Zoology Practical Record Book

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BOTANY PRACTICAL DIARY PRACTICAL DIARY
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Prepared by:
Muhammed Ali KC
HIGHER SECONDARY COURSE
Name of School
ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL RECORD

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Examiners : 1) 2)
INDEX
Page
Sl. No. Topics Date
No.
INVERTEBRATES
1 Hydra
2 Liver fluke
3 Ascaris
4 Earthworm
5 Leech
6 Honeybee
7 Silkworm
www.bankofbiology.com 8 Prawn
9 Pila
10 Starfish
VERTEBRATES
11 Rohu
12 Frog
13 Garden lizard
14 Pigeon
15 Rabbit
MORPHOLOGY & ANATOMY
16 Mouth parts of cockroach
17 Digestive system of cockroach
INDEX INDEX
Page Page
Sl. No. Topics Date Sl. No. Topics Date
No. No.
PHYSIOLOGY SLIDE PREPARATION
18 Heart 34 Human cheek epithelium
19 Lungs 35 Human blood smear
20 Kidney EMBRYOLOGY
21 Brain 36 T.S of ovary
22 Eye 37 T.S of testis
23 Ear 38 T.S of blastula
HISTOLOGY GENETICS
24 www.bankofbiology.com
Striated muscle 39 Study of Mendelian inheritance
25 Smooth muscle 40 Pedigree analysis
26 Cardiac muscle EVOLUTION
OSTEOLOGY 41 Analogous & homologous organs
27 Types of joints COMMON HUMAN DISEASES
28 Ball & Socket, Hinge joint 42 Ascaris
29 Gliding joint & Pivot joint 43 Entamoeba
BIOCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS 44 Plasmodium
30 Starch digestion by Sali. amylase 45 Ringworm
31 Test for starch
32 Test for glucose/ sugar in urine
33 Test for protein/ albumin
FIRST YEAR
PRACTICALS
INVERTEBRATE
ANIMALS
COMMENTS: 1. HYDRA
• Hydra is a fresh water solitary coelenterate. Phylum - Cnidaria
Class - Hydrozoa
• The body is tubular and cylindrical and is divisible into
Genus - Hydra
basal disc, column and oral disc. Species - vulgaris
• Mouth leads into a gastrovascular cavity.
• Mouth is surrounded by 6-8 tentacles with stinging cells

for defense.
• The body and tentacles are highly retractile.

• Reproduction is asexually by budding and sexually by
the formation of gametes.
COMMENTS: 2. LIVER FLUKE
• Fasciola is an endoparasite found in the bile duct of sheep,
Phylum - Platyhelminthes
cows, pigs etc. and commonly called liver fluke. Class - Trematoda
Genus - Fasciola
• The body is leaf like about an inch in length.
Species - hepatica
• Mouth is at the tip and is surrounded by oral sucker. A little
distance from the anterior sticker is the posterior sticker.
• A genital pore is found between the suckers.
• It is a hermaphrodite.
• www.bankofbiology.com
Life cycle involves several larval stages.
PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS:
• Body is covered with cuticle.
• Presence of oral sucker and lateral sucker (Acetabulum).
• Anaerobic respiration.
COMMENTS: 3. ROUND WORM
• It is an endoparasite of man, commonly called roundworm. Phylum - Aschelminthes
Class - Nematoda
• The body is cylindrical and unsegmented.
Genus - Ascaris
• Mouth is at the tip and is surrounded by lips. Species - lumbricoides
• Sexual dimorphism is distinct. Male is smaller than the

female. Tail end of the male is curved while pointed in
female. Male possesses a pair of penial setae. Genital
aperture and anus are separate in females, while in male
both open through a single opening. the cloaca.
PARASITIC ADAPTATION:
• Presence of cuticular covering.
• Suctorial pharynx for sucking in fluid food.
• Absence of locomotory. circulatory systems and digestive

glands.
• Anaerobic respiration.
• Power of reproduction is great.

COMMENTS: 4. EARTHWORM
• It is a common earthworm found in moist soil where Phylum - Annelida
dead leaves and other organic materials are present. Class - Oligochaeta
Genus - Pheretima
• The body is elongated, cylindrical and segmented. The Species - posthuma
first segment is called peristomium bears mouth.

Dorsally the peristomium possesses prostomium.
• Segments I4 - I6 fuse to form a swollen structure

called clitcllum. It is used as egg case.
All segments bear setae except clitellum and
peristomium.
• Earthworm is a hermaphrodite.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
• Earthworm aerates the soil while making burrows.
• Earthworm increases the fertility of the soil by its

worm casts.
COMMENTS: 5. LEECH
• It is commonly called Indian cattle leech.
Phylum - Annelida
• Body is metamerically segmented, dorsoventrally flattened Class - Hirudinea
and elongated. Genus - Hirudinaria
Species - granulosa
• Mouth has toothed jaws.
• Presence of two suckers- anterior and posterior.
• The saliva contains an anticoagulant known as hirudin.
• The intestine of leech can store large amount of blood.

PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS:
• Presence of suckers tor attachment.
• Presence of toothed cutting plates in the mouth.
• Presence of an anticoagulant known as hirudin in the saliva

to prevent blood coagulation while sucking.
• Well developed crop for storing blood..

COMMENTS: 6. HONEYBEE
• They are colonial social insects showing division of labour.
Phylum - Arthropoda
• Three kinds of individuals- queen, drones and workers.
Class - Insecta
Queen Genus - Apis
• Fertile. Large size. short wings and tapering abdomen. Species - indica
• Wax glands and pollen collecting apparatus are absent.
Drone
• Fertile. Medium size with ill developed proboscis & sting.
• Wax gland and pollen collecting apparatus are absent.
Worker www.bankofbiology.com
• Smallest individual of the colony.
• Wax glands and pollen collecting apparatus are Well
developed.
• Stout hairy legs with special features such as pollen brush,
pollen basket etc.
• Honey bees are reared for obtaining honey and wax.
• Honey is a valuable food and medicine.
• Wax is used for the making candles, moulds, polishes etc.
• Honey bees are very good pollinators.
COMMENTS:
7. SILKWORM
• The adult insect is known as silkworm moth.
• The female moth lays eggs on mulberry leaves. Eggs hatch in 8 Phylum - Arthropoda
- I2 days emerging caterpillar called silkworm. Class - Insecta
• It voraciously feeds on mulberry leaves. Genus - Bombyx
• Fully grown larva secretes silk which forms cocoon around Species - mori
itself. After that it enters pupa. After metamorphosis pupa
becomes adult. The adults are short lived (2 - 3 days).
Adult
• Body is divisible into head, thorax & abdomen.
Females arc larger than males.
• Rudimentary mouth and ill developed proboscis.
Caterpillar
• It is has whitest or greenish hairless wrinkled body.
• Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
• Head bears 3 pairs of ocelli and chewing mouth parts.
• Thorax is formed of 3 segments, each with true legs.
• It has a pair of silk glands and a spinning organ.
• Silkworm is used for the production of cocoons.
• Silk is used for the production of fabrics, insulation cables,
screen printing etc.
COMMENTS: 8. PRAWN
• Body is divisible into cephalothorax (13 segments) and
Phylum - Arthropoda
abdomen (6 segments). Class - Crustacea
• There are l9 pairs of appendages: 5 pairs of cephalic, 8 Genus - Penaeus
pairs of thoracic and 6 pairs of abdominal. Species - indicus
• The abdominal legs are meant for swimming, hence called

swimmeretes or pleopods. The last abdominal legs are
called uropod.
• ln the male prawn, the endopodites of first abdominal legs

are membranous and hooked and form a structure known as
petasma by which the male deposits the sperms into the
body of female. ln the female a cup like structure known as
thelycuin is in the last thoracic segment. It receives the
sperms during copulation.
• It is used as food.
• It is exported in dried, canned and frozen forms.
• Prawn culture provides employment opportunities.

COMMENTS: 9. PILA
• It is commonly called apple snail.
Phylum - Mollusca
• It is an amphibious fresh water mollusc found in fields. Class - Gastropoda
ponds etc. Genus - Pila

Species - globosa
• Body is covered by univalve spirally coiled shell. Mouth of
the shell is covered by operculum
• Body is divisible into head, foot and visceral mass.
• It can live without water for a considerable time.
ADAPTATIONS:
• Presence of gills for aquatic respiration and lungs
(pulmonary sac) for terrestrial respiration.
• Shows aestivation to escape from extreme hot.

COMMENTS:
10. STARFISH
• It is a marine animal.
Phylum - Echinodermata
• Body is star shaped with a central disc and five arms.
Class - Asteroidea
• The oral surface hears mouth and aboral surface bears Genus - Asterias
anus.
• Presence of water vascular system.
• Locomotion takes place by tube feet.
• Shows a high power of regeneration.

VERTEBRATE
ANIMALS
IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: 1. ROHU
• Triploblastic, coelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical.
Phylum - Chordata
• Presence of terminal mouth. Class - Osteichthyes
Genus - Labeo
• Presence of cycloid scales.
Species - rohita
• Presence of post anal tail.
• Dorsal nerve cord.
•
Used as food.
ADAPTATIONS:
• Presence of fins for locomotion.
• Presence of lateral line sense organs.
• Presence of operculum.
IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: 2. FROG
• Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetric. Phylum - Chordata
Class - Amphibia
• Body is divided into head and trunk.
Genus - Rana
• Moist skin without scales. Species - tigrina
• Tympanum is present just behind eye.
• Used as food.
Control insect population.
ADAPTATIONS:
• Aestivation at dry season.
• Hybernation at winter season.

IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: 3. GARDEN LIZARD
• Dry skin with scales. Phylum - Chordata
• Presence of clawed, pentadactyle limbs. Class - Reptilia

Genus - Calotes
• Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetric.
Species - versicolar
• Tympanum represents the ear.
ADAPTATIONS:
• Ability to change colour suitable to surroundings

[camouflage].
• It helps to control insects.

IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: 4. PIGEON
• Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical. Phylum - Chordata
• Beaks are present. Class - Aves

Genus - Columba
• Streamlined body with feathers.
Species - livia
• Forelimbs are modified into wings.
ADAPTATIONS:
• Streamlined body, beak.
•
Presence of feathers.
• Forelimbs modified into wings.
• Presence of pneumatic bones.
• Used as food.
• Feaces is used as manure.

IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS: 5. RABBIT
• Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical.
Phylum - Chordata
• Long pinnae. Class - Mammalia
• Body is covered by white, soft hairs. Genus - Oryctolagus

Species - cuniculus
• Upper lip is cleft in the middle and have sensitive hairs or
vibrissae.
ADAPTATIONS:
• Presence of sensitive hairs or vibrissae.
•
Color of fur helps to blend in with its surroundings.
• Presence of long and strong hind limbs for hop very quickly
and very far.
• Used as food.
• It gives fur.
MORPHOLOGY
& ANATOMY
The mouthparts of cockroach are biting and chewing type.
MOUTH PARTS OF COCKROACH
They include Labrum, Mandibles, maxillae, labium and
hypopharynx.
• Labrum (upper lip): The mouth is covered by labrum. It helps

in tasting and also handling the food.
• Mandibles: They are located on either side of mouth behind

labrum. They are dentate along their inner margins and are
masticatory in function.
Maxillae: A pair of first maxillae is located behind mandibles

•
on either side of the mouth. The stipes has five segmented
maxillary palp on its outer side. The maxillary palps are used
for cleaning the antennae and also the front pair of legs.
• Labium (lower lip): It is formed by the fusion of second pair

of maxillae.
• Hypopharynx (ligula or tongue): It is chitinous, grooved and a

rod-like structure found hanging into the preoral cavity.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF
It has 3 regions: i) Fore gut ii) Mid gut iii) Hind gut.
i) Fore gut: It consists of following regions. COCKROACH
1. Mouth
2. Buccal cavity
3. Oesophagus
4. Crop
5. Gizzard/ Proventriculus
ii) Mid gut/ Mesenteron:
•
• Short and narrow tube.
Anterior part has 7-8 blind tubes called hepatic caeca.
It secretes digestive juices and site for absorption of
digested food.
iii) Hind gut: It has three regions.
1. Ileum.
2. Colon.
3. Rectum.
Associated glands:
• Two salivary glands are present, one on each side of crop.
• Each gland has two lobes and a salivary receptacle.
PHYSIOLOGY
PARTS OF HEART AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
• Right atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from body parts.
1. HEART
• Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
• Right ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• Left ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to various body parts.
• Superior vena cava: Collects deoxygenated blood from upper
body parts to the right atrium.
• Inferior vena cava: Collects deoxygenated blood from the lower
body parts the right atrium.
• Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from right
ventricle to the lungs.
• Pulmonary vein: Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left
atrium.
• Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to different
body parts.
• Semilunar valves: Prevent backflow of blood from arteries to
ventricles.
• Tricuspid valve: Prevent backflow of blood from right ventricle
to right atrium.
• Bicuspid valve: Prevent backflow of blood from left ventricle to
left atrium.
PARTS OF LUNGS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 2. LUNGS
• Lungs are the organs for gas exchange.
• Lungs situate in thoracic chamber and rest on
diaphragm.
• Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 lobes.
• Lungs are covered by double-layered pleura (outer
parietal pleura and inner visceral pleura).
• The pleural fluid present in between these 2 layers
lubricates the surface of the lungs and prevents friction
between the membranes.
• Bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli together constitute
lungs.
• Alveoli and their ducts form the respiratory or exchange
part of the respiratory system.
• Alveoli are the structural and functional units of lungs.
PARTS OF KIDNEY AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
3. KIDNEY
• Renal cortex: Accommodates Malpighian corpuscles,
Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and Distal convoluted
tubules (DCT).
• Renal medulla: Carries Henle's loop and Collecting ducts.
• Hilum: The opening through which blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic ducts and ureter enter the kidney.
• Renal artery: Supply oxygenated blood to the kidney.
• Renal vein: Collects deoxygenated blood from the kidney.
• Renal pelvis: Collect and conduct urine from Kidney to
ureter.
• Ureter: Carries urine to urinary bladder.
PARTS OF BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
4. BRAIN
• Cerebrum: Controls voluntary movements, memory,
intelligence, reasoning and learning. Perception of
various stimuli.
• Thalamus: Coordinating centre (relay station) for
sensory and motor impulses.
• Hypothalamus: Regulates temperature, thirst, hunger and
emotions.
• Mid brain: Centre of visual reflexes and auditory
reflexes.
• Cerebellum: Co-ordinates muscular activities and body
equilibrium.
• Medulla oblongata: Controls respiration, digestion, heart
beat, blood pressure, vomiting, sneezing, urination etc.
• Pons : Co-ordinates the activities of eye and ear and
regulates respiration.
PARTS OF THE EYE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
5. EYE
• Sclera: Outer covering for protection of eye.
• Cornea: Transparent region for passing of light rays.
• Choroid: Provide nutrition, contains nerves, blood
vessels etc.
• Iris: Regulates the amount of light rays into the eye ball.
• Retina: Help in image formation with the help of cone
cells and rod cells.
• Lens: Refracts the light rays from the object and focus
on Retina.
• Aqueous humour: Give shape to the eye, refracts the
light rays, nutrition to lens and cornea.
• Vitreous humour: Give shape to the eye, refracts light
rays, maintain pressure in the eye ball.
• Optic nerve: Transmit visual impulses into the visual area
of cerebrum.
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS PART OF EAR
6. EAR
• Pinna: Collects sound waves and passes into ear canal
(auditory canal).
• Auditory canal: Transmit sound waves into the ear drum.
• Ear drum (Tympanum) : Vibrates according to the
intensity of sound waves and conducts to middle ear.
• Ear ossicles (maleus, incus, stapes): Transmit vibrations
into the inner ear.
• Eustachian tube: Maintains the air pressure in tympanic
cavity. www.bankofbiology.com
• Semi circular canals: Maintain the balance of the body.
• Vestibule (saccule & ventricle): Maintain the equilibrium
of the body.
• Cochlea: Helps in hearing.
• Auditory nerve: Transmit auditory impulses into the
brain.
HISTOLOGY
FEATURES OF STRIATED MUSCLE 1. STRIATED MUSCLE
• Muscle fibres are cylindrical and unbranched.
• Striations are present.
• Found attached to skeleton.
• Voluntary in action.
• Multinucleate.
• Fatigue muscle.
• Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin.
FEATURES OF NON-STRIATED MUSCLE 2. SMOOTH MUSCLE
• Spindle shaped and unbranched fibres.
• Striations are absent.
• Found in visceral organs such as stomach, intestine,
blood vessels etc.
• Involuntary in action.
• Uninucleate.
• Lesser amount of mitochondria and myoglobin.
• Non-fatigue muscles.
FEATURES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE 3. CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Cylindrical branched fibres.
• Involuntary in action.
• Found in heart wall only.
• Uninucleate.
• Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin.
• Striations are present.
• Intercalated discs are present.
• Non-fatigue muscles.
OSTEOLOGY
• Joints are points of contact between 2 bones or bone
and cartilage.
SKELETAL SYSTEM & JOINTS
• They are 3 types:
1. FIBROUS JOINTS:
• They are immovable joints.
• Joints are interlocked by collagen fibres.
• E.g. Sutures of skull.
2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
• They are slightly movable joints.
• Joints are articulated with fibrous cartilage.
• E.g. Joints between vertebrae of backbone.
3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
• They are freely movable joints.
• Synovial membrane is present between the joints.
• Inside the membrane, there is synovial cavity filled
with synovial fluid.
• Synovial joints are many types such as ball & socket
joint, Hinge joint, Gliding joint, Pivot joint etc.
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT 1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
• Movement is possible in different directions and planes.
• One bone is like a ball whereas the other bone end is
like a cup shaped socket.
• E.g. Humerus with Shoulder girdle, Femur with Hip
Hip joint
girdle.
2. HINGE JOINT
HINGE JOINT
• It allows movements in one plane only.
• One bone is deep convex whereas the other bone is
deep concave allowing the movement only in one plane
only.
• E.g. Knee joint, Elbow joint.
Knee joint Elbow joint

GLIDING JOINT 3. GLIDING JOINT
• It allows movements in two directions, i.e. side to side
and back and forth.
• Ends of both the bones are either flat or slightly curved
to allow gliding movements. Ankle joint
• E.g. Joints between tarsals (Ankle joint), Joints between

carpals (Wrist joint).
PIVOT JOINT 4. PIVOT JOINT
• It allows rotational movements.
• One bone is stationary whereas other bone can rotate
over it.
Joint
• E.g. Joint between skull and atlas vertebra. between skull
and atlas
vertebra
BIOCHEMICAL
EXPERIMENTS
DEMONSTRATION OF DIGESTION OF STARCH
BY SALIVARY AMYLASE
• Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the action of
salivary amylase on starch.
• Materials required: l% starch solution, saliva, Lugol’s
iodine, phosphate buffer (pH 6.98), distilled water, cotton,
water bath, cavity blocks, test tubes, pipettes, beaker,
test tube stand, test tube holder etc.
• Procedure: Wash your mouth with lukewarm water and
www.bankofbiology.com then chew a piece of rubber and collect 2 ml of saliva.
Filter it through the cotton kept in the test tube. Add
equal quantity of distilled water to the saliva.
Take four test tubes (A, B, C & D) and add 1 ml of saliva in
each test tube using a pipette. Add 5 ml of 1% starch
solution in each test tube and place them in a water bath
which should be maintained at 37°C.
Then place test tube A in ice for 10 minutes. Boil test tube
B for l0 minutes. To the test tube C, add 5 ml of phosphate
buffer.
Take four cavity blocks and label as A, B, C and D. Take 3
drops of Lugol’s iodine in each cavity.
Add a drop of solution from A to the cavity block A.
Similarly solutions from the test tubes B, C and D to the
cavity blocks B, C & D.
• Observation: In cavity blocks
A - Blue colour is developed B - Blue colour is developed
C - No colour D - No colour
• Inference: The presence of blue colour in test tubes A & B
shows that no starch digestion has taken place in them.
This is because the salivary amylase activity has become
inactivated by cooling in the test tube A and denatured by
heating in the test tube B.
Colourless solutions in the test tubes C & D indicate the
absence of starch. The optimum pH for salivary amylase is
6.8. In the test tube ‘C, starch is broken down into
dextrins and maltose. So it becomes colourless. The
www.bankofbiology.com optimum temperature for salivary amylase is 37°C. The
test tube D provided optimum temperature and hence the
solution becomes colourless.
Observation Table 1. TEST FOR STARCH
Procedure (Iodine test) Observation Inference • Aim: To detect the presence of starch in the given
sample solution.
Take 2 ml of Dark blue • Materials required: Sample solutions, Test tubes, Iodine
Presence
Sample A given sample in colour
of starch. solution.
a test tube. Add appears.
• Procedure:
a few drops of
iodine solution. Iodine Test: Take 2 ml of given sample A and B in 2 test
No colour
Sample B Mix well. No starch. tubes and add few drops of iodine.
change
• Observation: Dark blue colour appears.
Result: The sample A contains starch.

Observation Table 2. TEST FOR GLUCOSE/ PRESENCE
Procedure (Benedict’s test) Observation Inference OF SUGAR IN URINE
Solution
Take 2 ml of
turns • Aim: To detect the presence of glucose in the given
given sample in Presence
Sample A greenish to
a test tube and of glucose sample solution or urine sample.
brick red
add equal
ppt • Materials required: Sample solution, Test tubes,
amount of
Benedict’s Benedict's reagent, Spirit lamp, Fehling’s solution A and
reagent. Boil No colour No
Sample B B, Test tube holder.
for 2 minutes. change glucose
www.bankofbiology.com • Procedure:
Benedict’s Test: Take 2 ml of sample A and B in 2 test
Procedure (Fehling’s test) Observation Inference tubes and add equal amount of Benedict’s reagent. Boil
for 2 minutes.
Take equal Solution
amount of turns orange Presence Fehling’s Test: Take equal amount of Fehling’s A & B
Sample A Fehling’s A & B to brick red of glucose solutions in 2 test tubes. Add 2 ml of sample A and B
solutions in a ppt
test tube and solution. Into both test tubes. Heat to boil.
add 2 ml of
No colour No
Sample B given solution.
change glucose Result: The sample A contains glucose/ The sample A is
Heat to boil.
the urine of diabetic patient.
Observation Table 3. TEST FOR PROTEIN/ PRESENCE
Procedure (Sulphosalicylic
Observation Inference
OF ALBUMIN IN URINE
acid test)
• Aim: To detect the presence of protein/albumin in the
Take 2 ml of Presence
Sample A Cloudy ppt of protein given sample solution.
given sample in
a test tube and (albumin). • Materials required: Sample solution, Test tubes,
add 2 drops of Sulphosalicylic acid, Biuret reagent.
Sulphosalicylic
No colour No • Procedure:
Sample B acid.
change protein.
www.bankofbiology.com Sulphosalicylic acid Test: Take 2 ml of sample A and B in
2 test tubes and add 2 drops of Sulphosalicylic acid.
Procedure (Biuret test) Observation Inference
Biuret reagent: Take 1 ml of given sample in a test tube
Take 1 ml of and add biuret reagent (1 ml of 5% NaOH + 1% CuSO4).
given sample in Violet or Presence
Sample A bluish pink of protein Mix well.
a test tube and
add biuret colour (albumin).
reagent (1 ml of
5% NaOH + 1 %
No colour No
Sample B CuSO4). Mix
change protein.
well. Result: The sample A contains protein/ The sample A is
the urine containing albumin.
SLIDE
PREPARATIONS
CHEEK SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS OF MAN CHEEK EPITHELIUM
• Aim: To prepare a temporary stained slide of cheek
squamous epithelial cells of man.
• Materials required: Slide, Cover slip, Needle, Tooth pick,
Methylene blue, Brush, Microscope.
• Procedure: Gently scrap the inner side of the cheek by a
washed tooth pick to get some epithelial cells.
Place the collected cells on the clean slide and spread it
with a needle.
Add 2 or 3 drops of Methylene blue stain to the cheek
cells.
After some time, remove the stain and add glycerin on
the slide. Cover it with a cover slip.
www.bankofbiology.com Observe the slide under the microscope.
• Observations:
Flat cells with irregular boundary.
Oval or spherical nucleus in the centre of cell.
Cytoplasm contains mitochondria and vacuoles.
BLOOD SMEAR
• Aim: To prepare a temporary stained slide of human
blood smear.
• Materials required: Slides, Lancet, Cotton, Spirit,

Leishman's stain, Microscope.
• Procedure:
 Sterilise your finger and needle by using spirit.
Prick the sterilised finger with the needle.

www.bankofbiology.com 
 Place one drop of blood on one end of a clean slide.
 Make a thin film of blood by using the other slide.

Allow to dry.
 Add a few drops of Leishman's stain on the blood

film.
 After some time, drain out the excess stain, dip it

into water and allow to dry.
 Observe under microscope.
• Observations: The following blood cells are observed.

HUMAN BLOOD CELLS • Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBC): They are disc like,
biconcave, red in colour, without nucleus and more in
number.
• Leucocytes or White Blood Cells (WBC): They are large,

nucleated, less in number. They are 2 types:
1. Granulocytes: have granular cytoplasm and lobed

nucleus. They are 3 types:
a. Neutrophils: More in number, 2-5 lobed nucleus.
b. Eosinophils: Granular cytoplasm, bilobed nucleus.
c. Basophils: Granular cytoplasm, lobed nucleus.
2. Agranulocytes: without granules, unlobed and large

nucleus. They are 2 types:
a. Lymphocytes: Large- circular nucleus.
b. Monocytes: Kidney shaped nucleus.
• Blood Platelets: Non nucleated, Irregular in shape,

appear round or ovoid.
SECOND YEAR
PRACTICALS
EMBRYOLOGY
T.S. OF TESTIS 1. T.S OF TESTIS
• Testes are the primary sex organ of male reproductive
system.
• It is covered by tunica albuginea.
• Each testis contains about 250 testicular lobules which
contain seminiferous tubules.
• Seminiferous tubules contains Sertoli cells and male
germ cells (spermatogonia).
• Spermatogonia undergoes spermatogenesis to form
sperms.
• In between seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells or
Leydig cells are present.
• Leydig cells produce male sex hormone called
testosterone.
T.S. OF OVARY 2. T.S OF OVARY
• Ovary is the female primary sex organ.
• Each ovary is surrounded by mesovarium.
• The ovary consists of outer cortex and inner medulla.
• Medulla contains ovarian Graafian follicles, blood
vessels, nerve fibres and some smooth muscles,
• Each follicle contains a large centrally placed ovum
surrounded by many layers of follicle cells.
• Mature Graafian follicle ruptures to release ovum. It is
called ovulation.
• After ovulation, ruptured follicle becomes yellow
coloured mass called corpus luteum. It secretes the
hormone Progesterone.
T.S.BLASTULA (BLASTOCYST) 3. T.S OF BLASTULA
• Blastocyst has three parts- trophoblast, inner cell mass
and blastocoel.
• Trophoblast is the outer cellular wall of blastocyst that
forms hCG, villi, chorion, amnion and foetal part of
placenta.
• Inner cell mass forms embryo.
• Blastocoel is the fluid filled space which helps in rapid
expansion of blastocyst.
GENETICS
Observation Table 1. STUDY OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE USING
SEEDS OR BEADS OF DIFFERENT COLOURS
No. Characters Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Avg Ratio
1 Yellow/yellow 26 24 27 25.7 1 • Aim: To analyze seed/bead sample of different traits for
2 Yellow/green 49 50 51 50 2 Mendelian phenotypic ratio of 3:1 and genotypic ratio of

1:2:1.
3 Green/green 27 25 24 25.3 1
• Materials required: 200 beads of two colours
Conclusion: The genotypic ratio obtained is 1:2:1 (yellow/green), trays, notebook, pen.
• Procedure: Take two sets of beads of 2 colours (100 +
www.bankofbiology.com 100) in a tray and mix them. Pick two beads randomly at
No. Characters Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Avg Ratio a time and place them on the table and record it on the
Yellow book according to the colour as shown in the table
1 Yellow + yellow 75 76 74 75 3 (genotype and phenotype). Repeat this experiment three
Yellow + green times and tabulate the results.
Green
2 25 26 24 25 1
Green + green
Conclusion: The phenotypic ratio obtained is 3:1

Symbols used in Pedigree Analysis 2. STUDY PREPARED PEDIGREE CHARTS
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
• The study of an inherited trait in a group of related

individuals in several generations to determine the
pattern and characteristics of the trait, including its
mode of inheritance. and phenotypic variability is
called pedigree analysis.
• The family trees helps to analyze genetic background
of individuals. It also shows if the offspring will have
the trait, or if they will be a carrier.
• With the help of pedigree analysis, we can study the
inheritance of some common human traits such as
colour blindness, human blood group, tongue roll,
widow’s peak etc.
2. STUDY PREPARED PEDIGREE CHARTS
Pedigree chart showing Inheritance of
Colour blindness COLOUR BLINDNESS
• It is a sex linked genetic disorder due to which a person
is unable to distinguish between some of colours.
• The genes needed to distinguish red from green are on
the X-chromosome. A female with one defective and one
normal X-chromosome has normal vision. However, a male
with a defective colour vision gene on his X-chromosome.
is colour blind. There are no genes for normal colour
vision on the Y-chromosome to cover for the defective X-
chromosome.
• Males can never be a carrier of colour blindness because
males have only one X chromosome. Females can be
carrier as well as colour blind because females have two
X chromosomes. X-linked trait like colour blindness can
not pass from father to son. It shows crisscross
inheritance because in this disorder father passes gene
for the disorder to carrier daughter who then transmit it
to son.
EVOLUTION
HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS ORGANS HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS ORGANS
• Aim: To study analogous and homologous organs in various
animals using charts.
• Analogous organs: Wings of butterfly and bird are
structurally different organs which get modified to
perform similar function. Insect wings are outgrowths of HOMOLOGOUS
integument formed of chitin. They operate through ORGANS
muscles attached to their bases. The wings of bird are
covered by feathers. They are supported by skeletons.
They have flight muscles.
• Homologous organs: Fore limbs of man, cheetah, bird and
bat are organs which have similar basic internal
structure and similar origin but their functions are
different. The forelimbs consist of digits, metacarpals,
carpals, radius, ulna, humerus etc. ANALOGOUS
ORGANS
COMMON HUMAN
DISEASES
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES 1. ASCARIS
• Pathogen: Ascaris lumbricoides.
• Common name: Human roundworm.
• Disease caused: Ascariasis.
• Transmission: Contaminated food and water.
• Symptoms: Colic pain, Impaired digestion, Diarrhoea,
Vomiting, Retarded body growth.
• Treatment: Antihelminthic drugs.
• Prevention: Personal hygiene and sanitation.
ENTOMOEBA HISTOLYTICA 2. ENTAMOEBA
• Pathogen: Entomoeba histolytica.
• Disease caused: Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentery.
• Transmission: Contaminated food and water. Through
insects like house flies and cockroaches
• Symptoms: Abdominal pain, repeated motions with fluid
feacal matter with blood and mucus, produce ulcers.
• Prevention: Personal hygiene and sanitation.
PLASMODIUM 3. PLASMODIUM
• Pathogen: Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P.
falciparum.
• Common name: Malarial parasites.
• Disease caused: Malaria.
• Transmission: Biting of female Anopheles mosquito.
• Symptoms: Recurrent fever (periodic reappearance of
high fever), Chilling, Shivering.
• Treatment: Anti-malarial drugs.
• Prevention: Control mosquitoes.
RINGWORM 4. RINGWORM
• Pathogen: Trichophyton/ Epidermophyton/ Microsporum.
• Common name: Ringworm fungus.
• Disease caused: Ring worm in man.
• Transmission: Through the use of cloths, comb etc. of the
infected person.
• Symptoms: Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin,
nails, scalp etc., intense itching,
• Treatment: Anti-fungal drugs.

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BOTANY PRACTICAL DIARY PRACTICAL DIARY

ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL RECORD

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Date : …………………… Teacher in Charge

• Mouth leads into a gastrovascular cavity.

• Mouth is surrounded by 6-8 tentacles with stinging cells

• The body and tentacles are highly retractile.

• A genital pore is found between the suckers.

• Presence of oral sucker and lateral sucker (Acetabulum).

• Sexual dimorphism is distinct. Male is smaller than the

• Suctorial pharynx for sucking in fluid food.

• Absence of locomotory. circulatory systems and digestive

• Power of reproduction is great.

ﬁrst segment is called peristomium bears mouth.

• Segments I4 - I6 fuse to form a swollen structure

• Earthworm aerates the soil while making burrows.

• Earthworm increases the fertility of the soil by its

• Presence of two suckers- anterior and posterior.

• The saliva contains an anticoagulant known as hirudin.

• The intestine of leech can store large amount of blood.

• Presence of toothed cutting plates in the mouth.

• Presence of an anticoagulant known as hirudin in the saliva

• Well developed crop for storing blood..

• The abdominal legs are meant for swimming, hence called

• ln the male prawn, the endopodites of ﬁrst abdominal legs

• It is exported in dried, canned and frozen forms.

• Prawn culture provides employment opportunities.

ponds etc. Genus - Pila

• Body is divisible into head, foot and visceral mass.

• It can live without water for a considerable time.

• Shows aestivation to escape from extreme hot.

• Presence of water vascular system.

• Locomotion takes place by tube feet.

• Shows a high power of regeneration.

• Dorsal nerve cord.

• Presence of fins for locomotion.

• Presence of lateral line sense organs.

• Tympanum is present just behind eye.

• Aestivation at dry season.

• Hybernation at winter season.

• Presence of clawed, pentadactyle limbs. Class - Reptilia

• Ability to change colour suitable to surroundings

• It helps to control insects.

• Beaks are present. Class - Aves

• Streamlined body, beak.

• Forelimbs modified into wings.

• Presence of pneumatic bones.

• Feaces is used as manure.

• Body is covered by white, soft hairs. Genus - Oryctolagus

• Presence of sensitive hairs or vibrissae.

• Labrum (upper lip): The mouth is covered by labrum. It helps

• Mandibles: They are located on either side of mouth behind

Maxillae: A pair of first maxillae is located behind mandibles

• Labium (lower lip): It is formed by the fusion of second pair

• Hypopharynx (ligula or tongue): It is chitinous, grooved and a

Knee joint Elbow joint

• E.g. Joints between tarsals (Ankle joint), Joints between