BEED 4 EXTERNAL FORCES THAT CHANGE

THE EARTH'S SURFACE

LAND, CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
MECHANICAL WEATHERING - also
WHAT IS THE CHANGING EARTH?
called physical weathering and
Changing earth means that the Earth, disaggregation, causes rocks to
as a planet, is never static. It undergoes crumble.
continuous changes in the form of
CHEMICAL WEATHERING - changes
changes in the landscape on earth.
the molecular structure of rocks and
The earth movements are divided on soil.
the basis of the forces which cause
GLACIAL EROSION - is primarily
them;
driven by abrasion of the underlying
Endogenic forces- which act in the rocks by rock fragments embedded
interior of the earth. within the ice.

Exogenic forces- that work on the WIND EROSION - is a natural process

surface of the earth that moves soil from one location to
another by wind power.
TYPES OF EXOGENIC FORCES
HUMAN ACTIVITIES - activities such
Weathering - it can happen physically as mining, deforestation, and
by the rocks breaking down owing to construction can also change the Earth'
pressure release, abrasion, animals, s surface.
and plant development as well as
chemically by the rocks finally being WEATHER AND CLIMATE
broken by water, carbon dioxide, living
WEATHER - It refers to the
things, and acid rain.
atmospheric condition in a specific area
Erosion - in earth science, erosion is and time.
the action surface processes (such as
IMPORTANCE OF WEATHER
water flow or wind) that removes soil,
rock or dissolved material from one Weather determines the kind of clothing
location on the Earth's crust, and then to be worn by people in an area.
transports it away to another location
Knowledge of the weather of a place
(not to be confused with weathering
enables people to carry out economic
which involves no movement).
activities that can be sustained by the
How can we save the earth from weather in that place. e.g., dairy cattle
changing? do well in a cool and wet place.
· Conserve Water DIFFERENCE OF WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
· Reuse, Reduce, Recycle
Weather refers to short-term changes
· Plant a Tree
in the atmosphere, while climate refers
· Eat sustainable food to atmospheric changes over longer
periods of time.
· Give up plastics
4 TYPES OF WEATHER there is more than 59 inches of
precipitation each year.
SUNNY - is described as the sun
shining and giving warmth to the land. Dry - These climate zones are so dry
because moisture is rapidly evaporated
CLOUDY - in this weather, the clouds
from the air and there is very little
form up a barrier to block the rays of the
precipitation.
sun.
Temperate - In this zone, there are
WINDY - you can tell it’s windy due to
typically warm and humid summers
the trees swaying in one direction.
with thunderstorms and mild winters.
RAINY - when the clouds are heavy
Continental - These regions have
enough, they cannot hold the water so
warm to cool summers and very cold
they fall in the form of raindrop
winters. In the winter, this zone can
experience snowstorms, strong winds,
and very cold temperatures —
THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF WEATHER sometimes falling below -22°F (-30°C)!
WIND - the movement of air in the Polar - In the polar climate zones, it’s
atmosphere, we measure it with the extremely cold. Even in summer, the
WEATHER VANE and temperatures here never go higher than
ANEMOMETER. 50°F (10°C)!
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - It' s the VEGETATION REGION
weight of air in the atmosphere, we
measure it with the Barometer in Scientists divide the Earth' s land into
millibars. what are called vegetation regions.
These areas have distinct types of
TEMPERATURE - the degree or plants, soil, and weather patterns.
intensity of heat present in a substance Vegetation regions can be divided into
or object, especially as expressed five major types:
according to a comparative scale and
shown by a thermometer. Forest - An area with trees grouped so
that their leaves shade the ground is
PRECIPITATION - is any liquid or called a forest. Forests can have many
frozen water that forms in the different climates, from very warm to
atmosphere and falls back to the earth, very cool.
we measure it with a Rain Gauge.
Grassland - A grassland is a flat and
HUMIDITY - the concentration of water open area where grass is the
vapor present in the air, we measure it predominant type of vegetation.
with the HYGROMETER.
Tundra - A tundra is an area where tree
CLIMATE - is the long-term pattern of growth is difficult because of cold
weather in a particular area. temperatures. Tundras are covered
FIVE MAIN TYPES OF CLIMATES with mostly shrubs, grasses, and
mosses. There are no trees in a tundra
Tropical - In this hot and humid zone, and in general there are fewer types of
the average temperatures are greater vegetation than forests and grasslands.
than 64°F (18°C) year [1] round and
Desert - A desert is a barren area of a: the customary beliefs, social forms,
landscape where little precipitation and material traits of a racial, religious,
occurs and, consequently, living or social group also : the characteristic
conditions are hostile for plant and features of everyday existence (such as
animal life. The lack of vegetation diversions or a way of life) shared by
exposes the unprotected surface of the people in a place or time
ground to denudation.
b: the set of shared attitudes, values,
Ice sheet - An ice sheet is a mass of goals, and practices that characterizes
glacial ice more than 50,000 square an institution or organization
kilometers (19,000 square miles). Ice
CHARACTERISTICS OF
sheets contain about 99% of the fresh
POPULATION
water on Earth, and are sometimes
called continental glaciers. As ice Age: It is a highly important
sheets extend to the coast and over the characteristic as it not only affects how
ocean, they become ice shelves. a place develops, it also affects how
quickly it changes.
POPULATION AND CULTURE
Gender: As time has progressed, the
Population is the term typically used to
difference between the genders has
refer to the number of people in a single
decreased but there are still small
area. Governments conduct a census
impacts they have.
to quantify the size of a resident
population within a given jurisdiction. Ethnicity: Urban areas are more likely
The term is also applied to animals, to have a greater variety of ethnicities
microorganisms, and plants, and has and nationalities. In rural areas,
specific uses within such fields as clustering is less likely to happen
ecology and genetics. (From Wikipedia) meaning the variety of international
cultures is much smaller
a: the whole number of people or
inhabitants in a country or region Density: It is the number of people per
unit of area. It is one of the most
b: the total of individuals occupying an
important characteristics as it
area or making up a whole
determines the kind of area and has the
c: a body of persons or individuals most profound effect on it.
having a quality or characteristic in
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
common (From Merriam Webster)
Culture is Learned: Culture is not
Culture is an umbrella term which
thought of as inherited or innate; culture
encompasses the social behavior,
is learned through experiences.
institutions, and norms found in human
societies, as well as the knowledge, Culture is Shared: Culture is shared
beliefs, arts, laws, customs, by members of a group. One individual'
capabilities, and habits of the s actions are not considered a culture.
individuals in these groups. Culture is
often originated from or attributed to a Culture is Symbolic: Culture uses
specific region or location. (From symbols, and the members of a culture
Wikipedia) understand the meanings of their
shared symbols.
Culture is Integrated: Culture is goods and services are chosen by the
composed of integrated, connected influence of the citizens and businesses
elements. in the chosen country, the government
has little intervention. This is also
Culture is Dynamic: Culture adapts
known as a free economy, free market,
and changes over time. Culture is
or free market economy.
dynamic, as opposed to static.
MIXED - A mixed economy basically a
FACTORS OF POPULATION
mash up of a command economy, and
Birth Rate: It is the number of babies a market economy. A portion of the
born in an area. It is usually measured economy is a free market, and a portion
in live births per thousand of the is still controlled by the government.
population in a year.
TRADITIONAL - Traditional economies
Death Rate: It is the opposite of the are economies that don't run on the
birth rate; it is the number of people who basis of profit. Rather, they focus on the
have died in the area. Much like birth trade and bartering of goods and
rate, it is measured per thousand of the services which allow individuals to
population in a year. This can affect any survive in a particular region, group, or
age group. culture.

Migration: It is also an important factor LAND USE

to consider when looking at population
AGRICULTURAL - This is altering the
structure. Migration is the act of people
land to produce varying agricultural
moving from one place to another.
products for human consumption, such
FACTORS OF CULTURE as growing crops or keeping livestock.,

Values: According to almost every INDUSTRIAL - Industrial land use

author value is most important part of includes the production and
culture which affects our behaviour as manufacturing of different Industrial
a consumer. The values are beliefs and Factorie goods, it includes large-scale
norms accepted by a society which is site.
distinct from our cultures.
COMMERCIAL - Commercial land use
Norms: The norms of public behaviour is converting land to be able to sell
are another important aspect of culture goods and services.
which relates to public appearance.
RESIDENTIAL - Residential land use
4 TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS involves the building of properties to
live in.
COMMAND (OR PLANNED) - A
command economy is the opposite of a RECREATIONAL - This is converting
market economy. In a command land for human enjoyment, such as
economy, instead of the price of goods parks.
and services being decided by private
TRANSPORTATION - Transportation
enterprises and individual citizens, its
land use is altering the land for various
controlled by the government.
transportation methods.
MARKET - In a market economy, you
will find that the decisions of pricing the
RESOURCES can be used for navigation and for
collecting data about the Earth's
NATURAL RESOURCES - Natural
surface. GPS can be used to create
further classified into different types
accurate maps, track movement, and
based on, the degree of advancement
study the Earth's physical features.
and utilization of genuine assets that
are being utilized in the current whose Culture and Its Components
amount is realized; they are coal and
Culture
petrol. What' s more, the potential
assets that are not being utilized as of · According to Arthur Asa Berger,
now and could be utilized in the future the word "culture" is a French term that
once the innovation ' s whole amount is derived from the Latin word "colere,"
may not be known, are the uranium which means tend to the earth and
saves. grow, or cultivation and nurture
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES · The Center for Advanced
OF NATURAL RESOURCES? Research on Language Acquisition
defines culture as behavioral and
Renewable resource - Resources that
interactional patterns, cognitive
are available in infinite quantity and can
models, and understanding are all
be used repeatedly are called
acquired through socializing. Simply
renewable resources. Example: Forest,
such, culture can be defined as the
Wind, Water
development of a group identity
Non-renewable resource - Resources supported by particular social patterns
that are limited in abundance due to inside the group.
their non-renewable nature and whose
MAIN ELEMENTS THAT MAKE-UP A
availability may run out in the future are
CULTURE
called non-renewable resources.
Examples include Fossil fuels, Minerals SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - Refers to
the web of connections between people
TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
in a group and how they interact. This
· Geographic Information web of connections enables group
Systems (GIS) - is a powerful tool that members to stay in contact with one
can be used to collect, store, another and preserve a sense of
manipulate, and analyze geographical connection. Puts its members in small
data. It can be used to create maps, units to address basic needs.
study patterns, and trends, and make
LANGUAGE - Each culture has a
predictions.
spoken language, even those without
· Remote Sensing - is another significant writing systems. The cultural
powerful tool that can be used to collect backgrounds of those who speak the
data about the Earth's surface. This same language tend to be similar.
data can be used to create images and Many communities have a significant
maps, study land use and land cover, number of people of many different
and monitor environment conditions. languages. There could be multiple
dialects of one language.
· Global Positioning System
(GPS) - is a satellite-based system that
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS - A Market Economy: buying and selling
tradition is a method of thinking, feeling, goods and services
or behaving that has been observed by
Command Economy: The
members of a certain community,
government controls what/how goods
society, family, or other group for a long
are produced and what they cost.
amount of time. A common usage or
Individuals have little economic power
practice within a community, location,
or group of individuals is referred to as Mixed Economy: Individuals make
a custom. some economic decisions and the
government makes others.
· Rules of Behavior
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
· Holidays and Celebrations
● Cultural diversity refers to the variety
· Food
of cultures existing together in a place
· Clothing or community.
· Shelter ● Cultural diversity can also be referred
to as multiculturalism, especially in
· Transportation
larger settings.
Religion (Monotheism - Worship one
Examples of Cultural Diversity (in the
God Polytheism - Worship more than
Family, Community, and in the Society)
one God Monotheism - Islam (Allah)
Polytheism - Hinduism (Deva, Devi, ● Religion - Different religions or
Ishvara, Ishvari, Bhagavān and spiritual beliefs often exist within a
Bhagavati) multicultural society.
Arts and Literature -Products of the ● Languages - A society with diverse
human imagination ; Passing on the cultures may contain a wide range of
culture Examples: art, music, literature, spoken languages, while usually having
and folk tales one common language that all
members speak either as a first or
Forms of Government - People who
second language.
hold power in a society; Society’s laws
and political institutions Democracy: ● Gender Roles - We often see that
People have supreme power, and the different cultures have different cultural
government acts by and with consent expectations and roles for men and
Republic: People choose leaders who women.
represent them Dictatorship:
● Beliefs & Values - Cultural values
ruler/group holds power by force,
are passed on from one generation to
usually relying on military support for
another, which ensures the continuity of
power
traditions within a group of people.
Economic Systems
● Race
Traditional Economy: people produce
● Family Structures - Most human
most of what they need to survive
societies are built around family
(hunting, gathering, farming, herding
structures, which are believed to be the
cattle, make own clothes/tools)
building blocks of a society.
● Holidays & Festivals - Nations with ● Ethnic Subcultures - A group of
great cultural diversity tend to celebrate people who have different beliefs and
the holidays and festivals of each living standards.
culture, proudly showing-off the
● Regional Subcultures - A group of
nation’s diversity and rich tapestry of
people from a particular part of a
traditions.
country or people living in a particular
● Clothing - Clothing styles, traditional location.
dress, and adornments are often
NATIONAL IDENTITY - is a person's
unique to a cultural group.
identity or sense of belonging to one or
● Parental Status - Parents in different more states or one or more nations.
cultures often have very different
Importance of National Identity - A
approaches to parenting.
national identity unites and builds a
● Socioeconomic - Socioeconomic bond among all members of the
diversity refers to the diversity in society. Having a clear national identity
people's educational background and is important and unites all citizens into
financial status. one in-group.
● Communication - Slavic cultures are Nationalism - is an ideology which
known for their abruptness, South-East shows an individual's love & devotion
Asian societies for their highly towards his nation. It is actually
hierarchical expectations of how to talk people's feelings for their nation as
to and greet others, while the West is superior to all other nations.
known for its low context
CULTURAL CHANGE
● Organizational Diversity - Families
Material Culture - Refers to the
differ in their structure, in their
physical objects, artifacts, and tangible
household type, and in the ways labor
aspects of a society's way of life.
divided within the household.
Non-material Culture - Those are the
SUBCULTURE - A subculture is a
intangible aspects of a culture.
group of people within a cultural society
that differentiates itself from the Factors Affecting Cultural Change
conservative and standard values to
which it belongs. Demographic Changes - Changes in
population demographics, particularly
Types of Subcultures: in aging populations.
● Youth Subcultures - A group of Social Movements - Movements
people that are living in the same advocating for social change, such as
geographical location or belonging to feminist, LGBTQ+ rights and family and
the same culture but have different marriage can challenge existing cultural
perspective because of their age norms and values, prompting shifts in
differences. society.
● Religious Subcultures - A group of Environmental Factors -
people who have similar religious Environmental challenges and
beliefs. concerns, such as climate change can
lead to shifts in cultural values and
practices and different house styles.
Globalization - It facilitates the
exchange of ideas, values, and
practices across borders, can lead to
the blending of cultures and the
adoption of new practices and beliefs..