Lesson 4

 Trigonometric Functions

 Cos u du = Sin u + c

 Sin u du = - Cos u + c

 Sec² u du = Tan u + c

 Csc ² u du = - Cot u + c

 Sec u Tan u du = Sec u + c

 Csc u Cot u du = - Csc u + c

Examples:

1.  Cot² y dy from: trigonometric identity

Cot² y = Csc² y – 1
Substitute;
=  (Csc² y – 1) dy =  Csc² y dy -  dy = - Cot y –y + c

Cos  d 
3

2. 
1  Sin 

Cos   Cos   d 
2
1  Sin 2
 Cos  d 
  1  Sin 
  1  Sin 
1  Sin  1  Sin  Cos  d 
  1  Sin 

  1  Sin  Cos  d    Cos   Sin  Cos   d 

First answer:
 Sin 
2

= Sin θ + +c
2
Second answer:
Cos 
2

= Sin θ - +c
2
Third answer:
1  Sin  
2

= +c
2
2
Cos ydy
 1  Siny
3.
1  Sin
2
y 1  Siny 1  Siny  dy
  1  Siny
dy   1  Siny
  1  Siny  dy   dy   Sinydy
= y – Cos y + c

Lesson 5

 Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

Many trigonometric integrals can be evaluated after transformations of the
integrand, requiring only the most familiar trigonometric formulas

Type I. ∫ Sin m x Cos n x dx,

Where either m or n is positive odd integer
A. ∫ Sin m x Cos n x dx, where n = odd
= ∫ Sin x Cos x Cos x dx
m n 1

Ex. ∫ Sin⁴ x Cos 5 x dx = ∫ Sin⁴ x Cos⁴ x Cos x dx

B. ∫ Cos n x Sin m x dx; where m = odd

=∫ Cos n x Sin m  1 x Sin m x dx
Ex. ∫ Cos⁴x Sin³x dx = ∫ Cos⁴x Sin²x Sin x dx
Used:
A. Identity
Cos² x = 1 - Sin² x
B. Identity
Sin² x = 1 - Cos² x

Application 1. ∫ Sin⁴ x Cos⁵ x dx = ∫ Sin⁴ x Cos⁴ x Cos x dx

 From Cos²x = 1 - Sin²x
=∫ Sin⁴ x(1 - Sin² x)² Cos x dx = ∫ Sin⁴ x(1 – 2 Sin²x + Sin⁴ x)Cos x dx
=∫ (Sin⁴ x – 2Sin⁶ x + Sin⁸ x) Cos x dx
5 7 9
Sin x 2 Sin x Sin x
=    c
5 7 9
Type II. ∫ Tan n x dx, or ∫ Cot n x dx; where n is an integer.
Using, Trigonometric identity
Tan²x = Sec²x – 1; Cot²x = Csc²x – 1

Application 2. ∫ Tan⁵ x dx = ∫ Tan⁴ x Tan x dx

From Tan² x = Sec² x – 1
= ( Sec² x – 1)² Tan x dx = ∫(Sec⁴ x – 2Sec² x+ 1) Tan x dx
= ∫ Sec⁴ x Tan x dx - 2∫ Sec² x Tan x dx + ∫ Tan x dx
u = Sec x du = Sec x Tan x dx
4
Sec x
a) = - Tan² x – ln Cos x + c
4
4
Sec x
b) = - Sec² x – ln Cos x + c
4
4
Sec x
c) = - Tan² x + ln Sec x + c
4
4
Sec x
d) = - Sec² x + ln Sec x + c
4
Type III. ∫ Tan m x Sec n x dx, or ∫ Cot m x Csc n x dx, where n is a positive even
integer.
Application 3. ∫ Tan³x Sec⁴ x dx = ∫ Tan³ x Sec² x Sec² x dx
= ∫ Tan³ x( 1+Tan² x) Sec² x dx
= ∫ Tan³ x Sec² x dx + ∫ Tan⁵ x Sec² x dx
4 6
Tan x Tan x
=   c
4 6
Type IV. ∫ Sin m x Cos n x dx, where both m and n are positive even integers.
Using, Trigonometric Identity:
Sin 2x = 2Sin x Cos x
Sin² x = ½(1-Cos 2x)
Cos² x = ½(1+Cos 2x)
Cos² 2x = ½(1+Cos 4x)
Sin² 2x = ½(1-Cos 4x)
Application 4. ∫ Sin⁴ x Cos⁴ x dx = ∫ (Sin x Cos x)⁴ dx
 4 2
 Sin 2 x  1 
  Sin 
1 2 1
    dx 
2
2 x dx   
1  Cos 4 x  dx
 2  16 16 2 
1  
 1  2 Cos 
1 1
 4 x  Cos 4 x dx 

dx  2  Cos 4 xdx   1  Cos 8 x  dx
2

64 64  2 
1  Sin 4 x x Sin 8 x 
 x     c
 
64  2 2 16 

1 3x Sin 4 x Sin 8 x 

    c
 
64  2 2 16 

Exercises:
Evaluate the following:
1. ∫ Sin 3x dx
2. ∫ Cos ´y dy
2
Cos ydy
3.  4
Sin y
4. ∫ Tan³θ dθ
5. ∫ Cot 6 θ dθ

Lesson 6

 Inverse Trigonometric Function

du u
∫ = Arc Sin + c, a > 0,
a u
2 2
a
du 1 u
∫ = Arc tan +c
a  u
2 2
a a
In applying the first equation, it is important to note that the numerator du is
the differential of the variable quantity u which appears squared inside the square
root symbol.

Examples:
a  4
dx
1.  u  x
 x
2
16
du  dx
 dx 1 x
   Arc tan +c
4  x
2 2
4 4
3 x  2  dx 3 x  1  5 3  x  1  dx 5 dx
2.    dx    
x  2 x  17 x  2 x  17 x  2 x  17 x  2 x  17
2 2 2

Where:
3  x  1  dx
for 
x  2 x  17
2

u  x  2 x  17
2

du   2 x  2  dx  2  x  1  dx

1
cf 
2

5 dx 5 dx 5 dx
For    x    x  1
x  2 x  17
2 2

 2 x  1  16
2
 4
2

a  4
u  x 1
du  dx
3 x  2  dx 1 2  3  x  1  dx 5 dx
  x  2 x  17
2

2
 x  2 x  17
2
   x  1 2
 4
2

x 1
 
3 5
= ln x  2 x  17 
2
Arc tan +c
2 4 4

Exercises:
Evaluate the following:
1  tan x  dx
1. 
5  3 tan
2 2
Cos x x
Tan  d 
2. ∫
Sec   4 Cos 
ydy
3. 
3 4y  y
2

2 y  7  dy
4. ∫
y  6 y  10
2