ST.

ANDREWS SCHOOL

(SESSION-2024-25)
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMTTED TO:

NAME – ALOK JHA Mr. JITENDAR
CLASS: XII SHARMA
SECTION: A
SUBJECT-PHYSICS
ROLL.NO:
 C E R T I F I CA T E

This is Io certify that

ALOK JHA
has successfully completed his Physics
project
tittle
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

under the supervision and guidance of

Mr. JITENDAR SHARMA
in the partial fulfillment of the Physics
practical
assessment conducted during the
academic year
20242025.

EXAMINER T EACHER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to

my physics teacher Mr. JITENDAR SHARMA for
the help and guidance he/she provided for
completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and

inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank
our school management, for providing us the
facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who

have done this project along with me. Their
support made this project fruitful.

STUDENT NAME : ALOK JHA

TOPIC
 INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

Aim 6

Introduction 7

Principle 8

Theory 9-12

Observation 13

Conclusion 14

Application of EMF 15

Precaution 16

Bibliography 17
 AIM

To study the phenomenon of Electromagnetic

Induction

Direction of Movement
Coil or Loop

Galvanometer
 INTRODUCTION

Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned off.

INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity
(in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an EMF is induced
when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.

Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and
the area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a
scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
 PRINCIPLE:

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a

process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or
a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes
the production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current - it
is said to induce the current

Galvanometer
 THEORY

INVENSION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction
in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco
Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.

 Induced e.m.f:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated
in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and
Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f.
could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

Note that the EMF is only produced while the flux is

changing.

For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.

Galvanometer
COil2
 Workingand Construction:

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a

magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force
on the free electrons in the conductor and causing them to move. This
process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor
in a changing magnetic field is called induction. This is called
induction because there is no physical connection between the
conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for this
electromagnetic induction to take place is that the conductor, which is
often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current
flows is determined by the direction of the lines of force and by the
direction the wire is moving in the field. In the animation above the
ammeter (the instrument used to measure current) indicates when there
is current in the conductor.

Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces
a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it.
The induced magnetic
field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in
the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing,
the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced
field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.

B “

B
B V
In

Lenz's Law

Application of electro magnetic Induction

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved
relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created.
If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will flow,
and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical
energy of motion to electrical energy
Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in
reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, . Therefore, an
electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF
or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through
an electrical load, current will flow.
 OBSERVATION

• Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage is

produced.

• Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a greater

induced voltage.

• Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has

greater number of turn and greater voltage is induced.
 CONCLUSION

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday's is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways: from the shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday's Law has on us.
 APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION IN REAL LIFE

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

devices and systems, including:

Electrical generators

Induction motors

Induction sealing

Inductive charging

Transformers

Wireless energy transfer

Wireless charger
 PRECAUTIONS

• Do all the connection carefully

• Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop

• Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration

• Do not use very thick or thin copper wire

• Use only insulated copper wire

• Keep your self safe from high voltage

• Before doing any experiment please consult to your

subject teacher or lab assistance
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Wikipedia.com

• Google search engine

• Physics NCERT book for class XII