Class 12

Name Reactions
Organic Chemistry

Sourav Dutta
ST. XAVIER’S INSTITUTION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER: HALOALKANES AND
HALOARENES ................................................................................. 3
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1. MARKOWNIKOV’S ADDITION: .............................................................................................................. 3
2. ANTIMARKOWNIKOV’S ADDITION (PEROXIDE EFFECT / KHARASCH EFFECT): ................................................ 3
3. DARZEN’S METHOD: ........................................................................................................................... 3
4. SWARTS REACTION: ............................................................................................................................ 3
5. FINKELSTEIN REACTION: ....................................................................................................................... 3
6. HUNDSDIECKER REACTION: .................................................................................................................. 4
7. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION: ................................................................................................ 4
A. SN2 REACTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4
B. SN1 REACTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4
8. ELIMINATION REACTION: (SYATZEFF’S RULE) ........................................................................................... 5
9. WURTZ REACTION:.............................................................................................................................. 5
10. SANDMEYER’S REACTION:.................................................................................................................. 5
11. GATTERMANN REACTION................................................................................................................... 6
12. WURTZ-FITTIG REACTION: .................................................................................................................. 6
13. FITTIG REACTION: ............................................................................................................................. 6
14. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION: ............................................................................................. 6
A. CHLORINATION REACTION: ......................................................................................................................... 6
B. NITRATION REACTION: ................................................................................................................................. 7
C. SULPHONATION REACTION ........................................................................................................................... 7
D. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ALKYLATION ...................................................................................................................... 7
E. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ACYLATION ....................................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER: ALCOHOL, PHENOL AND

ETHER ...................................................................................... 8

1. HYDROBORATION REACTION: .............................................................................................................. 8

2. LUCAS REAGENT TEST: ......................................................................................................................... 8
3. DOW’S PROCESS: ............................................................................................................................... 9
4. KOLBE’S REACTION ............................................................................................................................ 9
5. REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION: ............................................................................................................. 10
6. COUPLING REACTION (AZODYE TEST): ................................................................................................ 10
7. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN PHENOL .............................................................................. 10
A. BROMINATION REACTION: ......................................................................................................................... 10
B. SULPHONATION ......................................................................................................................................... 11
C. NITRATION ................................................................................................................................................. 11
D. ALKYLATION .............................................................................................................................................. 12
E. ACYLATION ............................................................................................................................................... 12
8. WILLIAMSON’S SYNTHESIS REACTION: ................................................................................................. 12
9. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ETHER ................................................................................. 13
A. BROMINATION ........................................................................................................................................... 13
B. NITRATION ................................................................................................................................................. 13
C. SULPHONATION ......................................................................................................................................... 13
F. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ACYLATION ..................................................................................................................... 13

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G. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ALKYLATION.................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS: ....................................................... 15

1. ROSENMUND’S REACTION: ................................................................................................................ 15

2. STEPHEN’S REDUCTION: ..................................................................................................................... 15
3. IODOFORM REACTION: ..................................................................................................................... 15
4. CLEMMENSEN’S REDUCTION: ............................................................................................................. 16
5. WOLFF-KISHNER REDUCTION: ............................................................................................................ 16
6. ALDOL CONDENSATION: ................................................................................................................... 17
7. CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION ...................................................................................................... 19
8. CANNIZZARO REACTION: .................................................................................................................. 19
9. BENZOIN CONDENSATION: ................................................................................................................ 20
10. PERKIN’S REACTION: ....................................................................................................................... 20
11. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN BENZALDEHYDE AND ACETOPHENONE ....................................
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A. HALOGENATION: ...................................................................................................................................... 20
B. NITRATION:................................................................................................................................................ 21
C. SULPHONATION: ........................................................................................................................................ 21
12. KOLBE’S ELECTROLYSIS: ................................................................................................................... 22
13. HELL VOLHARD ZELINSKY REACTION (HVZ REACTION): ....................................................................... 22
14. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN BENZOIC ACID ................................................................... 23
A. HALOGENATION: ...................................................................................................................................... 23
B. NITRATION:................................................................................................................................................ 23
C. SULPHONATION: ........................................................................................................................................ 23

CHAPTER: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN: ................................................... 24

1. HOFFMANN’S AMMONOLYSIS: ........................................................................................................... 24

2. HOFFMANN DEGRADATION OF ACID AMIDE: ....................................................................................... 24
3. GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS: ...................................................................................................... 24
4. CARBYLAMINE REACTION: ................................................................................................................. 25
5. SCHOTTEN BAUMANN REACTION: ....................................................................................................... 25
6. HINSBERG’S TEST .............................................................................................................................. 26
7. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN AROMATIC AMINES: ............................................................. 27
A. HALOGENATION: ...................................................................................................................................... 27
B. NITRATION:................................................................................................................................................ 28
C. SULPHONATION: ........................................................................................................................................ 29 8.
BALZ-SCHIEMANN REACTION: ........................................................................................................... 30

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CHAPTER: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

1. MARKOWNIKOV’S ADDITION:

2. ANTIMARKOWNIKOV’S ADDITION (PEROXIDE EFFECT / KHARASCH EFFECT):

3. DARZEN’S METHOD:

4. SWARTS REACTION :

5. FINKELSTEINREACTION :

6. HUNDSDIECKER REACTION:

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7. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION:

A. SN2 REACTION

OH

B. SN1 REACTION

8. ELIMINATION REACTION: (SYATZEFF’S RULE)

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Major Product Minor Product

9. WURTZ REACTION:

10. SANDMEYER’S REACTION:

11. GATTERMANN REACTION

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12. WURTZ-FITTIG REACTION:

13. FITTIG REACTION:

14. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION:

A. CHLORINATION REACTION:

+ HCl

B. NITRATION REACTION:

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+ H2O

C. SULPHONATION REACTION

+ H2O

D. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ALKYLATION

+ HCl

E. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ACYLATION

+ HCl

CHAPTER: ALCOHOL, PHENOL AND ETHER

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1. HYDROBORATION REACTION:

2. LUCAS REAGENT TEST:

Lucas reagent is an equimolar mixture of concentrated HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2.

a. If turbidity appears immediately: ALCOHOL is TERTIARY

b. If turbidity appears after sometimes: ALCOHOL is SECONDARY

c. If turbidity does not appear: ALCOHOL is PRIMARY

3. DOW’S PROCESS:

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4. KOLBE’S REACTION

5. REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION:

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6. COUPLING REACTION (AZODYE TEST):

7. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN PHENOL

A. BROMINATION REACTION:

B. SULPHONATION

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+ H2O

C. NITRATION

+ H 2O

In order to improve the yield of Picric acid:

D. ALKYLATION

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+ HCl

E. ACYLATION

8. WILLIAMSON’S SYNTHESIS REACTION:

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9. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN
ETHER

A. BROMINATION

+ HBr

B. NITRATION

+ H2O

C. SULPHONATION

F. FRIEDELC RAFT’ S ACYLATION

G. FRIEDEL CRAFT’S ALKYLATION

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CHAPTER: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS:

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1. ROSENMUND’S REACTION:

2. STEPHEN’S REDUCTION:

3. IODOFORM REACTION:

4. CLEMMENSEN’S REDUCTION:

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5. WOLFF-KISHNER REDUCTION:

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6. ALDOL CONDENSATION:

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7. CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION

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+ H2O

8. CANNIZZARO REACTION:

9. BENZOIN CONDENSATION:

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10. PERKIN’S REACTION:

11. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN BENZALDEHYDE AND

ACETOPHENONE

A. HALOGENATION:
Due to the deactivation of the ring, the halogenation is quite difficult. However,
acetophenone when treated with bromine in presence of excess of anhydrous AlCl 3
forms m-bromoacetophenone.

B. NITRATION:

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C. SULPHONATION:

12. KOLBE’S ELECTROLYSIS:

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2CH3COOK + 2H2O Electrolysis C2H6 + 2KOH
+ H2 + 2CO2

OR

2CH3COONa 2CH3COO- + 2Na+

+
H2O H + OH-

At anode: 2CH3COO- - 2e- → 2CH3COO → CH3CH3 + 2CO2

(Unstable)

At cathode: 2H+ + 2e- → H2

13. HELL VOLHARD ZELINSKY REACTION (HVZ REACTION):

14. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN BENZOIC ACID

A. HALOGENATION:

B. NITRATION:

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C. SULPHONATION:

CHAPTER: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN:

2. HOFFMANN DEGRADATION OF ACID AMIDE:

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3. GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS:

4. CARBYLAMINE REACTION:

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5. SCHOTTEN BAUMANN REACTION:

6. HINSBERG’S TEST

1o Amine: With Hinsberg’s reagent 1o Amine forms N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide which
dissolves in aqueous KOH to give a potassium salt. And on acidification with dilute HCl it
regenerates the insoluble sulphonamide.

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2o Amine: With Hinsberg’s reagent 2o Amine forms N, N-dialkyl benzene sulphonamide

which is insoluble in aqueous KOH and even after acidification.

3o Amine: does not react with Hinsberg’s reagent.

7. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN AROMATIC AMINES:

A. HALOGENATION:

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In order to get Ortho and Para Product separately →

B. NITRATION:

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In order to get Ortho and Para Product separately →

In order to get Meta Product →

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Under strong acidic condition, aniline gets promoted to form anilinium cation which being
electron deficient deactivates the ortho and para position, thus electrophile attack takes pace
in the meta position.

8. BALZ-SCHIEMANN REACTION:

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Note: Benzaldehyde, Benzoic acid and Nitrobenzene does not undergo Friedel Craft’s Alkylation
and Acetylation due to -R and -I effect.

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