C l a s s - X 7 1

for
VK Zoology
92
Iliteracy education.
child labour which affects their
Population explosion encourages
Housingproblem areas to the urban
areis
caus
leads to migration of
people from rural
ropulation explosion unhygienic and
insanitaryCOT
the growth ofslum areas. People live in most
Increase in pollution ofthe earth. Higner D ac
e n v i r o n m e n t a l quality
in all spheres biosphere
and creates

declines the damages

the
Overpopulation
w a s t e s and
adds m o r e toxic
c a u s e s m o r e pollution,

unhygienic
conditions by accumulation of wastes.
the e d u c a t e d
youth which
Social Problems among
frustration and anger
creates
and poverty
murder etc.
prostitution and
Onemployment
leads to robbery, beggary,
user-friendly
should be
control ideal contraceptive interfere with
Methods of birth available, An
methods a r e effects. It s h o u l d n ' t
Various contraceptive least side follows:
r e v e r s i b l e with
noor as
and methods a r e grouped
effective
easily available,
contraceptive
Different

sexual drive o r
s e x act ofthe u s e r .
1. Natural methods and ovum.
avoid the mectingofthe sperm
These methods 17th
(avoidance ofsex) from day 10th to
abstinence (copulation)
(i) P e r i o d i c avoid o r abstain
from coitus
female when
ovulation can

In this
method the couple period) ofthe
m e n s t r u a l cycle
(fertile period/unsafe this period.
day ofthe fertilization is very high during
be expected
and chances of

23 Infertile Period

Unsafe ffertile
peciod

cycle)
(Fig. 2.1. Unsafe period of the menstrual
ReproductiveHealth
93
Calculation of unsafe period if the duration of menstrual cycle varies
Note the days ofthe shortest menstrual eycle. Subtract 18 from it. This is the Ist day ofthe
unsafe periodofthat woman. Now, take the longest cycle. Subtract 11 from it. This is the last
unsafe period.
day ofthe
eg lfthe durationof the shortest cycle is 27 days and thatofthe longest cycle is 33 days.
The unsafe period ofthat woman is from 9th day to 22nd day.
Shortest- 18 i.e. 27-18 = 9th day

Longest- 11 i.e. 33-1ll=22nd day

i) Withdrawal method or pull out method or coitus interruptus

Inthis method, the couple proceeds with intercourse in the usual way until the moment of
eiaculation, Just before ejaculation, the male partner withdraws his penis from vagina and
discharges the semen outside to avoid insemination. Itisextremelyunreliable as it requires
enter the vagina before climax. It interrupts
great self-control, experience and some sperms may
sex and does not protect against
STDs.
(Gii) Lactational amenorrhea(LAM)
It a natural birth control technique based on the fact that intense lactation (breastfeeding)
causes amenorrhea (lack of menstruation). The mother must nurse her baby on demand, day
and night. Since the Menstrual cycle and ovulation do not occur duringintense lactation
period following parturition, So the chances of pregnancy are low during this period. However,
this method is effective only up to maximum period of six months following parturition.
Itis a temporary method of contraception in which the chance of failure is high.
2. Barrier methods
in these methods the ovum and sperm do not meet due to barriers.

) Condoms
COndoms are made the thin rubber/latex sheath that are used to cover the penis in the male or
vagina and cervix in thefemale just before coitus which prevents physical meeting gametes.
The condom traps the ejaculated semen and prevent it from entering the vagina. It protects
the user from STDs and AIDS.

Male condom:Itis a narrow tube usually madeofnaturalrubber/latex sheath, which is

Close at one end. Condom covers the erected penis before intercourse which holds semen
t h e man has ejaculated. Condoms may slip of or break if not put on correctly. Torn by
mais, using wrong lubricant, vigorous sexual intercourse, softening of penis before
t a n d loss of strength ofnubber keeping it ina wam place. If used corectly according
manutacturer's instructions, condoms can be 98% reliabie.
Fem: Condom: Also
called vaginal pouch. It is a tube of very thin rubber or polyurethane
C,Which is pre-lubricated, with a silicone base. Instead ofcovering the penis, female
Oms go inside the
vagina for pregnancy prevention and protection from STDs.
94
K Zoology for Class-X
It is closed at one end and has two flexible rings. The loose inner ring tits inside the vagina and
the fixed outer ring stays flat on the outside of the vagina. It stops sperms from entering tha
vagina. Female condoms are known as femidom(UK), reality (US) and femshield (Indial
Female condoms are 95% reliable if used according to manufacturer's instruction.

UNROLLD

ROLLED

MALE CONDOM
FEMALE CONDOM
(Fig. 2.2. Male and female condom)
(i) Vaginal diaphragm
It is thin,
nearly hemispherical dome made of latex, silicone or
metal ring at the soft rubber, with a circular
periphery. It is placed over the
cervix with
left in place for at least six hours
after sex.The
spring
spermicide before sex and
in the rim of
against vaginal walls. The diaphragm covers
the the diaphragm forms a seal
from entering the uterus. It retains the cervix, and physically
95% reliable if used spermicides in contact prevents sperm
with the cervical os.
according manufacturer's instruction.
to These are
ii) Cervical caps and vaults
Cervical caps are small dome
holds spermicide and shaped rubber appliances
prevents the sperms reaching an egg.
designed to cover the cervix. It

VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM
(Fig. 2.3. Vaginal diaphragm and
CERVICAL CAP
Cervical caps)
Reproductive Health
C95
3. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
An intrauterine device is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into uterus to
Drevent pregnancy. TUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control. These are of following
types
Non-medicated IUDs Lippes loop
Copper releasing IUDs Cu-T, Cu-7, Multiload 375
Hormone releasing IUDs Progestasert, LNG-20
The presence ofthe IUD in the endometrial cavity stimulates an intflammatory reaction causing
release of macrophages, which are capable of destroying sperm before they can get into the tube
to fertilize the egg. Copper supresses sperm mortility and fertilizing capacity ofthe sperm.
Hormone releasing IUDmakes the uterine wall unsuitable for implantation. The devices are inserted
by doctors in the uterus through the vagina. Copper IUD's are also commonly used as an emergency
contraceptive method.

Advantages Disadvantages
99% effective in preventing pregnancy. Does not provide protection against STDs
Does notinterfere with intercourse. Iregular periods
Can be removed whenever one wants. Risk ofinfection
Spontaneous expulsion

IUD

COPPER
WIRE -STRINGS

(Fig. 2.4. Copper-T IUD)

4. Chemical method

permicides means a contraceptive substance that destroyssperm. Spermicide foam tablets,

s andJelies are inserted into the vagina before intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Aspemicide
u s e d alone. However, it is more effectiveifcombined with barrier methods such as
gms, condoms, cervical caps, and sponges. The most common active ingredient of
spemicides is nonoxynol-9.e.g. Durafoam tablets
 VK Zoologyfor Class-XII
96
5. Hormonal control
small doses of either
) Oral contraceptive pills: Contraceptive pills containing
combinations (combined pills) are taken
progestogens (mini pills) or progestogen-estrogen for 21 days starting
one needs to take these pills
bythe females.They prevent ovulation. Typically, Research reinstitute (CDR), Lucknow
within the first five days ofthe menstrual cycle. Central Drug
has developed a molecule 'centchroman' which was marketed under
the brand name Saheli, the
world's first non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill. The molecule centchroman offers a unique
combination of weak estrogenic and potent anti-estrogenic properties.Saheli blocks estrogen.
By blocking estrogen in the uterus, it alters the uterus lining, which prevents implantation of a
fertilized egg and thus prevents pregnancy. Saheli is a once-a-week pill with little side effects
and a high contraceptive value.
Gi) Morning after pills (Emergency contraceptives): It is not a regular contraceptive
pill, but an emergency birth control pill which should only be used in an emergency (rape cases,
unprotected sex and condom breaks etc.) to prevent fertilization and implantation. It can prevent
contraceptionif taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex. The sooner the pill is taken, the
better the results. But these pills should not be taken if the
lady is already pregnant.lt is 98%
effective in preventing pregnancy.
e.g., i-pill, unwanted 72 etc.
Advantages
It does not interrupt the act
of intercourse.
It usually makes period regular.
It reduces risk of
cancer of the ovaries and uterus, ovanan cysts etc.
It may protect
against pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Disadvantages
It has temporary side effects at first, such as
headaches, nausea,mood swings etc.
It can increase the
blood pressure.
It does not protect from STDs.
It may increase the risk
of thrombosis ,breast cancer etc.
(ii)
Implants (Norplant): It is a small flexible rod like structure which
ovulatory hormone progesterone. Six mateh stick sized produces anti-
tiny capsules containing
progesterone are implanted under the skin above the elbow a small synthetic
t by surgery under local anesthesia.
prevents release of eggs by releasing progesterone for 5 years. No egg, No
pregnancy.
Reproductive Health 97
NORPLANT CAPSULE
(Fig. 2.5. Norplant insertion)
(iv) Hormone injections: Progesterone derivative injections which are given once in every
3 months, they release hormone slowly and prevent ovulation(e.g. Depo-provea). Women who
use Depo-Provera injection may lose significant bone mineral density.
(Fig. 2.6. Contraceptive Hormone injection)
6. Surgical methods
These are permanent methods ofbirth control. Surgical methods block gamete transport and
hence prevent fertilization. Sterilisation procedure in the male is termed as vasectomy and in female
astubectomy.
(a) Vasectomy
Itis an effective and safe form of birth control method in men. It is a surgical procedure in
which a part of the vas deferens is cut and removed through surgery. This disconnection ensures
absenceofsperms in the ejaculate dhuring interoourse, thus malking him sterile. Spem are still produced
by the testicles, but they are broken down and absorbed.
It is a simple and quick operation.
No side effect.
Highly effective and permanent method
t blockssperms only and does not affect the sexual drive(erection, orgasm, ejaculation etc.)
BIRTH CONTROL
Reproductive Health 99
Natural Method
(Rhythm method, coitus interruptus, lactational amenorrhea)
Chemical method (Foam tablets, jellies, creams)
-Temporary-
Male (Condom)
Barrier
method
Female (Condom, cervical cap, diaphragm)
IUDs (Lippes loop.Cu-T, Su-7, multiload 375, LNG-20)
- Pills
Hormonal. -Implants (Norplant)
method
- Injections
Vasectomy
-Permanent-
-Tubectomy
-MTP