MUNIK XIV - IBA PUBLIC SPEAKING SOCIETY

MUNIK XIV
STUDY GUIDE
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Model United Nations IBA Karachi (MUNIK)

MUNIK is a three-day international relations simulation held annually at IBA Karachi. Each January, more
than 1000 delegates congregate to confront and debate global issues. In participating at MUNIK, delegates
experience first-hand, the challenges of negotiation by assuming the roles of United Nations representatives
and members of other decision-making bodies. This fourteenth iteration will consist of 10 committees,
ranging from General Assembly, Specialized Agencies and Regional Bodies. MUNIK, presented by the IBA
Public Speaking Society, is a premier Model United Nations conference built upon a decades old tradition of
excellence.

What is MUN?
Model United Nations is an academic simulation of the United Nations where students play the role of
delegates from different countries and attempt to solve real world issues with the policies and perspectives
of their assigned country. For example, a student may be assigned the Russian Federation and will have to
solve global topics such as nuclear non-proliferation or climate change from the policies and perspectives of
the Russian Federation.

How to prepare for MUN?

Once you have signed up for a conference, you will receive your country assignment, your committee, and
its topics. MUNIK provides a Background Guide that introduces the topics — read that first.
There are typically three items to prepare before you walk into your first conference: the Position Paper
(sometimes called a Policy Statement), your Opening Speech, and a Research Binder

1. Position Paper
The Position Paper is a one or two page document that is essentially a summary of your knowledge of the
topic and the position your country plans to take when it enters committee. It typically contains four
sections: Background of Topic, Past International Actions, Country Policy, and Possible Solutions. Position
Papers are usually due before the conference.
The key starting points for researching each section are listed below. They will help you get started with
participating in your first Model UN conference, but you will want to dig deeper as you develop more
experience.
Background of topic: Background guide of the topic provided by the conference, Google, the news, Wikipedia
(to frame the topic)
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Past international actions: UN website, your committee’s website, key treaties or resolutions mentioned
in your background guide, UN or NGO reports
Country policy: CIA World Factbook, your country’s foreign ministry website, domestic programs within
your country, and your country’s voting record on key treaties or resolutions
Possible Solutions: NGO or think tank policy recommendations, past UN resolutions that you’d like to
change or expand on, and your own creativity!

2. Opening Speech
The Opening Speech typically lasts about 1 minute or 1 minute and 30 seconds and is the first speech
you give to the committee. It is the best opportunity for you to explain your country policy and the key
sub-issues you would like the committee to focus on. Opening Speeches are the main way for countries
to determine who they want to work with, so it’s important to prepare a speech that conveys this. There
are many tips and strategies on how to deliver an Opening Speech but use your Position Paper as a guide
when you are starting out. The most important action is to just be brave and make your first speech.
3. Research Binder
Research Binders are optional but highly recommended. An organized Research Binder will be your go-to
resource during the conference as new terms and acronyms, previous resolutions and treaties, and
possible solutions are mentioned.

Moderated Caucus
Moderated caucuses are used to dive into the specifics of the committee topic. While the speakers list
invites general comment on the issue at hand, statements of countries’ positions et cetera, moderated
caucuses invited more direct debate. Speeches should be more responsive in a moderated caucus, i.e.
when you get up to speak you should not speak in isolation; instead, you should respond to others’
arguments and position your own argument in the broader scope of the committee. These speeches are a
good opportunity to signal to the rest of the committee what sort of countries you are or would be willing
to work with.
The purpose of a moderated caucus is to facilitate substantive debate at critical junctures in the
discussion. In a moderated caucus, the Chair will temporarily depart from the Speakers List and call on
delegates to speak at his or her discretion. Although the default is to only call one speaker at a time, the
Chair, at his or her discretion, may create a list of up to a maximum of five speakers at any time. The Chair
cannot create a list of all the speakers of a moderated caucus.
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Unmoderated Caucus
An unmoderated caucus is a state of committee during which no speakers are recognized by the moderator.
Though no debate takes place, the committee invariably hums with activity. During unmoderated caucuses,
delegates often try to come to consensus, organize blocs, and write documents.
A delegate may motion for an unmoderated caucus at any time when the floor is open, prior to closure of
debate. The delegate making the motion must specify a time limit for the caucus, not to exceed twenty
minutes. The motion will immediately be put to a vote and will pass given a simple majority. In the case of
multiple unmoderated caucuses, the Chair will rank the motions in descending order of length, and the
Committee members will vote accordingly. The Chair may rule the motion dilatory, and his or her decision is
not subject to appeal. An unmoderated caucus may be extended only once, and the combined length of an
unmoderated caucus and its extension may not exceed twenty minutes.

Basics of a Resolution
Who: Who writes a resolution? Any delegate in the committee can write a resolution (although in rare
instances an observer state is not allowed to directly write a resolution). The author of a resolution is called a
sponsor. Most resolutions have multiple sponsors because it takes a group of countries to share good ideas
and to come to a consensus. Some conferences allow delegates to sponsor multiple resolutions for each
topic while others only allow delegates to sponsor one per topic.
What: What is a resolution? A resolution is a document that contains all the issues that the committee wants
to solve and the proposed solutions to that issue. It’s called a resolution because that’s what the United
Nations calls the documents they produce. Technically, the resolution should be called a draft resolution
before it is voted upon and then called a resolution after it is successfully passed during voting bloc.
When/Where: When and where are resolutions written? Most conferences require students to write
resolutions during the conference. Specifically, resolutions are usually written during unmoderated caucus
(sometimes called informal caucus) where delegates are free to roam around the committee to collaborate
on ideas with each other, and sometimes students work outside in hallways or computer labs as well.
Resolution-writing becomes more focused during the latter sessions of committee when different country
policies are clear and different ideas have been mentioned already. These conferences will not allow any
pre-written resolutions. A few conferences have “docket-style” debate. This is when students are required to
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submit resolutions to the conference in advance and the chairs pick the best ones and put them into a
docket. The delegates focus only on the resolutions in the docket when they get to the conference and
work on amending them.
Why: The ultimate purpose of a committee session is to pass a resolution. All the speeches, debate,
negotiation, and teamwork is supposed to lead up to a resolution which contains all the proposed
solutions to the issue. The resolution(s) that the majority of the committee agrees upon will be passed
during voting bloc and the sponsors will be informally commended for building consensus on good ideas.
Most conferences allow multiple resolutions to pass as long as they do not contradict each other, but a
few conferences allow only one resolution to pass.
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FAI Study Guide

Committee Directors:
Shoaib Ahmed
Abdul Moiz Usmani
Maha Siddique
Humza Salman

ACDs
Ibrahim Hashmi
Ushpan

Socioeconomic inequality, Privacy violations, job losses and risks associated with AI.

Committee Overview
The FAI is a new committee that works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity through the safe
and ethical use of Artificial Intelligence technologies across all its member states. It does so by
creating Policies that support the development of Artificial Intelligence in a sustainable way, that not
only regulates any risks associated with the technology but also work to ensure the availability of
such technology for all.

Introduction
Relevance to today’s society and economy
Today we encounter the application of AI technology in a wide range of different places in our daily
life, such as purchasing items online, watching movies or using social media. E-commerce
organizations use AI technology to understand customer purchase behavior and subsequently make
recommendations , Facebook is using AI to determine what kind of feed you could be interested in
based on your interactions, and uses a face recognition software to prevent unauthorized use of
images.3 Artificial intelligence is already starting to play a major role in our society, and with the
industry advancing more and more, AI technology is entering into different areas of our labor force.
With all the advantages that could come with the implementation of AI, at least some negative
effects are also deemed inevitable. One of the major issues surrounding AI is its possible effect on
our labor force and economy. If routine jobs usually performed by humans are outsourced to
machines, could this mean that millions of people will be put out of work permanently?
In the past industrial revolutions in the 18th and 19th century, we have already seen major shifts in
our workforce that at their time were seen as a threat to the labor force. Back then the utilization of
steam power, steal and electricity did not have the consequences of mass unemployment feared by
some. But the changes in the economy back then happened over time, usually giving an entire
generation the time to adapt to the new working environment. Today’s changes are happening much
more rapidly and will possibly force workers to take new jobs and acquire new skills within one
generation instead of having the changes implemented in the next generation. The McKinsey &
Company report on Trends and global forces states that AI is contributing to a transformation of
society “happening ten times faster and at 300 times the scale or at roughly 3,000 times the impact”
of the Industrial Revolution.
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Significant Impact on Society
As machines become more capable of doing jobs that previously were done by human workers,
the question to what extent this could change how today’s society works is becoming more
pressing, and the necessity to prepare for potential issues or conflicts is prevalent. Artificial
Intelligence is being labeled as one of the pillars of the so-called “fourth industrial revolution”. The
opinions on what effect it will have on our society, especially regarding its application in the
workforce, strongly differ, with some scientists being concerned that with a major shift in our
labor force that is bound to happen, millions of people all over the world could be left without
work. Others see the utilization of AI technology as favorable, eliminating jobs that are dangerous
or unpopular, and do not believe in the devastating impact of AI on the labor market. Their opinion
is that, just like in the past industrial revolutions, the usage of new technology and automation will
just relocate jobs, opening new fields and new possibilities for work without resulting in mass
unemployment.
Not knowing to what extent, we will be able to develop AI technology makes it hard to take
preventative measures to combat possible issues. It is questionable whether and to what extent
society will – or should – opt for computerization, even if it is technically possible. Whatever the
outcome may be, it is undeniable that the changes are bound to happen, be they positive or
negative, and will have a great impact on our society. We define ourselves through our work. We
tend to value people in regard to the work that they do, or whether they work at all. Work has also
shown itself to be one of the most important aspects of keeping people together. Unemployment
has an immense impact on our mental health, because work also means self-respect and
contributing to society, and without it, a lot of people feel like they have lost purpose. In
communities with high unemployment, crime rates are higher. If the application of artificial
intelligence in our workforce puts people out of work, we have to figure out how we can ensure a
functional society after one of its major pillars has been taken away. How can it be ensured that
people who cannot find a job anymore are not only not suffering economically, but also ensure
that they still feel like contributing members of our society?

What is Artificial Intelligence

Technology has been advancing at a rapid speed in the last decades. One of the most rapidly
growing fields with potentially the greatest impact on the labor market is artificial intelligence (AI),
a branch of computer science that works on the implementation of intelligent behavior within
machines, such as learning and problem solving. Machines are programmed to perform such
cognitive functions by imitating human logical processes. Because there is no solid definition of
intelligence so far, what has been perceived as artificial intelligence has changed over the years.
As machines become more capable of achieving more complex goals, intelligence is no longer
being defined as the ability to perform a concrete task. As said in Larry Tesler’s theorem: “AI is
whatever hasn’t been done yet.”
Artificially intelligent technology is capable of learning from data by trying out new strategies and
evaluating how to maximize their chance of achieving their programmed goals. They can recognize
patterns, store the information and attempt a successful action the next time they encounter a
similar problem.
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One definition for artificial intelligence states that AI is “the ability of a digital computer or
computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings” and
is divided into two categories, called weak Artificial Intelligence and strong Artificial
Intelligence. Weak (or narrow) AI is only designed to perform one single task, for example facial
recognition, software or internet searches. Weak AI machines are configured only to specialize
in their respective tasks. Strong (or general) AI is technology that would be able to perform at
an intellectual level indistinguishable from humans.

Historical Background
The earliest research into developing intelligent machines came in the 1930s and 1940s. The
English mathematician Alan Turing (1912 -1954) is being considered the father of theoretical
computer science and artificial intelligence. In 1950 Alan Turing published a paper entitled
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, posing the question „Can machines think “, touching
on the field that would later be called AI.

Turing developed what is known as the “Turing Test” or also “Imitation Game”, through which
he tested a machine ‘s ability to imitate human behavior. The game requires an interrogator, a
human and a machine. The goal was for the interrogator to identify which of the participants is
human and which is a machine. If a machine was capable of imitating human behavior well
enough to make it indistinguishable from the actual human for the interrogator, it would be
sufficient evidence for Turning that machines are in fact capable of thinking.

After World War II, a number of people independently started to work on intelligent machines.
The term “Artificial Intelligence” to describe the academic discipline of intelligent machines
was first used at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (DSRPAI)
hosted by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky in 1956. Until 1974, Artificial Intelligence
technology experienced its golden age with heavy investments from private and government
bodies, leading to breakthroughs in data storage and robotics. In 1972, scientists at Waseba-
University in Japan completed the WABOT-1, the world ‘s first full-scale intelligent humanoid
robot. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs and to grab and carry
objects with its hands using tactile sensors. Through its external receptors it could measure
distances and directions to objects. It also carried a language system that allowed it to
communicate with a person in Japanese.

At first, optimism in AI and robotic research was high. In 1970, Marvin Minsky stated that „In
from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average
human being. “When these goals were not achieved, frustration grew, and investment
dropped. In 1974 Artificial Intelligence went through what is now called the first of two „AI
winters “. In the early 1980s, interest in funding Artificial Intelligence research resurfaced. So-
called “Expert systems” became a huge commercial success. “Expert systems” are a form of AI
program that simulates the knowledge and analytical skills of human experts by imitating
human decision-making process through “if-then” rules. By 1985, “the market for AI [had
reached] over a billion dollars.”
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But maintenance of the expert systems was expensive. The computers would give bizarre answers
when confronted with unusual input. With desktop computers from Apple and IBM becoming faster
and more powerful than the specialized AI hardware, funds originally dedicated to AI research were
relocated to projects that were projected to give faster results, resulting in another collapse of the
AI hardware market, also referred to as the second AI Winter, and the end of the first commercial
success of AI.
An AI Milestone was reached in 1997, when IBM´s Deep Blue became the first computer chess
playing system to beat the reigning world chess champion Garri Kasparow, and due to media
attention, the public interest in AI technology grew again.
In the past 15 years companies such as Google, Amazon and Baidu have used machine learning, a
branch of AI technology with which machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model of
sample data in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to
perform said task, to achieve major commercial success. Algorithms originally developed by AI
researchers were being used in larger systems for tasks such as data mining, industrial robotics,
logistics, speech recognition, banking software, medical diagnosis and Google ‘s search engine.
Some other examples of current AI projects include Apple ‘s “Siri” smart speaking devices, facial
recognition software, tumor recognition in radiology, autonomous cars and trucks, and autonomous
military drones. Today AI research is accelerating, with many major corporations open sourcing their
AI software. Google open sourced its TensorFlow machine learning library in 2015, and hundreds of
users have since contributed to and sought to improve it. Looking at the positive and negative
aspects of AI research over the past decades, some people are concerned about the current hype
surrounding AI and ethical questions which remain unanswered. Some experts predict the
possibility of a new AI winter, triggered by any overly ambitious or unrealistic promises made by AI
scientists, or through opposition from the people due to perceived dangers to our current human
society.

Current Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Industry

There are several examples for the application of AI technology today, ranging from speech based
personal assistants like Alexa or Siri, to more underlying and fundamental technologies such as
behavioral algorithms.
AI technology is also being used by companies such as Amazon and Netflix. Amazon uses algorithms
to predict its customers’ interests through their online activity, just like Netflix, which suggests
movies and series that their customer might enjoy through an algorithm based on previous movie
choices. With more and more data input, these technologies are becoming even more accurate at
predicting the customers’ interests.
Another application of AI in the industry is within “mundane office tasks like accounting, billing,
payments and customer service. The programs can scan documents, enter numbers into
spreadsheets, check the accuracy of customer records and make payments with a few automated
computer keystrokes.” The US based State Auto Insurance Companies began its first automation
pilot project two years ago. Today, it has 30 software programs handling back-office tasks, with an
estimated savings of 25,000 hours of human work, the equivalent to about 12 full time employees.
Today nearly 60 percent of companies with more than $1 billion in revenue have at least pilot
programs underway using robotic automation.
4.1 Influence on the Labor Market
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In October 2018 Amazon opened its first cashier less store, Amazon GO, in Chicago. Using artificial
intelligence technology, Amazon plans to open 3,000 others by 2021.Amazon is not the only
company. „In 10 to 15 years, we should expect this to be the norm, “said Zippin CEO Krishna
Motukuri. „Every single store will become completely checkout free. “Another major sector where
AI technology is being applied is the car industry. Automated driving has developed exponentially
over the last decade and some experts say that driverless cars could arrive on public streets soon.
The US based company UBER had ordered 24,000 driverless cars for 2019, but experienced a
devastating setback in March of 2018 in Tampa, Arizona, when a vehicle, whilst operating on
autonomous drive, killed a pedestrian. But this did not cause UBER to step back from its self-driving
efforts. In August of 2018 Toyota announced that it would invest 500 million dollars to join forces
on the development of self-driving cars. Besides taxi drivers, another division that could be
threatened by automated vehicles are trucker drivers. Daimler Trucks launched an 18-wheel, fully
autonomous truck to drive on American roadways. There are currently 1.8 million truck drivers
working in the US. In a report by the university of Pennsylvania, the sociologist Steve Viscelli states
that autonomous trucks would not put the current 1.8 million truck drivers out of work. He narrows
the potential job loss down to about 294.000, suggesting that most jobs will be replaced by drivers
bringing goods to driverless trucks at so called “Autonomous truck ports”. Port drivers, however,
usually work far longer hours with lower wages and fewer benefits compared to regular truck
drivers.
Large-scale economic disruptions are inevitable. The ongoing automation changes in the types of
employment we have are creating a significant dislocation in some sectors, with job gains
disproportionately going to high-skilled and low skilled workers and making routine middle-income
jobs rare. Not only blue-collar jobs could be endangered by the implementation of AI. In a study by
the McKinsey Global Institute in 46 countries and 800 occupations, it was found that up to one-
fifth of the global workforce, up to 800 million jobs, will be affected by the year 2030.
This shift will hit industrial nations the hardest, stating that in countries like Germany or the United
States up to a third of the workforce will be affected, while in India for example only 9% of all jobs
are predicted to be replaced by automation. While the study concludes that jobs that require
human interaction such as lawyers, doctors and bartenders are less threatened, office jobs such as
mortgage brokers, paralegals, accountants and office staff are endangered by automation due to
the predictably of the actions and functions of their tasks.
Due to the rapid change that is projected to take place in our labor markets the issues of how to
deal with people who will not be able to reintegrate themselves into the changing economy arises.
Tesla and SolarCity founder Elon Musk recently stated that, with the advent of AI, a universal basic
income will become necessary. With a universal basic income, the government would provide every
person regardless of their working situation with enough money so that basic needs like shelter and
nutrition are met. Supporters say basic income would boost mobility in the labor market as people
would still have an income between jobs.
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A Test program called “KELA” that tested a possible model for universal basic income recently ended in
December 2018 in Finland, where a group of 2,000 randomly chosen people received an amount of $685
per month that was not bound to any requirements. The results of KELA will be published by April 2019.
But the programme has been criticized as bound to fail, like Olli Kangas, an expert involved in the trial,
told the Finnish public broadcaster YLE: “Two years is too short a period to be able to draw extensive
conclusions from such a big experiment. We should have had extra time and more money to achieve
reliable results.”
Support for such programs is in general stronger in western countries with a history of the development
of social safety nets provided by the state. “Other countries including Holland, Canada, and also Kenya
have experimented with basic income schemes.”
Privacy Risks Associated with AI
One of the primary concerns in AI is 'informational privacy' — the protection of personal data collected,
processed, and stored by these systems. The granular, continuous, and ubiquitous data collection by AI
can potentially lead to the exposure of sensitive information.
AI tools can also indirectly infer sensitive information from seemingly innocuous data — a harm known as
'predictive harm'. This is often done through complex algorithms and machine learning models that can
predict highly personal attributes, such as sexual orientation, political views, or health status, based on
seemingly unrelated data.
Another significant concern is 'group privacy'. AI's capacity to analyze and draw patterns from large
datasets can lead to the stereotyping of certain groups, leading to potential algorithmic discrimination
and bias. This creates a complex challenge, as it's not just individual privacy that’s at stake.
AI systems also introduce 'autonomy harms', wherein the information derived by the AI can be used to
manipulate individuals' behavior without their consent or knowledge.
Taken together, these novel privacy harms necessitate comprehensive legal, ethical, and technological
responses to safeguard privacy in the age of AI.
One of the most infamous AI-related privacy breaches involves the social media giant Facebook and
political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica. Cambridge Analytica collected data of over 87 million
Facebook users without their explicit consent, using a seemingly innocuous personality quiz app.
This data was then used to build detailed psychological profiles of the users, which were leveraged to
target personalized political advertisements during the 2016 US Presidential Election. This case
highlighted the potential of AI to infer sensitive information (political views in this case) from seemingly
benign data (Facebook likes), and misuse it for secondary purposes.
AI regulation regarding privacy.
Regulators’ role in passing comprehensive privacy legislation has become increasingly critical with the
rise of AI technology. Though this space is evolving rapidly, any regulatory framework should work to
safeguard individual privacy while also fostering innovation.
Potential regulation could limit the types of data AI tools can collect and use, require transparency from
companies about their data practices, and/or impose penalties for data breaches. Legislators also need
to ensure these laws are future-proof, meaning they are flexible enough to adapt to rapid advancements
in AI technology.
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Below are some of the prominent laws and proposals related to AI and data privacy:
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Implemented by the European Union (EU), the GDPR sets rules regarding the collection, storage, and
processing of personal data. It affects AI systems that handle personal information and require explicit
consent for data usage.
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)
Enacted in California, this regulation gives consumers more control over the personal information that
businesses collect. It impacts AI systems by necessitating transparent data practices and giving users
the right to opt-out of data collection.
AI Ethics Guidelines and Principles
Several organizations and countries have formulated ethical guidelines for AI, emphasizing transparency,
accountability, fairness, and human-centric design. These principles aim to govern AI's development and
usage while safeguarding user privacy.
Sector-Specific Regulations
Various industries, such as healthcare and finance, have their own regulations governing AI and privacy.
For instance, in healthcare, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United
States mandates data and privacy protection in medical AI applications.
These laws and proposals are only the beginning of legislative efforts to govern the use of AI. As
technology advances, more comprehensive and nuanced laws will likely be required to address the
unique challenges it presents.
International and regional frameworks
Potential political Conflicts
“By 2030, the average simulation shows that some 70 percent of companies might have adopted at least
one type of AI technology.” Countries that adopt later to AI may find it difficult to catch up with the
global leaders, not having the research and development facilities in place. As the Western countries as
well as China are taking the lead in AI development, countries that are still in development may
consequently suffer from this new technology as it could lead to a further worsening of wealth inequality
if they are left out of the decision-making process. This could potentially lead to a greater imbalance in
global power dynamics between developed and developing nations, and also destabilize democratic
institutions within the nations themselves.
Research has shown that at the global average level of adoption, AI has the potential to deliver
additional global economic activity of around $13 trillion by 2030, which is about 16 percent higher than
the cumulative GDP today. This amounts to 1.2 percent additional GDP growth per year. The wealth gap
will widen between countries, companies (AI companies vs. routine job companies), and individuals (AI
tycoons vs. displaced workers). This will present a lot of economic challenges to even the economically
strong countries (like the US and China), especially in regard to income distribution.
UN Resolutions on the matter
A concrete framework has not yet been introduced by the UN. At this time, UN committees, including
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Labor Organization,
and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development have conducted studies on the influence of
technology on the workforce.
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Although no concrete measures have been decided upon yet, the United Nations are starting to get more
involved with AI technology, recently opening its first AI research center called the “Centre on Artificial
Intelligence and Robotics.”
The UN-initiated Global Pulse has been introduced to harness big data, artificial intelligence and other
emerging technologies for sustainable development and humanitarian action. Global Pulse works
together with NGOs to provide assistance for the implementation policy of AI technology, with regional
innovation labs based for example in Jakarta and New York. Amongst others, this gives the opportunity to
get real-time feedback on how well policy responses are working and how they affect human well-being.
In 2016, the United Nations, acting through the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), introduced
the platform “AI for Good”, which had its first global summit in June 2017 in Geneva, Switzerland. The aim
of the summit was to find solutions on how artificial intelligence can be used to address specific global
challenges related to poverty, hunger, health, education and the environment, and achieve sustainable
development goals. It is used as a communication platform for government officials, UN agencies, NGOs,
industry leaders and AI experts to strengthen dialogue and cooperation regarding AI research. Antonio
Guterres, Secretary General of the United Nations, has stated that “artificial intelligence has the potential
to accelerate progress towards a dignified life, in peace and prosperity, for all people. The time has
arrived for all of us – government, industry and civil society – to consider how artificial intelligence will
affect our future.”
In 2017 ECOSOC and the Second Committee of the General Assembly (ECOFIN) organized a joint meeting
on “The Future of Everything – Sustainable Development in the Age of Rapid Technological Change” with
an interactive discussion between expert presenters from governments, academia, the private sector and
civil society in a 3-hour panel. The discussion focused on how to use the benefits of new technology while
minimizing the negative impact. Its key points were, besides the necessity of UN leadership, that dialogue
between all stakeholders is crucial, people should come before machines and that technology should be
seen as a tool and not a vision.
QARMA (Questions a Resolution Must Answer)
 How should the global labor force be prepared for the new economy? What kind of re-training and
investment in education needs to take place and how should this be financed?
 Should “human quotas” be introduced?
 How should the gap in AI research between developed and developing countries be addressed?
 How should developed countries deal with rising technology induced inequalities within their borders?
What technical and financial support, if any, is the developed world obligated to offer to developing
countries? Under what conditions might it be mutually advantageous to provide such support?
 What measures should be taken, if at all, to prepare for potential mass unemployment?
 Should it be encouraged to adapt education systems to foster skills for a flexible, computer-literate
workforce?
 What measures and regulations should be taken to ensure proper data protection when working with
Artificial Intelligence technologies
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Facebook exec says the social network would be 'dust' without AI | CNN Business
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Robots will destroy our jobs – and we're not ready for it | Technology | The Guardian
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Garry Kasparov and Deep Blue: The Computer's Winning Move Was a Bug | TIME
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How Predictive AI Will Change Shopping (hbr.org)
Has AI Become a Utility Function? (forbes.com)
‘The Beginning of a Wave’: A.I. Tiptoes into the Workplace - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
Amazon Go: No cashiers, hundreds of cameras, and lots of data | CNN Business
Toyota to invest $500 million in Uber for self-driving cars | Reuters
The Future of The Transport Industry - IoT, Big Data, AI And Autonomous Vehicles (forbes.com)
Artificial intelligence in the workplace (stanford.edu)
Robots will not lead to fewer jobs – but the hollowing out of the middle class | Larry Elliott | The
Guardian
Robot automation will 'take 800 million jobs by 2030' - report - BBC News
No plans to expand Finland basic income trial - BBC News
Modeling the global economic impact of AI | McKinsey
AI could boost productivity but increase wealth inequality, the White House says (cnbc.com)
Trade and Development Report 2018: Power, Platforms and the Free Trade Delusion (unctad.org)
Examining Privacy Risks in AI Systems (transcend.io)