Project Write-Up

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The domestication of birds such as chicken, ducks, quails, turkey, and geese with the aim
of rearing them for meat, egg production as well as using their incidental products such as faecal
droppings and feathers in industries as natural unprocessed materials is known as poultry
farming Stiles, 2017, also there are other aims such as chick production, point of lay production,
feed production, poultry tools and equipment production in addition to poultry processing and
marketing (Compassion in World Farming - CIWF, 2019). The nutritional benefits derived from
poultry products such as animal protein, minerals, fat-soluble vitamins, carbohydrates, pigments,
fluids, and cholesterol is attributable to its relevance as the world major source of food (Dilger,
Schroeder and Moseley, 2016).
Some of the reason that affect poultry production includes Climate change, ineffective
resource management and inadequate provision of capital and operating credit (Science
Communication Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2013; Rojas-Downing, et al.,
2017; Ricke, 2017. The only major aim of poultry breeders is for research purpose, egg and meat
production (United States Department of Agriculture – USDA, 2018. Poultry production is
handled by less competent farm operators who are not favorably disposed to using relevant or
new approaches to managing poultry production efficiently and thus affecting poultry yield
adversely (FAO, 2018).
Salmonellosis in humans is a food borne bacterial disease which is mostly caused by
salmonella enterica mainly emanating from farm animals, food borne disease in humans caused
by salmonella continue to be a major public health concern worldwide and are commonly in
relation with the consumption of chicken meat contaminated with this bacterium (Rabsch et Al.,
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2010). Salmonella is a gram-negative minuscule, nonspore-forming, short rods (Popoff and Le
Minor, 2015). Indigenous chickens are the most commonly found across every corner of the
tropical countries of Africa where they are kept in the rural area (Ajayi, 2010; Mengesha, 2012).
Indigenous chickens have shown to be more disease resistant (Minga et al., 2004).
Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis is one of the most frequently isolated serovars
from humans WHO, 2007. Salmonella enterica infection in chicken may occur at any age but it
majorly affect chicks in their young age as the newly hatched chicks are more susceptible to
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Older birds builds resistant to the infection due to the well-
developed immune system and strong cell mediated and humoral immune responses (Beal et al.,
2004). Gastroenteritis is the most common manifestation of Salmonella infection worldwide,
followed by bacteremia and enteric fever (Majowicz et al. 2010).
Report showed that bacteriological sampling does not always provide an accurate indication of
infection within a flock because of low incidence of infection and the intermittent excretion of
infection of Salmonella organisms. Hassan et al., 1990, also report shows that poultry is a major
source of Salmonella enteritidis infection (CDC, 2000; EFSA, 2007). Salmonella is a rodshaped,
Gram-negative facultative anaerobe that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae (Barlow &
Hall 2002). Within the genus Salmonella, around 2600 serotypes have been identified and most
of these serotypes have the ability to adapt within a variety of animal hosts, including humans
(Allerberger et al. 2003)
There have been reports on the characterization of the local chicken with it's potential for egg
and meat production and researchers came to agreement that Nigeria chicken is a light breed,
often with single comb and that black and brown plumage laced with various colors such as
mottling are common (Adebambo 2005). It was found out that there's no actual differences in
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genetic distance of indigenous chicken from three region; Southwest, Northwest and Northeast
ecological zone of Nigeria (Adebambo et Al., 2009). Indigenous chickens are reared and
nurtured under low input systems of environmental stress and poor husbandry practices, this has
made these stocks a palatable choice for smallholder production systems (Gondwe, et al., 2001;
Sonaiya and Swan, 2004)
Olawumi et al., 2008, come to an agreement that the Fulani ecotype was bigger in size than
the Yoruba ecotype respectively and also, indigenous male chicken was bigger in size than their
female counterpart (Ajayi and Agaviezor, 2009). One of the ways of improving indigenous
chicken production over the years is through crossbreeding with exotic breeds especially the
Rhode Island Red or Sasso and research shows that crossbreeds could not perform well due to
lack of proper management skills that were needed for the crossbreeds and the management
changes that should be implemented (Goromela, 2009).
The Fulani ecotype chicken has long been related to Fulani tribe Kraals and villages under
extensive or semi-intensive production systems where the Fulani chicken serves as a veritable
source of proteins in terms of eggs and meat, and as a means of livelihoods. (Sola Ojo and
Ayorinde, 2009). Fulani ecotype chickens have been identified to have innate growth potentials
that can be presented in commercial chicken production (Fayeye et al., 2005). Some popular
locally adapted chickens in Nigeria include the Fulani ecotype and Yoruba ecotype (Ajayi, 2010)
According to Osei-Amponsah et al. (2015) average feed intake of Sasso is 145.1g/bird/day
and feed conversation (FCR) 2.87. The body weight gain was higher than the local chicken.
According to Richard et al. (2012), Sasso chicken had significantly higher weights (2.6-3.2kg at
28 weeks) than the local chicken (1.2-1.7kg) on the same duration. The body weight of male
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Sasso chicken at sexual maturity was 2.98 kg and the weight of female Sasso chicken at the age
of greater than 20 weeks was 2.73 kg (Aman et al., 2017)
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
Salmonella is commonly associated with poultry and poultry products, often resulting in highly
publicized outbreak of foodborne illnesses. Concerns over foodborne illnesses and the associated
outbreak have led to a focus on live animal pathogens control strategies. Gastroenteritis is the
most common Salmonella infection worldwide, accounting for 93.8 million cases which result in
155,000 deaths per year (Majowicz et al. 2010). Salmonella infection remain one of the major
health concern making contribution to the economic burden of big industrialized and
undeveloped countries through the costs in relation with surveillance, protection and treatment of
disease (Crump et Al., 2004).
The emergence of Salmonella with antimicrobial resistance is promoted by the use of antibiotics
in animal feed to promote the growth of food animals, and in veterinary medicine to treat
bacterial infections in those animals (Hyeon et al. 2011). More years ago, the first incidence of
Salmonella resistance to a single antibiotic, namely chloramphenicol, was reported (Montville &
Matthews 2008). A decrease in the incidence of Salmonella infections was observed with the aid
in parallel with the introduction of sanitation measures (Crump et al. 2004)
1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The general objectives of this study is to determine antibody response of Fulani ecotype and
Sasso chickens inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis.
1.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 To determine the antibody response of Fulani ecotype chickens inoculated with
Salmonella enteritis.
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 To assess the antibody response of Sasso chickens inoculated with Salmonella enteritis.

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CHAPTER ONE

droppings and feathers in industries as natural unprocessed materials is known as poultry

Schroeder and Moseley, 2016).

production (United States Department of Agriculture – USDA, 2018. Poultry production is

adversely (FAO, 2018).

Salmonellosis in humans is a food borne bacterial disease which is mostly caused by

2004). Gastroenteritis is the most common manifestation of Salmonella infection worldwide,

followed by bacteremia and enteric fever (Majowicz et al. 2010).

(Allerberger et al. 2003)

Sonaiya and Swan, 2004)

changes that should be implemented (Goromela, 2009).

According to Osei-Amponsah et al. (2015) average feed intake of Sasso is 145.1g/bird/day

of greater than 20 weeks was 2.73 kg (Aman et al., 2017)

disease (Crump et Al., 2004).

in parallel with the introduction of sanitation measures (Crump et al. 2004)

1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Sasso chickens inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis.

1.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To determine the antibody response of Fulani ecotype chickens inoculated with

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