BIOHACK NOTES

MOLECULAR BASIS OF
INHERITANCE
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • DNA

1. No .of nucleotides in ϕ-174 is -

2. ϕ-174 is a _______ type of virus.
3. Total Bases is bacteriophage lambda is -
4. ________ has 4.6 x 10⁶ bp.
5. Diploid content of human DNA is _________ no. of bases.
6. Nitrogenous base is linked to the OH of 1' C/5'C of pentose sugar through _______ linkage.
7. Deoxy form of uridine is -
8. Thymine and uracil have differences in a _____ group.
9. DNA was first identified by ________ in year ______
10. He name DNA as _______
11. X-ray differentiation data of DNA was produced by the scientists - (2)
12. Double Helix model of DNA was proposed in year _____
13. Generally DNA helix is coiled in right hand fashion. T/F
14. The pitch is ____ nm and _____ no. of base pairs are present in each turn.
15. ______ proposed the central dogma of molecular biology.
DigaQ. 1
16. Distance between 1st and 15th base pair of a DNA helix is - A B
17. The length of human DNA is _____ (NEET)
18. Histones are rich in amino acids ______ and ______
19. Histone octamer contain proteins -
20. What is a nucleosome? C
21. A typical nucleosome contains _____ bp of DNA helix.
22. Function of Non-histone Chromosomal (NHC) proteins is -
23. Chromatin that is more densely packed and stains dark are called -
24. Lightly packed and stains light is called _______ D
25. Heterochromatin is transcriptionally active. T/F

• THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC MATERIAL

26. In transforming principle, _______ did a series of experiments on _______ (NEET)

27. S strain bacteria have _________ coat.
28. Living S bacteria can be recovered from a solution where S bacteria may not be present. T/F
29. _______, _______, _______ concluded that DNA
is the hereditary material.
30. ______ and ______ gave the unequivocal proof that DNA is genetic material in year _____ (NEET)
31. Hersey and Chase used ______ bacteria.
32. Virus particles were separated from the bacteria by __________
33. ____ isotope of S and ____ isotope of P were used in hershey-chase experiment.
34. The 3 steps of hershey-chase experiment were -
35. QB bacteriophage have DNA as a genetic material. T/F
36. TMV have RNA as a genetic material. T/F
37. Criteria for a molecule which act as genetic material are - (4) (NEET)
38. Stability as a property of genetic material was evident from _______ experiment.
39. Tell the 2 difference between DNA and RNA -
40. ____ was the first genetic material.
41. DNA replicated conservatively. T/F
42. Semiconservative model was proved by _______ and _______ in year _____
43. N15 radioactive isotope was used in their experiment. T/F
44. The various samples were separated independently on _____ gradients.
45. E coli divided in ____ min.
46. Taylor performed experiments on ______ using _______ in year _____ and showed that - (NEET)
47. Energetically replication is an expensive process. T/F
48. There is a definite region in E. coli DNA where the replication originates. Such regions are called ____
49. Discontinuous synthesis occur in template strand with polarity -
50. Enzymes used in DNA replication are - (5) (NEET)
51. ______ fragments are formed in the lagging strand. (NEET)

• TRANSCRIPTION

52. The enzyme that help in opening of DNA helix during transcription is -
53. The transcription unit consist of regions - (3)
54. Template strand polarity is -
55. All the reference point while defining a transcription unit is made with template strand. T/F
56. Coding strand polarity is -
57. 5'-end of template strand means upstream. T/F
58. 3'end of coding strand means downstream. T/F
59. _____ is the functional unit of inheritance.
60. What is cistron ?
 DigaQ. 2
A B C
X
Y
61. Structural gene is monocistronic in prokaryotes/eukaryotes.
62. The actual coding or expressed sequences are called ______
63. Inheritance of a character is never affected by promoter and regulatory sequences of a structural
gene. T/F
64. The 3 types of RNA are -
65. mRNA is found in the highest amount in comparison of other RNA. T/F (NEET)
66. The smallest RNA amount all the 3 is -
67. ______ play structural and catalytic role during translation.
68. The types of RNA polymerases found in bacteria are -
69. Initiation factor is ___ and termination factor is ___
70. Transcription and translation can be coupled in ______
71. In eukaryotes, ___ no. of RNA polymerases are present.
72. 5srRNA is synthesised by -
73. Tell the function of all the 3 types of RNA polymerase.
74. In capping, _______ is added at 5'end.
75. In tailing, ___-___ no. of ______ residues are added in a template dependent/independent manner.
76. The process of splicing represent the dominance of ________

• GENETIC CODE

77. ________ who was a physicist/biologist, first proposed that codons should be triplet.
78. The chemical method developed by __________ was instrumental in synthesising RNA molecules with
defined combinations of bases.
79. _______ cell-free system for protein synthesis finally helped the code to be deciphered.
80. ________ enzyme was helpful in polymerising RNA in a template independent manner.
81. Serine and proline codons are -
82. Stop codons are - (3)
83. GAG and GUG are codons for _____ and _____ respectively.
84. _____ act as a initiator codon and codes for the amino acid -
85. What does degeneracy of codon mean ?
86. Genetic code is completely universal. T/F
87. Exceptions of universality of genetic code is found in - (2)
88. Tell all the features of genetic code - (4) (NEET)
89. The t-RNA was earlier called _____
90. There is a specific tRNA for initiation called as _______
91. Describe the 4 ends of t-RNA are and the loop they have DigaQ. 3
92. In actual structure t-RNA looks like _______ A B

Y
• TRANSLATION Z C

93. Charging of t-RNA is also called __________

94. Ribosomes consists of ______ and about ___ no. of different proteins.
95. ____ rRNA in bacteria is the ribozyme. (NEET)
96. ______ are required for an efficient translation process.
97. The 4 levels at which gene expression is regulated are -
98. The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA. T/F
99. At the end, ______ binds to the stop codon.

• REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

100. In prokaryotes, __________ is the predominant site for control of gene expression.
101. In most cases, the sequence of operator binds a activator/repressor.
102. What is negative regulation?
103. What is positive regulation?
104. ______ and ______ discovered lac operon. (NEET)
105. Ara operon is for -
106. Regulatory gene is called i gene where i means inducer. T/F
107. I gene codes for ________ (NEET)
108. Z,y,a genes codes for - (NEET)
109. Inducer for lac operon are - (2) (NEET)
110. What are constitutive genes?
111. Regulation of lac operon is positive/negative. (NEET)
DigaQ. 4 - X Y
i ii iii iv v vi vii

L L D
M
M A B C

• HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)

112. HGP was launched in year -

113. HGP was closely associated with ________
114. Approx. how many genes are in human DNA ?
115. ELSI full form -
116. _______ became a major partner in the early years of HGP.
117. HGP was completed in year -
118. Nematode whose genes are sequenced is -
119. It is pathogenic/non-pathogenic.
120. Plants whose genes are sequenced - (2)
121. Name the non-human models whose genes are sequenced (6) -
122. EST full form -
123. The 2 methodologies for HGP were -
124. BAC & YAC full form -
125. The DNA fragments were sequenced by the method developed by __________
126. Last chromosome to be sequenced was ___ which was sequenced in _______
127. Human genome contains ______ million bp.
128. Average gene consists of ______ no. of bases.
129. Largest known human gene is ______ at ______ no. bases.
130. ___ % of nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.
131. Less than ___ % of the genome codes for proteins.
132. The functions are unknown for over ___ % of the discovered genes.
133. ___ chromosome has most genes with _____ no. of genes.
134. ___ chromosome have least genes with _____ no. of genes.
135. In about ___ million locations SNPs occur in humans.
 • DNA FINGERPRINTING

136. Small peaks are referred to as ______ DNA.

137. DNA is classified as micro and mini-satellites on the basis of ? (3)
138. If more than one allele occurs with a frequency greater than _____, it is called DNA polymorphism.
139. Probability of such variation in non-coding DNA sequence is more. T/F
140. Technique of DNA Fingerprinting was initially developed by ________
141. He used bulk DNA/satellite DNA.
142. VNTR full form -
143. VNTR involved northern blot hybridisation. T/F
144. In blotting, DNA fragments are transferred to membranes made of ______ or ______
145. Southern, Northern and Western blot are respectively used for -
146. Detection of hybridised DNA fragments is by ________
147. Describe the 6 steps of DNA fingerprinting -
148. VNTR is a microsatellite/minisatellite.
149. The size of VNTR varies from ___ to ___ bases.
150. The autoradiogram gives band of same sizes in –
MOLECULAR BASIS OF
INHERITANCE

ANSWERS
• DNA 33. ³⁵S, ³²P
1. 5386 34. Infection, Blending and Centrifugation
2. Bacteriophage 35. F
3. 97004 bp 36. T
4. E. coli 37. Criteria to act as genetic material
5. 13.2 x 10⁹ (i) Replication
6. 1'C, N-glycosidic linkage (ii) stable chemically and structurally
7. Deoxythymidine (iii) provide scope for mutation
8. Methyl (iv) It should be able to express itself in the
9. Freidrich meischer, 1869 form of 'Mendelian Characters'
10. Nuclein 38. Griffith's
11. Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin 39. Difference between DNA and RNA
12. 1953 1. DNA don't have 2'-OH- group.
13. T 2. DNA have thymine in place of uracil.
14. 3.4 nm, 10 40. RNA
15. Fracis crick 41. F
16. 13 x 0.34 nm = 4.42 nm 42. Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl in year 1958
17. 2.2 m 43. F, N¹⁵ is not a radioactive isotope.
18. Arginine and lysine 44. CsCl
19. 2 copies of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 45. 20
20. negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the 46. Vicia faba (faba beans), radioactive thymidine,
positively charged histone octamer 1958, DNA replicate semiconservatively
21. 200 47. T
22. Packaging of chromatin 48. Ori (origin of replication)
23. Heterochromatin 49. 5'-3'
24. Euchromatin 50. Helicase, DNA polymerase, Primase, DNA ligase,
25. F Topoisomerase
• THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC 51. Okazaki
MATERIAL • TRANSCRIPTION
26. Frederick Griffith, Streptococcus pnemoniae 52. RNA polymerase
27. Mucous 53. Promotor, Structural gene and Terminator
28. T 54. 3'-5'
29. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty 55. F
30. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, 1952
31. E coli
32. Spinning them in centrifuge
56. 5'-3' 87. Mitochondrial codons and some protozonas
57. F 88. Degeneracy, Unambiguous, Universal, Read in
58. T Contagious fashion
59. Gene 89. sRNA (soluble RNA)
60. a segment of DNA coding for a polypeptide 90. Initiator tRNA
61. Eukaryotes 91. 4 ends of t-RNA
62. Exons 1. DHU Loop - Ribozyme bind here
63. F 2. Anticodon loop - mRNA bind here
64. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA 3. TΨC loop - Ribosome bind here
65. F, rRNA is found in highest amount 4. -CAA sequence - Amino acid attach here
66. tRNA 92. Inverted - L
67. rRNA
68. Only 1 is found (fooling type q.)
69. Sigma, rho
70. Bacteria
71. 3
72. RNA polymerase III
73. Functions of RNA polymerase
1. RNA polymerase I - rRNAs (28S, 18S, & 5.8S)
2. RNA polymerase II - hnRNA
3. RNA pol. III - tRNA, 5srRNA, & snRNAs
74. methyl guanosine triphosphate
75. 200-300, adenylate, independent
76. RNA world
• GENETIC CODE • TRANSLATION
77. George Gamow, physicist 93. Aminoacylation of tRNA
78. Har Gobind Khorana 94. rRNAs and 80
79. Marshall Nirenberg's 95. 23S rRNA
80. Severo Ochoa 96. UTR (untranslated regions)
81. Serine - UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG 97. Gene expression is regulated at
Proline - CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG (i) transcriptional level
82. UAA, UGA, UAG (ii) processing level (regulation of splicing)
83. Glu, Val (iii) transport of mRNA from nucleus to the
84. AUG, methionine cytoplasm
85. Many codons code for single amino acid (iv) translational level.
86. F 98. T
99. Release factor
• REGULATION OF GENE 127. 3164.7
EXPRESSION 128. 3000
100. Transcription level 129. Dystrophin, 2.4 million
101. Repressor 130. 99.9
102. Something is increasing, implies we have to 131. 2 %
decrease it. 132. 50
103. Something is decreasing, implies we have to 133. Chromosome 1, 2968
increase it. 134. Y chromosome, 231
104. Francois Jacob and Jacque Monod 135. 1.4
105. Arabinose • DNA FINGERPRINTING
106. F, I means inhibitor 136. Satellite
107. Repressor 137. base composition (A:T rich or G:C rich), length
108. Z gene - beta-galactosidase, y gene - permease, of segment, and number of repetitive units
a gene - transacetylase 138. 0.01
109. Lactose and allolactose 139. T
110. Those genes which constantly express 140. Alec Jeffreys
themselves in a cell 141. Satellite DNA
111. Negative 142. Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
• HGP 143. F, southern blot is involved
112. 1990 144. Nitrocellulose or nylon
113. Bioinformatics 145. DNA, RNA, protein {Mnemonic - SaDa(South-
114. 20,000-25,000 DNA) NaRial(North-RNA) wasai pani (west-protein)}
115. Ethical, legal and social issues 146. Autoradiography
116. Wellcome Trust (U.K.) 147. Steps of DNA fingerprinting
117. 2003 (i) isolation of DNA
118. Caenorhabditis elegans (ii) digestion of DNA by restriction
119. non-pathogenic endonucleases
120. Rice and arabidopsis (iii) separation of DNA fragments by
121. bacteria, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, electrophoresis
Drosophila, rice, Arabidopsis (iv) Blotting of separated DNA fragments
122. Expressed sequence tags (v) hybridisation using labelled VNTR probe
123. Expressed Sequence tags and Sequence (vi) detection of hybridised DNA fragments by
Annotation autoradiography
124. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome & Yeast
Artificial Chromosome
125. Frederick Sanger
126. Chromosome 1, May 2006
148. Mini-satellite DigaQ. 3 - tRNA - the adapter molecule
149. 100-20,000 X – tRNA A – Ser
150. Monozygotic twins Y – Anticodon B – Tyr
• DigaQs Z – Codon C – mRNA
DigaQ. 1 - Nucleosome DigaQ. 4 - lac operon
A – DNA X – In absence of inducer
B – H1 histone Y – In presence of inducer
C – Histone octamer L – Repressor mRNA
D – Core of histone molecules M – Repressor
N – Inducer
DigaQ. 2 - Transcription unit A – β-galactosidase
A – Promoter X – Template strand B – Permease
B – Structural gene Y – Coding strand C – Transacetylase
C – Terminator D – lac mRNA

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