received on a small
horizontal screen lying on a bench 2m vertically below
the lamp is 63.5 lux. Calculate the illuminance at a point
when the screen is moved horizontally a distance of 1.5
m along the bench.
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln:
E1 at A = 63.5 lux, h = 2m
𝐼
𝐸1 = ℎ2 ; 𝐼 = 𝐸1 𝑥ℎ2 = 63.5𝑥22 = 254 𝑐𝑑

𝑑 = 22 + 1.52 =2.5 m
ℎ 2
cos 𝜃 = =
𝑑 2.5

𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝒙 𝟐
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒅𝟐
= 𝟐.𝟓𝟑
= 32.5 lux
 STEPS OF LUMEN METHOD
1] Find the required lux level
2] Select luminaires
3] Determine the number of fixtures / lamps
𝐸𝑥𝐴
N=
𝑂𝑥𝐶𝑈𝑥𝑀𝐹
4] Determine the minimum spacing between luminaires
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆𝐻𝑅 𝑥 𝐻𝑚

5] Determine the number of required rows of luminaire

along the width of the room
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑. 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛.𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
 STEPS OF LUMEN METHOD
6] Determine the number of luminaires in each row
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠

7] Axial Spacing along luminaires

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤

8] Transverse spacing between luminaire

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. A hall 30 m x 15 m is illuminated by 60 W
fluorescent illuminance of lumen output 4000 lumens.
The lamps are mounted at a height of 3m from the work
place. The average illumination required is 250 lux.
Calculate the number of lamps to be fitted in the office,
assuming CU to be 0.8 and MF to be 1.2. Also show the
arrangement of lamps. [SHR is taken as 1].
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln:
1] Lux level required is 250 lux.
2] Luminaire given are 60W fluorescent lamps.
𝐸𝑥𝐴 250 𝑥 450
3] No. of luminaires required: 𝑁 = 𝑂𝑥𝐶𝑈𝑥𝑀𝐹
= 4000 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 1.2 = 29.29 ≅ 30 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
4] Min. Spacing = 𝑆𝐻𝑅 𝑥 𝐻𝑚 = 1𝑥3 = 3𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 15
5] No. of rows reqd = = = 5 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
𝑀𝑖𝑛.𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 30
6] No. of luminaires in each row = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
= 5
= 6 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 30
7] Axial Spacing = = = 5𝑚
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 6
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 15
8] Transverse Spacing = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 6
= 2.5𝑚
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln: Arrangement of lamps:
30 m

2.5m

15
m 5m
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Qn. An office area has length 20m, width 10m and
height 3m. The ceiling to desk height is 2m. The area is
to be illuminated to a general level of 250 lux using twin
lamp 32W CFL luminaires with an SHR of 1.25. Each
lamp has an efficiency of 85 lumen/W. The lamps MF is
0.63, UF is 0.69 and SHR is 1.25. Design a lighting
system for the office.
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln:
1] Lux level required is 250 lux.
2] Luminaire given is CFL and their total wattage rating is 2 x 32 = 64W
𝐸𝑥𝐴 250 𝑥 20 𝑥 10
3] No. of luminaires required: 𝑁 = 𝑂𝑥𝐶𝑈𝑥𝑀𝐹
=
5440 𝑥 0.69 𝑥 0.63
= 21 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
{ where O = Lumen eff. X Wattage of each fixtures = 85 x 64 = 5440 lumens}
4] Min. Spacing = 𝑆𝐻𝑅 𝑥 𝐻𝑚 = 1.25 𝑥 2 = 2.25 𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 10
5] No. of rows reqd = 𝑀𝑖𝑛.𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 2.25 = 4 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 21
6] No. of luminaires in each row = = =5
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 4
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 20
7] Axial Spacing = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 5
= 4𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 10
8] Transverse Spacing = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 5
= 2𝑚
CALCULATION OF ILLUMINATION
Soln: Arrangement of lamps:
20 m

2m

10
m 4m
 GROUP ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss the criteria and standards for illumination in
residential buildings.
2. Discuss the criteria and standards for illumination in
office buildings.
3. Discuss the criteria and standards for illumination in
Institutions.
4. Discuss the criteria and standards for illumination in
hospital buildings.
5. Discuss the criteria and standards for illumination in
commercial display lighting.
 GROUP ASSIGNMENT
6. Discuss about (i) Street Lighting and (ii) Flood
lighting.
7.Explain about (i) Swimming pool lighting and (ii)
Underwater luminaires.
8.Explain Energy Efficient lighting and LEED
certification.
9. Discuss about Alternate Energy Sources.