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Chemistry O Level Notes

The document summarizes key concepts across 5 chapters: 1) Methods for separating substances including filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, sublimation, and chromatography. 2) Properties of mixtures and purity, measurement techniques, and gas collection methods. 3) Atomic structure including protons, neutrons, isotopes. Relative atomic mass and electronic configurations. 4) Differences between mixtures, compounds and molecules including homogenous/heterogenous mixtures and homoatomic/heteroatomic molecules. Valency and writing chemical formulas. 5) The periodic table organized by periods and trends in atomic number, electrons, and atomic size from left to right in periods.

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71 views

Chemistry O Level Notes

The document summarizes key concepts across 5 chapters: 1) Methods for separating substances including filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, sublimation, and chromatography. 2) Properties of mixtures and purity, measurement techniques, and gas collection methods. 3) Atomic structure including protons, neutrons, isotopes. Relative atomic mass and electronic configurations. 4) Differences between mixtures, compounds and molecules including homogenous/heterogenous mixtures and homoatomic/heteroatomic molecules. Valency and writing chemical formulas. 5) The periodic table organized by periods and trends in atomic number, electrons, and atomic size from left to right in periods.

Uploaded by

MUSBACULATOR
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1:

Filtration  Remove insoluble solid from solution

Crystallization  Separate soluble solid from solution

Evaporation to dryness  Separate soluble solid from solution

Simple distillation  Separate pure solvent from soluble solid

Fractional distillation  Separate soluble/dissolved liquids from each


other

Sublimation  Separate a substance that sublimes, from a mixture

⤷ E.g. Iodine from sand or impure NH3


Chromatography  Separate dyes/colours from each other

⤷ Locating agent for proteins: Ninhydrin solution


Chapter 2:
-Impurity in solid decreases M.P

-Impurity in liquid increases B.P

Diffusion: movement from higher to lower concentration

⤷ Affected by: [1] Mass [2] Density [3] Temperature

To measure liquid volume:

[1] Measuring Cylinder [2] Burette [3] Pipette (25cm3)

Collection of gases:

[1] Gas syringe [2] Downward delivery (heavier than air)

[3] Upward Delivery (lighter than air)

[4] Collection over water (for water insoluble gases) (H2, CH4, He)

[5] Collecting and drying heavier than air gases: Downward delivery
after passing through concentrated sulfuric acid (Acidic and neutral
gases)

[6] Collecting and drying lighter than air gases: Upward delivery after
passing through anhydrous Calcium Chloride (in U-Tube)
Chapter 3:
In an atom, electrons and protons are always present but neutron may
not always be present (Hydrogen)

 Bottom Number on left is Proton/Atomic number


 Upper number on right is Mass/Nucleon number

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar): Mass of atom in comparison to C12 (carbon


isotope)

⤷ Electronic configuration formula: 2n2


But when 3rd shell has 8, it gets extra stability so remaining electrons
are shifted to next shell

Isotopes:

⤷ Atoms of same element with same atomic number, different mass


number

 Same electrons and protons count, different neutron count

 They have same chemical properties, different physical properties


Chapter 4 (Elements, Compounds and Mixtures):
Mixture:

Homogenous  Made of same state of matter (Uniform Composition)

Heterogenous  Made of different states of matter (Non- Uniform


Composition) (E.g. Sand/Chalk in water)

Homoatomic molecules: molecules made of same atoms

Heteroatomic molecules: molecules made of different atoms

Valency: [1] Number of electrons gained or lost by an atom

[2] Number of covalent bonds formed by atom

[3] Number of Hydrogen atoms bonded to any other atom

Writing ionic formula: Valency of each ion is shifted cross-wise

Balancing: [1] Deal one atom at a time

[2] Balance all others except H and O first

[3] In the end, balance H first then O


Chapter 5 (Periodic Table):
 Periods (rows)

 Number of Shells
 Left to right trends (Number of shells remains constant)

 Atomic number increases by 1 (electrons)

 Atomic size decreases

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