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Survey06 PDF

1. Setting out involves correctly positioning an engineering structure based on a plan by establishing horizontal and vertical control points. 2. Horizontal control involves establishing reference marks of known plan position to locate salient points of the new structure. Vertical control establishes reference marks of known height relative to a datum. 3. After control points are established, design points of the structure are located using techniques like polar coordinates, intersection, or offsetting from a base line. Additional offset pegs are sometimes used to avoid disturbing corner pegs during excavation.

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29 views

Survey06 PDF

1. Setting out involves correctly positioning an engineering structure based on a plan by establishing horizontal and vertical control points. 2. Horizontal control involves establishing reference marks of known plan position to locate salient points of the new structure. Vertical control establishes reference marks of known height relative to a datum. 3. After control points are established, design points of the structure are located using techniques like polar coordinates, intersection, or offsetting from a base line. Additional offset pegs are sometimes used to avoid disturbing corner pegs during excavation.

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dina gunasekera
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Setting out works

Surveying → the process of producing a plan of the area


Setting out → starts with a plan, and ends with correctly positioning some
engineering structure to be constructed in the area

Most techniques and equipment used in surveying are also used in setting out.

The structure to be constructed must be set out correctly in all three


dimensions so that it is of the correct size and shape, at the correct plan
position and at the correct level.

The following controls are required in setting out;


1. Horizontal control
2. Vertical control
Horizontal control

▪ The horizontal control points to be established within the construction


area. These are reference marks of known plan position.
▪ Salient points of new structure (e.g. the corners of building) to be located
from these control points.
▪ For large structures primary and secondary control points may be used.
Horizontal control (contd.)

▪ Primary control points may be triangulation stations, and secondary control


points may be fixed from the primary points by traversing.
▪ Secondary points should be located sufficiently close to the construction,
but not too close to be disturbed during construction.
▪ Control points can be used to establish a base line on which setting out is
to be based. Two base lines at right angles can increase accuracy.
Horizontal control
(contd.)
Wooden pegs of 50 x
50 mm may be used
for non-permanent
stations.

For longer life, steel


bolts embedded in
concrete blocks of 600
x 600 mm to be used.

Control points must be


protected so that they
are not disturbed
during construction
Positioning of corner pegs from site traverse
Vertical control

▪ Establish reference marks of known height (TBMs) relative to some


specified datum. All levels at the site are normally reduced to a nearby
bench mark (called Master Bench Mark – MBM)
Setting out in vertical direction is usually done with the help of following rods:
I. Boning rods and travellers
II. Sight rails
III. Slope rails or batter boards
IV. Profile boards

(I) Boning Rods - Consists of an upright pole having a horizontal board at the
top, forming a T-shaped rod. They are made in sets of three (3 T-shaped
rods of equal size, or, 2 such identical rods, with a third one consisting of a
longer rod with a movable T-piece, called a traveller or travelling rod)
Boning rods and travellers
Vertical control (contd.)

(II) Sight Rails - A horizontal cross piece nailed to a single upright or a pair of
uprights, driven into the ground.
The upper edge of the cross piece is set to a convenient height above the
required level of the structure. This should be at a height above the ground
to enable a man to conveniently align his eye with the upper edge.
They come in different forms; single sight rail (used for road works, footings
and small diameter pipes), two cross pieces at right angles (used for
corners of buildings), with two uprights (used for trenches and large
diameter pipes), stepped (or double) sight rail (used for highly undulating
ground).

(III) Slope Rails - Consist of two vertical poles with a sloping board nailed near
the top. Used for controlling the side slopes in embankments and cuttings.
Sight rails
Slope rails or batter boards
Slope rails in the construction of embankment/cutting

o For the embankment, slope rails define a plane parallel to the proposed
slope (but, at some vertical distance above it)
o Travellers are used to control the slope during filling operations
o Slope rails are set at some distance (x) from the toe of the embankment to
prevent any disturbance during earthwork operations

o In the case of cuttings, the sloping board points along the line of the cut

(IV) Profile Boards - Similar to sight rails, but used to define the corners or
sides of a building. Each unit consists of two verticals, one horizontal board
and two cross boards. Nails or saw cuts are placed at the top of profile
boards to define the width of foundation and the line of outside face of the
wall.
A profile board is erected near each corner peg.
Profile boards
Positioning of a structure

After establishing the horizontal and vertical control points, next operation is
to locate the design points (corners) of the new structure.
The design points can be located from the site traverse or the base line:
a. Setting out by polar coordinates (calculating the bearing and distance from
at least three site traverse points)
b. By intersection (from theodolites at two stations and checking from a third
station)
c. By offsetting from the base line

➢ Corners of a building can be set out by polar measurements from stations


of the site traverse.
➢ Corner pegs can be driven in the ground, but they can get dislodged or
disturbed during the excavation of foundation.
Location of design points
Location of design points

➢ To avoid disturbance to corner pegs, extra pegs (known as offset pegs) are
located on the lines of the sides of the building, but offset back from true
corner points (the offset distance to be sufficiently large so that they are
not disturbed)
Setting out foundation trenches of buildings

The process of laying down the excavation lines and centre lines etc.
After foundation design, the foundation layout plan is prepared. For setting
out the foundation,
❑ First mark the centre line of the longest outer wall on the ground, by
stretching a string between wooden pegs driven at the ends.
❑ Two pegs, one on either side of the central peg, are driven at each end of
the line (equidistant from the central peg – spacing of these outer pegs
corresponds to the width of foundation trench to be excavated).
❑ Each peg to be driven at a distance of ~ 2 m from the edge of excavation.
❑ When a string is stretched joining corresponding pegs (say, 2 – 2) at the
ends of the line, the boundary of the trench can be marked on the ground.
❑ The centre lines of other walls which are perpendicular to the long wall are
then marked by setting out right angles.
Setting out foundation trenches

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