Physical Science Powerpoint 1

 The universe started as a very dense and
hot “singularity” which eventually cooled

and began to form particles.
 BigBang does not imply an explosion but

rather an expansion.
• . The aftermath
of the Big Bang
consisted
mostly of
radiation, but as
things cooled,
the elements
hydrogen and
helium formed.
• http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/h
u/explore_astronomy/skywatch
/db/307/audio/SkyWatch_307-
11252010.mp3
 Theprocess that creates new atomic
nucleus from preexisting nucleons,
primarily protons and neutrons.
 Theprocess by which light nuclei fuse
together to form a heavier nucleus.
 Large amount of energy is released
 Thelight elements--Hydrogen(H), Helium

(He), light amounts of Lithium (Li) and
Berrylium (Be).
 Process by which elements are created
within stars by combining together the
protons and neutrons from the nuclei of
lighter elements.
 Fusion of light elements, burning of
elements (Li, C, Ne, and Si) are ways in
which elements are formed inside the
stars.
 Thefirst fusion process occurs in the
hydrogen core of the stars(main-
sequence star) such as the sun with temp.
Less than 15 million K.
1. Deuterium (D or 2H) forms from proton
fusion, giving off a neutrino and a
positron.
2. Tritium (3H) forms from deuterium and

proton fusion (deuterium burning).
3. Helium forms from 3He fusion.

An explanation of how elements on the
periodic table, from He to Fe, are produced
in stars such as Red Giants and Super
Giants.
Main Sequence
Stars derive
their energy
from hydrogen
fusion.
Red Giants
generate their
energy through
helium (alpha
particle) fusion.
As a star uses up its
hydrogen, helium
accumulates in its
core, and will
eventually burn.
The remaining
hydrogen continues to
burn in a shell around
the core
The hydrogen-shell
burning increases the
thermal pressure,
which causes the star
to expand into a Red
Giant.
The fusion of He-4
(alpha particles) is
also called alpha
fusion.
In a triple-alpha
process, typical of
many red giants, the
helium atoms
combine to form
carbon.
In the first step, two
alpha particles
combine to make Be-
8 nucleus
In the second step of the
triple-alpha process, one
alpha particles combines
with the Be-8 nucleus to
form a C-12 nucleus
(A= 12; Z= 6)
More massive stars (>5
solar masses) can evolve
to become Super Giants.
These are important in

the synthesis of heavier
elements up to iron (Fe).
In these stars, alpha
fusion continues past the
triple-alpha process.
This forms a chain of
alpha processes that
result in subsequently
heavier nuclei.
This chain of Alpha
Processes is also
termed the alpha ladder.
In this, an alpha particle
is added to an atomic
nucleus (such as
carbon) to form oxygen.
The addition of an alpha
particle to an atom adds
2 protons (and therefore
the atomic number of the
product is 2 larger than
the original)
Odd elements are not
formed through the
alpha ladder in stars.
The Oddo-Harkins rule

states that even
numbered elements are
inherently more stable
(and therefore more
common) than odd
elements.
Odd elements can be

formed during the Big
Bang, radioactive decay
or supernova
nucleosynthesis.
During a star’s
lifetime, it burns
heavier and heavier
elements.
Heavier elements
burn faster
(see table on right)
When it accumulates
Fe in the core and can
no longer maintain a
balance of
temperature and
pressure, the star will
undergo core collapse
In the high temperature condition in
the core of the high-mass stars,
another fusion process (the CNO
cycle) can fuses hydrogen into
helium at a much faster rate than the
proton-proton cycle.
• The heavier elements (carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen) act as
catalysis to speed up the
hydrogen fusion process
• The net result is the same as the
proton-proton chain – the creation
of a helium atom and release of
energy from fusion of four
hydrogen nuclei (protons).
• The numbers of carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen remain the same
before and after the reaction.
Afterhydrogen fusion, larger stars can continue with the fusion of
heavier elements.
• Red Giants can fuse helium and form carbon (triple-alpha process).
• Super Giant Stars can form elements from later steps of alpha fusion.
The alpha ladder can form the even elements lighter than iron.
The odd elements can be formed in supernova or through nuclear
decay.
Even elements are more common than odd elements.
Aftera star is exhausted of energy, its core will consist of Fe
(and outer shells of lighter elements).
 Neutron
capture reaction takes place in a
supernova (massive explosion).
 Elementsheavier than iron (Fe) cannot

be formed through fusion as tremendous
amounts of energy are needed.
 Heavy elements are created by the
addition of more neutrons to the existing
nuclei instead of fusion of light nuclei.
 Addition
of neutrons does not change the
element but only produces isotopes.
• Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory
• First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe
had a beginning.
• Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at
speeds proportional to their distance. This is called
"Hubble's Law.” This observation supports the
expansion of the universe and suggests that the
universe was once compacted.
• Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the
Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some
remnant of this heat. In 1965, this was discovered a 2.725
degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic
Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe.
• Finally, the abundance of the "light elements"

Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable
universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of
origins.
Stellar fusion/ Supernova
nucleosynthesis nucleosynthesis
Main- Red
sequence giants/ Supernova
star supergiant explosions
Proto- Triple-
proton alpha Neutron
chain process capture
reaction
CNO Alpha-
cycle ladder
1. What was formed as the universe
expanded and cooled down?
2. What do you call the process of creating
new atomic nuclei from preexisting
nucleons?
3. What is the process by which light
nuclei join together to form a heavier
nucleus?
4. What do you call the formation of heavy
elements by the fusion of lighter nuclei in
the interior of stars?
5. What nuclear reaction occurs in a
supernova and is responsible for the
formation of heavy elements?
 All
are uncharged neutral atoms of an
element in its stable state the have the
same number of protons and electrons
but their neutrons are different.
 X= element
 A= mass number
 Z=atomic number e
 e=charge of the
atom
What is the isotope notation for an atom
with 8 protons, 9 neutrons and 8
electrons?
What is the isotope notation for an atom

with 11 protons, 13 neutrons and 10
electrons?
 Element’s mass number is the total
number of protons and neutrons in its
nucleus.
 The atomic weight of an elements is the
average atomic weight of all isotopes of
the element.
 Bar graph
showing
the
approxima
te levels of
carbon
isotopes
on earth
There are two stable isotopes of nitrogen:
nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15. Nitrogen-14
has an atomic mass of 14.0031 amu, while
nitrogen-15 has an atomic mass of
15.0001 amu. Nitrogen has an atomic
weight of 14.0067 amu. Calculate the
percent abundance of each isotope.
Silicon has three stable isotopes: silicon-28,
silicon-29 and silicon-30. Silicon-29 has
an atomic mass and percent abundance
of 28.9765 amu and 4.70%, respectively.
Silicon-28 and silicon-30 have atomic
masses of 27.9769 amu and 29.9738 amu,
respectively. What are the percent
abundances of silicon-28 and silicon-30,
given that silicon’s relative atomic mass is
28.0855 amu?
 Youare a chemist invited o give a lecture
to grade 11 students on the appl

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 The universe started as a very dense and

hot “singularity” which eventually cooled

 BigBang does not imply an explosion but

 Large amount of energy is released

 Thelight elements--Hydrogen(H), Helium

2. Tritium (3H) forms from deuterium and

3. Helium forms from 3He fusion.

These are important in

The Oddo-Harkins rule

Odd elements can be

 Elementsheavier than iron (Fe) cannot

• Finally, the abundance of the "light elements"

What is the isotope notation for an atom

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