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OIL AND GAS SAFETY OFFICER INTERVIEW

November 1, 2017

Safety Officer Interview questions

Q. What is Safety?
Safety is free from risk and danger (The word safety drives from the Latin word
“salvus‟ means uninjured and healthy).

Safety also means the state of being free from risk and hazard.

Q. What are the responsibilities of Safety Officer?

 Monitoring the health and safety performance of an organization.

 Responsible for conducting suitable and sufficient risk assessment
 Conduct regular inspection and JSA
  Advice the management on issues related to health, safety and
environment since safety is a legal requirement
 Promote positive health and safety culture in a workplace by leading by
example.
 Implement and develop HSE policies for the organization
 Ensure a safe system of work
 Ensures safe and adequate tools and equipment in workplace
 Ensures that the work place is in fact free from any health and safety
hazarding workplace through active monitoring
 Provides health, safety and environmental training to stakeholders and
staffs
 Induct new employees on the potential hazards in the workplace and the
necessary precautions to take to mitigate or eliminate them.

MR CAPIEEE PIIC

Q. What is a ‘Permit to Work’ Procedure / Work Permit System?

PTW is an integral part of a SSW. It is a formal document issued to control high risk activities. It
is issued to ensure that the hazards and risks associated with a particular job has been
identified, all the control measures/precaution has be put in place and that appropriate
information has been communicated to relevant parties.

Q. Explain Types of Work Permit normally used in the oil & gas industry?

Types of Work permits: 5 types of work permit

1. Hot Work Permit (red)
2. Cold Work Permit (green)
3. Radiography Permit (yellow)
4. Vehicle/mobile plant entry work permit
5. Confined Space Entry Permit

(a) Cold Work Permit:

A document that outlines the hazards and controls measures that must be
followed in any work that does not have spark generating potentials or
radiographic in nature. Examples of cold work include: Maintenance of pipelines
and equipment, Installation or repair of electrical cables, painting, working at
height, etc.

(b) Hot Work Permit:

A document that outlines the hazards and controls measures that must be
followed in any work that have spark generating potentials or all work involving
actual naked flames or heat. Examples of hot work are welding, cutting, grinding,
chamfering, hot tapping, spool removal and gapping.

(c) Radiography Work Permit:

A document that outlines the hazards and controls measures that must be
followed in any work that is radiographic in nature. Examples of radiographic
work are NDT, Medical diagnostic, welding inspection using radiography, working
in a nuclear power plant, archaeological investigation, etc.

(d) Vehicle / Mobile Plant Entry Permit:

A document that outlines the hazards and controls measures that must be
followed in any work involving entry of a vehicle or mobile plant into a hazardous
area.

(e) Confined Space Entry Permit:

A document that outlines the hazards and controls measures that must be
followed in any work involving entry to an enclosure, which has limited means of
entry or exit, not designed for continuous occupancy.

Hot / Cold / Radiography Permit:

Valid for a maximum duration of seven consecutive days from the date of issue
subject to renewal by the permit issuer.
Note: Validity Period for Cold or Hot work permit in Non-Hazardous area can be
extended for a maximum of one month with approval from the concerned Team
Leader.
Confined Space Entry Permit:
Valid for one continuous work shift or part thereof; however the permit is to be
renewed / re-endorsed in case of crew change, transfer of responsibility, work
suspension, or as recorded in the permit.

Vehicle / Mobile Plant Entry Permit:

Valid for one continuous work shift for Vehicle entry, whereas for Mobile Plant
Entry it is valid for maximum 7 consecutive working days from the date of issue
subject to renewal by Permit Issuer.

Q: WHAT IS A WORK METHOD STATEMENT?

Ans: A document that shows or outlines the procedures, precautions and control
measures that should be followed when carrying out a specific task.

OR

A Work Method Statement (WMS) is a safety document that outlines the hazards,
risks, and control measures associated with a particular work task or activity.

Q: WHAT IS THE USE OF A WORK METHOD STATEMENT?

Ans: Some of the primary uses of a Work Method Statement include:

1. Identifying hazards and assessing risks
2. Ensuring compliance with regulations
3. Communication and understanding
4. It is used as a training tool
5. Continuous improvement
Q: WHAT IS A JSA AND ITS USE?

Ans: It is an integral part of a SSW. JSA breaks a job into basic steps and identifies
the hazards associated with each step. It also prescribes controls for each hazard.

The use of JSA in safety can have many benefits, including:

1. Improved safety awareness among workers.

2. Reduction in workplace accidents and injuries.
3. Improved communication and participation among workers.
4. Identification of areas of improvement in safety procedures.
5. Improved overall safety culture within the organization.
Q. WHO IS A COMPETENT PERSON?

Ans: A person, who has the requisite knowledge, abilities, training, experience and
authorize to carry out a specific job.
Q: WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT AND TYPES?

Ans: An accident is an unplanned and undesired event, which results in injury or

harm and damage to properties. It does not necessarily involve human injury. The
consequences might be injuries and/ or damage to equipment, machinery, and the
environment.

There are two types of accidents:

 NON-REPORTABLE ACCIDENT:
A person may receive a minor physical or bodily injury while working as an outcome
of an accident. After such an injury, if he resumes his duties within 48 hours then
such an accident is called a non-reportable accident. Many times a person may
resume his work same day after receiving first aid.

 REPORTABLE OR LOST TIME ACCIDENT:

If the injured person remains absent for 48 hours or more, due to injury at the
workplace, the accident is called a reportable or lost time accident. As per statutory
requirements, such incidents are to be reported to the government authorities in a
prescribed form. The injury in such a case is called a major or disabling injury.

Q: WHO MAKES AN ACCIDENT REPORT?

Ans: The work supervisor.

Q: EXPLAIN WASTE MANAGEMENT

Ans: The collection, segregation, recycling and disposal of various waste materials
according to the rules and regulations of the authorities.

Q. What is the difference between a tagline and a lifeline?

A tagline in crane lifting refers to a rope or line that is attached to a load being
lifted by a crane. The purpose of the tagline is to help control the movement of the
load during the lift. The tagline is typically held by a person on the ground or on a
platform near the load, who uses the line to guide the load into position and
prevent it from swinging or spinning.

A lifeline is a rope or cable that is used to protect a person from falling when
working at heights or in other hazardous environments. The lifeline is attached to
the worker's safety harness or belt and secured to a stable anchor point.

Types of lifelines
- Horizontal lifelines, which are used to protect workers who need to move along
a horizontal surface such as a roof or bridge.

- Vertical lifelines, which are used to protect workers who need to climb up or
down a structure such as a tower or ladder.

- Restraint lifelines, which are used to prevent a worker from reaching a fall
hazard zone entirely.

Q: WHAT IS MSDS STAND FOR?

Ans: A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a detailed document from

manufacturers to provide information regarding the physical and chemical
properties of a particular hazardous substance.

The purpose of an MSDS is to ensure that individuals who work with or come into
contact with such substances have accurate knowledge of the potential hazards,
including health risks, environmental impact, and safe storage, handling, and disposal
practices.

MSDS generally contains the following information:

1. Identification of the substance and supplier

2. Hazardous ingredients

3. Physical/chemical properties of the substance

4. First-aid information and safety precautions

5. Firefighting measures

6. Accidental release measures

7. Handling and storage requirements for the substance

8. Exposure control measures, including personal protective equipment

9. Stability and reactivity

Q: WHAT IS AN ISOTOPE?

Ans: Atoms of the same element having the same atomic numbers but different
mass number.

Q 19: Describe Radioactivity.

Ans: The spontaneous emission of radiative particles by disintegration of their
atomic nuclei.

Q. What is the difference between restricted area, non-restricted area and

open area?

Restricted area is a designated area where access is limited or prohibited due to the
presence of hazardous materials, equipment, or processes. Restricted areas may contain
activities or materials that pose a risk to human health, safety, or the environment.

Non-restricted area is an area of a worksite or workplace where there is no

significant risk to the health, safety, or environment. Non-restricted areas are generally
considered safe and pose no immediate danger to employees or visitors. Examples
of non-restricted areas may include offices, break rooms, and common areas.

Open area refers to a space that is open to the environment and does not contain any
fixed barriers or enclosures. Open areas may include outdoor worksites, open
warehouses, or open-concept office spaces. Open areas do not typically pose any
significant risks to health, safety, or the environment, although hazards such as
wind, rain, or temperature extremes may be present.

The main difference between these three areas is the level of safety risk or hazard
present in each one. Restricted areas pose the highest level of risk, non-restricted
areas have a low level of risk, while open areas may have environmental or
weather-related risks but pose minimal risks to human health and safety.

Q. What is the difference between life saving rules (LSRs) and life protection
rules (LPRs)?

Life Saving Rules are defined as a set of rules that an organization implements to
ensure that its employees and contractors do not undertake any activity or work
that puts them or others at immediate risk of fatal injury. LSRs are typically used in
high-risk work environments such as construction, oil rigs, and chemical plants
where any mistake or deviation from the rules can lead to fatalities. LSRs are the
critical rules that, if broken, can lead to a serious or fatal injury.

Life Protection Rules, are a set of safety rules that an organization implements to
protect its employees and contractors from injuries that are not immediately fatal
but may cause long-term illness or disability. LPRs are designed to mitigate risks
and hazards that can result in non-fatal injuries and illnesses, such as respiratory
diseases, hearing loss, and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). LPRs cover a broad
range of safety issues and aim to prevent long-term damage to health.

Q 20: WHAT IS THE UNIT FOR MEASURING RADIATION?

Ans: Becquerel (Bq), Gray (Gy), Sievert (Sv), Roentgen (R), Curie (Ci), Rad (Rd)

Q 21: STATE CONDITIONS FOR A RADIOGRAPHY WORK PERMIT?

Ans: A radiography work permit is a critical document that regulates the safe and
secure use of radioactive materials for industrial radiography operations. The
following are some of the typical conditions that must be met before issuing a
radiography work permit:

1. Authorization: before working any radiographic work an authorization

must be obtain from a regulatory agency in charge of radiation
protection safety.
2. There should be an effective Emergency response Radiation Safety
Plan in place before conducting radiography operations.
3. Personnel working in radiation prone area should possess the
requisite knowledge, abilities, training and experience and
authorization.
4. Proper supervision, information and instruction should to given to
workers.
5. Radiography equipment must be in good working condition.
6. Radiation sources must be appropriately shielded and secured, to
avoid leaks or unintended exposure.
7. Adequate PPE measures must be taken to prevent contamination of
personnel and surroundings.
8. Radiography work sites must be marked with appropriate radiation
warning signage in visible locations to indicate the hazard, and access
to such areas must be restricted.
9. Personal dosimeters must be issued to any radiography worker to
measure the dose of ionizing radiation that he might be exposed to.
10. The area where radiography work is taken place should be barricaded
to avoid unauthorized entry.

Q22: WHAT ARE THE SAFETY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN WHILE DOING

RADIOGRAPHY?

1. Radiography work should be under permit to work control

2. Authorized and trained crew
3. Proper PPEs
4. Use of radiation monitors including film-badge
5. Barricading
6. Signboards,
7. Warning lights
 8. Workers should maximized their distance from the radiation source.
9. Workers should minimize time spent in radiation prone zones by

Q. Explain Each Work Permit Distribution?

Permits are often issued in triplicate.
 One copy is distributed where the work is taking place.
 One copy stay with the authorizing manager.
 One copy is displayed in a central location(a permit board)

Q. What is e-WP (Electronic Work Permit)?

An electronic work permit in HSE (Health, Safety, and Environment) refers to

the use of digital technology to manage and monitor work permits, ensuring
that all relevant safety measures and procedures are complied with.

Q. Advantages of e-WP

1. Visibility: It has digital tracking systems provide a more comprehensive view of

work permits, allowing stakeholders to see at a glance which permits have been
approved, which are outstanding, and what steps need to be taken to move the
approval process forward.
2. Quicker approvals
3. Greater accuracy
4. Standardization
5. Compliance

Q. What important details a work permits gives?

Some common details that are typically included on a work permit in safety are:

1. Job description
2. Hazard identification
3. Risk assessment
4. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
5. Safety measures
6. Emergency procedures
7. Responsibility and accountability: This section outlines the responsibilities of
workers, supervisors, and contractors for ensuring compliance with safety
measures and procedures and management of the risks.
8. Authorization
9. Expiry or validity
10. Record keeping

Q. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PTW

1. Hot Work Permit: Hot work refers to any work activity that involves open
flames, hot surfaces, or sparks. A hot work permit is required before hot work can
begin, and it is used to outline the precautions that must be taken to prevent a
fire or explosion.

2. Cold Work Permit: Cold work refers to any work activity that is performed in a
cold environment or during cold weather conditions. A cold work permit is
required before cold work can begin, and it is used to outline the precautions that
must be taken to prevent injuries related to cold exposure.

3. Restricted Area Work Permit (RAWP): A restricted area work permit is used to
control work activities that take place in restricted areas, such as areas that are
contaminated by hazardous materials or where radiation exposure is possible. It
specifies the safety measures that must be taken to protect workers and prevent
contamination.

4. Confined Space Entry Permit: A confined space is a space that is not designed
for continuous occupancy and has limited access or egress. A confined space
entry permit is required before workers can enter a confined space, and it
outlines the hazards that must be addressed and the precautions that must be
taken to prevent entrapment, suffocation, or other injuries.

5. Excavation Work Permit: An excavation work permit is required before any

excavation work can begin, and it outlines the safety measures that must be
taken to prevent cave-ins, gas leaks, or other hazards related to excavation work.
6. Working at Heights Permit: A working at heights permit is used to control work
activities that involve working at heights, such as working on a scaffold, a
platform, or a ladder. It specifies the safety measures that must be taken to
prevent falls or injuries related to working at heights.

Q. What are the parts of PTW and how is PTW distributed?

The distribution of permit to work (PTW) copies may vary depending on the
specific company's policies and procedures. However, in general, the following
steps are usually involved:

PTW is divided into issue, receipt, clearance/return to service and cancellation

1. Preparation of the PTW: The PTW is typically prepared by the person or team
responsible for carrying out the work activity. This may include details about the
work to be done, the hazards and risks involved, and the precautions and safety
measures that need to be taken.

2. Approval and Signatures: The PTW is reviewed and approved by authorized

personnel such as facility managers, safety officers, and supervisors. These
individuals also sign the document to confirm their approval and to acknowledge
their responsibility for ensuring the safety of the work activity.

3. Copies and Distribution: After the PTW is approved and signed, multiple copies
are made. The distribution of the copies may vary depending on the specific
company's policies and procedures. However, the following is a common
distribution method:

- One copy is kept on site at the location where the work will take place.

- Another copy is sent to the central control room or permit office to document
the details of the work.

- A third copy may be given to the person in charge of the work activity, who is
responsible for ensuring that the work is done safely and in compliance with the
permit.
4. Monitoring and Coordination: During the work activity, the authorized
personnel on site and in the control room monitor the progress of the work and
coordinate any changes or updates to the permit. They also ensure that all safety
measures are implemented and that the work is done safely and in compliance
with regulations.

5. Completion and Closure: After the work activity is completed, the authorized
personnel on site and in the control room sign off on the PTW to confirm that the
work activity was done safely. The copies of the PTW are then collected and filed
for record-keeping purposes.

Q. What is Cold work, Hot Work and Radiography work?

Cold Work:
Any work that does not involve a source of ignition or naked flame or does not
have spark generating potential is classified as a Cold Work.

Hot Work:
Any work which involves the use of naked or a source of ignition or has sparks
generating potential is classified as a Hot Work.

Radiography Work:
Any work that involves the use of a radioactive source, shall be covered by a
radiography work.

Q. What is the Excavation? And types of excavation?

Any man-made cavity, cut, trench or depression on an earth surface formed by
earth removal.

Types of Excavation:
A. Manual Excavation: The excavation without using any powered equipment.
B. Mechanical Excavation: The excavation work using any electrical or mechanical
equipment.

Q. Explain about Excavation Notification?

Excavation notification is a document to notify concerned authorities, who have
responsibility and jurisdiction for safety and integrity of above ground and
underground services existing at the propose site of excavation.
* Excavation notification must be supported by a work permit.
* Excavation notification is valid for 90 days from the date of issue.
* Excavation notification is required for all excavations regardless of depth.

Q. Why Excavation Notification required for excavation?

Excavation notification gives detailed information about the underground
facilities and it is to be signed by all relevant departments to confirm that the
proposed excavation location has been identified and all safety measures have
been taken for the existing underground facilities.

Q. What is EXCAVATION HAZARDS?

* Cave in or collapse of soil
* Underground utility/installations i.e. pipelines, cables, etc.
* Water seepage into trench.
* Soil vibration due to operation of heavy machinery /equipment in the vicinity.
* Lack of Oxygen or asphyxiation etc.
* Underground obstruction due to buried pipelines & cables
* Fall of personnel
* Falling objects or Equipment inside a trench
* Struck / hit by excavating machinery
* Flammable/combustible gas
* Toxic/poison gas release
* Exposed to airborne contaminants
* Fire & explosion
* Electrical shock due to contact with energized electrical cable.
* Possible presence of explosive devices
* Damage to shallow underground services due to weight of heavy equipment
such as a mechanical excavator.
* Encountering wet soil (mixed with water) or reaching the water table.
* Encountering contaminated soil
* Flooding
* Extreme or bad weather condition.
Q. Enlist precaution to be taken prior to and during excavation
work?

 No excavation work without issuing excavation notification to appropriate

authorities who has responsibilities and jurisdiction to the safety and
integrity of above and underground utilities of the area to be excavated.
 Excavation work should be under permit to work control.
 Any excavation greater than 1.2m should be treated as a confined space
and gas testing should be recommended and the result should be
satisfactory
 No mechanical excavation closer than 5m to any hydrocarbon carrying
pipeline.
 No mechanical excavation closer than 3m to a non-hydrocarbon carrying
pipeline, cables, and services.
 For any excavation deeper than 1m, the ladder must be positioned
projecting minimum of 1m above the edge of the excavations.
 Ladders shall be provided every 7.5m (25 ft) of lateral travel in the trench.
 Ladders shall be securely supported at the bottom as well as at the top.
 Excavated material (Spoil piles) shall be placed 1m from the edge of the
excavation depth up to 1.2m and 0.6m for a depth of less than 1.2m.
(Excavated material shall be increased with proportion to the depth of
excavation.)
 Cranes should not be operated closer than the depth of the excavation.
 The distance from the base of a scaffold to the edge of an excavation shall
be at least 1.5m times the depth of the excavation
 Heavy equipment, machinery shall be kept at least 3m away from the edge
of the excavation.
 Any walkway across trench shall have scaffold type platform with handrails.
 All trenches shall have barrier at a safe distance of 2m away from the edge
of the excavation (such as fixed guardrails) and reflective warning notices
clearly displayed on it.
  Flashing/Blinking lights are mandatory during poor visibility or at night.
 The access to plant, equipment, and emergency services must not be
obstructed by the trenches.
 No personnel should be allowed in the excavation when power equipment
is being used.
 Ensure that personnel using the excavator should have the requite
knowledge, abilities, training and experience.
 The excavator should be regularly inspected prior to work by a competent
person.
 Barricade areas where exaction is taking place to avoid unauthorized entry.
Q. What is confined space?
An enclosure with limited or restricted means of egress and access. An enclosure
that is not design for continuous human occupancy.
Examples: Pressure vessels, Tanks, Bins, Stacks, Large pipe, Duct, Pits & Trench,
Tank-farms, Vaults etc.
N/B: Any excavation with depth more than 1.2m is regarded as a confined space.

Q. What are the Confined Space Hazards?

* Oxygen deficiency/enrichment
* Presence of flammable/combustible gases or pyrophoric materials.
* Presence of toxic/poisonous gases (H2S, CO, NH3 etc.)
* Poor illumination
* Poor Ventilation
* Poor Communication.
* Extreme weather condition (high temperature and humidity)
* Restricted entry and access.
* Restricted movement inside.
* Falling/Tripping hazards
* Presence of reactive or self-igniting material.
* Hazard due to electricity or moving machinery.
* Hazard due to pressurized fluid.
* Hazard due to the nature of work carried out inside confined space.

N/B: A pyrophoric material is any substance that ignites spontaneously in air or

when exposed to a slight amount of heat or friction e.g: metal hydrides, metal
phosphides, metal alkyls, and metal carbonyls, HC, Sludge, etc.
Q. What is the procedure for entering a confined space?

1. The work should be under PTW controlled.

2. Complete isolation of the space to be entered.
3. Draining, depressurization, and purging or cleaning should be performed
before entry.
4. The gas tests should be conducted to ensure no hazardous atmosphere is
present.
5. Confined Space should be well ventilated.
6. TBT must be conducted with all authorized entrants prior to entering
confined space.
7. The Confined Space Entry Attendant/Hole watcher (Stand by man) shall be
assigned at the entrance to maintain communication with entrants working
inside to ensure their safety.
8. A logbook shall be maintained by the Hole-watcher at the entrance to keep
track of the people inside the space.
9. Gas test result from a competent ATG must be satisfactory before entry.
10. Entrants must wear body harness, and if necessary a lifeline be attached to
the harness to avoid entry-rescue.
11. Illumination: Lighting should be provided, if necessary a maximum of 24
volts.
12. Depending on the situation, emergency rescue team may be put on
standby.
13. Emergency rescue equipment like tripod, crane, stretcher, SCBA, safety
harness, etc. should be available.
14.If an emergency occurs within the confined space, the standby person must
not enter it until rescue team arrived.
15. Barricade the area with a warning signboard to avoid unauthorized entry.
16. Entrants should possess the requisite information, instruction, training and
supervision before entry and while working in a confined space.
Q. Facts about working in a confined space entry?
Any enclosure having a limited means of entry & exit and it is not designed for
continuous employee occupancy.
* Before entering the confined space, just need to obtain a confined space
entry work permit, make sure that all required isolation being done.
* Frequently gas test is to be carried out to confirm that area is free of toxic gas or
flammable atmosphere.
* If the area is contaminated or it has oxygen deficiency the provided BA sets or
airline respiratory system.
* Conduct TBT meetings for the employees who will be entering inside the
confined area and get there signature to confirm that they are aware of the
hazards and safety measures.
* The attendant (Stand by man) to assigned at the entrance. A logbook shall be
maintained at the entrance to keep track of the people inside the space. The
attendant shall not be assigned to other duties. If an emergency occurs within the
confined space, the standby person must not enter it until rescue team arrived.
* The entering people should use body harness with a lifeline for the emergency
rescue purpose.
* Any required electrical lighting or tools should not exceed more than 24 volts
* Barricade the area with warning signboard.

Q. Gases to be expected in a confined space

When it comes to confined spaces, there is a wide range of hazardous gases that
workers could be exposed to unexpectedly. Some of the most common gases that
can be encountered in a confined space are:

1. Oxygen Deficiency: Confined spaces often are poorly ventilated and can
contain insufficient oxygen. This deficiency can occur when air is displaced
by another gas or when the atmosphere is simply deficient in oxygen. In
such conditions, the worker may experience headaches, dizziness,
lightheadedness, fatigue and asphyxiation.
2. Flammable/combustible gases and pyrophoric material: flammable and
combustibles gases like methane propane, hydrogen, etc. Examples of
pyrophoric material are metal hydrides, metal phosphides, metal alkyls,
and metal carbonyls, HC, Sludge, etc.
3. Volatile Organic Substances (VOCs): Such as solvents, fuels or chemicals
can cause irritation to the throat, dizziness, nausea and even organ
damage.
4. Toxic/poisonous gases: Examples are ammonia, chlorine, formaldehyde,
hydrogen sulfide, methyl bromide, methyl isocyanate, oxides of nitrogen, ozone,
phosgene, and sulfur dioxide.
-Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): H2S is a highly poisonous gas that is frequently
encountered in confined spaces like sewers, tanks, and manholes. The gas
is colorless and smells like rotten eggs. In high concentrations, it can cause
respiratory distress, coma, and death.
 -Carbon Monoxide (CO): Carbon monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, and
colorless gas that can displace oxygen and lead to asphyxiation. CO gas is
produced from incomplete combustion of fuels such as natural gas,
propane, and gasoline. If a worker is exposed to high concentrations of CO,
they may experience headaches, dizziness, nausea, and even death.
-Ammonia: Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent smell, commonly
used in manufacturing and refrigeration settings. The gas is highly toxic
when inhaled and can cause respiratory distress, chest pain, and burns to
the skin if in contact.
-Chlorine: Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas used in water treatment
facilities. Chlorine is dangerous to inhale in high concentrations and can
result in serious respiratory illness or death.
-Nitrogen dioxide

Q. What are the safety parameters of gases in confined space?

The safety parameters for gases in a confined space depend on the specific type
of gas present in the environment.

1. Oxygen: The concentration of oxygen in the air should be at least 19.5% and
not more than 23.5%. If the concentration of oxygen falls below 19.5%, it may
cause unconsciousness or death.

2. Hydrogen Sulfide: The Recommended Exposure Limit(REL) set by OSHA for H2S
is 10 ppm over an 8-hour working day, with a permitted peak exposure of 15 ppm
over a 5-min. max time interval and when it is 100 ppm it IDLH

3. Carbon Monoxide: The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for CO is 50 ppm
over an 8hr working day. However, if the CO level exceeds 100 ppm, it can cause
severe headaches, dizziness, and death within a few hours.

4. Methane: The safety parameters for methane are not only its concentration
but also the risk of explosion if methane combines with air. The LEL (lower
explosion limit) of methane is 5%, and the UEL (upper explosion limit) is 15%.

5. Ammonia: The OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for ammonia is 50 ppm
over an 8hr working day. However, ammonia is highly irritating, and exposure to
concentrations of 50 ppm can cause serious respiratory issues.
6. Chlorine: The OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for chlorine is 1 ppm over
an 8hr working day. However, chlorine is highly toxic, and levels above 3 ppm can
cause severe respiratory distress and even death.

Q. Explain H2S and its characteristics

• H2S is produced or generated by the decomposition of organic materials.
• It is a highly toxic gas and highly flammable.
• Its smell like a rotten egg at low concentrations and not detectable by order at
high concentration.
• It is highly flammable. (Flammable at 4% to 45% by volume in air)
• It is colorless.
• It is heavier than Air. (1.19)
• It is highly soluble in water and other liquid.
• When burned or flared it forms sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is also colorless and
highly toxic gas.
• The exposure limits 10 PPM is the maximum allowed for 8 hours.
• Increasing exposure will cause headache and irritation of eyes.
• 800 PPM or more will be instantly fatal.
Exposure Limit:
TLV-TWA of H2S = 10 ppm
TLV-STEL of H2S = 15 ppm
IDLH of H2S = 100 ppm

Q. What are the physical and chemical properties of H2S?

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless gas that has a pungent odor resembling that of
rotten eggs. It is a flammable gas that burns with a blue flame to produce water and
sulfur dioxide. Here are some properties of H2S:
Physical Properties:
- Molecular formula: H2S
- Molecular weight: 34 g/mol
- Density: 1 g/L (at STP)
- It is soluble in water and many organic solvents.
- It is odoriferous, and the odor threshold is low; an individual can detect the odor at
very low levels (about 0.5 parts per million).
Chemical Properties:
- Hydrogen sulfide reacts with alkaline metals (such as sodium and potassium) to form
metal sulfides and hydrogen gas.
- When exposed to air, it readily oxidizes to sulfur dioxide, especially in the presence of
moisture and/or sunlight.
- Hydrogen sulfide is a reducing agent and has a stronger reducing ability than hydrogen
gas does
- It can react with acids to form hydrogen ions and bisulfides ions.
- It is a weak acid; when H2S is dissolved in water, it undergoes partial ionization,
resulting in the formation of hydrosulfide (HS-) and bisulfide (HSO3-) ions.

Q. Define TWA, TLV, STEL, REL and Ceiling.

TWA (Time-Weighted Average) The maximum concentration of hazardous

substance to which a worker can be exposed to over 8hrs work-shift without using
respiratory protection in a 40hr workweek. It is calculated by dividing the total
exposure by the total duration of the exposure period.

This value is then compared to established exposure limits, like the Threshold Limit
Value (TLV) or Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), to determine if the exposure level
poses a risk to worker health and safety.

TLV stands for "Threshold Limit Value". It refers to the maximum concentration
of hazardous substance to which a worker may be exposed to over a long period
of time without experiencing serious health effects.

STEL stands for "Short-Term Exposure Limit". It refers the maximum

concentration or level of exposure to a hazardous substance over a short period
of time, typically 15 minutes.

The REL (Recommended Exposure Limit). The REL is the level of worker exposure to
a particular hazardous substance that, if exceeded, might lead to adverse health effects.
The REL level is typically lower than the permissible exposure limit (PEL), which is the
maximum amount of exposure allowed by a regulatory agency.

"Ceiling" It refers to the maximum concentration of a hazardous substance to

which a worker may be exposed to over a give period of time without
experiencing serious health effects.
The ceiling value is usually expressed as a concentration limit of the substance
that should not be exceeded over a specified period, such as 8 hours per day or
15 minutes per day.

IDLH stands for "Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health". It refers level of

exposure to a hazardous substance that would immediately threaten a person's
life or ability to breathe or cause severe, irreversible health effects. It is also the
minimum concentration/amount of hazardous substance that if a person is
exposed will pose immediate danger to the person’s state of health.
Note: – Up to 10ppm, work can be done without the respiratory protection
system.
– 10 to 100ppm work can be done by SCBA or Air lined breathing apparatus.
– Above 100ppm work not permitted, allowed only for rescue.

Q. What is the difference between TLV and Ceiling Limit?

The Ceiling Limit and Threshold Limit Value (TLV) are not the same, although they
are both used in occupational health and safety to establish exposure limits for
hazardous substances.
The TLV refers to a level of exposure to a chemical or physical substance that a
worker can safely be exposed to over a long period without experiencing any
negative health effects.

Ceiling Limit refers to the maximum allowable exposure level for certain
hazardous substances that a worker can be safely exposed to in a given period
without having any harmful effect.

So, while both TLV and Ceiling Limit are used to establish exposure limits for
hazardous substances, the TLV is focused on long-term exposure, whereas the
Ceiling Limit is focused on limiting immediate exposure.

Q. What are the prominent H2S HAZARDS?

H2S Hazards:
* Eyes and respiratory irritation.
* Dizziness, headache, nausea, abdominal pain.
* Loss of consciousness, Brain damage possible, death / fatal.

Q. Explain the precautionary measures to be taken while approaching

H2S prone area?
Precautionary Measures – H2S:
* A Sufficient number of escape masks shall be kept in areas where H2S is liable to
present.
* In case H2S presence is suspected in an area, the persons must put on an escape
mask immediately and the toxic gas test must be made immediately with an
appropriate detector to determine the concentration of H2S in air.
* Working person should be equipped with personal detectors and alarming
devices to alert in case of H2S presence.
* On hearing H2S alarm, all personnel should vacate the area after donning
(wearing) the escape set/breathing apparatus and report to the designated
assembly point for mustering.
* If working in H2S contaminated atmosphere must wear suitable BA set and
work in pairs to support and rescue each other in the event of difficulties.
* Know the wind direction and evacuate in the crosswind direction in case of H2S
leak.
* Never go to a low-lying area during H2S leak.
* Paste H2S warning sign in H2S prone areas.
* The presence or suspected H2S in any part of the plant or sewer shall be
reported immediately

Q. How to treat a person affected by H2S?

*Positive Pressure Breathing Apparatus (PPBA) must be worn by any person
attempting a rescue.
* The victim must be immediately moved to fresh air, possibly in the upwind
direction of the gas leak. The rescuer must be outside the contaminated area
before removing his/her personal BA set.
* If the victim has stopped breathing, resuscitation must be started immediately,
using artificial respiration or a resuscitator if available. Resuscitation must be
continued until the victim starts breathing unaided or until qualified medical
assistance arrives. Medical help must be summoned as soon as possible.

Q. What is Flash Point (FP)?

The minimum temperature at which a flammable mixture of gas in the air will
ignite when exposed to an ignition (spark).

Flash Point also refers to the lowest temperature at which a liquid can produce
sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of an ignition source. It is the
temperature at which a liquid will start to release enough vapors to form a
flammable mixture with air.
Q. What is Auto-Ignition Temperature (AIT)?
The minimum temperature required to initiate self-sustained combustion of a
solid, liquid or gas in the absence of a source of ignition.

Q. What are LEL/LFL and UEL/UFL?

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): or (Lower Flammable Limit)
The LEL is the minimum concentration of vapor in air that can support
combustion. Below this limit, the mixture is too lean to burn, and there is not
enough fuel available to sustain a flame. (N/B: A mixture is said to be too lean to
burn when the ratio of the fuel to air is below the lower flammability limit (LFL)).

N/B: A mixture is too lean to burn if: F/A < LEL

For example, gasoline has an LFL of around 1.4%, which means that a
concentration of gasoline vapor in air between 1.4% and 7.6% can ignite and
sustain a fire or explosion. If the concentration of gasoline vapor falls below 1.4%,
the mixture is too lean to burn, and it will not ignite even in the presence of an
ignition source.

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): or (Upper Flammable Limit)

The UEL is the maximum concentration of vapor in air that can support
combustion. Above this limit, the mixture is too rich to burn, and there is too
much fuel available for the available air to support combustion. (N/B: A mixture is
said to be too rich to burn when the ratio of the fuel to air is above the upper
flammability limit (UFL)).

For example, gasoline has an upper flammability limit of around 7.6%, which
means that gasoline vapor in air concentrations above 7.6% is too rich to burn.
This is because the mixture contains more fuel than the available oxygen needed
to support combustion.

N/B: A mixture is too rich to burn if: F/A > UEL

Q. What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is a temporary working platform to provide supports to both men and
materials for working at least 1.8m above the ground. It is used in maintenance,
construction, and demolition work etc.
Types of scaffoldings:-
* Permanent scaffolding
* Mobile scaffolding.
* Single scaffolding
* Double scaffolding
* Shoring scaffolding
* Ladder or Trestle Scaffolding
* Hanging scaffolding
* Suspended scaffolding

Q. What are the points to be checked while green tagging erected

scaffolding?
Green tagging an erected scaffolding is an important safety measure that ensures
the scaffolding has been inspected, is safe and secure before any work is
performed on it. Here are some of the key points that should be checked before
green tagging a scaffolding:

1. Base: Ensure the base of the scaffold is placed on a levelled and on a solid
surface.
2. Plumb: Ensure scaffolding is vertical or "plumb" and not leaning to one side.
3. Bracing: Ensure that the scaffolding has adequate bracing and tying to prevent
it from swaying or collapsing.
4. Platforms: Ensure the scaffold platforms are level and seat securely on the
standards. There should be no gaps, overlaps, or wobbling.
5. Guardrails: Ensure that the scaffolding has proper guardrails in place to prevent
workers from falling off the platform.
6. Safe access: Ensure that the scaffold has safe access for workers to ascend and
descend. This should include safe ladders, steps, or stairways.
7. Check Load bearing capacity
8. Make sure the Outriggers are properly set
9. Level and firmness of the ground.
10. Soleplate and Baseplate are properly fixed
11. Ensure the coupling pins are secured
12. For mobile scaffold the casters should be locked

Q, Parts of a scaffold
* Ledger
* Transom
* Couplers
* Planks (boards)
*Toe boards
* Braising
* Guard rails
* Mid-rail
* Caster
* Standards
* Coupling pins
* Access ladder, etc.
Q. What is Potential Hazards of scaffolding?
* Collapse of Scaffolding.
* Falling from a height.
* Falling object.
* Slip & Trip hazards.
* Pinch point hazards / Sharp edges
* Opening without a guardrail.
* Scaffold erection during severe weather condition.
* Blocking emergency access and walkways
Q. What is the cause of scaffolding failure?
* Slipping of unsecured ladder.
* Use of faulty materials.
* Using irregular platform width.
* Omission of guard rails or toe boards.
* Lack of maintenance.
* Incompetent workers
* Not securing the lock pin appropriately.
* Not erecting the scaffold on a plumb (straight), levelled and squared floor.
* Lack of inspection.
* Erecting scaffold on soft soil
* High wind
* Collision by mobile equipment
* Failure to properly secure the scaffold to the building or to brace it adequately.
* Overloaded work platforms

Q. What is the precaution during scaffolding erection?

* Scaffolding erection, dismantling should be done under the supervision of a
COMPETENT PERSON (Scaffolding Supervisor).
* Ensure you check for colour coding: Red Tag means Danger “do not use” and
Green Tag means “scaffold complete and ready for use” when completed.
* Gap between boards/planks should be 1 inch (25mm).
* Top guardrail, mid-rail, and toe board should be provided.
* Guard rails and Toe boards shall be fitted to the inside of standards.
* Guard rail should have a height between 950 mm (0.9 m or 90 cm or 3’ (3ft)) to
1143 mm (1.15 m or 3’ 9”(3ft 9in))
* Toe board should be 6” (15 cm) high and secured with toe board clips.
* If scaffold is to be erected on soft ground, we should use soleplate.
* Workers shall not be working on scaffolds during storms or high winds or poor
visibility.
* Sole plate shall extend under at least two standards.
* Base plates with screw jacks should be proper scaffold leveling adjustment.
* All standard shall be vertical.
* Ledgers shall be securely fixed to standards couplers.
* Scaffolds should be properly braced by cross bracing or diagonal braces or both
for securing vertical members together.
* Access ladder must be provided for any platform & clamped with scaffold
structure.
* Ladder should be 4:1 ratio and angle 75⁰
* Ladder should be rise 1 meter (42 inch) above from the landing-place/platform.
* Scaffold should be not obstruct access to/from any firefighting equipment /
emergency equipment, operating area equipment, instrument and control panels,
ladders, stairways, etc.
* Scaffold platform opening should be secured with guardrail and signboard.
* All scaffolding couplers should be tightened.
* Ensure the rule of 3POINT CONTACT when climbing a ladder.

Q. Safety requirement for Scaffolding

1. Scaffolding erection, dismantling should be done under the supervision of a
COMPETENT PERSON.
2. There should be site assessment before erecting a scaffold.
3. Ensure regular inspection and check for colour coding: Red Tag means Danger
“do not use” and Green Tag means “scaffold complete and ready for use” when
completed. Yellow Tag means the scaffold incomplete but work can be done with
100% fall prevention system.
4. A scaffold should be placed on a plumbed (straight), levelled and squared floor.
5. Avoid overloading a scaffold (do not exceed the scaffold weighing capacity)
6. Avoid working on scaffold during adverse weather condition.
7. Install guardrail and toe board to prevent fall.
8. For mobile scaffold, ensure that the caster pins are completely locked to
prevent movement.
9. Adequate information, Instruction, training and supervision should be given to
workers.
10. Scaffold should be not obstruct access to firefighting equipment, emergency
equipment, operating area equipment, instrument and control panels,
ladders, stairways, etc.
11. Ensure the rule of 3POINT CONTACT when climbing a ladder.
12. Guard rail should have a height between 950 mm (0.9 m or 90 cm or 3’ (3ft))
to 1150 mm (1.15 m or 3’ 9”(3ft 9in)).
13. Do not move a scaffold when someone is working on it or materials are on it.
Q. What are the Hazards Associated with Electricity?
Hazards:
* Inadequate/improper wiring.
* Exposed electrical parts
* Wire with bad insulation.
* Exposed underground electrical wires..
* Overloaded circuits
* Short circuiting (A short circuit happens when the current going through wires
does not travel the correct path of the electrical current)
* Damaged power tools and equipment.
* Using the wrong PPE and tools
* Overhead Power lines.
* Working of electrical components during wet conditions.

Q. What are the precautions to be taken to avoid electrocution?

* All electrical work must be covered by an appropriate work permit.
* Only a competent person should be allowed to carry out electrical work.
* Safety floor mats with insulating rubber shall be provided in front of
switchboards or high-voltage equipment to avoid electric shock of personnel.
* Warning tape on top of buried cables and electrical cable tiles must be provided
as an early warning notice for excavations.
* All electrical equipment must be approved by an authorized person before use
and shall be used for the right operation.
* Areas that contain energized part should be barricaded to avoid unauthorized
entering.
* Do not enter into area where adequate lighting and working space is not
available.
* Only Industrial type plugs and sockets shall be used on all locations.
* Equipment used for the electrical works should be tested, calibrated and
documented before use.
* Ensure all equipment is grounded (the process of directing excess electricity to
the ground via a wire.)
* Installed GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) / ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit
Breakers) to avoid electric shock.
* Inspect electrical equipment’s before use.
* Electrical Panel, Junction boxes, pull boxes and fitting must have approved
covers.
* Don’t overload on a circuit.
* Maintain safe distance from overhead power lines during the Crane activity and
scaffolding erection and other activities.
* All cable of power tools / portable tools should be double insulated.
* Don’t use damaged extension cords and don’t touch live wire and another wire
at a different voltage.
* Damaged equipment must not be touched until the isolated.
* Disconnect the power when not in use and when changing accessories.
* De-energize electrical components before working on them
* Use the appropriate PPE for the job.
* Competent, qualified and approved personnel should be carry out testing &
energizing of the equipment.
* Electrical lock-out and tag-out system should be used when working on
electrical equipment.
* In the event of fire on electrical panel or equipment, the electrical power supply
must be isolated and suitable Fire Extinguisher shall be used to extinguish the fire.

Q. What is the difference between GFCI and ELCB?

GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) or GFI, is an electrical device installed in

electrical system to protect you from severe electrical shocks. It is also
installed where electrical circuits may accidentally come into contact with water.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB) The earth leakage circuit breakers are used
in applications to prevent electrical shock and electrical fires that are caused by a
short circuit or overload in the control panel with an automatic shut off when
leakage is detected.

Q. What are the safety precautions you will take for a temporary electrical
connection?

1. Use certified equipment and wiring: Use only certified electrical equipment
and wiring that meet applicable safety standards.
2. Use a residual current device (RCD): Use a residual current device (RCD) or
ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) to protect against electrical shock
3. Secure connections: Ensure that all electrical connections are secure and free
from loose connections.
4. Grounding: Ground the electrical system properly to prevent electrical shock
and fire.
5. Avoid Overloading
6. Inform workers and the public: Make sure workers and members of the public
are aware of the temporary electrical connection and what areas to avoid.
7. Inspection: Inspect the temporary electrical connection regularly to make sure
it is in good condition and free from any potential hazards.
8. Expose empty light sockets and broken bulbs shall be prohibited.
9. PPE

Q. Explain Fire Triangle?

* Fire Triangle is a diagram that represents the three components that creates a
fire such as Oxygen or Air, Fuel, and Heat (source of ignition).
* Absence of any of the components, the fire would not occur.

Q. What is the different class of fire/types of fire?

Class of Fire As Per NFPA
Class A – Carbon-based combustible materials (wood, rubber, paper, fabric, etc.)
Class B – Liquid (petrol, oil, thinners etc.)
Class C – Gases (acetylene, propane, LPG, Butane etc.)
Class D – Metals (Sodium, potassium, magnesium) require a special extinguishing
agents.
Class E – Fire involving energized electrical equipment as electrical cable,
electrical motor etc.
Class F- Kitchen fire

Q. What is the fire extinguishing principle?

The fire extinguishing principle involves removing one or more elements from the
fire triangle, which is fuel, heat, and oxygen, to extinguish or prevent a fire. These
elements combine to create a fire, and removing any of them can help to
extinguish or prevent a fire from occurring.
The fire extinguishing principle varies depending on the type of fire involved. Here
are the common types of fire extinguishing principles:
Starving: The removal of fuel to the point so that nothing remains to burn.
Example: turn off valves.
Smothering: The removal of air or oxygen to the point that combustion ceases.
Example: fire blanket, foam, and sand.
Cooling: This principle involves removing heat from the fire by cooling the burning
material below its ignition temperature. Example: water spray etc.
Inhibiting the Flame Chain Reaction:
In this method by arresting the chemical chain reaction in the flame zone, the
combustion process is terminated, Example: introduce a Dry Chemical
Extinguisher, inert agent, etc.

Q. What is the transmission of heat?

The transmission of heat refers to the movement of thermal energy from a hotter
object or material to a cooler one. Heat energy can be transferred through three
main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Fire can spread by one or more of the following modes:-

Conduction: The transfer of heat from one solid body to another by direct
contact.
Convection: The transfer of heat through fluid (liquid or gas) through a circulating
medium.
Radiation: it refers to the transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic
waves and that do not require a material for its propagation.

Q. Define Near Miss, Incident & accident? What is different between

Incident & Accident?
Near Miss: Near miss is an incident, which resulted in no injury or illness and/or
damage (loss) to people, assets, the environment, or Company reputation.
Example: A water tanker tilted.
Incident: Incident is any unwanted and unplanned occurrence/event which
resulted or could have resulted in physical injury or death to person or damage to
property or environment.
Or
An undesired event that has caused or could have potentially caused personal
injury, illness and/or damage (loss) to assets, production or harm to environment
or third party.
Example:
Accident: Accident is an undesired unplanned occurrence that resulted to an
injury or death to a person or damage to property or environment.
It is occurring due to unsafe acts or unsafe conditions or a combination of both.
OR
The accident is an unexpected, unplanned and unwanted occurrence which is
occurred by unsafe act and unsafe condition or combination of both, which can
be resulted in injury to person and damage to property and environment.

Q. What are Unsafe Acts & Unsafe Conditions?

Unsafe Acts: Working without safety precaution or the act which can create
accidents.
OR
It is a violation of an accepted safety procedure which could have permitted to
the occurrence of an accident.
Example: Working at height without any fall protection.
Unsafe Conditions: The place where hazardous is hiding.
OR
It is a physical condition that could have permitted to the occurrence of an
accident.
Example: Working inside the deep trench without slopping or shoring.
Q. What is the different Hazardous Area Classification? What do you mean by
Hazardous Area? What is Zone 0, 1 and 2.
Hazardous Area:
Hazardous areas are areas with potential for the occurrence of an explosive
atmosphere.

Explosive atmosphere refers to any atmosphere that contains a mixture of gas,

mist, dust, or vapors that may ignite and cause an explosion.

The three main hazardous area classifications are:

1. Zone 0: A hazardous area where an explosive atmosphere is continuously
present, or present for long periods. In this zone, there is a high risk of an
explosive atmosphere, and explosion-proof equipment should be used.

2. Zone 1: A hazardous area where an explosive atmosphere is likely to occur in

normal operation. In this area, the risk of an explosive atmosphere is less than in
Zone 0 but still is a probability. In this zone, equipment should be designated as
flameproof or intrinsically safe.

3. Zone 2: A hazardous area where an explosive atmosphere is not likely to occur

in normal operation and if it occurs, it will be for a short period. In this zone, the
risk of an explosive atmosphere is significantly less than in Zone 1. Here,
equipment is designed as non-sparking but does not need to be flameproof.

Q. In case of Fire, Accident, Gas leak or Explosion what you will do?

FIRE:

1. Alert occupants to evacuate the area of the fire and activate the fire alarm.
2. Call the fire department to report the fire.
3. Evacuate the building immediately using the nearest exit.
4. All people have to evacuate in the crosswind direction and calmly walk to
the assembly area
5. Do not use elevators,
6. Help others evacuate, especially those who need assistance.
7. Avoid overcrowding and move to an assembly point away from the
building.
8. Every section will have a headcount by section head to check if anyone
no one is missing or not.
9. All running equipment must put off.
10. If the fire is small, try to extinguish it with a fire extinguisher if you are
trained and authorized to do so.
11. Assemble at a pre-designated meeting point (Muster Point) outside the
building and wait for further instructions.

ACCIDENT:
1. Alert those in the area of the accident to move to a safe location if necessary.
2. Check for injuries and call for medical assistance if needed or dial an emergency
number.
3. Secure the scene of the accident, and if possible, isolate the area to prevent
further incidents.
4. Gather evidence and information to help prevent similar accidents from
happening in the future.

GAS LEAK:
1. If a gas leak is suspected, immediately evacuate the area and call the gas
company or emergency services.
2. Do not attempt to operate any electrical switches or appliances in the vicinity
of the leak.
3. If possible, turn off the gas valve to the property.
4. Assemble at a pre-designated meeting point outside the building and wait for
further instructions.
5. All work permits will become nullified during emergencies automatically
EXPLOSION:
1. Evacuate the area immediately and call for medical assistance if required.
2. If possible, isolate the area to prevent further damage or injuries.
3. Contact the emergency responders and provide them with all necessary
information.
N/B: If anyone gets hurt during explosion, gas leak, fire or accident, will be
evacuated to the nearest medical center after giving first aid by qualified first
aider or doctor

Q. What are the precautions to be taken prior to starting the WELDING

Following precaution should be taken during Welding / Hot Work.
*Welding work should be under hot work PTW control.
* If it is inside an enclosure then there is need to cover the welding point with
proper fire blanket.
* Frequent gas test should be carried out before welding takes place.
* Purging of Flammable/ combustible gases should be done in a confined space
before welding.
* Wet the area with water and pressurized firewater hose to be kept near the hot
work area.
* Combustible materials should be removed from the welding point.
* Keep a certified and valid fire extinguisher near the hot work area.
* Trained and certified fire watcher should be present.
* Equipment to be used for hot work should be inspected before starting up the
job.
* All welding machine must be connected with GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter) or ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) and approved spark arrester.
* All welding machines must be ground with the static-earthing device.
* All cable must be properly insulated.
* Electrode holder, plugs and sockets must be in good condition.
* The work-piece (pipe, spool, etc) should be supported on a secured and firm
base during welding or grinding.
* All valves, flanges, drains, canals etc. where gas leaks or the presence of a
flammable atmosphere should be covered.

Q. What is a fire blanket and what is it used for?

A fire blanket is a safety device that is used to smother and extinguish small fires
or to wrap around an individual to protect them from flames in case of a fire. Fire
blankets are made from materials such as wool, fiberglass, and silica and are
designed to be flame-resistant and non-combustible.

Fire blankets are commonly used in kitchens, laboratories, factories, and other
settings where small fires may occur. They can also be used to extinguish fires on
clothing or to shield people from the flames. In case of a fire emergency, the
blanket is thrown over the flames, smothering them by cutting off the supply of
oxygen.
Safety tips when using a fire blanket:

1. Always read and understand the instructions on the blanket.

2. Wear gloves or protective gear to avoid burns when handling the blanket.
3. Do not try to extinguish large fires with a fire blanket, and do not put the
blanket in contact with hot or molten substances.
4. Do not use a fire blanket if it's damaged or has been previously used.
5. Ensure that the fire blanket is easily accessible and known to everyone in the
building.

Q. What are the Safety Precautions taken GAS WELDING & CUTTING?
* Any hot work will start with a valid hot work permit.
* Frequent gas test to be carried out.
* In a gas welding or cutting operations, the oxyacetylene flames shall be ignited
by the lighter specially designed.
* Ensure the pressure regulators and gauges are suitable and in good working
condition.
* Ensure the cylinder valve is closed before the regulator is removed.
* Flashback arrestors should be fitted to prevent flashback.
* The adequate ventilation must be provided to expel toxic gases/fumes if
activities carried are out inside a confined space.
* All valves, flanges, drains, canals, etc. where gas leaks should be covered.
* Combustible materials to be removed from the welding point.
* Valid Fire Extinguishers and Fire Watcher should be provided.
* When need to cover the welding point with proper fire blanket.
* When necessary, wet the area with water and pressurized firewater hose shall
be provided.
* Equipment, which will be used for hot work to be inspected before starting up
the job.
* Ensure hose and cable, plugs, and sockets must be in good condition.

Q. What are the welding and cutting hazards?

Welding & Cutting HAZARDS:

1. Electric shock from arc welding equipment

2. Fire and explosion hazards
3. Eye injuries: Weld bead particulars or slag entering unprotected eyes during
chipping.
4. Burns and skin injuries due to heat generated while welding or cutting.
5. Inhalation of toxic fumes
6. Noise exposure.
7. Falling Gas cylinders.
8. Radiation from UV and Infra-Red (flash eye).

Q. What will be your action if someone informs you about the accident?
* Ask him the location of the accident and the details.
* After reached the location analyze the situation, if someone gets hurt during an
accident must be evacuated to the nearest medical center after giving first aid by
a qualified first aider or doctor.
* Report to near fire station / Burgan fire station with clear location and details of
the accident.
* Report to client HSE Specialist and concerned project manager.
* Investigate the accident and prepared an accident report with an attached
sketch and supporting documents and submit to the client HSE Dept. If the
accident is major like Explosion / heavy fire / heavy gas leak then seek help from
nearest fire station / Burgan fire station and follow up the evacuation procedure
Q. What is the Pyrophoric Scale?
* Pyrophoric scale is actually Iron Sulphide (FeS2) which develops inside the
pipeline or piping system. It will readily ignite when exposed air/oxygen
(Exothermic Reaction – i.e. heat releasing).
* Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) or any Sulphur compound when it reacts with iron it
will form Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide.
* It is highly flammable even exposure to the air. The best way to handle is to
douse it with water and keep it thoroughly wetted until safe disposal.
* In pipelines or equipment which carry gas or liquid and which contains
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Pyrophoric Scale or Iron Sulphide (FeS2) may be
present.
Q. What is the MSDS?
Material Safety Data Sheet is detailed information about the physical and
chemical characteristics of the chemicals as well as the health, safety, fire,
reactivity, and environmental hazards and precautions. It is provided by the
manufacturer.
Q. What is CABA? CABA stands for "Computer-Aided Behavioral Analysis." It is a
technological tool used to analyze the safety behavior of employees within an
organization.

Q. Which action needs to take when you see the defective fall arrester?

Paint the equipment in Red.

Q. What is HSE Policy? It is a set of guidelines or principles that an organization

uses to make decisions and take action as regards to HSE.

Q. What is a BOP in safety?

Blowout Preventer (BOP) shuts off the valve leading underneath the machinery to
stop any liquid from surfacing in a dangerous explosion, or a kick.
Q. What is the JSA?
JSA stands for Job Safety Analysis: It is an integral part of a safe system of work.
It is a formal process of breaking down jobs into different stages, identifying the
hazards and risk associated with each stage and putting control measures to
eliminate these hazards or mitigate them to as low as reasonably practicably.
* It is to be completed before the start of any new job.
* It clearly defines the specific job, equipment, and tools to be used, specific
hazards of the job and preventive measures to be taken.
* It is to be filled by supervisory staff and discussed with HSE Dept.
* It is to be signed by all concerned to confirm that everyone involved does know
about the job and how to do it in a safe way.

Q. What is EOD and what will be your responsibility if an EOD

identified?
EOD is Stand for Explosive Ordinance Disposal. In case of an EOD identified or an
unidentified object find, mark the area or the object so as to relocate it, keep
away all workers from the particular area. If possible detail a watchman and
inform respective area fire station with clear details. Stop all activities at the
location until cleared by an Authorize Ordinance Disposal Squad.

Q. Define Lockout Tag out (LOTO) System?

* Lockout & Tag out is a process to block the flow of energy from the source and it
will be locked with lock system or padlock for not restore the energy and these
should be tag on it, the tag will be as a warning „do not operate‟.
* Locks and tags will be normally be removed only by the person who installed
them whenever possible.
* Before lockout and tag out make sure that a valid isolation permit being
obtained.

LOTO can be defined as an integral part of an isolation system used to de-

energize a mechanical or an electrical system and also attaching a signage to it
to avoid tampering
Q. Define Chemical Hazard Identification Tag?
A Chemical Hazard Identification Tag is a labeling system used to identify and
communicate the potential hazards of chemicals substances in the workplace. The
tag displays critical information like the chemical name, usage instructions, and
hazard warnings. The tag also uses colour code to show how reactive, safe, toxic
or explosive a chemical is.

It is color-coded, Red for Fire, Blue for health, Yellow for reactivity and White for
specific hazards like oxidizer, alkali, acid and corrosive etc.

The Chemical Hazard Identification Tag includes universally recognized symbols

that indicate the potential hazards of the chemical, such as an exclamation mark
for irritants, a skull and crossbones for toxins or poison, and a flame for
flammable substances.

Q. What are the general precautions to be taken before and during

using an ABRASIVE WHEEL?
Precautions – Abrasive Wheel:
Abrasive wheels are widely used in various industries for cutting and grinding
tasks. However, due to their high-speed rotation and the materials used in their
construction, they can pose several risks to the workers using them. Thus,
important precautions to be taken before and during the use of an abrasive wheel
include:

Before Use:

1. Check the wheel for any visible signs of damage, including cracks, chips, or
wear. Do not use a damaged wheel.
2. Ensure that the spindle thread and flange nut are not damaged, and they are
appropriately tightened.
3. Check the labels on the wheel to ensure that it is suitable for the intended task.
4. Ensure that the machine is appropriately grounded.
5. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including eye and face
protection, gloves, safety shoes, and clothing.
6. Train all workers who are authorized to handle abrasive wheels on the proper
use and safety measures.
During Use:
1. Ensure that the work-piece is secured tightly in the machine before starting the
wheel.
2. Wear the appropriate PPE and secure long hair, loose clothing, and jewelry.
3. Stand in a stable position when using the wheel and avoid placing any part of
your body in the path of the wheel.
4. Avoid applying excessive pressure on the wheel while using it. Allow the wheel
to do its job.
5. Do not use the side of the wheel or apply torque to one side of the cutting
surface.
6. Avoid abrupt stops, and let the wheel come to a complete stop before
removing the work-piece or adjusting the equipment.
7. Once the job is complete, turn off the machine and wait for the wheel to come
to a complete stop before removing the work-piece.

Q. What is a safety precaution to be taken prior to start & during the

WORK AT HEIGHT & why it is required?
* The work is properly planned, organized. Appropriately supervised and carried
out ensuring the safety of workers and integrity of worksite.
* The worksite including its access as well exit is safe with the necessary
protection against fall from height.
* Similarly the workers to be deployed for work at height are trained and aware
of potential hazards.
* PPE, appropriate fall arrest system such as Safety Harness, Safety Nets etc. shall
be used to protect the person from fall.
* The personnel working at height must use appropriate & approved Full Body
Safety Harness and attached to a secure anchorage.
* All the straps of safety harness shall be securely tightened to the body parts.
* The tools and equipment to be used at height must be kept properly secured to
prevent its accidental fall or tripping hazard.
* The area in the vicinity of work at height should be barricaded and danger
notice posted to alert the personnel.
* Man Basket: Workers should keep all body parts inside the man basket while it
is being lifted or positioned. Workers must wear a personal fall arrest system, and
Helmet with chin strap must be worn at all times.
* Sloping Roofs: Employee worked in roofing activities on slope roofs with
unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above shall be used
appropriate Safety Harness, Safety Net, and Guardrail or a combination of these.
 OR

Before starting work at height, certain safety precautions need to be taken to

protect workers against the risk of falls and other injuries. Some of these
precautions are:
1. Inspection of equipment: Ensure that all equipment, such as ladders, scaffolds,
and harnesses, are in good working condition and adequately maintained. Check
for any damage, wear, or defects before use.
2. Risk assessment: Conduct a thorough assessment of the work area and identify
potential hazards. Develop a plan to mitigate risks and make workers aware of the
potential hazards of working at height.
3. Proper training: Workers must be adequately trained in the safe use of
equipment, and they must be competent in the task at hand.
During work at height, the following precautions need to be taken:
1. Use of fall protection equipment: Wear appropriate fall protection gear, such as
safety harnesses, lanyards, and anchor points, to protect against falls.
2. Proper ladder use: Ensure that ladders are the correct height, adequately
secured, and used only for their intended purpose.
3. Guard rails and toe boards: Install guard rails and toe boards to prevent falls
from open edges.
4. Good housekeeping: Keep the work area clean and tidy to prevent tripping
hazards.
5. Regular inspection: Regularly inspect equipment before use and inspect the
work area for any potential hazards.
These safety precautions are required to prevent work-related injuries and
fatalities. Falling from height is one of the leading causes of workplace accidents,
and it is vital to implement appropriate safety measures to protect workers.
Employers must ensure that workers are adequately trained, and all appropriate
safety measures are in place before the work at height begins.
Q. What is the difference between Fall-arrest system and fall restraint system?

Fall arrest systems and fall restraint systems are two of the most commonly used
systems to prevent falls in the workplace.

The main difference between the two systems is that a fall restraint system is
designed to stop a worker from reaching a point where they could fall, while a
fall arrest system is designed to protect the worker after they have fallen.
A fall restraint system works by restricting the worker's freedom of movement to
prevent them from reaching a point where they could fall. This may involve the
use of barriers, safety lines, or waist belts, which are attached to secure anchor
points or other structures. Fall restraint systems are most effective when there is
no risk of a fall greater than 2 feet.

On the other hand, a fall arrest system is designed to stop a worker who has
already fallen. This typically involves the use of a body harness worn by the
worker, which is attached to a lifeline or lanyard. The lifeline is securely anchored
to a fixed point, preventing the worker from reaching the ground in the event of a
fall.

In summary:
- Fall restraint systems are designed to prevent workers from reaching a point
where they could fall, while
- Fall arrest systems are designed to protect workers after they have fallen.

Q. Difference between a Lifeline and a Lanyard?

A lifeline is a rope or cable that is fixed to an anchor point and used in fall arrest
systems to prevent a worker from falling to the ground. The lifeline is typically
made of synthetic rope or steel cable and can be either vertical or horizontal.
Vertical lifelines are used in situations where workers need to climb up or
descend to a different level, while horizontal lifelines are used when workers
need to move horizontally along a work area.

A lanyard is a short length of rope or cable that is used to connect a worker's

body harness to a lifeline or anchor point in a fall arrest system. Lanyards come in
various lengths and types, including shock-absorbing, non-shock absorbing, and
self-retracting. They are designed to take the impact of a fall and absorb the
energy to reduce the force that is transmitted to the worker's body.
Q. What is the meaning of 100% tie off?

It refers to a safety practice that involves attaching oneself to a secure anchorage

point using a lanyard oauditr lifeline at all times while working at a height . The idea
of 100% tie-off is to ensure that a worker is always attached to a secure
anchorage point, even when moving or transitioning between work areas at
height. This practice helps to prevent a worker from falling in the event of the
failure of a personal protective equipment or any other equipment.

Q. What is lifting?

Lifting is the process of moving loads from one place to another.

Types of Lifting

a. Simple lifting: lifting less than 20 tonnes

b. Heavy lifting: lifting more than 20 tonnes
c. Critical lifting: lifting that is greater than 75% of the rated capacity of the SWL
(Safe Working Load). It is also known as tandem lifting. It is a lift that requires
the use of more than one crane or derrick.
Critical lifting also refers to the lifting of heavy or oversized loads that present
significant safety risks due to the size, weight, or shape of the load, as well as the
lifting environment. Examples of critical lifting include:

A critical lifting is one that demands a higher exigency and represents a high risk.

LIST OF CRITICAL LIFTS

Any high-risk operation that meets the following conditions shall be considered as
critical lifting.

1. Lifting of personnel in baskets

2. Lifting loads between two or more cranes

3. When the slope of the land is greater than 5%

4. Lifting close to the maximum capacity of the equipment

%CAPACITY = (Weight of load) / (Capacity) X 100%.

If 75% of the crane capacity is exceeded.

Ex.

Maximum capacity of the crane = 150 000 kg

Weight of load = 130 000 kg

%CAPACITY = 130 000 / 150 000 * 100%

%CAPACITY = 86% at exceeds 75%.

5. Lifting of expensive or difficult to acquire loads.

6. Lifting of Dangerous or Explosive Materials

7. Lifting near power lines

8. Lifting of loads being removed from structures.

9. Maneuvers whose load must pass over areas of special care.
Ex. on pipelines, plant equipment, tanks, building installations, etc.

10. Lifting in adverse weather conditions

11. Lifting in confined spaces
12. Lifting in hazardous environments
Developed By TiFACTOR
Q. What are the lifting hazards?

1. Overloading
2. Suspended load
3. toppling/crane collapse
4. Fall of load
5. Contact with overhead cables
6. The Jib (arm) of the crane striking against other structure.
7. Improper rigging and slinging
8. Poor signaling
9. Poor communication between the crane operator and the banksman
10. Lack of competent personnel
11. Damage tools and tackles
12. Inadequate Inspection
13. Weather and Environmental Conditions

Q. what is anti-two block system in crane?

Anti two-block or ATB systems help prevent the ball block from contacting the
boom tip. This is called two-blocking and can cause injury or death as well as
damage to the crane, load line and ball or block.

In a crane, the load line is wound around the crane's winch drum, which is
connected to the crane's hoisting system. When the load is lifted, the winch drum
rotates, causing the load line to wind up on the drum. If the load line is allowed to
get too close to or touch the crane's boom tip or the block, the load line can
break, causing the load to fall.

An anti-two block system uses sensors and/or limit switches to detect when the
load line is reaching a critical point and automatically stops the crane's hoisting
operation before the two-block condition can occur. The system typically includes
an alarm that alerts the crane operator that a dangerous situation is developing
and the crane must be reset before resuming operation.

The anti-two block system is an important safety feature in cranes, as it helps to

prevent accidents and injuries that can result from falling loads. Proper
maintenance and testing of the system, in addition to following safe crane
operating practices, can help to ensure its effectiveness.
Q. What is suspension trauma and suspension trauma safety strap?

Suspension trauma, also known as harness-induced pathology, is a potentially

life-threatening condition that can occur when a person is suspended in a vertical
position for an extended period. This suspension puts pressure on the leg veins,
restricting blood flow from the legs to the heart, leading to a condition known as
orthostatic intolerance.

Symptoms of suspension trauma include dizziness, nausea, blurred vision,

numbness, tingling, weakness, fainting, and ultimately, death. Suspension trauma
can occur in various industrial workplaces, including construction, mining, and
window cleaning, where workers may be suspended in a harness for extended
periods.

Suspension trauma safety straps are specialized safety devices designed to

prevent suspension trauma in the event of a fall. The straps are attached to the
body harness and under the legs of the person using the device, relieving pressure
on the leg veins, allowing blood to circulate. They help to maintain blood flow and
reduce the risk of orthostatic intolerance.

In summary, Suspension trauma is a serious health risk that occurs when a person
is suspended for a long time in a vertical position. Suspension trauma safety
straps are designed to reduce the risks associated with this condition and should
be worn by workers who are involved in work that requires them to be suspended
from a height.

Q. What are the safety PRECAUTIONS to be taken while performing

LIFTING OPERATION?

1. Ensure lifting operation is under PTW control.

2. Ensure that a suitable and sufficient risk assessment is carried out before
lifting.
3. There should be suitable lifting plan in plan before lifting.
4. Ensure the load is clear of any obstacle.
5. Ensure the load is securely slung (use tie ropes)
6. Ensure the security of the load is reconfirmed once the load is raised a few
inches.
 7. Ensure that the crane is placed on a level ground and the outrigger is fully
extended.
8. There should be a clear communication between the crane operator and
the banksman.
9. Ensure the Jib (crane arm) is not too extended for the load being lifted.
10.PPE is mandatory for workers carrying out lifting operations.
11.Use safety cones and tapes to barricade the swing radius of the crane to
avoid unauthorized entry into the lifting area.
12.All lifting equipment must have a third party inspection certificate and
validity of inspection must be checked.
13.The crane hook must be in central position over the load when lifting.

14.Daily inspection sheet of cranes must be always available with a crane

operated.
15. All personnel involve in lifting must be competent.
16. Installed level meter and anemometer on the crane.
17. Slings is protected from sharp edges by using suitable packing.
18. A calibrated SWL indicator & crane capacity chart should be displayed in
the cabin.
19. Hooks used on lifting equipment should be fitted with safety devices to
prevent the load or sling displacement for the hook.
20. Do not use wire rope slings if it is kinked, crushed, frayed or corroded.

Q. What are the Potential HAZARDS while performing LIFTING

OPERATION?
* Accidents hit or crush by hanging load.
* Falling objects
* Toppling/Collapse of lifting equipment due to overload.
* Overturning of the crane.
* Failure of lifting gears such as wire ropes, hooks, shackle, eyebolts, chain, etc.

Q. What is Rigging & Slinging? And who is a rigger and a slinger?

Rigging and slinging refer to the processes of securing, lifting, and moving heavy
loads using specialized equipment such as ropes, chains, cables, and slings.

Rigging refers to the process of setting up and assembling the lifting equipment
required for the job, such as cranes, hoists, winches, and other lifting devices.
Rigging involves selecting the right equipment and materials for the job, setting
up the lifting equipment, and ensuring that everything is working correctly before
lifting the load. One who does this is called a rigger.

Slinging, on the other hand, refers to the process of securing the load to the lifting
equipment using various types of slings, such as wire rope slings, chain slings,
synthetic webbing slings, and round slings. Slinging involves selecting the right
type of sling for the load, determining the correct number of slings required,
attaching the sling to the load, and ensuring that the load is balanced and stable
before lifting. One who does this is called a slinger.
Q. Who is Banksman?

According to LOLER (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations), a

banksman is needed when the crane operator cannot see the load during any
part of the lift. They are responsible for directing the operator using hand signals
and/or verbal code to ensure that the load does not travel over anybody and does
not come into contact with anything or anyone.

Q: Can you provide a detailed explanation of the various parts of a crane and
their functions?

Answer: A crane consists of several parts, including the boom, jib, hoist, trolley, hook,
counterweights, outriggers, and cab. The boom is the main arm of the crane that lifts
and lowers the load. The jib is a secondary arm that can extend the reach of the boom.
The hoist is the mechanism that raises and lowers the load, and it is connected to the
trolley, which moves the load horizontally along the boom. The hook is attached to the
load and is raised and lowered by the hoist. Counterweights are added to balance the
load and prevent the crane from tipping over. Outriggers provide additional stability by
extending the crane’s base. The cab is where the operator sits and controls the crane.

Q: What are the potential hazards of crane operations, and how can they be
prevented?

Answer: The potential hazards of crane operations include electrocution, struck-by

accidents, caught-in/between accidents, and crane tip-overs. These hazards can be
prevented by following safety guidelines and regulations, ensuring that the crane is in
good working condition, providing proper training to operators and workers, conducting
regular inspections and maintenance, and ensuring that the work area is clear of any
hazards.

Q: How many 3rd party certificate you will check?

Answer: the operator’s third-party certificate and license, the rigger’s third-party
certificate, the crane’s safety certificate, the lifting appliance’s third-party certificate, and
third party certificate of Jib.

Q: What is the maximum weight capacity of the crane for lifting, and how is it
determined?

Answer: The maximum weight capacity of a crane for lifting is determined by several
factors, including the crane’s configuration, boom length, counterweight, and load
radius. The crane’s load chart provides information on the crane’s lifting capacity for
different configurations and load radii. The load chart takes into account the crane’s
stability and the weight distribution of the load.

Q: As a safety supervisor, what specific points will you check in a crane to ensure
safe lifting operations?

Answer: As a safety supervisor, specific points that should be checked in a crane to

ensure safe lifting operations include the crane’s condition and maintenance, the
crane’s load capacity, the crane’s positioning and stability, the work area and ground
conditions, the communication between the operator and ground personnel, the use of
proper lifting equipment, the use of a tag line, and the use of personal protective
equipment.

Q: What is the purpose of an anti-two block system, and how does it enhance
crane safety?

Answer: The purpose of an anti-two block system is to prevent the crane’s hook or
loadline from coming into contact with the boom tip or other parts of the crane. This
system enhances crane safety by preventing damage to the crane and load, reducing
the risk of accidents and injuries, and increasing the efficiency of crane operations.

Q: How is a tag line used in crane lifting operations, and why is it essential for
safety?

Answer: A tag line is a rope or line that is attached to the load being lifted by the crane.
It is used to control the load’s movement and prevent it from swinging or spinning during
lifting. The tag line is essential for safety as it helps to ensure that the load is lifted and
positioned correctly, reduces the risk of accidents and injuries.

Q: What are the main factors that determine the load capacity of a crane?
The load capacity of a crane is determined by several factors, including the weight of
the load, the distance between the crane and the load, the angle of the boom, the
wind speed, and the ground conditions. All of these factors must be taken into
account when calculating the safe working load (SWL) for a particular lift.

Q: What is SWL of a lift and how it be determined?

The SWL (Safe Working Load) is the maximum weight that a crane or other lifting
device can safely lift without causing damage or posing a safety risk.

To calculate the SWL for a particular lift, the following formula can be used:

SWL = (WLL x SF) / CF

Where:

- WLL (Working Load Limit) is the maximum weight that a specific piece of lifting
equipment is designed to lift.

- SF (Safety Factor) is the number that represents the level of safety required for the
lift, typically ranging from 3 to 6.

- CF (Configuration Factor) is a factor that accounts for the specific conditions of the
lift, such as the angle of the lift, the type of sling or attachment being used, and other
factors that can affect the lift.

Q: How do you assess the ground conditions before starting crane operations?

The ground conditions must be assessed to ensure that they can support the weight of
the crane and the load. The assessment should take into account factors such as the
type of soil, the slope of the ground, and the presence of any underground pipes or
cables. The ground should be firm, stable, and level, and if necessary, mats or other
supports should be used to distribute the weight of the crane and prevent sinking or
shifting.

Q: What is the difference between a boom truck and a crane, and when is each
one used?

A boom truck is a truck-mounted crane with a telescopic boom that can be extended
and retracted, while a crane is a stationary machine with a fixed boom. Boom trucks are
generally used for smaller lifting operations or in areas with limited access, while cranes
are used for larger lifts and heavy-duty applications.

Q: What are some common causes of crane accidents, and how can they be
prevented?

Common causes of crane accidents include overloading, improper rigging, unstable

ground conditions, operator error, and mechanical failure. These accidents can be
prevented by following safe working practices, conducting regular inspections and
maintenance, providing proper training for personnel, and ensuring that the equipment
is operated within its safe working limits.

Q. Explain about Compress Gas Cylinders?

Compressed gas cylinders are specialized containers used to hold gases under
high pressure. These cylinders are commonly used in various industries for storing
gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, acetylene, propane, and other compressed gases.
Compressed gas cylinders are typically made of metals such as steel or aluminum,
and they are designed to withstand the high pressure of the gas inside.

Some important safety considerations when handling compressed gas cylinders

include:
1. Proper storage of cylinders in a well-ventilated area away from heat sources,
flames, and other hazards.
2. Ensuring that cylinders are correctly labeled and that the right gas is used for
the intended application.
3. Proper handling and transportation of cylinders using specialized equipment
such as carts, dollies, and cranes. Workers should be trained and certified on the
safe handling of compressed gas cylinders.
4. Regular inspection of cylinders for signs of damage, leaks, or other defects that
could compromise their safety.
5. Using personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety goggles, gloves, and
respirators when handling compressed gas cylinders.

Storage of cylinders- general:

The following requirement applies to the storage of Compresses gas cylinders; i.e.
cylinders that do not have a gauge in place.
Cylinders shall be shaded if stored outside.
Cylinders stored inside:
a) Well –protected, well-ventilated, dry location.
b) At least 6m (20ft) away from combustible
Q. What is the dead man switch and what is the use of it?
A dead man's switch is a mechanism or safety device that is designed to shut off a
machine or a process if the operator becomes incapacitated or unable to maintain
control. It is also known as an emergency stop, kill switch, or safety switch.

The dead man switch is a critical safety feature that is commonly used in
machinery, vehicles, and other equipment that involve high risks such as
construction equipment, heavy machinery, and trains.

The dead man's switch has several benefits, including:

1. It improves safety
2. For Emergency response
3. Compliance with safety regulations
4. It reduces damage to equipment
Q. Explain PPE?
Personal Protective Equipment is indented to protect employees from hazards.
There is specific protective equipment for a specific job. PPE will protect you only
if used it in the intended way.
PPE is a working barrier between harm and the human body.

Q. What is Housekeeping?
Housekeeping refers to the practice of maintaining a clean, organized, and clutter-
free workplace.

Q. What is the difference between hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste?

Some of the key differences between hazardous and non-hazardous waste are:

1. Hazardous waste includes chemicals, biological materials, and other substances

that can cause acute or chronic toxicity, physical hazards such as flammability and
reactivity, and other hazards such as corrosion and infectious properties.

2. Non-hazardous waste generally includes material that is not harmful to human

health or the environment, such as paper, cardboard, plastic, and food waste.
3. Hazardous waste requires special handling, transportation, and disposal
methods due to its potential for harm, while non-hazardous waste is generally
easier to manage and dispose of.

4. Regulations for hazardous waste are stricter in comparison to non-hazardous

waste, with specific rules governing its generation, handling, storage, transport,
treatment, and disposal.

5. Hazardous waste can have long-term effects on human health and the
environment, including the possibility of contamination of soil, air, and water. In
contrast, non-hazardous waste does not pose a significant threat to human health
or the environment.

Q. What is Reduction Minimization?

The hierarchy of waste control is a system of prioritizing different waste
management practices based on their level of impact on the environment, human
health, and resources.

Q. WASTE HIERARCHY STEPS

Prevent – Top priority is placed on reducing or preventing waste. Can waste be

avoided by not using the material in the first place?

Reduce – Can less materials be used in the design and manufacturing stage?
Reuse – Reuse of material on more than one occasion

Recycle – Reprocessing of waste into the same or a different product. Typical

recyclable wastes include oils, glass, paper, plastics, etc.

Recovery – The process of obtaining materials or energy values from collected

waste for use or reuse.

Dispose – When all else fails, materials that cannot be reused, recycled or
recovered for energy will be landfilled and incinerated (without energy recovery).
This is an unsustainable method of waste management because waste that sits in
landfills can continue to have a damaging environmental impact.

Q. What is defensive driving?

Defensive driving is
A. Driving to prevent accidents, in spite of the incorrect actions or others or
adverse weather conditions.
B. Anticipate driving hazards and know how to protect yourself from them.
C. Be alert while driving by keeping your mind free of distractions and your
attention focused on driving. Alertness involves watching and recognizing
accident – causing factors instantly.
D. The professional has foresight and ability to recognize the traffic situations as
far ahead as possible.
E. The driver must anticipate traffic problems that are likely to develop and decide
whether these developments could be dangerous.
F. As a defensive driver, everyone must operate their vehicle in a manner to avoid
contributing to an accident or being involved in a preventable accident.
G. To be a good driver you should respect all traffic laws and be courteous to
others.

Q. Write in detail about construction waste management and safe

disposal.
The HSE officer’s responsibility as following.
* Good housekeeping is to be maintained during day-to-day operations.
* All waste streams that are generated in the project areas to be identified,
classified, and entered in a waste register.
* All disposal sites used are to be designed and approved by KOC.
* The subcontractor in charge of waste management and disposal must be
licensed and approved.
* All environmental incidents and accident spillage or discharges must be properly
managed and documented.
* All waste materials must be disposing of in an approved area by the
government.
Q. Enlist 5 main responsibilities of PERMIT APPLICANT.
Permit Applicant Responsibilities

The permit applicant is the person who is responsible for initiating the permit-to-
work (PTW) process for a particular job or task. The primary responsibilities of the
permit applicant include:

1. Determining if a PTW is needed: The permit applicant must assess the job or
task to determine if a PTW is required. This assessment includes identifying the
potential risks and hazards associated with the job and ensuring that adequate
controls and precautions are in place to manage the risks.

2. Completing the permit application: The permit applicant is responsible for

filling out the permit application with accurate information about the job or task,
including the scope of work, the hazards involved, and the safety precautions to
be taken.

3. Obtaining approvals: The permit applicant is responsible for obtaining all

necessary approvals for the permit before work can commence.

4. Ensuring compliance: The permit applicant is responsible for ensuring that the
job or task is carried out in compliance with the permit conditions, safety
procedures, and other relevant regulations.

5. Managing the permit: The permit applicant must monitor the progress of the
work and ensure that the permit is closed out once the job or task is complete.

Q. Enlist 5 main responsibilities of PERMIT ISSUER.

Permit Issuer Responsibilities:
The permit issuer is the person responsible for issuing permits to work after
reviewing the permit application submitted by the permit requester. The primary
responsibilities of the permit issuer include:
1. Reviewing permit applications: The permit issuer is responsible for reviewing
permit applications submitted by the permit requester to ensure that all
necessary information is included and that the job or task can be performed
safely.

2. Approving or denying permits: Based on the information provided, the permit

issuer is responsible for approving or denying permit applications.

3. Ensuring permit conditions are followed: The permit issuer is responsible for
ensuring that the permit conditions are followed, and any safety precautions and
procedures identified in the permit application are strictly observed during the
work. If conditions or circumstances change, the permit issuer may need to
modify or cancel the permit.

4. Monitoring work progress: During the work, the permit issuer is responsible for
monitoring the progress of the job or task to ensure compliance with the permit
conditions. This includes ensuring that all necessary safety precautions and
procedures are followed, and identifying any issues raised during the work.

5. Closing out the permit: Once the work is complete and all required safety
checks are carried out, the permit issuer is responsible for closing out the permit
and ensuring all equipment, materials, and personnel are accounted for.

Q. Enlist 5 main responsibilities of WORK SITE+ SUPERVISOR.

Permit Worksite Supervisor Responsibilities:
1. He was a detailed working knowledge of procedures related to his work
activity.
2. He does not start any job requiring a work permit until it is authorized and
issued.
3. He understands the limitations and restrictions of the work permit in order that
the work party may proceed safely.
4. All members of the work party adhere to safe working practices and are fully
conversant with the limitations, restrictions, and hazards involved.
5. All precautions specified in the work permit are taken.
Q. What is the minimum height of the elevation requires the need for fall
protection?
1.8m or 6 ft.
Q. What are the fall protection systems?
* Safety belt
* Safety harness
* Lifeline
* Safety Net
* Guard rail system
Q. In which situation a chin strap for Helmet is compulsory?
High windy times & Working at height.
Q. What is the P.P.E. used for working personnel near or above water?
Life jacket? Is the most common and crucial piece of personal protective
equipment (PPE) used for working personnel near or above water. Life jackets,
also known as personal flotation devices (PFDs), are designed to keep a person
afloat and help prevent drowning in case of accidental falls or immersion in deep
water. There are different types of life jackets, depending on the working
conditions and the specific requirements of the task at hand. For example,
inflatable life jackets are commonly used in situations where more mobility is
needed, while traditional foam-filled life jackets are used where buoyancy is more
critical, and there is little need for mobility.

Other PPE used for working personnel near or above water may include:
1. Wetsuits or dry-suits: These provide insulation and protect workers from
hypothermia in cold water environments.
2. Waterproof boots: To keep feet dry and prevent slips and falls on slippery
surfaces around water.
3. Water-resistant gloves: To protect hands from cold, wet conditions while
allowing for manual dexterity.
4. Lifebuoys or rescue floats: Used for the rescue of fallen personnel in water.
5. Safety harnesses: Used in combination with a lifeline to protect workers from
falling into the water.
Q. What are the criteria for the selection of the respirators?
* Physical, chemical & Toxic properties of the atmosphere
* Type of contaminant
* TLV
* Respiration hazard
* IDLH (Immediate Dangerous to Life/Health) of Concentration
* Eye irritation potential
Q. What is SCBA?
* Self Contained Breathing Apparatus.
Q. What are the contents of SCBA?
* Compressed air cylinder
* Full facepiece
* Air supply hose
* Pressure regulator
* Low-pressure alarm
* Pressure gauge
Q. What are the Escape Respirators?
A. Air Purifying Respirators (Filter/Canister Type)
B. SCBA(Self-contained Breathing Apparatus)
Q. What is SCUBA?
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.
Q. What is the function of the Escape Respirators?
Providing sufficient time to a person to an escape from a suddenly occurring
Respiratory hazards.
Q. What is the function of Air-purifying Respirators?
It removes the contaminant from the air by absorbing and or filtering.
Q. What’s the normal rating for SCBA?
3 Minutes to 60 Minutes.
Q. Air-purifying respirators can be used in Oxygen deficient atmosphere? Say
‘Yes or No.
No If „ no „ Ask Why? Ans: It will only clean the air, so when oxygen-deficient
the atmosphere, it can’t supply the additional air to compensate.
Q. When performing the grinding work by hand grinding M/C , What are
the hazards will u expect?
* Eye injuries due to flying particles (metal chips)
* Wheel bursting
* Electric shock
* Cloth caught
Q. Explain what Lockout and Tagging means.
Lockout and tagging ensures that hazardous energy sources are under the
control of the workers needing protection.
Lockout often involves workers using a padlock to keep a switch in the “off ”
position, or to isolate the energy of moving parts.
Tagging is how you tell others that the device is locked out, who locked it out, and
why.
There are four basic actions in any lockout.
1. Identify all energy sources connected with the work.
2. De-energize, disable, redirect, or stop all energy from doing what it normally does.
3. Apply restraint devices (e.g., lock, scissors, chain, or block) to keep the system from
starting up while you work on it.
4. Confirm that you’ve reached a zero-energy state

Q. What is the P.P.E. required for fabrication work?

* Coverall
* Helmet
* Safety shoe
* Hand gloves
* Face shield/Goggles.
Q. What is the intrinsically safe concept?
* The electrical equipment, which will be used in the hazardous atmosphere.
Must
be intrinsically safe and certified.
* Intrinsically safe electrical equipment’s spark will not expose in the atmosphere
it
will be confined in the equipment itself.
Q. What are the parameters of Risk management?
1. Identify
2. Evaluate
3. Recover
4. Mitigate
5. Prevent
Q. Describe 2 types of Co2 systems and their applications?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is commonly used in fire suppression systems.
There are two main types of CO2 systems used for this purpose: total flooding
CO2 systems and local application CO2 systems.

1. Total Flooding CO2 Systems:

Total flooding CO2 systems are designed to protect entire rooms or areas. The
system pumps CO2 into the protected area, and the CO2 will displace oxygen,
reducing the fuel that the fire uses, effectively extinguishing the fire. Total
flooding CO2 systems are commonly used in large areas such as data centers,
power plants, etc.

2. Local Application CO2 Systems:

Local application CO2 systems are designed for the protection of specific objects
or pieces of equipment. The system is activated when a fire is detected by a heat
or smoke detector, and it pumps CO2 specifically onto the targeted equipment.
They are usually used in server racks, transformer rooms or switch gear rooms.
Q. What is a flashback arrester?
It is a valve, which is protecting cylinders from backfire. It calls NRV (non-return
valve).
Q. Define HAZAN, QRA AND HAZOP.
HAZAN – Hazardous Analysis
QRA – Quantified Risk Analysis
HAZOP – Hazardous Operation
HAZCH – Hazardous Chemical
HAZMAT – Hazardous Material
Q. What is your understanding of HSE awareness? Write in full details.
Promoting and disseminating health safety and environment programs.
Q. How do you implement HSE during construction through commissioning of
the project and on what basis?
To ensure that all major hazards which can cause harm to people environment or
property has been identified, suitable control and recovery measures are
implemented.
Basis: – Enforcing safety rules and procedures.
Q. What is your concept of a safety review of documents and drawings?
The safety review of documentation is to decrease the system operation and
serve as a permanent reference to the implementation of avoiding information –
Dependent or Individuals.
Q. What is SHORING?
Shoring is support to prevent trench collapsing. If the side of the trenches is
unstable, soft, or chances to collapse then shoring is essential. It is to be made by
COMPETENT PERSONS.
Q. What is Fire?
Fire is a chemical reaction of oxygen, heat, fuel and burning material, met
together will start the fire.
Q. What is the Hazard?
Hazard is the potential to cause harm.
Q. What is Risk?
Chances of personnel and physical loss.
Q. What is the purpose of safety?
To save lives and protect the property.
Q. What is the Isolation ?
Temporary disconnect from the sours.
Q. What is the maximum allowable limit for LEL?
For Hot Work less than 1 preferable „0‟ and for Cold Work up to 20
Q. Flammable range of Ammonia?
* For Ammonia (NH3) LEL – 15% and UEL – 28% by volume in air.
* Auto-Ignition Temperature (AIT) is 651.57C (1204 F) – Gas.
* Threshold Limit Value (TLV) – 25 PPM.
* The Short Time Exposure Limit (STEL) – 35 PPM.
Toxicity of Ammonia:
* It is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs and all moist parts of
the
body.
Q. Explosive rang for H2S?
* LEL-4.5% UEL-45.5%
* Auto-Ignition Temperature (AIT) – 260C (500 F)
* Threshold Limit Values (TLV) exposure is 10PPM.
Q. Function of Insulation?
Insulation will keep the heat of the product, without insulation oil will be wax.
Q. What is pipeline/ what is the purpose of the pipeline?
It is a medium to transport oil or gas from one location to another location.
Q. What are welding and cutting?
Welding is a process in which two or more metals are joined together with the
application of heat whereas cutting is the reverse.
Q. What is Work at height? Work at height is an activity at an elevated location of
more than 1.8 meters (6 feet) high from the working ground level.
Q. What is a bump test?
The bump test checks that the sensors and alarms are working correctly by
exposing the detector briefly to a known gas concentration. This is the only way
to know that the sensor will alert you to dangerous gas in the atmosphere as you
go about your daily duties on board.

Q. What is PID?
PID stands for Photoionization Detection. It is a gas detection technology that
uses a light source and a photoionization detector to detect and measure volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and other gases.

Q. What are the applications of PIDs?

Some common applications of PID technology include:

1. Air quality monitoring in confined spaces and industrial environments

2. Hazardous waste site investigation and remediation
3. Leak detection in oil and gas pipelines
4. Environmental monitoring of soil, groundwater, and surface water
5. Screening for hazardous materials during emergency response situations.
Q. What are some examples of chemicals that are detected by PIDs?
PID (Photoionization Detection) technology can detect and measure the concentration
of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gases, some of which include:

1. Methane (CH4)
2. Ethane (C2H6)
3. Propane (C3H8)
4. Butane (C4H10)
5. Isobutane (C4H10)
6. Ethylene (C2H4)
7. Benzene (C6H6)
8. Toluene (C7H8)
9. Xylene (C8H10)
10. Formaldehyde (CH2O)
11. Chlorine (Cl2)
12. Ammonia (NH3)
13. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
14. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
15. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
16. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
17. Ozone (O3)
18. Acetone (C3H6O)
19. Propylene oxide (C3H6O)
20. Methanol (CH3OH)

Q. What are VOCs?

VOCs stand for Volatile Organic Compounds. They are a large group of carbon-based
chemicals that have a low boiling point and vaporize at room temperature. VOCs are
released into the air as gases from various sources, both natural and human-made.

Some common sources of VOCs include:

1. Paints, coatings, and solvents used in construction and manufacturing
2. Cleaning and disinfectant products
3. Automotive exhaust
4. Industrial emissions
5. Pesticides and fertilizers
6. Personal care products such as perfumes and hair sprays.

Q What are the effects of VOC exposure?

VOCs can have both short-term and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to
high levels of VOCs can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches,
nausea, and dizziness. Long-term exposure to low levels of VOCs can cause damage to
the liver, kidney, and central nervous system, as well as increasing the risk of cancer.

VOCs also have significant environmental impacts. They can contribute to the formation
of ozone and other harmful air pollutants, which can harm the environment and human
health.
Q. What causes Carbon Monoxide (CO) and why is it dangerous?
Carbon Monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion. It is a poisonous gas. When
combined with blood hemoglobin, CO replaces oxygen in the blood to form carboxylic-
hemoglobin until it completely overcomes the body.
Death from CO occurs suddenly. The victim inhaling the toxic concentration of the gas
becomes helpless before realizing that the danger exists.

Q. Does everyone react to Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the same way?

No, not everyone reacts to carbon monoxide (CO) in the same way. Some people might
experience symptoms of CO poisoning at lower concentrations than others, while others
may not have any symptoms until the CO level is much higher.
The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors such as the concentration of
CO, the duration of exposure, the individual's age and health, and whether the
individual is a smoker.
Symptoms of CO poisoning can range from mild to severe and can include headache,
dizziness, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, confusion, weakness, and unconsciousness. In
some cases, CO poisoning can lead to long-term health effects, brain damage, or even
death.

Q. How much Carbon Monoxide (CO) is safe?

Toxic Gases are measured in ppm (parts per million). 1% volume = 10,000 ppm

Q. What are the hazards of ammonia?

Ammonia is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor, which is commonly used in
various industrial, agricultural, and household applications. Some of the hazards of
ammonia include:
1. Irritation of the Eyes, Nose, and Throat:
2. Skin Irritation and Burns and Blistering upon contact.
3. Inhalation Hazard: Inhalation of high concentrations of ammonia gas can cause
difficulty breathing, chest pain, and even asphyxiation. Severe exposure to ammonia can
lead to acute bronchitis, pneumonia or acute pulmonary edema.
4. Fire and Explosion Hazard: Ammonia gas is highly flammable and explosive, especially
in the presence of air and other reactive chemicals.
5. Environmental Hazard: Spills and leaks of ammonia can contaminate soil, water, and
air, posing a risk to plant and animal life.
Q. Common examples of electrical hazard
Electrical hazards can cause serious injuries, including electrocution, burns, and fires.
Here are some common electrical hazards that workers should be aware of:
1. Faulty equipment or wiring
Faulty wiring or equipment can cause electrical shocks, fires, and explosions.
2. Overloaded circuits
Overloading of circuits can cause electrical fires, equipment damage, and electrical
shock.
3. Exposed electrical parts
Exposed electrical parts can cause burns, shocks, and electrocution.
4. Contact with overhead power lines
Working near overhead power lines can lead to electrocution or high voltage burns.
5. Water
Water is a significant conductor of electricity. Electrical equipment should never be
operated near water or in damp conditions.
6. Inadequate electrical grounding
Electrical grounding is crucial for redirecting excess electrical energy away from people,
equipment, and structures. Inadequate grounding can cause electrical shocks,
equipment damage, and fires.
7. Lack of personal protective equipment
Employees working with electrical equipment or near electrical hazards must use
appropriate PPE, including rubber gloves, face shields, insulating blankets, and safety
glasses.
8. Lack of maintenance of electrical parts
9. Not using the right tools for job
10. Poor insulation
11. Lack of competent workers.
12. Improper connection or short circuiting.

Q. What are the safety precautions for electricity/electrical work?

1. Always wear appropriate PPE:
2. De-energize equipment before working on it
3. Test for voltage before working electrical equipment:
4. Follow proper electrical procedures:
5. Ensure wiring is up to code: Electrical wiring should be up to code to prevent the risk
of electrical fires or electrocution.
6. Keep electrical equipment dry
7. Train employees in electrical safety:
8. Never work on electrical equipment alone:
9. Use LOTO procedure to prevent accidental energizing of equipment during
maintenance.
10. Electrical jobs should be done by competent persons.
11. Electrical work should be under permit to work control
12. Risk assessment should be carried out before electrical jobs as a part of a SSW
13. There should be proper ERP in place should incase of any incident.
14. Use GFCIs (Ground Faults Circuit Interrupters) in areas where water is present to
prevent electric shock.

Q. What is SIMOPs?
SIMOPs stands for Simultaneous Operations. It refers to the coordination of two or
more activities occurring within the same work area while ensuring the safety of
personnel and equipment.

Q. How to control and coordinate SIMOPs?

1. Identify the SIMOPs
2. Conduct risk assessment
3. Develop a SIMOPs plan
4. Allocate resources
5. Establish clear communication protocol
6. Implement control measures
7. Provide training and awareness programs
8. Keep record
9. Continual improvement
Q. Examples of SIMOPs
Examples of simultaneous operations include drilling operations while construction
work is ongoing, or the use of cranes to lift equipment while welding work is taking
place nearby. In such environments, these operations can potentially interfere with each
other and create hazards that may affect workers' safety.
Q. What are the objectives of SIMOPs?
The objectives of a SIMOPs plan include the following:
1. Identifying specific simultaneous operations and the risks associated with them.
2. Developing a comprehensive plan that includes timelines and all necessary safety
measures.
3. Assigning tasks to the responsible individuals involved in the operations.
4. Ensuring that there is close coordination between all parties and effective
communication channels are in place.
5. Regular monitoring and review to ensure the plan remains effective.

Q. What are the safety precautions of ammonia?

Handling ammonia requires proper safety precautions to prevent exposure and

potential hazards. Below are some of the safety precautions for ammonia:

1. Use of personal protective equipment: Workers should wear appropriate personal

protective equipment (PPE) when working with ammonia
2. Proper ventilation: Mechanical ventilation systems should be installed and regularly
maintained, and workers should avoid working in confined spaces where ammonia
concentrations can build up.
3. Emergency response plans should be established, and employees should be trained
on how to respond to ammonia gas leaks, spills, and other emergencies
4. Storage and handling: Ammonia should be properly stored and handled to prevent
accidental release and exposure.
5. Regular maintenance and inspections
6. Training and Education should be given to workers.
7. IITS
8. TBT should be given to workers before working in ammonia prone zone.
9. Barricade the area where there is ammonia leak to avoid unauthorized entry.
10. Shut flow off at the cylinder valve and not just at the regulator after use
11. Use the appropriate pressure regulator. Before connecting the cylinder for use,
make sure that back feed from the system into the cylinder is prevented.
12. Never perform any welding, cutting, soldering, drilling, or other hot work on an
empty vessel, container, or piping until all the ammonia has been cleared.
13. Never work alone with this chemical.
14. If ammonia is released, immediately put on a suitable respirator and leave the area
until the severity of the release is determined.
15. Make sure cylinders are labeled clearly. Avoid damaging cylinders. Move cylinders by
hand truck or cart designed for that purpose.
16. Follow handling precautions on Material Safety Data Sheet.

Q.
Take us through an isolation process
Isolation is the process of de-energizing process equipment (pipeline, pressure vessel,
machineries, etc.) to prevent release of energy or hazardous materials or the
unintended operation of machinery during operation.

The isolation process consists of the following steps:

1. Identify the Equipment or Machinery to be isolated

2. Notification all personnel involved in the isolation process or that may be affected by
the isolation process.
3. Obtain necessary permit or the equipment should be under PTW control
4. Identify the Energy Source
5. Isolation the source by disconnecting from the mains
6. Lockout the isolation (system) using lockout tools like padlock to avoid tampering.
7. Verify to see if the isolation source is DEAD (Zero Energy State).
8. Tag out the system for clear visible warning by putting safety signage.
9. Safe Work: The final step is to complete the required maintenance or repair work,
following safety measures, and finishing the job efficiently as possible.

Q. Mechanical isolation process

Mechanical isolation is one of the most common techniques used to isolate hazardous
energy sources and prevent unintentional movement in equipment and machinery
during maintenance, repair, or cleaning activities. The mechanical isolation process
involves using physical barriers, devices, or mechanisms to lock out or block the energy
source that could either cause harm or interfere with the task at hand. Here are the
steps involved in the mechanical isolation process:

1. Identify the Power Source: First, identify the source of hazardous energy in the
equipment or machinery, such as electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic.

2. Prepare for Isolation: Before starting the isolation process, determine the tools and
equipment that you will need to complete the task, including lockout/tag-out (LOTO)
devices, padlocks, chains, and key escutcheons.

3. Isolate the Equipment: Isolate the energy source by de-energizing the power supply
and locking out the energy source. After the isolation of the energy source, a "tag-out"
device is attached to indicate to anybody engaged in maintenance that the equipment
has been shut down and is being worked on.

4. Verify Isolation: Confirm that the hazardous energy source has been successfully
isolated and cannot be re-energized until the isolation process is complete.

5. Begin Maintenance: With the equipment or machinery safely isolated, maintenance

work can now commence.

6. Restore Energy: Before restarting the equipment, remove all isolation devices while
verifying no workers are still engaged with the equipment, and restore power to the
machinery.

Q. Electrical isolation process

Electrical isolation process is a safety procedure used to protect workers from electrical
hazards and prevent unwanted electrical discharges that could result in serious injuries
or fatalities.
1. Identify Electrical Equipment
2. Notify Personnel
3. Turn off Power
4. Lockout and Tag-out Equipment
5. Test for Voltage
6. Verify Isolation
7. Begin Maintenance
8. Restore Power to Equipment

Q. What is positive isolation?

Positive isolation is the process used to isolate hazardous energy sources in equipment
or machinery and that the machinery cannot be re-energized until the maintenance
work is complete.
Or
It is a process used to de-energize process equipment or machinery in order to prevent
them from unintended operation or release of hazardous materials while maintenance
or repair is taking place.

Q. What are the purpose of positive isolation?

1. Protect Workers
2. Prevent Equipment Damage
3. Compliance with Regulations
4. Enhanced Working Environment
5. Improved Efficiency
6. Enhance Communication
7. For maintenance purpose

Q. What are the types of Positive Isolation Techniques?

Some common types of positive isolation methods include:

1. Electrical Isolation: This type of isolation is used to control the electrical hazard of
equipment or machinery. Electrical isolation involves breaking the circuit by removing
the fuse, switching off the supply, unplugging the cable, or using air-gapped isolators.

2. Mechanical Isolation: Mechanical isolation involves using a mechanical device or an

obstruction to prevent the equipment from turning on or restarting. Mechanical
isolation includes the insertion of devices like pins, wedges, braces, and rods.
3. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Isolation: This method of isolation is used to prevent
hydraulic and pneumatic systems from energizing, which can pose a risk of serious injury
and even death. Hydraulic and pneumatic isolation is done by closing manual valves or
fitting blanks after the system has been depressurized.

4. Chemical Isolation: This type of isolation is used to control the chemical hazards of
equipment or machinery. Chemical isolation involves purging and draining systems and
removing chemical residues to ensure that the system is safe.

5. Source Isolation: This method involves directly interrupting the energy source and
preventing it from releasing energy. Source isolation can be achieved by shutting down
the equipment or machine, closing the valves/switching off the power source or using
blocking devices.

6. Visual Confirmation Isolation: This method is used to verify complete isolation of

equipment and system. Visual confirmation includes verifying pictorial illustrations,
operating mechanisms, and visual inspections.

Q. Types of mechanical Isolation

Mechanical isolation is a type of positive isolation technique that involves using

physical barriers or mechanical devices to prevent the movement of equipment or
machinery during repair or maintenance.
There are various types of mechanical isolation techniques that can be used, including:

1. Padlock Isolation: Padlock isolation involves placing a padlock on a specific lockout

device, which stops anyone from restarting the machine or equipment. Padlock isolation
is used to isolate electrical circuits, machinery, and equipment.

2. Cable Isolation: Cable isolation employs the use of a cable that is strong enough to
prevent the machinery from energizing or restarting during the period of repair or
maintenance. The cable is wrapped around the hub of the equipment and fixed to a
secure place.

3. Disconnecting Devices: Disconnecting devices include disconnect plugs, breakers, or

switches that prevent power or water from flowing through a hazardous system. This
isolation technique can be used for electrical or hydraulic systems.

4. Wedges: Wedges are used to prevent movement and operation of equipment during
the repair or maintenance process. The wedges are inserted into specific areas of the
machinery to prevent it from restarting.
5. Interlocking Systems: An interlocking system is a safety feature designed to stop a
machine or equipment from starting whilst personnel or machinery is still close by.
Interlocking systems use controlled switches that detect the movement of personnel or
machines and prevent the equipment from starting.

6. Valve Isolation: Valve isolation involves the use of a physical barrier like a mechanical
shut off valve to stop the flow of hazardous material or energy. The valve is closed and
locked to prevent the flow of energy during maintenance or repairs.

7. Blocking: Blocking is a method of preventing the machine or equipment from

engaging in motion by securing it with blocking mechanisms. These mechanisms can be
fixed to the ground or placed on the machine.

Mechanical isolation can also be classified into; spool removal (gapping isolation), Blind
isolation, single valve isolation and double block and bleed isolation

SPOOL REMOVAL:
Spool removal is a method of isolation done by removing a spool section (pipe) from the
pipeline, and fixing a blind at the end of process pipeline to stop the flow of hazardous
material to the work area.

BLIND ISOLATION
Blind isolation refers to the insertion of a blind (spade) between two flanges. In
installations where spool removal is difficult.

SINGLE VALVE ISOLATION

As the name suggests, single valve isolation uses only one valve to isolate the source
from the work area. The isolation is critically dependent upon the reliability of the seal
and the integrity of the single valve operating stem
DOUBLE BLOCK AND BLEED ISOLATION
A Double block and bleed (DBB) isolation system is considered to be the most secure
form of valve isolation. It consists of two valves in series, with a bleed valve in between,
that allows the pressure/material, between the two valves, to be bled through a vent
directed to a safe location.

Q. How do we differentiate between light duty scaffolding and heavy duty scaffolding?
When it comes to differentiating between light duty scaffolding and heavy-duty
scaffolding, the following factors can be considered:
1. Load-Bearing Capacity: Heavy-duty scaffolding is designed to support a more
significant weight load, while light-duty scaffolding can only support lighter loads.
2. Material Strength: Heavy-duty scaffolding materials are generally stronger, thicker,
and more durable than light-duty scaffolding materials.
3. Height: Heavy-duty scaffolding can be used for construction projects that require
workers to operate at higher elevations.
4. Complexity: Heavy-duty scaffolding is typically more complex to build and set up than
light-duty scaffolding.

Q. What is HSE KPI?

HSE KPI (Health, Safety, and Environment Key Performance Indicator). HSE KPIs are
indicators used to monitor, evaluate and measure the performance effectiveness of an
organization HSE/SHES management system.
The key objectives for setting HSE KPIs are to prevent accidents and injuries, minimize
environmental impact, and ensure compliance with relevant regulations and safety
standards.
Some of the commonly used HSE KPIs in industries are:

1. Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR)

2. Total Recordable Incidents Rate (TRIFR)
3. Near-miss Reporting Rate
4. Accident and illness rate
5. Absenteeism Rate
5. Audit Non-conformance Rate
6. Emergency Response Time, etc.

Q. What is TRIFR and LTIFR? How do we set the KPI?

.
TRIFR (Total Recordable Incident Frequency Rate): TRIFR rate is the rate of recordable
injuries that occur per million hours worked. • TRIFR is calculated as the number of Lost
Time Injuries + Significant Injuries

LTIFR (Lost Time Incident Frequency Rate): It is a KPI tool that measures the number of
lost-time injuries (LTI) per million hours worked during a single financial year.

NUMBER OF LOST TIME INJURIES∈THE REPORTING PERIOD × 1000,000

LTIFR=
TOTAL HOURS WORK ∈THE PERIOD REPORTING

To set KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) for TRIR and LTIR, companies should follow
these general steps:

1. Define the scope and timeframe of the performance metrics.

2. Establish a baseline for TRIR and LTIR.
3. Set targets for improvement.
4. Create an action plan.
5. Monitor and review performance.
6. Report progress and take corrective action.
Q. Define the following LTI (LWC), FAC, MTC, NMC and RWC?

LTI (LOST TIME INJURY): Job injuries that requires a person to stay away from work for
more than 24hrs or which result in death and permanent disabilities.
OR
Lost workday cases (LWC): If an employee is unable to work on a subsequent scheduled
shift because of a work related injury or illness‚ the case is classified as an LWC. The shift
on which the case occurred is not counted as a lost workday

FAC (FIRST AID CASE): Work injuries which is treated at workplace and does not require
medical treatment for which charges are incurred and does not cause the employee to
miss work.

MTC (MEDICAL TREATMENT CASE): Incident involving injuries that requires

management and care of patient is beyond first-aid but not severe enough to be a
reportable fatality or lost workday case or restricted workday case (RWC).

RWC (RESTRICTED WORK CASE): It occurs when an employee cannot perform all the
routine job functions but does not result in days away from work.

Near Miss Case (NMC): An event that could have resulted injury/fatal is a near miss
case.

Q. What is SHES Communication?

SHES communication involves the exchange of information and ideas between
management, employees, contractors, and stakeholders on issues regarding to safety
and health, environmental protection, and security.

(Benefits) SHES communication

1. It is used for the implementation of a SHES program.

2. It helps to establish positive health and safety in workplace.
3. It encourage all employees to participate actively in safety issues.
4. It helps to ensure that everyone involved in the workplace understands their
roles and responsibilities.
5. It helps in reporting of incident in workplace
6. It is used for effective investigation of incident
Effective SHES communication should involve (Content of SHES Communication):
1. Clear Communication Channels
2. Regular SHES Training
3. Uniform communication
4. Feedback loops
5. Goals and Targets
6. Integration with Management Systems
Q. What is MOC?
It is a systematic process used to manage changes made to equipment, facilities,
processes or procedures, which can potentially impact safety or environmental
performance.
Q. What is a SSW? A Safe System of Work is a set of procedures and guidelines that are
designed to ensure that workers can carry out their duties without risks to health and
safety.
Q. What is the difference between a client and a contractor?

A client is an organization that hires or engages the services of another party, known as
the contractor.

A contractor is an individual or organization that provides services or products to clients

for financial or other benefits.

Q. What is Ergonomic safety?

Ergonomic safety means designing workstation, tasks and equipment to fit the physical
and mental capabilities of employees to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and
health problems. Ergonomic safety is also the science of making a worker comfortable
in his working environment by making the workstation, task and equipment fit.
Ergonomic safety help reduce musculoskeletal injuries and other health effect.

Q. Give ways to promote ergonomic safety in the workplace

1. Ensure proper workplace and workstation design
2. Encourage good posture
3. Avoid/Limit repetitive tasks
4. Provide proper training about tools, task and workstation.
5. Provide ergonomic equipment
6. Conduct ergonomic assessments

Q. Give examples of how ergonomic safety should be applied.

Here are some examples of how ergonomic safety can be applied in the workplace:

1. Office ergonomics: Many office employees spend much of their time sitting in front of
a computer. To promote ergonomic safety in the office, employers can provide
ergonomic chairs and desks that are adjustable to fit workers' individual needs.
Furthermore, it is important to encourage workers to maintain good posture, take
breaks from prolonged sitting.

2. Manual material handling: Manual material handling, such as lifting, pulling, and
pushing, can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Employers can promote ergonomic safety
by encouraging workers to lift heavy objects with proper techniques, such as keeping
the load closer to the body and using leg muscles instead of back muscles. Additionally,
using mechanical aids such as forklifts, conveyor belts and cranes, can reduce the strain
on workers and minimize the risk of injury.

3. Industrial Ergonomics: Industrial jobs like manufacturing or assembly work often

require repetitive motions and heavy machinery operation. Employers can implement
ergonomic safety measures by installing adjustable height workstations, providing anti-
fatigue flooring, and incorporating proper lighting.

4. Healthcare ergonomics: Healthcare professionals such as nurses, doctors, and

caregivers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders. To promote ergonomic
safety, employers can provide specialized patient-handling equipment to reduce the
need for manual lifting and transfers and encourage the use of adjustable height
workstations and sit-stand desks.

5. Transportation Ergonomics: Jobs that require driving, such as truck drivers, bus
drivers and delivery drivers can benefit from ergonomic safety measures. Employers can
supply seats with adjustable lumbar support, proper armrests, and heating or cooling
features to promote driver comfort and reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

Q. Difference between acute and chronic disease

Acute and chronic diseases are two different types of illnesses with different
characteristics.

Acute diseases:
Acute diseases occur suddenly and last for a short period of time, typically days, weeks,
or sometimes even months. Acute conditions can be severe and life-threatening and
need immediate medical attention. These illnesses often come on quickly and with
intense symptoms, but they are usually resolved with treatment.

Example of acute diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu)
2. Common cold
3. Food poisoning
4. Appendicitis
5. Pneumonia
6. Broken bones/fracture

Chronic diseases:
Chronic diseases are long-lasting conditions often lasting for more than three months.
They tend to develop slowly over time, and the symptoms of chronic diseases may come
and go, or they may be constant. Chronic diseases can significantly impact an
individual’s quality of life and lead to long-term health complications.

Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
5. Hypertension
6. Cancer

The key differences between acute and chronic diseases are:

1) Acute diseases start abruptly, whereas chronic diseases develop slowly over weeks,
months, or years.

2) Acute diseases typically have severe symptoms that last for a short period, whereas
chronic diseases may have more mild symptoms that may last for a more extended
period.

3) Acute diseases can often be cured with treatment, while chronic diseases are usually
managed with treatment since a complete cure may not be possible.

Q. Causes of acute and chronic disease

Causes of acute diseases:
1. Infections: Many acute diseases are caused by infectious agents, such as bacteria,
viruses, and parasites.

2. Trauma: Physical injury or trauma can lead to acute conditions, such as fractures,
burns, and head injuries.

3. Allergies: Allergic reactions to food, medications, or other substances can cause acute
symptoms, such as hives or anaphylaxis.

4. Environmental factors: Acute conditions can be triggered by environmental factors,

such as extreme weather conditions, exposure to toxins, or accidents.

Causes of chronic diseases:

1. Lifestyle factors: Chronic diseases are often linked to lifestyle factors such as an
unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
2. Genetics: Genetic factors can play a role in chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart
disease, and some types of cancer.

3. Environmental factors: Exposure to environmental factors, such as pollutants,

radiation, and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing chronic illnesses.

4. Age: The risk of developing chronic diseases increases with age, as the body's natural
defenses against illness weaken over time.

5. Chronic infections: Chronic infections like hepatitis C, HIV, and tuberculosis can lead
to chronic diseases, such as cirrhosis, AIDS, and lung damage.

Q. what are the challenges HSE team undergoes in mega project? Give examples and
control to apply?
HSE teams in mega projects face numerous challenges, here are some of the common
challenges, examples, and control measures HSE teams can apply:

1. Lack of contractor engagement: Contractors might not show enough interest to HSE
standards and may prioritize speed of deliverables over safety. This can lead to
dangerous consequences for workers on the project.
Control measures:
- Regular meet-ups between contractors and HSE teams where contractors are actively
encouraged to report incidents, near misses, and any deviations from safety standards.
- Providing incentivizes for contractors to maintain HSE standards within their teams.
- Include HSE progress and performance during supplier selection and during supplier
appraisals.
- Request for enforcement action taken against the contractor before selection
- Request for accident history record before selection.

2. Communication issues: Mega projects involves people with diverse level experience
and language, leading to communication challenges and disagreements on HSE issues.
Control measures
- Establishing clear communication channels
- Implementing integrated communication systems within the project.
- There should be implementation of policy encouraging unity in cultural diversity.

3. Resource availability: Mega projects require significant resources not only to

complete a job but also to ensure safety during work execution.
Control measures
- Early identification of the necessary safety equipment and ensuring that it is available
before work execution begins.
- Providing adequate training and development opportunities for workers.
- Anticipating potential resource requirement as early as possible by taking the latest
technique and equipment into consideration.

4. Complex work environments: Mega projects are often staged over a large area, and
they produce complex and hazardous work environments, making it challenging for HSE
teams to oversee all aspects of the work.
Control measures
- Conducting a thorough HSE audit before and during the project, utilizing risk
management software.
- Organizing regular site tours and safety inspection to check for compliance
- Increasing the level of standardization through safety sampling.
5. Difficulty conducting SIMOP plan

What is Safety Audit, and what is the need for it?

A safety audit is refers to a procedure in which data is collected from one or more
workplace components to assess the risk of health or safety concerns. The purpose of
safety audits is accountability.
Safety audit also refers to a systematic examination/evaluation/assessment of the
safety practices, procedures and performance of an organization to check if they
are in conformance to standard.
Types of Safety Audits
Finally, there are three major types of Safety Audits.

● Compliance audits
Compliance audits examine whether your organization adheres to the safety
standards outlined in its by-laws, processes, rules and regulations.

● Program audits
A program audit is a comprehensive evaluation of an organization's program to assess
its effectiveness, efficiency, and impact. The primary purpose of a program audit is to
know the program's strengths and weaknesses and identify areas for improvement.

● Management system audits

A management system audit, also known as an overall audit, keeps track of the
program and compliance audits. It is the last step in the audit process, it is used to
guarantee that safety compliance is sufficient.
‍
Benefits of Safety Audits
Some of the benefits of safety audits include:
1. Identifying safety risks.
2. Encouraging compliance
3. Improving safety culture
4. Enhancing employee engagement.
5. Reducing accidents and injuries
6. Reducing costs

How to conduct an effortless Safety Audit?

The audit process includes:

 Routine procedural inspections.

 Understanding of OSHA standards and other norms.
 Use of checklists.
 Effective data collection.

‍
Q. List the documents to be checked during Administrative Audit?

An administrative audit is an examination of a company's administrative practices, policies, and

procedures. Here are some of the documents that should be checked during administrative
audit:
1. Employment records like job descriptions, resumes, and applications.
2. Employee files such as personnel files.
3. Performance appraisals and evaluation records.
4. Payroll records such as timesheets, compensation agreements, and payroll registers.
5. Benefits records such as insurance policies and vacation and sick leave records.
6. Health and safety records such as training and injury reports.
7. Financial records including budgets, financial statements, and accounts payable/receivable
records.
8. Internal control systems such as policies and procedures manuals.
9. Property and equipment records like asset and real estate files.
10. Records of agreements and contracts such as lease agreements and vendor contracts.
11. Operating procedures, manuals, and guidelines.
12. Compliance records such as permits, licenses, and certifications.

20 Safety Engineer Interview Questions and

A Safety Engineer is responsible for the design, development, and implementation of
safety protocols to ensure a safe working environment.

1. What is your experience with developing and implementing safety protocols?

How to Answer:

Begin by discussing your experience with developing and implementing safety

protocols. Talk about any specific projects you’ve completed, such as creating a
company-wide safety policy or training employees on safety procedures. You can also
mention any certifications or qualifications you have that demonstrate your expertise in
the area of safety engineering. Finally, emphasize your commitment to ensuring
everyone is safe in the workplace and explain how you go about achieving this goal.

Example: “I have extensive experience in developing and implementing safety

protocols. I recently developed a comprehensive safety policy for ABC Company, which
included both written and visual elements to ensure that all employees were aware of
the procedures they needed to follow to stay safe. In addition, I provided training
sessions on safety topics such as ergonomics, hazardous materials handling, and fire
prevention. I also hold certifications in occupational health and safety from OSHA and
NFPA. My goal is to always create an environment where everyone feels safe and
secure, and I take pride in ensuring that all safety regulations are followed.”

2. How do you ensure that all employees are following safety regulations?

How to Answer:
You can answer this question by talking about the steps you take to ensure safety
compliance. For example, you might talk about how you create and communicate safety
protocols, conduct regular training sessions for employees, monitor employee behavior
on the job, and provide feedback when needed. You should also mention any additional
strategies or techniques that you use to ensure safety compliance in your current or
past roles.

Example: “When I was working as a safety engineer for XYZ Corporation, we had an
incident where two employees were injured due to a malfunctioning piece of equipment.
I immediately launched an investigation and identified the root cause of the accident –
improper maintenance of the equipment. To prevent similar incidents from occurring in
the future, I implemented a new set of safety guidelines that all employees must follow
when operating machinery. I also launched an employee awareness campaign to
ensure they understood the importance of following the new regulations.”

3. Describe a time when you had to investigate an accident or incident in the

workplace.

How to Answer:

Start by talking about a specific incident you had to investigate. Describe the accident or
incident in detail, including the steps you took to investigate it. Talk about how you
identified and evaluated potential hazards, and what measures you implemented to
prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. Be sure to emphasize any
successes that came out of your investigation, such as improved safety procedures or
increased employee awareness.

Example: “I recently had to investigate an incident in which a worker was injured while
operating machinery. I reviewed the safety procedures and identified potential hazards
that could have contributed to the accident. After evaluating these hazards, I
implemented additional safety protocols such as additional training for employees and
updated machine safeguards. As a result of my investigation, the workplace is now
much safer and there has been no similar incidents since then.”

4. Explain the concept of risk management and how it applies to safety engineering.

How to Answer:

Start by explaining what risk management is and how it applies to safety engineering.
You should explain that risk management involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating
risks in order to reduce the likelihood of an accident or injury occurring in a workplace.
As a safety engineer, you must be able to identify potential risks, assess their severity,
and then develop strategies to mitigate them. You can also mention any experience you
have with implementing risk management processes or procedures.

Example: “Risk management is an important concept in safety engineering. It involves

identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks to reduce the likelihood of accidents
or injuries occurring in a workplace. As a safety engineer, I have experience with
analyzing existing processes and procedures for potential risks and developing
strategies to mitigate them. For example, I recently identified a risk associated with a
piece of machinery in a manufacturing plant and worked with the team to develop new
safety protocols to ensure that it was operated safely.”

5. Are you familiar with OSHA standards and other relevant laws and regulations?

How to Answer:

Show the interviewer that you are familiar with OSHA standards and other relevant laws
and regulations by giving examples of how you have implemented them in previous
roles. Talk about any experience you may have had conducting safety audits or
developing safety policies, as well as any certifications or courses you have taken
related to safety compliance. Additionally, emphasize your ability to stay up-to-date on
changes in regulations and your commitment to ensuring a safe work environment.

Example: “Yes, I am very familiar with OSHA standards and other relevant laws and
regulations. In my current role as a safety engineer at Company X, I oversee all aspects
of workplace safety compliance and ensure that our policies are up to date with the
latest changes in regulations. I have also conducted several safety audits and
developed comprehensive safety policies and procedures for our organization.
Additionally, I have completed certification courses in occupational safety and health
and stay abreast of any changes in safety regulations.”

6. What strategies do you use to identify potential hazards in the workplace?

How to Answer:

You should be prepared to discuss the strategies you use to identify potential hazards in
the workplace. Be sure to mention any relevant experience or training that has helped
you develop your skills in this area, such as OSHA certification or a safety engineering
degree. Additionally, discuss any specific techniques you use when conducting risk
assessments, such as using checklists or interviewing workers about their experiences.
Finally, explain how you communicate these risks and plans for mitigation to
management and other stakeholders.

Example: “I’m a certified safety engineer with extensive experience in identifying and
mitigating workplace hazards. When conducting risk assessments, I use a variety of
strategies such as checklists, interviews with workers, and on-site observations to
identify potential risks. Additionally, I’m familiar with OSHA regulations and standards
related to workplace safety, which helps me ensure that all safety protocols are being
followed. Once the assessment is complete, I communicate my findings to management
and other stakeholders and develop plans for mitigation. I also regularly review safety
policies and procedures to make sure they are up-to-date.”

7. How do you handle situations where employees are not complying with safety
protocols?
How to Answer:

Example: “My approach to safety is proactive and preventative, so my first step would
be to ensure that all employees are properly trained in the relevant safety protocols. I
also believe in regular audits or inspections to make sure everyone is adhering to these
protocols. If a situation did arise where an employee was not complying with safety
protocols, I would start by understanding why they weren’t following them. Was there
confusion about what was expected? Did they feel like it wasn’t necessary or
important? Once I understand the root cause of the issue, then I can work together with
the employee to develop a plan for addressing the problem and preventing similar
issues from occurring in the future.”

8. What steps do you take to ensure that new equipment meets safety requirements?

Safety engineers are responsible for making sure that new machinery, equipment, and
tools are safe for use. This requires an understanding of safety regulations, an ability to
identify potential hazards, and an ability to develop solutions to mitigate or eliminate
those hazards. Interviewers will want to know that you can take the necessary steps to
ensure that any equipment you help introduce meets safety standards.

How to Answer:

Example: “When it comes to ensuring that new equipment meets safety requirements, I
take a comprehensive approach. I start by researching relevant safety regulations and
industry standards to ensure that the equipment is compliant. I then conduct a thorough
risk assessment to identify any potential hazards and develop solutions to mitigate or
eliminate them. If necessary, I also test the equipment before it’s put into use and
perform regular maintenance checks. Additionally, I provide safety training to personnel
who will be using the equipment to ensure that they understand and adhere to safety
protocols. This approach has served me well in my previous roles and I’m confident that
I can do the same for your team.”

9. Describe your experience with conducting safety audits and inspections.

How to Answer:

To answer this question, you should talk about your experience in conducting safety
audits and inspections. Describe the types of audits or inspections that you have
conducted in the past, as well as any safety regulations or protocols that you are
familiar with. You can also discuss any changes that you may have implemented due to
your findings from the audit or inspection. Finally, explain how you go about ensuring
that the workplace is safe for employees.

Example: “I have extensive experience conducting safety audits and inspections. In my

current role as a safety engineer, I regularly conduct inspections of the workplace to
ensure that safety protocols and regulations are being followed. I am familiar with all
relevant safety regulations and am able to identify any potential risks or hazards that
might be present in the workplace. I also work with management to implement any
necessary changes or improvements that are identified during my inspections.
Additionally, I provide training to employees on safety protocols and regulations to
ensure that they are aware of their responsibilities in keeping the workplace safe.”

10. How do you stay informed about the latest developments in safety engineering?

How to Answer:

To answer this question, you should talk about the ways that you stay up to date on the
latest developments in safety engineering. You might mention reading industry
publications and websites, attending conferences and seminars, or taking online
courses related to safety engineering. You can also discuss any specific initiatives that
you have taken to stay informed, such as joining a professional organization or setting
up alerts for new regulations and technologies. Showing that you are actively working to
stay informed will demonstrate your commitment to the field and make you more
attractive to potential employers.

Example: “I stay abreast of the latest developments in safety engineering through a

variety of methods. I read industry publications, websites, and blogs, and I attend safety
engineering conferences and seminars. I also take online courses related to safety
engineering, and I am a member of a professional organization dedicated to safety
engineering. Additionally, I have set up alerts for new regulations and technologies
related to safety engineering, so I can stay up to date on the latest changes in the field.
I’m committed to staying informed and making sure I’m up to speed on the latest
developments in safety engineering.”

11. What strategies do you use to communicate safety information to employees?

How to Answer:

To answer this question, you should explain the strategies that you use to ensure that
employees understand safety protocols. You could talk about using visual aids such as
diagrams or videos, conducting lectures and seminars, providing written materials,
holding regular meetings, and having an open-door policy for questions and concerns.
Additionally, you can discuss how you tailor your communication style to different
groups, such as workers who may have language barriers or those with physical or
mental disabilities.

Example: “I believe in using a variety of communication strategies to ensure that

employees understand safety protocols. I use visual aids such as diagrams and videos
to illustrate points, and I conduct lectures and seminars to ensure that everyone is on
the same page. I also provide written materials on safety protocols, and I hold regular
meetings with employees to ensure that they are aware of any changes or updates.
Additionally, I have an open-door policy for any questions or concerns that employees
may have. I also tailor my communication style to different groups, such as workers
who may have language barriers or those with physical or mental disabilities.”

12. Do you have any experience working with hazardous materials?

How to Answer:

Be sure to mention any experience you have working with hazardous materials, such as
certifications or specialized training. If you don’t have direct experience, explain how
your knowledge of safety protocols and regulations would help you in this role. You can
also talk about how you would use safety best practices to identify potential risks and
how you would take the necessary steps to mitigate them.

Example: “I have experience working with hazardous materials through my safety

engineering certification and specialized training. I understand the risks associated with
hazardous materials, and I am well-versed in safety protocols and regulations. I am
confident in my ability to identify potential risks and take the necessary steps to mitigate
them. I am also familiar with best practices for working with hazardous materials and
have the knowledge and experience to ensure the safety of everyone in the workplace.”

13. What would you do if you noticed a piece of equipment was malfunctioning but
the employee operating it didn’t seem to be aware of the danger?

How to Answer:

The best way to answer this question is to provide a step-by-step plan of action. First,
you should identify the potential risk and then assess the severity of the situation.
Depending on the severity, you can take different steps: if it’s an immediate danger, you
should stop the machinery immediately; if it’s a minor malfunction that could be
corrected with some maintenance or repairs, you should alert the supervisor so they
can address the issue. Finally, you should always document any safety issues in order
to track progress and ensure that similar problems don’t happen again in the future.

Example: “If I noticed a piece of equipment was malfunctioning, I would first assess the
severity of the situation. If it’s an immediate danger, I would stop the machinery
immediately and alert the supervisor of the issue. If it’s a minor malfunction that could
be corrected with some maintenance or repairs, I would alert the supervisor and put a
plan in place to address the issue. Additionally, I would document this safety issue in
order to track progress and ensure that similar problems don’t happen again in the
future.”

14. We want to improve our safety training program. What suggestions do you have
for making it more effective?

How to Answer:

Before answering this question, it’s important to understand the current safety training
program. Ask the interviewer questions about the existing system and what they are
looking to improve. Once you have a better understanding of the situation, you can
suggest ways to make the program more effective. For example, you could suggest
incorporating new technologies such as virtual reality simulations or gamified learning
programs into the training program. You could also suggest using data analytics to track
employee progress and identify areas for improvement. Finally, you should emphasize
your ability to think innovatively and come up with creative solutions to improve the
safety program.

Example: “I believe that the most effective safety training programs are those that are
tailored to the particular needs of an organization. To start, I would suggest conducting
an audit of the current safety training program to identify areas of improvement. From
there, I would recommend incorporating new technologies such as virtual reality
simulations or gamified learning programs to make the training more engaging and
effective. Additionally, I would suggest using data analytics to track employee progress
and identify areas where additional training is necessary. My goal would be to create a
comprehensive, customized safety training program that is both engaging and effective
in ensuring that all employees understand and adhere to safety protocols.”

15. How do you approach creating emergency response plans for different types of
incidents?

How to Answer:

You should explain the steps you take when creating an emergency response plan. This
includes assessing the workplace to identify potential hazards, researching best
practices for responding to different types of incidents, and consulting with other safety
professionals or experts in the field. You should also discuss how you would involve
employees in the process so they are aware of the plans and can help execute them if
needed. Lastly, talk about how you would review and update the plan periodically to
ensure it is up-to-date.

Example: “When creating an emergency response plan, I approach it in a systematic

way. I start by assessing the workplace for potential hazards and researching best
practices for responding to different types of incidents. I then consult with safety
professionals and other experts in the field to ensure I’m taking the appropriate steps
and creating a comprehensive plan. I also involve employees in the process, so they
are aware of the plans and can help execute them if needed. I also review and update
the plan periodically to make sure it is up-to-date and effective.”

16. What strategies do you use to motivate employees to follow safety protocols?

How to Answer:

You should approach your answer to this question by emphasizing the importance of
safety protocols and how you strive to create an environment where employees
understand why following them is important. You can talk about how you use positive
reinforcement, such as rewards or recognition for adhering to safety protocols, to
motivate employees. Additionally, you can discuss how you communicate with
employees on a regular basis to ensure they are aware of any changes in safety
procedures. Finally, you could mention how you provide training opportunities so that all
employees have the information they need to stay safe while at work.
Example: “I believe that motivating employees to follow safety protocols starts with
creating an environment where they understand why it’s important. I regularly
communicate with employees to ensure they are aware of any changes in safety
procedures, and I also provide training opportunities. Additionally, I use positive
reinforcement to motivate employees, such as rewards and recognition for those who
follow safety protocols. I believe these strategies help create an atmosphere where
safety is a priority, and I strive to ensure that all employees are following the protocols.”

17. Have you ever had to develop safety policies from scratch? If so, what did you
focus on?

How to Answer:

If you have had the opportunity to develop safety policies from scratch, provide a few
examples of what you focused on. Make sure to emphasize your ability to think outside
the box and create innovative solutions that are tailored to the specific needs of the
organization. If you haven’t had this experience yet, explain how you would approach
creating new safety protocols if given the chance. Discuss any research or reading
you’ve done in the area as well as any strategies you might employ when developing
these policies.

Example: “I have had the opportunity to develop safety policies from scratch for two
different organizations. In both cases, I started by researching best practices for the
industry and then tailored the protocols to the unique needs of the organization. I
focused on creating policies that would ensure the safety of both the employees and the
public, while also taking into account the organization’s goals and objectives. I also
worked closely with management to make sure that the policies would be effective and
accepted by all stakeholders.”

18. Describe a situation in which you had to manage a crisis related to safety in the
workplace.

How to Answer:

To answer this question, you should focus on a specific situation that you’ve handled in
the past. Talk about what happened and how you responded to it. Be sure to include
details such as any safety protocols you implemented or changes you made to prevent
similar situations from occurring in the future. Demonstrate that you can handle yourself
under pressure and take decisive action when necessary.

Example: “I was once faced with an emergency situation involving a malfunctioning

piece of machinery. I quickly assessed the situation and determined that the best
course of action was to shut down the machinery and evacuate the area. I then worked
with the rest of the team to identify the root cause of the problem and put in place new
safety protocols to ensure that the same issue wouldn’t happen again. I also worked
with the team to develop a plan for safely restarting the machinery and resuming
production. This experience showed me the importance of being able to effectively
manage a crisis and make decisions quickly to ensure the safety of everyone involved.”
19. What do you think are the most important elements of a successful safety
program?

How to Answer:

The most important elements of a successful safety program include identifying and
assessing workplace hazards, developing safety protocols to address those hazards,
providing employee training on safety procedures, implementing safety controls such as
guards and barriers, and conducting regular inspections to ensure the safety protocols
are being followed. Additionally, it is important for a safety engineer to have an effective
communication plan in place to ensure employees are aware of any changes or updates
to the safety program.

Example: “I believe that the most important elements of a successful safety program
include identifying and assessing workplace hazards and developing safety protocols to
address those hazards. It is also important to provide employee training on safety
procedures and to have an effective communication plan in place. Additionally, safety
controls such as guards and barriers should be implemented, and regular inspections
should be conducted to ensure the safety protocols are being followed. I have
experience with all of these elements, and I believe I can be an effective safety
engineer for your company.”

20. How do you evaluate the effectiveness of safety measures and make changes as
needed?

How to Answer:

You should come prepared to discuss your experience evaluating safety measures and
making changes as needed. Explain the process you use for evaluation, such as
conducting a risk assessment or analyzing data from past incidents. Describe how you
have identified areas of improvement in the past and implemented changes to increase
safety. You should also explain how you keep up with changing regulations and best
practices in the industry. Finally, emphasize your commitment to staying current on
safety protocols and continuing to improve them over time.

Example: “I have extensive experience in evaluating safety measures and making

changes as needed. I typically start by conducting a risk assessment to identify any
potential safety risks and hazards. Then I analyze data from past incidents to identify
any trends or patterns. Based on this information, I develop and implement changes to
increase safety. I also stay current with changing regulations and best practices in the
industry by attending conferences and seminars, reading industry publications, and
networking with other safety professionals. My goal is to ensure that all safety protocols
are up-to-date and effective, and I’m committed to continually improving safety
measures in my role as a safety engineer.”
ABBREVIATIONS
RDI – Restricted Duty Injury
IDI – Industrial Disable Injury
INDI – Industrial None Disable Injury
CSM – Construction Safety Manual
CSP – Construction Safety Plan
AC – Alternating Current
DC – Direct Current
CFR – Code of Federal Regulations (USA)
IFR – Inherent Fire Resistant
kPa – Kilopascals
Bp – Boiling Point
psi – pounds per square inch
PPM – Parts Per Million
LEL – Lower Explosive Limit
BA – Breathing Apparatus
CGI – Combustible Gas Indicator
UV – Ultraviolet
IR – Infra-Red
CFC – Chlorofluorocarbon
CPR – Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CSR – Chemical Safety Report
MOC – Management of Change (in KOC Procedure)
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration
BS EN – British Standard European Norm
HSEMS – HSE Management System
HSE – Health, Safety & Environment
JSA – Job Safety Analysis
EOT – Electrical Overhead Traveling Crane
EWTP – Effluent Water Treatment Plants