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Chemistry Reviewer

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Wendel Delos Reyes
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16 views

Chemistry Reviewer

Uploaded by

Wendel Delos Reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry Reviewer

1. Introduction to Chemistry

 Definition: Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its properties, composition,


structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
 Branches of Chemistry:
o Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
o Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds.
o Physical Chemistry: Study of the physical properties of molecules, and how
chemical reactions occur.
o Analytical Chemistry: Study of the composition of substances.
o Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes within living organisms.

2. Basic Concepts

 Atoms and Molecules:


o Atom: The smallest unit of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
o Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together.
 Elements and Compounds:
o Element: A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom.
o Compound: A substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond in
fixed proportions.

3. Atomic Structure

 Subatomic Particles:
o Proton: Positively charged particle in the nucleus.
o Neutron: Neutrally charged particle in the nucleus.
o Electron: Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus.
 Atomic Number and Mass Number:
o Atomic Number: Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
o Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
 Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

4. Periodic Table

 Organization: Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.


 Groups and Periods:
o Groups: Vertical columns, elements have similar chemical properties.
o Periods: Horizontal rows, properties change progressively across a period.
 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids:
o Metals: Conductive, malleable, ductile (e.g., iron, copper).
o Nonmetals: Poor conductors, not malleable or ductile (e.g., oxygen, sulfur).
o Metalloids: Properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon).

5. Chemical Bonds

 Ionic Bonds: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating
ions (e.g., NaCl).
 Covalent Bonds: Formed when atoms share electrons (e.g., H₂O).
 Metallic Bonds: Formed between metal atoms, where electrons are shared in a lattice
structure.
 Intermolecular Forces: Forces of attraction between molecules, including hydrogen
bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and Van der Waals forces.

6. Chemical Reactions

 Types of Reactions:
o Synthesis (Combination) Reaction: Two or more substances combine to form a
new compound (A + B → AB).
o Decomposition Reaction: A compound breaks down into simpler substances (AB
→ A + B).
o Single Replacement Reaction: One element replaces another in a compound (A
+ BC → AC + B).
o Double Replacement Reaction: Exchange of ions between two compounds (AB
+ CD → AD + CB).
o Combustion Reaction: A substance combines with oxygen, releasing energy
(e.g., CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O).
 Balancing Chemical Equations: Ensure the same number of each type of atom on both
sides of the equation.

7. States of Matter

 Solid: Definite shape and volume, particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.
 Liquid: Definite volume but no definite shape, particles are close but can flow past each
other.
 Gas: No definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.
 Plasma: Ionized gas with free electrons, found in stars and neon lights.

8. Thermochemistry

 Energy Changes: Study of energy changes during chemical reactions.


 Exothermic Reactions: Release energy, usually in the form of heat (e.g., combustion).
 Endothermic Reactions: Absorb energy (e.g., photosynthesis).
 Laws of Thermodynamics:
o First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
o Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.
9. Solutions and Mixtures

 Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.


o Solvent: Substance that dissolves the solute (e.g., water).
o Solute: Substance that is dissolved (e.g., salt).
 Concentration: Amount of solute in a given amount of solvent, expressed in molarity
(moles of solute per liter of solution).
 Types of Mixtures:
o Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform composition (e.g., saltwater).
o Heterogeneous Mixtures: Non-uniform composition (e.g., salad).

10. Acids and Bases

 Definitions:
o Arrhenius: Acids produce H⁺ ions in solution; bases produce OH⁻ ions.
o Bronsted-Lowry: Acids are proton donors; bases are proton acceptors.
 pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (strong acid) to
14 (strong base), with 7 being neutral.
 Neutralization Reactions: Acid and base react to form water and a salt (e.g., HCl +
NaOH → NaCl + H₂O).

11. Redox Reactions

 Oxidation: Loss of electrons.


 Reduction: Gain of electrons.
 Oxidizing Agent: Substance that gains electrons (is reduced).
 Reducing Agent: Substance that loses electrons (is oxidized).

12. Chemical Equilibrium

 Dynamic Equilibrium: State where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same
rate.
 Le Chatelier's Principle: If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it will adjust to
counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium.

13. Organic Chemistry

 Hydrocarbons: Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen.


o Alkanes: Single bonds (e.g., methane, ethane).
o Alkenes: Double bonds (e.g., ethene, propene).
o Alkynes: Triple bonds (e.g., ethyne, propyne).
 Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms within molecules that have characteristic
properties (e.g., hydroxyl group in alcohols, carboxyl group in carboxylic acids)

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