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Electro Magnet

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. It explains phenomena such as electrical generators, transformers, inductors and various other applications. The three key points are: 1) An emf is induced in a conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field, 2) This induced current can generate electricity, heat metals, or create radio waves, and 3) Many devices rely on this principle including generators, motors, transformers, inductive chargers and more.

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71 views

Electro Magnet

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. It explains phenomena such as electrical generators, transformers, inductors and various other applications. The three key points are: 1) An emf is induced in a conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field, 2) This induced current can generate electricity, heat metals, or create radio waves, and 3) Many devices rely on this principle including generators, motors, transformers, inductive chargers and more.

Uploaded by

shikharvashishtha1729
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electro Magnet:

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic


field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.

Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when an
electromagnetic field causes molecules in another object to
flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor changes.

Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux


density and the area normal to the field through which the field
is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber
(Wb).
φ=BA
Principle:
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current - it is said to induce the current.
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the
work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832,
Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his
findings until later

Induced e.m.f.s :
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either
by:- (a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected
to a battery and has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is
within the magnetic field produced by B and an e.m.f. can be
produced in A by moving the coils relative to each other or by
changing the size of the current in B. This can be done by using
the rheostat R, switching the current on or off, or (c) using an
a.c. supply for B.
(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B
with a permanent magnet and moving this relative to coil A.)
Representation:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field.

Working and Construction:


Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a
magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are
applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and
causing them to move. This process of generating current in a
conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by
the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take
place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must
be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is
moving in the field. In the animation above the ammeter (the
instrument used to measure current) indicates when there is
current in the conductor.

If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the


electromagnetic field that is produced is constantly growing
and shrinking due to the constantly changing current in the
wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce
electrical current in another wire that is held close to the first
wire. The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact
will look very similar to the current flowing in the first wire.
It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the
strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping
the coil around an iron bar will further concentrate the
magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field will be
strongest inside the bar and at its ends (poles)
Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
applied field to try to keep it constant.

Applications of electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator :
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice
versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and
thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical
energy of motion to electrical energy

Electrical transformer
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of
wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field
will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected
through an electrical load, current will flow.
There are two types of transformer :-
(a) step down transformer
(b) step up transformer
When magnet is not in motion there is no deflection in the
galvanometer

When magnet is moved either in forward direction or in


backward direction there is a deflection in the Galvanometer
as the number of magnetic field lines are changing from the
coil

When the motion of a magnet is fast more magnetic field line


will pass through the loop and the induced current will
increased
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in
the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important
electro-magnetic concept.
Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard
to grasp: it relates an induced
electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field.
This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways: from the shining of the
sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has
on us.
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in
many devices and systems, including:

• Electrical generators
• Induction motors
• Induction sealing
• Inductive charging
• Transformers
• Wireless energy transfer
→ Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

→ Use & handle lab instruments with care.

→ Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop.

→ Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration .


• Wikipedia.com

• Google search engine

• Physics Ncert book for class XII


Pm shri kv ofd
raiPur d.dun
Investigatory Project Physics
Session:2023-24

SUBMITTED BY -- SHIKHAR VASHISHTHA


CLASS --XII
ROLL.NO--
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the SHIKAHR VASHISHTHA has
successfully completed his physics project
Electromagnetic Induction under the supervision and
guidance of Mrs.Manju Rani Rawat in the fulfillment of
physics practical assessment conduct during the
academic year 2023-24

Examiner Teacher
Acknowledgment
I am deeply grateful to my esteemed physics teacher,
Mrs Manju Rani Rawat , for guiding and inspiring me
throughout this remarkable physics project. Their
expertise and encouragement have been instrumental
in shaping this endeavor. I would also like to extend my
sincere appreciation to our school principal Mr. Sunil
Dutt, for providing us with the platform to showcase
our potential through this project.

I express my heartfelt thanks to my parents and friends


for their unwavering support and valuable insights
during the course of this project. Their constant
encouragement has motivated me to strive for
excellence. Without their assistance, this project would
not have reached its successful completion.

Lastly, I extend my gratitude to everyone who played a


role, big or small, in this project’s realization. Your
contributions have been invaluable, and I am genuinely
thankful for your help and guidance.
INDEX
INDEX

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