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DMM Unit-2

The document discusses quality assurance and properties of concrete, including compressive strength, durability, and thermal properties. It also discusses damage assessment, which involves determining the nature and extent of loss from disasters. Damage assessment provides critical information to guide response and recovery efforts. Condition assessment of structures evaluates distress and places buildings in categories requiring no action, repair/strengthening, or demolition. Types of concrete distress include cracks, spalling, staining, and corrosion. Damage assessment procedures involve rapid safety assessments and detailed engineering evaluations. Non-destructive and semi-destructive testing methods are used to investigate damage without harming structures.

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16 views

DMM Unit-2

The document discusses quality assurance and properties of concrete, including compressive strength, durability, and thermal properties. It also discusses damage assessment, which involves determining the nature and extent of loss from disasters. Damage assessment provides critical information to guide response and recovery efforts. Condition assessment of structures evaluates distress and places buildings in categories requiring no action, repair/strengthening, or demolition. Types of concrete distress include cracks, spalling, staining, and corrosion. Damage assessment procedures involve rapid safety assessments and detailed engineering evaluations. Non-destructive and semi-destructive testing methods are used to investigate damage without harming structures.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Tayyab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit -2

Quality assurance for concrete: Quality Assurance (QA) isa program covering activities
necessary to provide qualifying the work to meet the project requirements. QA involves
stablishing project related policies, procedures, standards, training, guidelines, and system
necessary to produce quality.

Strength: Usually, the compressive strength of concrete varies from 2500 psi (17 MPa) to
4000 psi (28 MPa) and higher in residential and commercial structures. Several applications
also utilize strengths greater than 10,000 psi (70 MPa).
. Compressive strength. Compressive strength is the most important property of the
hardened concrete. ... As expected the addition of GP by-product does not affect the
compressive strength of the concrete up to 15% of substitution rate and the
compressive strength of the concrete increased upon aging.
Durability: Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering
properties

 Ageing (of polymers)


 Dust resistance
 Resistance to fatigue
 Fire resistance
 Radiation hardening
 Thermal resistance
 Rot-proofing
 Rustproofing
 Toughness
 Waterproofing

Thermal properties of concrete: The thermal properties like coefficient of thermal


expansion, specific heat, density and thermal conductivity of concrete are important for
evaluation of the performance concrete over the period of time.
Damage assessment: Damage Assessment is the process for determining the nature and
extent of the loss, suffering, and/or harm to the community resulting from a natural,
accidental or human-caused disaster. Damage assessment provides situational
awareness and critical information on: Type, scope and severity of the event.
Necessity of damage of any structure:
 damage assessment plays a critical role in your community's response and
recovery following a hazard event.
 The information gathered by the damage assessment response team provides a
snapshot of the situation detailing the extent and location of damages.
 This information is evaluated to determine the needs of the survivors and the
community as a whole. Thus, the damage assessment sets the tone for the entire
response operation and drives the recovery process.
 Damage assessment helps your community set priorities for response activities
such as search and rescue, as well as for recovery operations such as removal of
storm debris and rebuilding or repair of infrastructure.
 It also helps identify needs for additional resources from local, State, and Federal
agencies and provides some of the documentation necessary for applying for
these avenues of assistance.
 Damage assessment can also help you identify mitigation opportunities and
create a mitigation plan that will make your community more disaster-resistant
for the next hazard event.

Condition assessment and distress:


Main objective of condition assessment are to place the building into one of the following
three categories:
A. The building has not shown any signs of distress and It satisfies all the safety and
serviceability requirements according to relevant Codes of practice, hence no action is
needed towards retrofitting.
B. The building is seen to be deficient (or distressed) but it can be repaired and
strengthened to satisfy the Codal safety requirements or performance criteria set by the
user.
C. The building is badly damaged. It is to be demolished and a new building may be built,
build back better.
Main steps of condition assessment will be
a) To record the damage if any, and find out the causes for distress
b) To assess the extent of distress and to estimate the residual strengths of structural
components and the system including the foundation.
c) To plan the rehabilitation and retrofitting/strengthening of the building.
Distress:distress, suffering, misery, agony mean the state of being in great
trouble. distress implies an external and usually temporary cause of great physical or
mental strain and stress. the hurricane put everyone in great distress suffering implies
conscious endurance of pain or distress.
Main causes of such distress in buildings
• Deficiencies in design
• Poor detailing of reinforcement in RC structural members and joints
• Poor quality of construction
• Corrosion of reinforcement due to aggressive environment.
• Inadequacies in the structural system to resist lateral forces due to natural hazards like
cyclones and earthquakes.
• Settlement or differential settlement of foundation
• Extreme and unforeseen loading.

Types of Distress:
Blow holes- sometimes also bug-holes, are individual rounded or irregular cavities that are
formed against the formwork and become visible on stripping of the formwork.
Cold joints- These are created when new concrete is poured against the concrete that has
just hardened.
Honey Combing- It refers to voids caused by the mortar not filling the spaces between the
coarse aggregate particles.
Crazing- It is the network of fine random cracks that are formed due to the shrinkage of the
layer relative to the base concrete. It does not pose any structural or Serviceability
problem.
Pop-outs- Rough conical depressions in the concrete surface caused by the expansion of
the deleterious aggregate particles near the surface or expansion due to freezing are called
pop-outs.
Disintegration two terms generally used to mark this they are Scaling- Localized flaking or
peeling away of the near surface portion of the hardened concrete due to freeze thaw,
Dusting- White powdery formation on the surface of hardened concrete that receives
excessive traffic.
Cracking- Cracking in concrete is inherent. Type of structure and nature of cracking is the
major concern. Cracks in the concrete does not always mean that the structure is unusable.
 Structural Cracks- Structural cracks are those that may occur due to deficient
designs, overloading, abnormal vibrations, use of inferior quality materials,
foundation placed on uncompacted/loose soils, adoption of improper construction
practices, poor workmanship, etc.

 Non-Structural Cracks- These cracks occur due to the internally induced stresses in
building material or due to the temperature induced movement of the materials.
These cracks mar the appearance of the structure and at time may give a feeling of
instability.
Settlement Cracks

Spalling- It is development of the fragments usually in the shape of the flakes, due to
corrosion of steel or freeze thaw effects.
Stain- It is white powdery surface which may be caused by alkali-aggregate reactions. The
stain may sometimes be colored due to corrosion of reinforcement.
Erosion- It could be due to abrasion, erosion which is marked by smooth, well-worn
abraded surface of concrete, while in cavitation- erosion concrete appears to be very rough
and pitted.
Corrosion- Rusting of steel in concrete, this results in cracking or spalling.
Deflection-It is the bending or sagging of the reinforced concrete structural elements like
beams, slabs, columns, etc., which can be due to overloading, corrosion, or by creep in
concrete.
Scaling of Concrete
Purpose of assessment: The purpose of a damage assessment and needs analysis (DANA)
process is to describe, as quickly and objectively as possible, the health impact of an
adverse event, while considering the response capacity of the sector and ascertaining what
additional resources are required to address immediate and future effects.
The DANA supports decision-making and thus save lives and limits the health consequences
and socioeconomic losses.

The health authority is responsible for assessing, reporting, and coordinating interventions
to protect and recovery of the population’s health.
Speed is a critical element in terms of gathering and analyzing information because
information is often limited in the initial hours after a disaster and therefore relief efforts
are often conducted in a climate of uncertainty. That is why it is important to assess
hazards and vulnerabilities before an emergency situation and have a general idea of
potential risks—in this way, decision makers will have a valuable source of information
while data is being collected from the disaster-affected areas.
With the help of experts from the Region, PAHO has designed standardized formats for
rapid damage assessment and needs analysis in the health sector. These are useful tools
when carrying out a rapid assessment of the sort that can be called for in an emergency
response situation. It is important that the health sector be familiar with these tools before
having to use them in an emergency.
Rapid assessment:Definition:-Rapid AssessmentA process to be done during the
emergency period to determine extent of damage and needs requirement in affected areas
as basis for decision-making
Diagnostic techniques:
Investigation of damage:
Evaluation of surface and structural cracks:

Damage assessment procedure:


 Rapid safety assessment
 Required for all damaged buildings after a disaster
 Method is based on ATC-20 with suitable modifications
 Detailed safety assessment
 Required for all doubtful buildings
 Required for all buildings being considered for compensation
 Method is based on international best practice after elimination of deficiencies in
existing practice
 Engineering evaluation
 Required for building considered for engineered rehabilitation/retrofitting

Destructive :
Non –destructive vs. Semi –destructive

Non -destructive:
Non –destructive Methods:
Semi destructive testing systems:
Procedure for evaluating damaged of structure:

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