C H A P T E R

11
Dual Nature of
Radiation and Matter
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. The minimum amount of energy required to just eject 5. Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current For a
an electron from the outermost surface of metal is fixed frequency and intensity of incident light, the
known as work function of the metal. photoelectric current increases with increase in the
Also, work function, W = hν 0 =
hc potential applied to the collector. When all the
λ0 photoelectrons reach the plate A, current becomes
maximum it is known as saturation current.
where, ν 0 and λ 0 are the threshold frequency and
threshold wavelength, respectively.
2. Photoelectric emission is the phenomenon of I 1 > I2 >I3
emission of electrons from the surface of metal when Photocurrent I1
I2
light radiations of suitable frequency fall on it. tia
l
en I3
3. The phenomenon of emission of photoelectron from t
po
the surface of metal, when a light beam of suitable ng Saturation
pi current
op
frequency is incident on it, is called photoelectric St
effect. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons –V0 O Collector plate
and the current so produced is called photoelectric potential
Retarding potential
current.
4. Effect of Intensity of Light on Photocurrent For a 6. For a particular frequency of incident radiation, the
fixed frequency of incident radiation, the minimum negative (retarding) potential V 0 given to
photoelectric current increases linearly with increase
plate for which the photoelectric current becomes
in intensity of incident light.
zero is called cut-off or stopping potential.
KEmax = eV0
1
Photoelectric

2
⇒ mv max = eV 0
2
current

7. Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on

Stopping Potential We take radiations of different
frequencies but of same intensity. For each radiation,
O Intensity
 we study the variation of photoelectric current against ⇒ V0 =
h
( ν − ν 0) (Q
the potential difference between the plates. e
KEmax = eV 0)
c c
Photoelectric current ν= and ν 0 =
λ λ0
ν3 > ν2 > ν1
h c c
Saturation V0 = − ⇒
ν3 current 
e  λ λ 0 
ν2
ν1 hc  1 1
V 0 =    −
 e   λ λ 0 
–V03 –V02 –V01 O Collector plate
Retarding potential potential (Anode potential) For photoelectric emission λ < λ 0 and ν > ν 0.
hc
8. The minimum frequency of light which can emit 13. Energy of each photon is given by E = hν =
λ
photoelectrons from a material is called threshold
h hν
frequency or cut-off frequency of that material. 14. Momentum of each photon is given by p = =
λ c
9. The maximum wavelength of light which can emit
2 E hν h
photoelectrons from a material is called threshold 15. Energy E = mc ⇒m= 2 = 2 =
wavelength or cut-off wavelength of that material. c c cλ
10. According to Planck’s quantum theory, light 16. de-Broglie wavelength is given by
radiations consist of tiny packets of energy is called h h h
λ= = =
quanta. One quantum of light radiation is called a mv 2mE 2meV
photon which travels with the speed of light. m0
where, m = ,
11. Einstein Photoelectric Equation Energy quantum of v2
radiation, K max = h ν − φ 0 1− 2
c
where, hν = energy of photon and φ = work-function m 0 being the rest mass of the particle and c is the
12. Relation between Stopping Potential (V0 ) and speed of light.
Threshold Frequency (ν 0 ) E is the kinetic energy.
We know that hν = KEmax + W0 12.27
For an electron, λ = Å
where, W0 = work function V
KEmax = hν − W0 also, W0 = hν 0 where, V is potential difference.
KEmax = hν − hν 0 ⇒ KEmax = h( ν − ν 0) 17. Electron diffraction experiments by Davisson and
Germer, and by GP Thomson have verified and
eV 0 = h( ν − ν 0)
confirmed the wave nature of electrons.

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
Electron Emission
1. Gases are non-conductor at NTP. They are most (a) There is no discharge in the tube
conducting at (b) A zig-zag thin red spark runs from cathode to anode
(a) low temperature and low pressure (c) Whole of tube is filled with bright light
(b) low temperature and high pressure (d) A fluorescent glow appeared
(c) high temperature and low pressure 3. Colour of glow in a discharge tube at a pressure of
(d) high temperature and high pressure 0.001 mm of mercury column depends on
2. When electric field is applied between cathode and (a) nature of gas in the discharge tube
anode at pressure of about 0.001 mm of mercury in a (b) potential diference between cathode and anode
discharge tube, following is observed. (c) nature of material of cathode
(d) nature of glass of the discharge tube
 4. Glow in discharge tube is due to 14. Mass of a particle is 400 times than that of an electron
(a) X-rays (b) positive rays and charge is double that of an electron. The particle is
(c) cathode rays (d) collision of gas ions accelerated by a potential difference of 5 V. If particle is
initially at rest, then its final KE will be
5. Cathode rays are
(a) 5 eV (b) 10 eV
(a) streams of positive ions
(c) 100 eV (d) 2000 eV
(b) streams of negatively charged particles
(c) streams of nuclei 15. Gases begin to conduct electricity at low pressure
(d) streams of neutrons because
6. Cathode rays are streams of fast moving negatively (a) at low pressure gases turn to plasma
charged particles. Their speed range is (b) colliding electrons can acquire higher kinetic energy
due to increased mean path leading to ionisation of
(consider c ≈ 3 × 10 8 ms −1 ) atoms
(a) 0.1 c to 0.2 c (c) atom break into ions and electrons
(b) c (d) the electrons in atoms can move freely at low pressure
(c) greater than c 16. Cathode rays are produced when the pressure is of
(d) around 10− 5 c to 10− 3 c order of
7. Specific charge of electrons is (a) 2 cm of Hg (b) 0.1 cm of Hg
(a) 1.76 × 10 C kg11 −1
(b) 1. 6 × 10− 19
C kg −1 (c) 0.001 mm of Hg (d) 10 cm of Hg
−31 −1 − 27
. × 10
(c) 911 C kg (d) 1. 67 × 10 C kg −1 17. An electron initially at rest is accelerated through a
potential difference of 200 V, so that it acquires a
8. Value of e/m (specific charge) of the cathode ray velocity of 8.4 × 10 6 ms −1 . The value of e/m of electron is
particles
(a) 2.76 × 1012 C kg −1 (b) 1.76 × 1011 C kg −1
(a) depends on potential difference of cathode and anode
(b) depends on nature of gas in the discharge tube (c) 0.76 × 1012 C kg −1 (d) 2.76 × 1011 C kg −1
(c) is independent of material of cathode or gas in tube
18. Which of the following orders of specific charge of
(d) depends on nature of metal used for cathode
proton, α-particle and electron is correct
9. The specific charge of a proton is 9.6 × 10 7 kg − 1 . The (a) e > p > α (b) p > α > e
specific charge of an α-particle will be (c) e > α > p (d) p > e > α
(a) 9.6 × 107 C kg −1 (b) 19.2 × 107 C kg −1 19. In Millikan’s oil drop experiment an oil drop having
(c) 4.8 × 107 C kg −1 (d) 2.4 × 107 C kg −1 charge q gets stationary on applying a potential
difference V between two plates separated by a
10. RA Millikan during his oil-drop experiment on
distance d. The weight of the drop is
electron found that the charge on an oil drop is d q V
(a) a fraction of 1.6 × 10−19 C (a) qVd (b) q (c) (d) q
V Vd d
(b) an even multiple of 1.6 × 10−19 C
(c) an odd multiple of 1.6 × 10−19 C 20. Free electrons cannot normally escape out of metal
(d) an integral multiple of 1.6 × 10−19 C surface because
(a) free electrons are bounded to one or other ion core
11. Which of the following wavelengths falls in X-ray (b) free electrons lie deep inside atom
region? (c) free electrons are held in metal lattice by attraction
° ° force of protons
(a) 0.5 A (b) 103 A
(d) if an electron attempts to come out of metal, the metal
° °
(c) 10−3 A (d) 102 A surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the electron
back to metal
12. X-ray can be deflected by applying
(a) a magnetic field (b) an electric field 21. Work-function is
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (a) maximum possible energy acquired by an electron
(b) energy of electrons in valence shell
13. An electron is accelerated through a potential (c) minimum energy required by an electron to move out of
difference of 1000 V, its velocity is nearly metal surface
(a) 3.8 × 107 ms −1 (b) 1.9 × 106 ms −1 (d) maximum energy which is given to electron to move it
(c) 1.9 × 107 ms −1 (d) 5.7 × 107 ms −1 out of metal surface
22. Work-function for a metal will change 25. Kinetic energy of emitted electron depends on
(a) if it is heated (b) if it is cooled (a) amount of energy acquired from an external source
(c) if it is coated (d) All of these (b) work function of an electron
(c) Both (a) and (b)
23. Work-function is least for
(d) it does not depend on any physical quantity
(a) caesium (b) aluminium
(c) silver (d) platinum 26. For moving elementary charged particles,
(a) q / m value is measured and not q or m separately
24. When light of suitable high frequency falls on a metal (b) only q or m can be measured and these are more
surface, it emits electrons this process is called important than q/m
(a) field emission (b) electron emission (c) q / m value is not measured
(c) thermionic emission (d) photoemission (d) q / m value is important only for electrons

Topic 2
Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory
27. Photoelectric effect supports quantum nature of light 30. A positively charged zinc plate is connected to an
because electroscope.
(a) there is a minimum frequency of light below which no
photoelectrons are emitted Zinc plate
(b) the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons do not
depends on the frequency of light and not on its intensity
(c) when the metal surface is faintly illuminated, the
photoelectrons will not leave the surface immediately
(d) electric charge of the photoelectrons is quantised
28. Lenard observed that when UV-radiations were It is then irradiated by UV-light. Result is
allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated
glass tube enclosing two electrodes, current flows in
the circuit as shown in figure. Reason is
(a) (b)
Quartz
window
S

Evacuated
Photosensitive glass tube
plate
Electrons (c) (d)

C A

31. Lenard observed that no electrons are emitted when

Commutator frequency of light is less than a certain minimum
µA frequency. This minimum frequency depends on
V (a) potential difference of emitter and collector plates
(b) distance between collector and the emitter plate
(c) size (area) of the emitter plate
+ –
(d) material of the emitter plate
(a) UV-light ionises the traces of gas left after evacuation
32. Photoelectric effect involves
(b) UV-light produces ionisation of cathode and anode
(a) conversion of nuclear energy into electrical energy
(c) UV-light causes ionisation of cathode
(b) conversion of atomic energy into electrical energy
(d) UV-light causes ejection of electrons from the emitter
(c) conversion of electronic energy into electrical energy
plate
(d) conversion of light energy into electrical energy
29. Which one among the following shows particle nature
of light? 33. Photoemission with visible light is possible in
(a) Photoelectric effect (b) Interference (a) alkali metals (b) alkaline earth metals
(c) Refraction (d) Polarization (c) metalloids (d) semiconductors
34. When yellow light is incident over a metal surface, no 41. To measure the effect of potential on photoelectric
electrons are emitted while green light can emit current
electrons. If red light is incident over the surface, then (a) intensity and frequency of incident light is kept fixed
(a) no electrons are emitted (b) only intensity is kept fixed
(b) more electrons are emitted (c) only frequency is kept fixed
(c) electrons of higher energy are emitted (d) only potential of collector plate is kept fixed
(c) electrons of lower energy are emitted
42. With the increase in potential difference of emitter
35. When ultraviolet rays are incident on a metal surface and collector, the photoelectric current
the photoelectric effect does not occur. It may occur (a) increases
by the incidence of (b) decreases
(a) X-rays (b) radiowave (c) remains constant
(c) infrared rays (d) sound waves (d) increases initially and then become constant
36. In the experimental study of photoelectric effect, light 43. At certain positive potential of collector plate,
used is photocurrent becomes maximum or saturates.
(a) monochromatic light Saturation current corresponds to the case when
(b) white light (a) half of photoelectrons emitted by emitter plate reaches
(c) polychromatic light collector
(d) light from a tungsten filament lamp (b) more than half of photoelectrons emitted by emitter
plate reaches collector
37. Light used to emit electrons from metal plate is (c) less than half of photoelectrons emitted by emitter plate
(a) short wavelength (b) long wavelength reaches collector
(c) polarised light (d) low speed (d) All of the photoelectrons emitted by emitter plate
reaches the collector plate
38. While studying, effect of variation of intensity on the
photocurrent, intensity of light is changed in a 44. When polarity of collector plate is reversed,
photocell by (a) only slow electrons reach collector
(a) using a prism in the path of light beam (b) only very fast electrons reach collector
(b) using a thick glass sheet (c) no electron can reach collector
(c) tilting the cathode (d) all electrons move towards emitter
(d) changing the distance of light source from the emitter 45. Variation of photoelectric current with anode
39. Variation of photoelectric current with intensity of potential is shown below. Choose the correct option.
light is
Photoelectric

Photoelectric
current

current
Photoelectric
Photoelectric

(a) (b)
current
current

(a) (b)

O Anode potential O Anode potential

Intensity of light Intensity of light
Photoelectric

Photoelectric
current

current
Photoelectric

Photoelectric

(c) (d)
current

current

(c) (d)

O Anode potential O Anode potential

Intensity of light Intensity of light
46. Stopping potential is
40. Number of photoelectrons emitted per second is (a) maximum possible negative potential of anode
proportional to the (b) minimum possible negative potential of anode for
(a) intensity of incident radiation which photoelectric current is zero
(b) colour of incident radiation (c) anode potential for which photoelectric current is
saturated at constant intensity
(c) angle of incidence of incident radiation
(d) None of the above
(d) potential difference of collector and emitter plates
47. Obtain the value of stopping potential from the given We conclude that
graph is (a) maximum KE of photoelectrons is independent of
Photoelectric intensity
current (b) maximum KE of photoelectrons depends on intensity
(c) minimum KE of photoelectrons is independent of nature
of material
(d) minimum KE of photoelectrons depends on intensity
51. Maximum KE of photoelectrons depends on
(a) accelerating potential and light source
– 0.54 V O 0.2 V Anode potential (b) only accelerating potential
(a) − 0.54 V (b) 0.54 V (c) 0.2 V (d) − 0.2 V (c) light source and emitter plate material
(d) only emitter plate material
48. Variation of photoelectric current with collector plate
potential for different intensities ( I 1 > I 2 ) at a fixed 52. Stopping potential is more negative for
frequency is (a) higher frequency of incident radiation
(b) lower frequency of incident radiation
Photoelectric

(c) higher intensity of incident radiation

current
Photoelectric

I1 (d) lower intensity of incident radiation

current

I2
(a) (b) 53. In a photoelectric experiment the relation between
I1 I2
applied potential difference between cathode and
V01 V02 Collector
anode V and the photoelectric current I was found to
V0 Collector potential
potential be shown in graph below. If Planck’s constant
h = 6.6 × 10 −34 Js, the frequency of incident radiation
Photoelectric
Photoelectric

current

I2 I1 would be nearly (in s −1 )(φ =1eV)

current

I1 I2
(c) (d) I

V0 Collector plate V0 Collector plate

potential potential

49. If collector plate is made negative with respect to –2.2 O V (volt)

emitter, at certain potential V0 , photocurrent is zero. (a) 0.436 × 10 18
(b) 0.436 × 1017
Light
(c) 0.775 × 1015 (d) 0.775 × 1016
Collector
plate 54. An electron gun with its anode at a potential difference
P
+ – of 120 V fires out electron in a spherical bulb
containing hydrogen gas at low pressure (10 − 2 mm of
Photo sensitive plate
Hg). A magnetic field of 2.5 × 10 − 4 T curves the path of
the electron in a circular orbit of radius 13 cm. The e/m
V0
ratio is
(a) 2.27 × 10− 11 C kg − 1
If K indicates kinetic energy of an emitted
(b) 2.27 × 108 C kg − 1
photoelectron, then at point P;
(a) K > eV0 (b) K < eV0 (c) 2.27 × 10− 8 C kg − 1
(c) K = eV0 (d) 0 ≤ K ≤ eV0 (d) 2.27 × 1011 C kg − 1
50. From graph of photoelectric current versus collector 55. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the slope of
plate potential shown, the cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident light
is found to be 12 × 10 − 15 V-s. Calculate the value of
Photocurrent

Planck’s constant.
I1
I2
(a) 6. 0 × 10−34 Js
Stopping
potential Intensity I1 > I2 (b) 0.63 × 10−34 Js

V0 O (c) 6.59 × 10−34 Js

Collector plate potential
(d) 0
56. Photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface when 61. Greater the frequency of incident light
light of suitable frequency is incident over a metal (a) lesser is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons
surface. Then, all of emitted photoelectrons (b) lesser is the minimum kinetic energy of emitted
(a) do not have same kinetic energy electrons
(b) have same momentum (c) greater is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted
(c) have same velocity electrons
(d) do not have kinetic energy (d) greater is the minimum kinetic energy of emitted
electrons
57. Photoelectric current in an experimental study of
photoelectric effect is made zero by making anode 62. Which of the following is true for a photosensitive
negative with respect to cathode. If stopping potential material?
is V0 , then (a) All materials shows photosensitivity to some or more
extent
(a) kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron is K = eV0
(b) Different photosensitive materials have same sensitivity
(b) for every emitted photoelectron kinetic energy K ≥ eV
(c) Same photosensitive substance gives different response
(c) maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons to light of different wavelengths
K max = eV0
(d) All photosensitive materials give response to green
(d) sum of kinetic energies of emitted photoelectrons is light
ΣK = eV0
63. Photoelectric emission is observed from a metallic
58. When intensity of incident radiation is changed to
surface for frequencies ν 1 and ν 2 of the incident light
study the effect of intensity on stopping potential, it is
(ν 1 > ν 2 ). If the maximum values of kinetic energy of
found that,
the photoelectrons emitted in the two cases are in the
(a) stopping potential increases with increase in intensity
ratio 1: n, then the threshold frequency of the metallic
(b) stopping potential decreases with increase in intensity
surface is
(c) stopping potential remains same even when intensity is
( ν1 − ν 2 ) ( nν1 − ν 2 )
increased (a) (b)
(d) stopping potential first decreases, then increases with ( n − 1) ( n − 1)
increase in intensity ( nν 2 − ν1 ) ( ν1 − ν 2 )
(c) (d)
( n − 1) n
59. For the graph of collector plate potential versus photo
electric current shown, 64. In a photoelectric experiment, for different incident
frequencies of same intensities, we have
current
Photo

(a) same saturation current but different stopping potentials

(b) same stopping potential but different value of saturation
current
A Saturation (c) same saturation current value and same stopping
B current
C potential value
(d) both saturation current and stopping potential are
Collector plate potential
different for different frequencies
If I denotes intensity of incident radiation, then 65. Energy of emitted photoelectrons depends on
(a) I A > I B > IC (b) I A < I B < IC (a) intensity of incident radiation
(c) I A = I B = IC (d) I B > I A and I B < IC (b) frequency of incident radiation
60. For the graph shown, (c) both on intensity and frequency of incident radiation
(d) does not depends on frequency or intensity of incident
radiation
current
Photo

66. Photoemission of electrons

(a) is instantaneous process with a time lag of less than nano
A
second
B (b) is slow with a large time lag
C
(c) shows a time lag of around 1 s
– V0A – V0B – V0C Collector plate potential (d) time lag of less than 1 s cannot be calculated
If f denotes frequency of incident light 67. A beam of wavelength λ and intensity I falls over a
(a) f A > fB > fC (b) f A < fB < fC clean surface of sodium metal. If N photoelectrons
(c) f A = fB = fC (d) fB > fC and fB > f A are emitted with kinetic energy E, then
 1 (c) refracted completely through the metal
(a) N ∝ I and E ∝ I (b) N ∝ I and E ∝
λ (d) absorbed by the nuclei of surface atoms
1 1
(c) N ∝ λ and E ∝ I (d) N ∝ and E ∝ 73. According to wave theory of light,
λ I
(a) maximum KE of electrons increases with frequency
68. The cathode of a photoelectric cell is changed such (b) maximum KE of electrons increases with intensity
that the work function changes from W1 to W2 (c) maximum KE of electrons increases with decrease in
(W2 > W1 ). If the current before and after change are frequency
I 1 and I 2 , all other conditions remaining unchanged (d) maximum KE of electrons does not depend on intensity
and assuming ( E1 > W2 ), then
W1 I 74. According to wave theory of light,
(a) I1 = I 2 (b) I1 < I 2 (c) I1 > I 2 (d) = 1 (a) frequency less than threshold frequency is required for
W2 I2
photoemission
69. If light is considered a wave, then time delay for (b) frequency greater than threshold frequency is required
photoemission is of hours because for photoemission
(a) metal surface reflects the wave (c) frequency equal to that of threshold frequency is required
(b) metal surface may not be in resonance with the wave (d) a beam of sufficient high intensity is required
(c) metal surface has many electrons
(d) energy carried by a wave is very less 75. According to wave theory, time required for
photoemission is
70. Phenomena of interference, diffraction and (a) less than 10 s (b) around 10−9 s
polarisation are explained by (c) around 1s (d) around few hours
(a) wave theory of light
(b) particle theory of light 76. Photoelectric effect can be explained by
(c) Newton’s Corpuscular theory (a) Corpuscular theory of light
(d) Einstein’s mass-energy relation (b) Wave nature of light
(c) Bohr’s theory
71. Light is an electromagnetic wave consisting of (d) Quantum theory of light
electric and magnetic fields with
(a) uniform distribution of electrons 77. Light of intensity 10 −5 Wm −2 falls on sodium photo
(b) continuous distribution of energy cell of surface area 2 cm 2 and work function 2 eV.
(c) no distribution of energy Assuming that, only top 5 layers of sodium absorbs
(d) discrete distribution of energy the incident energy and effective atomic area of
sodium atom is 10 −20 m 2 , the time required for
72. When a light wave is incident over a metal surface,
photoemission in wave picture of light is nearly
light energy is
1 1 1 1
(a) absorbed by free electrons of the metal surface (a) 10 s (b) s (c) h (d) yr
(b) reflected completely back into first medium 2 2 2 2

Topic 3
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation and Energy
Quantum of Radiation
78. According to Albert Einstein, photoelectric emission 79. The photoelectric threshold frequency of a metal is ν.
does not takes place by …A…of energy from When light of frequency 6ν is incident on the metal,
radiation. Radiation energy is build up of discrete the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photo
units called …B… of energy of radiation. Here, A electron is
and B refer to (a) 4hν (b) 5hν (c) 3hν (d) ( 3/ 2 ) hν
(a) radiation, bundle
80. Electrons emitted due to absorption of energy of
(b) incidence, packet
radiation will have a maximum kinetic energy
(c) emission, thrust
(a) K max = hν − φ 0 (b) K max = φ 0 − hν
(d) continuous absorption, quanta
(c) K max > hν − φ 0 (d) K max < hν − φ 0
81. Maximum kinetic energy K max of emitted 89. Intensity of light is
photoelectrons is determined by (a) number of photons falling over an area is 1 s
(a) total number of photons absorbed (b) number of photons falling over an area
(b) rate of photons incident over surface (c) number of photons falling over unit area in unit time
(c) energy of each photon (d) number of photons emitted by source in 1 s
(d) distance of source from the surface 90. According to Einstein, photoemission occurs only, when
82. Einstein’s photoelectric equation is (a) incident radiation must be very intense
1 2 (b) metal surface must be smooth
(a) K max = mv (c) incident radiation must falls over surface for a
2
sufficient time
(b) K max = eV0
(d) frequency of incident radiation exceeds threshold
1 1
(c) K max = hν − φ 0 = hc  −  frequency
 λ λ0
91. For incident frequency greater than threshold
(d) K max = mc2 frequency, photocurrent is proportional to
83. Einstein’s photoelectric equation is based on (a) intensity (b) work-function
(a) conservation of momentum (c) distance of source (d) initial energy of electron
(b) de-Broglie’s matter wave 92. In photoemission, if intensity of radiation falling over
(c) conservation of energy surface is very low, then
(d) mass-energy relation (a) time required will be large
84. For photoelectric effect with incident photon wavelength (b) time required will be small
λ, the stopping potential is V . Identify the correct (c) process in instantaneous whether intensity is low or high
1 (d) photoemission does not occurs
variations of V0 with λ 0 and .
λ [JEE Advanced 2015] 93. V0 versus ν curve is a
V0 V0
(a) straight line with slope = φ 0
(b) straight line with slope = φ 0 / e
(a) (b) (c) straight line with slope = h / e
(d) straight line with zero slope
λ λ
94. Stopping potential versus frequency graph for a metal
V0 V0
surface is a straight line. Planck’s constant is given by
(a) slope of line
(c) (d) (b) product of slope of the line and charge of electron
(c) product of y intercept and mass of electron
1/λ 1/λ (d) product of slope and mass of electron
85. According to Einstein’s equation K max ∝ ν because 95. In an experiment on photoelectric
V0

(a) an electron is emitted after absorption of few photons effect, the frequency f of incident
when absorbed energies exceeds certain value light is plotted against the
(b) an electron is emitted after number of photons falling stopping potential V0 . The O A
over surface exceeds of critical volume f
work-function of the photoelectric f0
(c) an electron is emitted only if it is present on the surface B
surface is given by
(d) an electron is emitted after absorption of a single (a) OB × e (in eV) (b) OB (in volts)
photon of sufficient energy (c) OA (in eV) (d) the slope of line AB
86. An electron is emitted from a metal surface, when 96. A point source of light is used in i
(a) hν > φ 0 (b) hν < φ 0 (c) hν = φ 0 (d) 0 < hν < φ 0 an experiment on photoelectric a

87. Energy E of emitted photoelectrons ranges from effect. Which of the following b
c
(a) hν < E < K max (b) φ 0 < E < K max curves best represents the
d
(c) K max > E > ∞ (d) 0 < E < K max variation of photoelectric current
i with distance d of the source d
88. As kinetic energy (K max ) is always positive, so from the emitter?
(a) hν = φ 0 (b) hν > φ 0 (a) a (b) b
(c) hν < φ 0 (d) None of these (c) c (d) d
97. Figure represents a graph of kinetic energy K of 103. Two identical photo cathodes receive light of
photoelectrons and frequency ν for a metal used or frequencies ν 1 and ν 2 . If the velocities of the photo
cathode in photoelectric experiment. The work electrons (of mass m) coming out are v1 and v 2
function of metal is respectively, then
1/ 2
K (eV) 2h  2h 
(a) v12 − v22 = ( ν1 − ν 2 ) (b) v1 − v2 =  ( ν1 + ν 2 )
4 m m 
3 1/ 2
2 2h  2h 
(c) v12 − v22 = ( ν1 + ν 2 ) (d) v1 − v2 =  ( ν1 − ν 2 )
1
ν
m m 
–1
104. In experimenting with rubidium photocell, the
–2
–3 following lines from a mercury source were used
λ 1 = 3650 Å, λ 2 = 4047 Å, λ 3 = 4358 Å,
(a) 1 eV (b) 1.5 eV
(c) 2 eV (d) 3 eV
λ 4 = 5461 Å, λ 5 = 6907 Å and stopping potentials
respectively are V01 =1.28 V, V02 = 0.95 V,
98. When a metallic surface is illuminated with radiation V03 = 0.74 V, V04 = 0.16 V, V05 = 0 V.
of wavelength λ, the stopping potential is V . If the
same surface is illuminated with radiation of wavel Threshold frequency and work-function of metal are
V (a) 4 × 1014 Hz, 1.5 eV (b) 4.3 × 1014 Hz, 1.8 eV
ength 2λ, the stopping potential is . The threshold
4 (c) 4 × 1014 Hz, 3 eV (d) 1.5 × 1014 Hz, 5 eV
wavelength for the metallic surface is [NEET 2016]
5 105. Every metal has a definite work-function. Then, all
(a) 5λ (b) λ (c) 3λ (d) 4λ
2 photoelectrons do not come out with same kinetic
energy, if incident radiation is monochromatic because
99. Light of wavelength 0.6 mm from a sodium lamp falls (a) KE of emitted electron depends on number of photons
on a photocell and causes the emission of absorbed
photoelectrons for which the stopping potential is (b) KE of emitted electron depends on energy of absorbed
0.5 V and with the light of wavelength 0.4 mm from a photon and each photon may be of different energy
sodium lamp, the stopping potential is 1.5 V with this (c) all electrons in an atom do not have the same energy level
data, the value of h / e is (d) all electrons have same kinetic energy
(a) 4 × 10− 59 Vs (b) 0.25 × 1015 Vs 106. The work-function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV.
(c) 4 × 10− 15 Vs (d) 4 × 10− 8 Vs When light of frequency 6 × 1014 Hz is incident on the
metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs.
100. A metallic surface is irradiated by a monochromatic What is the
light of frequency ν 1 and stopping potential is found
(i) stopping potential and
to be V1 . If the light of frequency ν 2 irradiates the
(ii) maximum speed of the emitted photoelectrons?
surface. The stopping potential will be
h h (a) V0 = 0.35 V,V max = 350.7 kms −1
(a) V1 + ( ν1 + ν 2 ) (b) V1 + ( ν1 − ν 2 )
e e (b) V0 = .2 V,V max = 250 kms −1
e
(c) V1 + ( ν 2 − ν1 )
h
(d) V1 − ( ν1 + ν 2 ) (c) V0 = 1.2 V, V max = 250 kms −1
h e (d) None of the above
101. The work function of platinum is 6.35 eV. The 107. A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by
threshold frequency of platinum is monochromatic light of wavelengths λ and λ /2. If the
(a) 15.32 × 1014 Hz (b) 15.32 × 1016 Hz maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
(c) 15.32 × 1019 Hz (d) 15.32 × 1018 Hz photoelectrons in the second case is 3 times than in
the first case, the work function of the surface of the
102. For a certain metal, incident frequency ν is five times of
material is [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
threshold frequency ν 0 and the maximum velocity of
(h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light)
coming out photoelectrons is 8 × 10 6 ms − 1 if ν = 2ν 0 ,
hc hc
the maximum velocity of photoelectrons will be (a) (b)
2λ λ
(a) 4 × 106 ms −1 (b) 6 × 106 ms −1
2 hc hc
(c) 8 × 106 ms −1 (d) 1 × 106 ms −1 (c) (d)
λ 3λ
108. Radiation of wavelength λ is incident on a photocell. The source is replaced by an iron source and its 427.2
The fastest emitted electron has speed v. If the nm line irradiates the same photocell. Predict the new
3λ stopping voltage.
wavelength is changed to , the speed of the fastest (a) 1.51 V (b) 3.5 V
4
(c) 0.05 V (d) 2.03 V
emitted electron will be [JEE Main 2016]
 4
1/ 2
 4
1/ 2 110. Light of wavelengths λ A and λ B falls on two identical
(a) > v   (b) < v  
 3  3 metal plates A and B respectively. The maximum
1/ 2 1/ 2 kinetic energy of photoelectrons is K A and K B
 4  3 respectively, then which one of the following relations
(c) = v   (d) = v  
 3  4 is true? ( λ A = 2λ B )
KB
109. Monochromatic radiation of wavelength 640.2 nm (a) K A < (b) 2K A = K B
(1 nm = 10 − 9 m) from a neon lamp irradiates 2
photosensitive material made of caesium on tungsten. (c) K A = 2K B (d) K A > 2K B
The stopping voltage is measured to be 0.54 V.

Topic 4
Particle Nature of Light : The Photon
111. Millikan proved validity of Einstein’s photoelectric 116. Particle like behaviour of light is confirmed by
equation by (a) α-particle scattering
(a) finding work-function ( φ 0 ) (b) scattering of electrons by a metal target
(b) finding Planck’s constant ( h ) (c) scattering of X-rays from electrons
(c) finding change of electron ( e ) (d) scattering of neutrons
(d) finding mass of electron ( m ) 117. All photons present in a light beam of single
112. Einstein’s picture of photoelectric effect was accepted frequency have
using (a) same frequency but different momentum
(a) the hypothesis of light quantas (b) same momentum but different frequency
(c) different frequency and different momentum
(b) the experimental determination of values of h and φ 0
(d) same frequency and same momentum
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) 118. When intensity of a light beam is increased,
(a) energy of photons present increases
113. Photoelectric effect gave evidence that light in (b) momentum of photons present increases
interaction with matter, (c) wavelength of photons present increases
(a) is converted into particles of same size (d) number of photons crossing a unit area per second increases
(b) is converted into particles of same energy
119. An electric eye is
(c) is converted into mass following E = mc2
(a) an LED (b) a photocell
(d) behaves as if it was made of packets of energy, each of
energy hν (c) a solar cell (d) a photo diode

114. Particle like behaviour of light arises from the fact 120. Which of the following is ‘incorrect’ statement
that each quanta of light has definite …A… and a regarding ‘photon’?
fixed value of …B… just like a particle. Here, A and (a) Photon exerts no pressure
B refer to (b) Photon energy is hν
(a) frequency, energy (c) Photon rest mass is zero
(b) shape, volume (d) Photons can rebound from a metal surface
(c) energy, frequency 121. In an electron-photon collision, which is not true?
(d) energy, momentum (a) Photon-electron collision is elastic
115. Definite value of energy possessed by quantum of (b) Photons can rebound from an electron
radiation is called (c) In an photoelectron collision, number of photons is not
(a) proton (b) photon conserved
(c) deutron (d) lapton (d) Photons are deflected by a strong electric field
122. The wavelength of light from the spectral emission line 126. Work-function of caesium is 2.14 eV. Threshold
of sodium is 589 nm. Find the kinetic energy at which frequency of caesium is
(i) an electron and . × 1014 Hz
(a) 514 (b) 6 × 1014 Hz
(ii) a neutron would have the same de-Broglie wavelength. (c) 3 × 1014 Hz (d) 5.16 × 1014 Hz
(a) KE e = 5 × 10−25 J, KE n = 6.5 × 10−28 J
(b) KE e = 6.96 × 10−25 J, KE n = 3.81 × 10−28 J 127. The wavelength of light in the visible region is about
760 nm for red colour. The energy of photon in eV at
(c) KE e = 1.25 × 10−25 J KE n = 6.23 × 10−28 J
the red end of the visible spectrum is
(d) KE e = 3.26 × 10+25 J, KE n = 4.06 × 10+28 J (a) 6.63 (b) 3.62 (c) 7.61 (d) 1.64
123. In an accelerator experiment on high-energy 128. The energy flux of sunlight reaching the surface of
collisions of electrons with positrons, a certain event the earth is 1.52 × 10 3 Wm −2 . The photons in the
is interpreted as annihilation of an electron-positron sunlight have an average wavelength of 520 nm. How
pair of total energy 10.2 eV into two γ-rays of equal many photons per square metre are incident on the
energy. What is the wavelength associated with each earth per second?
γ-ray? (a) 4 × 1021 (b) 4 × 1034
(a) 2.436 × 10−7 m (b) 1.436 × 10−7 m (c) 4 × 1031 (d) 4 × 1028
(c) 2.436 × 10+7 m (d) 1.436 × 10+7 m
129. An X-ray tube produces a continuous spectrum of
124. Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 × 1014 Hz is radiation with its short wavelength end at 0.55Å. The
produced by a laser. The energy of a photon in the maximum energy of a photon in the radiation is
light beam is (a) 32.6 eV (b) 22.6 keV
(a) 5 × 10−15 J (b) 3.98 × 10−19 J (c) 15.2 keV (d) 12.8 keV
(c) 2.54 × 10−14 J . × 10−14 J
(d) 516
130. The linear momentum of a 6 MeV photon is
125. A laser beam of frequency 6.0 × 1014 Hz is emitted (a) 0.01 eV sm −1
from a source of 2 × 10 −3 W. Number of photons
emitted per second is (b) 0.02 eV s m −1
(a) 3.98 × 10−19 . × 1014
(b) 516 (c) 0.03 eV s m −1
(c) 3.98 × 1019 (d) 5 × 1015 (d) 0.04 eV s m −1

Topic 5
Wave Nature of Matter
131. de-Broglie hypothesis is 134. A photocell converts
(a) wave can behave like a particle (a) change in current into change in light intensity
(b) a stationary particle can behave like a wave (b) change in intensity of light into change in current
(c) a travelling wave can behave like a particle (c) change in current into change in voltage
(d) a moving particle of matter can display wave like (d) change in intensity into change in potential difference
properties
135. A photocell cannot be used
132. de-Broglie hypothesis is a conclusion drawn from (a) for reproduction of sound in motion pictures
(a) photoelectric effect (b) in burglar alarms
(b) convertibility of mass into energy (c) as a fire alarm
(c) symmetry of matter and energy (d) to illuminate a room
(d) compton effect
136. If an electron is accelerated from rest through a
133. Macroscopic objects like a moving cricket ball does potential of V volts, then kinetic energy K gained by it
not shows any wave like properties because 1
(a) K = eV (b) K = eV
(a) de-Broglie’s hypothesis is not true 2
(b) de-Broglie’s hypothesis is true only for electrons 2
(c) K = eV (d) K = 0
(c) de-Broglie’s hypothesis is true only for photons 3
(d) wavelength associated with a macroscopic object is small
137. The phenomenon of image formation by our eye, 145. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an
(a) can be described using wave theory electron moving with a speed of 5.4 × 10 6 ms −1 is
(b) can be described using photon theory (a) 0.135 nm (b) 0.125 nm
(c) can be described using any of the wave or photon theory (c) 0.150 nm (d) 0.145 nm
(d) can be described fully by using both wave and photon theory
146. A proton and an α-particle are accelerated through the
138. The de-Broglie wavelength λ same potential difference. The ratio of de-Broglie
(a) is proportional to mass
wavelength λ p to that of λ α is
(b) is proportional to momentum
(c) inversely proportional to momentum (a) 2 :1 (b) 4 :1 (c) 6 :1 (d) 8 :1
(d) does not depends on momentum
147. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of KE, K is
139. de-Broglie wavelength of a body of mass m and λ. What will be the wavelength of the particle, if it’s
kinetic energy E is given by K
kinetic energy is ?
h 2mE 9
(a) λ = (b) λ =
mE h (a) λ (b) 2λ (c) 3λ (d) 4λ
h h
(c) λ = (d) λ = 148. There are two sources of light, each emitting with a
2mE 2mE
power of 200 W. One emits X-rays of wavelength
140. An electron of mass m and charge e initially at rest 2 nm and the other visible light of 400 nm. The ratio
gets accelerated by a constant electric field E. The of number of photons of X-rays to the photons of
rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength of the visible light of the given wavelength is
electron at time t ignoring relativistic effect is (a) 1 : 100 (b) 1 : 200 (c) 1 : 500 (d) 1 : 300
−h −eEt − mh −h
(a) (b) (c) (d) 149. If alpha particle, proton and electron move with the
e Et 2 E e Et 2 eE same momentum, then their respective de-Broglie
141. de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron, wavelengths λ α , λ p , λ e are related as
accelerating through a potential difference of 100 V (a) λ α = λ p = λ e (b) λ α < λ p < λ e
lies in the region of (c) λ α > λ p > λ e (d) λ p > λ e > λ α
(a) Gamma rays (b) X-rays 150. Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength λ fall on the
(c) Ultraviolet (d) Visible region target in an X-ray tube. The cut-off wavelength of the
142. Wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is emitted X-ray is
(a) more than de-Broglie wavelength of its photon 2mcλ 2 2h
(a) λ 0 = (b) λ 0 =
(b) less than de-Broglie wavelength of its photon h mc
(c) there is not relation between wavelength of a radiation 2m2 c2 λ 3
and de-Broglie wavelength of its photon (c) λ 0 = (d) λ 0 = λ
h2
(d) wavelength of radiation is equal to de-Broglie
wavelength of its photon 151. Electrons used in an electron microscope are
accelerated by a voltage of 25 kV. If the voltage is
143. An electron of mass m and a photon have same energy
increased to 100 kV, then the de-Broglie wavelength
E. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated
associated with the electrons would
with them is (c being velocity of light) [NEET 2016]
1/ 2 (a) decrease by 2 times (b) decrease by 4 times
 E 1/ 2 (c) increase by 4 times (d) increase by 2 times
(a)   (b) c( 2mE )
 2m
1/ 2 1/ 2
152. If h is Planck’s constant, the momentum of a photon
1  2m 1 E  of wavelength 1 Å is
(c)   (d)  
c E  c  2m (a) 1010 h (b) h
144. The number of photons entering the pupil of our eye (c) 102 h (d) 1012 h
per second, when a light beam of intensities of 153. If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased to
10 −10 Wm −2 enters pupil of our eye of area 0.4 cm 2 16 times its previous value, the percentage change in
with frequency 6 × 1014 Hz is the de-Broglie wavelength of the particle is
[NEET 2013]
(a) around 1 × 104 in 1 s (b) around 100 in 1 s
(a) 25 (b) 75
(c) around 1000 in 1 s (d) only 1 in 1 s
(c) 60 (d) 50
154. The work function for aluminium surface is 4.2 eV. 160. What is the basic idea behind experimental
The cut-off wavelength for the photoelectric effect is verification of de-Broglie hypothesis?
(a) 2955 Å (b) 4200 Å (a) Wavelength associated with electrons is of same order
(c) 2000 Å (d) 1000 Å as spacing of atomic planes in crystal
(b) Wavelength associated with electrons is much larger
155. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 200 nm is incident on than spacing of atomic planes in crystal
polished surface of Fe (iron). Work function of the (c) Wavelength associated with electrons is much smaller
surface is 4.71 eV. What will be its stopping potential? than spacing of atomic planes in crystal
(a) 0.5 V (b) 2.5 V (d) It was taken from diffraction of X-rays from crystal
(c) 1.5 V (d) None of these planes
156. An electron, an α-particle and a proton have the same 161. Wave is associated with matter
kinetic energy. Shortest de-Broglie wavelength is (a) when it is stationary
associated with (b) when it is in motion with velocity of light
(a) electron (c) when it is in motion with any velocity
(b) α-particle (d) never associated with matter
(c) proton 162. A particle which has zero rest mass and non-zero
(d) all produces same wavelength energy and momentum must travel with a speed
157. A particle is moving three times as fast that of an (a) equal to c, the speed of light in vacuum
electron. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of particle (b) greater than c
to that of the electron is1.83 × 10 −4 . Then, the particle is (c) less than c
(a) a meuon (b) a proton (d) tending to infinity
(c) a neutron (d) Either neutron or a proton 163. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it is
158. Calculate the not possible to measure
(i) momentum and (a) exact momentum of an electron
(ii) de-Broglie wavelength of electrons accelerated through (b) exact position of an electron
a potential difference of 56 V. (c) both exact position and momentum of an electron at
same time
(a) p = 4.02 × 10−24 kg ms −1 , λ = 0164
. nm.
(d) exact velocity of electron
(b) p = 2.5 × 1022 kg ms −1 , λ = 1nm
164. If ∆x is uncertainty in the specification of position
(c) p = 1.25 × 10− 22 kg ms −1 , λ = 0.5 nm and ∆p is the uncertainty in specification of
(d) None of the above momentum of an electron, then the product
159. Which of the following figures represent the variation ∆x and ∆p is of the order of h such that h
of particle momentum and the associated de-Broglie (a) h/ 2π (b) 10−2
wavelength? (c) 10−19 (d) 10−31
165. An electron is confined to a 1 nm wide region. Find
p p
the uncertainty in momentum using Heisenberg
(a) (b) uncertainty principle. (Take h = 6.63 × 10 − 34 J-s)
(a) 1.05 × 10−25 kg ms− 1
(b) 2.03 × 10−31 kg ms− 1
λ λ (c) 3.05 × 10−34 kg ms− 1
(d) 2.49 × 10−32 kg ms− 1
p p
166. Davisson-Germer experiment verified
(a) particle nature of radiation
(c) (d)
(b) particle nature of electrons
(c) wave nature of electrons
(d) transverse nature of electromagnetic radiation
λ λ
167. Davisson-Germer’s electron diffraction arrangement (d) comparing theoretical value of wavelength associated
is as shown with moving electrons and practical value of
Nickel target
wavelength measured by observing diffraction pattern
produced by electrons
A θ
B 170. de-Broglie hypothesis is true for
C
L.T
Movable
(a) particles which are very light like electrons
collector (b) only subatomic particles
Vacuum
D chamber (c) only for photons and electrons
(d) fast moving particles, lighter like electrons and also for
Correct labelling is particles much-much heavier than electrons
(a) A-electron source, B-metal crystal, C-reflector,
D-detector 171. Wave nature of electrons is exploited in
(b) A-electron source, B-hollow tube, C-wall, D-reflector (a) mass-spectrometer (b) coolidge tube
(c) A-electron gun, B-electron accelerator, C-detector, (c) synchrotrons (d) electron microscope
D- counter 172. In Davisson-Germer experiment, the wavelength
(d) A-electron gun, B-collimating and accelerating tube, associated with nickel crystal is
C-metal target, D -movable collector (a) 1.66 Å (b) 2Å
168. In Davisson-Germer experiment, at accelerating (c) 2.3 Å (d) 3.86 Å
voltage of 54 V, intensity of scattered electrons is 173. In the Davisson and Germer experiment the velocity
maximum at an scattering angle of 50°. The of electrons emitted from the electron gun can be
appearance of the peak in a particular direction is due to increased by
(a) resonance caused by scattered electrons (a) increasing the potential difference between the anode
(b) destructive interference of electrons scattered from and filament
different layers of atoms of crystal (b) increasing the filament current
(c) constructive interference of electrons scattered from (c) decreasing the filament current
different layers of atoms of crystal
(d) decreasing the potential difference between the anode
(d) constructive interference of electrons scattered by same and filament
atom of crystal
174. An electron microscope uses electrons accelerated by
169. Davisson-Germer experiment confirms de-Broglie a voltage of 50 kV. Determine the de-Broglie
relation by wavelength associated with the electrons.
(a) converting electrons into waves (a) 2.5 × 10−12 m (b) 1.5 × 10−12 m
(b) converting light into particles
(c) 5.5 × 10−12 m (d) 0 m
(c) varying angle of incidence of an electron beam over a
metal target and observing scattering pattern

Special Format Questions

I. Assertion and Reason 175. Assertion Cathode rays produce fluorescence in
Directions (Q. Nos. 175-182) In the following
glass and colour of glow depends on nature of glass.
questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a Reason Cathode rays excite glass electrons and they on
corresponding statement of reason. Of the following de-excitation emits radiation in visible region.
statements, choose the correct one. 176. Assertion In photoelectric effect, cathode or emitter
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and plate is usually coated with barium oxide, barium
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion sulphide or strontium oxide.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason Coating prevents cathode from erosion.
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion 177. Assertion According to wave theory of light, if
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect intensity of incident radiation is increased, then
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct energy of emitted photoelectrons increases.
Reason Energy of a wave is proportional to its intensity.
178. Assertion Photoelectric current depends on the 185. Statement I In photoemissive cell inert gas is used.
intensity of incident light. Statement II Inert gas in the photoemissive cell is
Reason Number of photoelectrons emitted per given greater current.
second is directly proportional to the intensity of
incident radiation. Statement Based Questions Type II
179. Assertion Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its 186. Maxwell’s equations are
work-function is small.
I. Gauss’s law for electrostatics.
Reason Work-function = hν 0 where, ν 0 is the II. Gauss’s law for magnetism.
threshold frequency. III. Faraday law of electromagnetic induction.
180. Assertion In photon particle collision the total IV. Ampere’s circuital law with Maxwell’s addition.
energy and total momentum are conserved. (a) I and II (b) I II and III
Reason The number of photons are conserved in a (c) Only IV (d) All of these
collision. 187. Energy required by an electron for electron emission
181. Assertion Photocell is also called electric eye. can be supplied to a free electron by
Reason Photocell can see the things placed in front I. hammering the metal surface.
of it. II. heating the metal surface.
III. applying electric field.
182. Assertion In Davisson-Germer experiment
IV. applying magnetic field.
wavelength associated with the beam decreases with
increases of speed of electrons. (a) Only I (b) I, II and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) II and III
Reason Wavelength associated with electron beam in
h 188. To observe the effect of intensity of light on
Davisson-Germer experiment is given by λ = .
2mK photocurrent,
I. collector is maintained at positive potential with
respect to emitter.
II. Statement Based Questions Type I
II. frequency of incident light is kept fixed.
Directions (Q. Nos. 183-185) In the following III. accelerating potential is fixed.
questions, a Statement I is followed by a IV. distance of source from emitter is kept constant.
corresponding Statement II. Of the following
(a) I and II are correct (b) II and III are correct
Statements, choose the correct one.
(c) III and IV are correct (d) I II and III are correct
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
and Statement II is the correct explanation of 189. Variation of stopping potential V0 with frequency ν of
Statement I incident radiation for photosensitive materials A and
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct B are shown
but Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I
Stopping
potential

(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is

B
A
tal

tal

incorrect
Me

Me

(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is

correct ν0 ν0′ Frequency of
183. Statement I The energy ( E ) and momentum ( p) of incident radiation

a photon are related p = E / c From graph we conclude that

Statement II The photon behaves like a particle. I. maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons varies
184. Statement I In Millikan experiment for the linearly with frequency.
determination of charge on an electron, oil drop of II. a frequency lower than a certain frequency
any size can be used. photoemission is not possible.
Statement II Millikan’s experiment determines the III. density of metal A is more than that of B.
charge of electron, by simply measuring the terminal IV. metal A contains more electrons than that of B.
velocity. (a) I and II (b) I and IV (c) III and IV (d) II and III
190. Experimental study of photoelectric effect shows that 194. Match the quantities of Column I with their values
I. photocurrent ∝intensity of light. in Column II and choose the correct option from the
II. saturation current ∝intensity of light. codes given below.
III. photoemission occurs only at frequency greater than Column I Column II
threshold frequency.
A. Maximum number of photons 1. φ0
IV. photoemission is an instantaneous process. absorbed by an electron ν0
(a) I and II are correct
(b) I, II and III are correct B. Number of photons emitted by a 2. P
(c) I, III and IV are correct source per second E
(d) All I, II, III and IV are correct C. Energy of a photon 3. hν
191. Which of the following statements are true? D. Planck’s constant 4. 1
I. In the interaction with matter, radiation behaves as if it is
made up of particles called photons. A B C D
II. Each photon has energy E = hνand momentum (a) 2 4 1 3
p = hν/ c. (b) 4 2 3 1
(c) 2 4 3 1
III. Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by
(d) 3 1 2 4
electric and magnetic fields.
IV. In a photon-particle collision, photon number is 195. Match the following.
conserved.
(a) I and II (b) I, II and III List-I List-II
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II and IV h
A. Planck constant 1.
p
192. If de-Broglie wavelength of
I. a bullet of mass 0.40 kg travelling with speed of 1.0 kms −1 B. Stopping potential 2. E − K high
is λ 1 . C. Work-function 3. V0 = K high / c
II. a ball of mass 0.60 kg moving at a speed of 1.0 ms −1 is λ 2 . E
III. a dust particle of mass1.0 × 10−9 kg drifting with a speed D. de-Broglie wavelength 4.
v
of 2.2 ms −1 is λ 3 .
Then, A B C D
(a) λ 1 > λ 2 > λ 3 (b) λ 2 > λ 1 > λ 3 (a) 4 3 2 1
(c) λ 1 < λ 2 < λ 3 (d) λ 3 > λ 1 > λ 2 (b) 4 2 3 1
(c) 2 4 3 1
III. Matching Type (d) 3 1 2 4

193. Work-function for caesium metal is 2.14 eV. Let a 196. Match List-I (Fundamental Experiment) with List-II
14
beam of light of frequency 6 × 10 Hz is incident over (its conclusion) and select the correct option from
the metal surface. the choice given below the list.
Now, match the following columns and choose the List-I List-II
correct option from codes given.
A. Frank-Hertz experiment. 1. Particle nature of light
Column I Column II
B. Photoelectric experiment. 2. Discrete energy levels of
A. Maximum KE of emitted photoelectrons 1. 332.3 kms −1
atom
(in eV)
B. Minimum KE of emitted photoelectrons 2. 345 mV C. Davisson-Germer 3. Wave nature of electron
(in eV) experiment
C. Stopping potential of material (in mV) is 3. 0.345 eV 4. Structure of atom
D. Maximum speed of the emitted 4. 0
photoelectrons (in kms −1) A B C
(a) 2 1 3
A B C D A B C D (b) 4 2 3
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 2 1 (c) 2 4 3
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 2 1 4 3 (d) 3 1 2
IV. Passage Based Questions 202. Find wavelength of the beam.
(a) 1Å (b) 2Å (c) 3Å (d) 0.5Å
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 197-199) These questions are
based on the following situation. Choose the correct 203. The energy of the electron is
options from those given below. (a) 160 eV (b) 150.8 eV
When a beam of 10.6 eV photons of intensity (c) 145 eV (d) 100 eV
2.0 Wm −2 falls on a surface of platinum of surface area 204. The least of d for which the standing wave of the type
1.0 × 10 −4 m 2 and the work-function of the material is described can form
5.6 eV. Given that, 0.53% of the incident photons eject (a) 0.8 Å (b) 0.5 Å (c) 1Å (d) 2.5 Å
photoelectrons.
197. Find number of photoelectrons emitted per second. V. More than One Option Correct
(a) 7 × 1011 (b) 6.25 × 1011 .
205. The graph between 1/ λ and stopping potential (V ) of
(c) 9 × 1010 (d) 11 × 1011 three metals having work functions φ 1 , φ 2 and φ 3 in an
198. Find maximum energy of photoelectrons emitted. experiment of photoelectric effect is plotted as shown
(a) 5.0 eV (b) 6.0 eV (c) 2.5 eV (d) 0 eV in the figure. Which of the following option(s) is/are
correct? (Here, λ is the wavelength of the incident ray)
199. Find minimum energy of photoelectrons emitted.
V
(a) 6.0 eV (b) 5.0 eV (c) 5.8 eV (d) 0 eV
Metal 1 Metal 2 Metal 3
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 200-201) These questions are
based on the following situation. Choose the correct
options from those given below.
In a photoelectric experiment set-up, photons of θ
nm–1
energy 5 eV fall on the cathode having work function 0.001 0.002 0.004(1/λ)
3 eV. If the saturation current is found to be 4 × 10 −6 A
(a) Ratio of work function φ1 : φ 2 : φ 3 = 1 : 2 : 4
for intensity of 10 −5 Wm −2 , then
(b) Ratio of work function φ1 : φ 2 : φ 3 = 4 : 2 : 1
200. Graph between anode potential and current will be (c) tan θ is directly proportional to hc / e , where h is
Planck’s constant and c is the speed of light
i i
(d) The violet colour light can eject photoelectrons from
metals 2 and 3.
(a) (b)
V V 206. When photon of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface of
(Anode potential) (Anode potential) a metal A, the ejected photoelectron have maximum
kinetic energy T A eV and de-Broglie wavelength λ A .
i The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
(c) (d) None of these liberated from another metal B by photon of energy
V
4.70 eV is TB = (T A − 1.5) eV. If the de-Broglie
(Anode potential) wavelength of these photoelectron is λ B = 2 λ A .
Then
201. When intensity is doubled,
(a) the work function of A is 2.25 eV
(a) saturation current remain as it is
(b) saturation current will be doubled (b) the work function of B is 4.20 eV
(c) saturation current will be four times (c) TA = 2.00 eV
(d) saturation current will be halved (d) TB = 2.75 eV

■ Directions (Q. Nos. 202-204) These questions are 207. Relativistic corrections become necessary when the
1
based on the following situation. Choose the correct expression for the kinetic energy mv 2 , becomes
options from those given below. 2
Assume that the de-Broglie wave associated with an comparable with mc 2 , where m is the mass of the
electron can form a standing wave between the atoms electron. At what de-Broglie wavelength, will relativistic
arranged in a one-dimensional array with nodes at corrections become important for an electron?
each of the atomic sites. It is found that one such (a) λ = 10 nm
standing wave is formed, if the distance d between the (b) λ = 10− 1 nm
atoms of the array is 2Å. A similar standing wave is (c) λ = 10− 4 nm
again formed, if d is increased to 2.5 Å but not for any
intermediate value of d. (d) λ = 10− 6 nm
208. Two particles A1 and A2 of masses m1 , m2 ( m1 > m2 ) 210. A particle moves in a closed orbit around the origin,
have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Then, due to a force which is directed towards the origin.
(a) their momenta are the same The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle varies
(b) their energies are the same cyclically between two values λ 1 , λ 2 with λ 1 > λ 2 .
(c) energy of A1 is less than the energy of A2 Which of the following statement are true?
(d) energy of A1 is more than energy of A2 (a) The particle could be moving in a circular orbit with
origin as centre
209. The de-Broglie wavelength of a photon is twice, the (b) The particle could be moving in an elliptic orbit with
de-Broglie wavelength of an electron. The speed of origin as its focus
c (c) When the de-Broglie wavelength is λ 1 , the particle is
the electron is v e = . Then,
100 nearer the origin than when its value is λ 2
Ee E p p (d) When the de-Broglie wavelength is λ 2 , the particle is
(a) = 10−4 (b) e = 10−2 (c) e = 10−2 (d) e = 10−4
Ep Ep me c me c nearer the origin than when its value is λ 1

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

NCERT The wavelength of the sodium light is 589 nm. At
211. The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by what rate are the photons delivered to the sphere?
30 kV electrons will be (a) 3 × 1021 photon /s (b) 3 × 1020 photon /s
(a) 0.0414 nm (b) 0.414 nm (c) 3 × 1022 photon /s (d) 3 × 1024 photon /s
(c) 4.14 nm (d) 41.4 nm 217. The threshold frequency for a certain metal is
212. The work function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV. When . × 1014 Hz. If light of frequency 8.2 ×1014 Hz is
33
14
light of frequency 6 × 10 Hz is incident on the metal incident on the metal, predict the cut-off voltage for
surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the photoelectric emission.
the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons? (a) 2.03 V (b) 4.04 V
(a) 0.65 eV (b) 0.35 eV (c) 0.50 eV (d) 0.56 eV (c) 5.04 V (d) 6.04 V
213. The photoelectric cut-off voltage in a certain 218. Light of frequency 7.21 ×1014 Hz is incident on a
experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum kinetic metal surface. Electrons with a maximum speed of
energy of photoelectrons emitted? . × 10 5 m / s are ejected from the surface. What is the
60
(a) 4.4 × 10−19 J (b) 5.4 × 10−19 J threshold frequency for photoemission of electrons?
(c) 2.4 × 10−19 J (d) 3.4 × 10−19 J (a) 4.74 × 1014 Hz (b) 5.47 × 1014 Hz
(c) 6.47 × 1014 Hz (d) 6.47 × 1014 Hz
214. Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm is
produced by a helium-neon laser. The power emitted 219. Light of wavelength 488 nm is produced by an argon
is 9.42 mW. The energy and momentum of each laser, which is used in the photoelectric effect. When
photon in the light beam will be light from this spectral line is incident on the emitter,
(a) 3.14 × 10−19 J,1.05 × 10−27 kg ms −1 the stopping (cut-off) potential of photoelectrons is
(b) 2.4 × 10−19 J, 2.05 × 10−27 kg ms −1 0.38 V. Find the work function of the material from
which the emitter is made.
(c) 4.2 × 10−19 J, 3 × 1016 kg ms −1
(a) 3.17 eV (b) 2.17 eV (c) 4.17 eV (d) 5.17 eV
(d) 4.2 × 10−18 J, 1.05 × 10−26 kg ms −1
215. The energy flux of sunlight reaching the surface of NCERT Exemplar
3 2
the earth is 1388
. × 10 W / m . How many photons 220. A particle is dropped from a height H. The de-Broglie
(nearly) per square metre are incident on the earth per wavelength associated with particle is proportional to
second? Assume that the photons in the sunlight have (a) H (b) H 1 / 2 (c) H 0 (d) H −1 / 2
an average wavelength of 550 nm.
221. Wavelengths of a photon needed to remove a proton
(a) 1021 (b) 1020 (c) 1010 (d) 1040
from a nucleus which is bound to the nucleus with
216. A 100 W sodium lamp radiates energy uniformly in 1 meV energy is nearly
all directions. The lamp is located at the centre of a
(a) 1.2 nm (b) 1.2 × 10−3 nm
large sphere that absorbs all the sodium light which is −6
incident on it. (c) 1.2 × 10 nm (d) 1.2 × 101 nm
222. Consider a beam of electrons (each with energy E 0 ) 224. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α-particle
incident on a metal surface kept in an evacuated have same energy. Then, their de-Broglie
chamber. Then, wavelengths compare as
(a) no electrons will be emitted as only photons can emit (a) λ p = λ n > λ e > λ α (b) λ α < λ p = λ n < λ e
electrons (c) λ e < λ p = λ n > λ α (d) λ e = λ p = λ n = λ α
(b) electrons can be emitted but all with energy E0
225. An electron moving with an initial velocity v = v 0 $i
(c) electrons can be emitted with any energy, with a
maximum of E0 − φ (φ is the work-function) and is in a magnetic field B = B 0 $j. Then, its
(d) electrons can be emitted with any energy, with a de-Broglie wavelength
maximum of E0 (a) remains constant (b) increases with time
(c) decreases with time (d) first increases decreases
223. Consider figure given below. Suppose the voltage
applied to A is increased. The diffracted beam will 226. An electron (mass m) with an initial velocity
have the maximum at a value of θ that v = v 0 $i ( v 0 > 0) is in an electric field
E = E 0 $i ( E 0 = constant > 0) field. It’s de-Broglie
HT
wavelength at time t is given by
λ0  eE t 
(a) (b) λ 0 1 + 0 
 eE0 t   mv0 
Nickel 1 + 
A Electron beam target  m v0 
θ (c) λ 0 (d) λ 0 t
Electron
LT gun 227. An electron (mass m) with an initial velocity v = v 0 $i
Diffracted Vacuum is in an electric field E = E 0 $j. If λ 0 = h/ mv 0 , it’s
Movable electron chamber
collector beam de-Broglie wavelength at time t is given by
To galvanometer e2 E02 t 2
(a) λ 0 (b) λ 0 1 +
(a) will be larger than the earlier value m2 v02
(b) will be the same as the earlier value λ0 λ0
(c) (d)
(c) will be less than the earlier value e E02 t 2
2  e2 E02 t 2 
(d) will depend on the target 1+ 1 + 
m2 v02  m2 v02 

Answers
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24 (d) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (a)
46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (d) 75. (d)
76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (b) 80. (a) 81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (a,c 85. (d) 86. (a) 87. (d) 88. (b) 89. (c) 90. (d)
)
91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (b 95. (a) 96. (d) (b)
97. (a) 98. (c) 99 (c) 100. 101. (a) 102. (a) 103. (a) 104. (b) 105. (c)
106. (a) 107. (a) 108. (a) 109. (a) 110. (a) 111. (b) (b)
112. (c) 113. (d) 114. (d) 115. 116. (c) 117. (d) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (a)
121. (d) 122. (b) 123. (a) 124. (b) 125. (d) 126. (d) (b)
127. (d) 128. (a) 129. (b) 130. 131. (d) 132. (c) 133. (d) 134. (b) 135. (b)
136. (a) 137. (d) 138. (c) 139. (d) 140. (a) 141. (b) (a)
142. (d) 143. (d) 144. (a) 145. 146. (d) 147. (c) 148. (b) 149. (a) 150. (a)
151. (a) 152. (a) 153. (b) 154. (a) 155. (c) 156. (b) (a)
157. (d) 158. (a) 159. (b) 160. 161. (c) 162. (a) 163. (c) 164. (a) 165. (a)
166. (c) 167. (d) 168. (c) 169. (d) 170. (d) 171. (d) (a)
172. (a) 173. (a) 174. (c) 175. 176. (c) 177. (a) 178. (a) 179. (b) 180. (c)
181. (c) 182. (a) 183. (a) 184. (d) 185. (b) 186. (d) (d)
187. (d) 188. (d) 189. (a) 190. 191. (b) 192. (c) 193. (b) 194. (b) 195. (a)
196. (a) 197. (b) 198. (a) 199. (d) 200. (a) 201. (b) (a,c
202. (a) 203. (b) 204. (b) 205. 206.(a,b, 207. (c,d 208. (a, 209. (b,c 210.(b,d
) c) ) c) ) )
211. (a) 212. (b) 213. (c) 214. (a) 215. (a) 216. (b) 217. (a) 218. (a) 219. (b) 220. (d) 221. (b) 222. (d) 223. (c) 224. (b) 225. (a)
 Hints and Explanations
1. (c) At low pressure and high temperature, free electrons are 2 eV . × 10− 19 × 1000
2 × 16
generated and positively charged atom (or molecule) which ⇒ v= =
m . × 10− 31
91
is called an ion is created. Hence, conduction is possible.
= 1.875 × 107 ≈ 1. 9 × 107 ms −1
2. (d) It was found that at sufficiently low pressure of about
0.001 mm of mercury column, a discharge tube place 14. (b) Change in KE = work done by electric field due to
between the two electrodes an applying the electric field to potential difference applied
the gas. KE f − KEi = qV ⇒ KE f − 0 = qV
A fluorescent glow appeared opposite to cathode.
or KE f = qV (q = 2e)
3. (d) In the discharge tube a fluorescent glow is seen on the
⇒ KE = 2e × 5 = 10 eV
glass opposite to cathode. The colour of glow of the glass
depended on the type of glass, it being yellowish-green for 15. (c) Atom break into proton and electron at low pressure.
soda glass. 16. (c) Pressure is of the order of 10− 2 mm of Hg.
4. (c) Glow is due to the radiation which appeared to be
coming from the cathode. 17. (b) Initially energy of electron = eV
5. (b) Cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles. 1 2 1 2
and finally, energy = mv ⇒ eV = mv
6. (a) The particles speed ranges from 0.1c to 0.2c. Here, c is 2 2
the speed of light in vacuum which is 3 × 108 ms −1 . v2
or e/ m = ...(i)
7. (a) Specific charge is 1.76 × 1011 C kg −1 . By applying 2V
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields across the On substituting the values in Eq. (i), we get
discharge tube, JJ Thomson was the first to determine the
⇒ e / m = 1.76 × 1011 C kg −1
speed and the specific charge [Charge to mass ratio (e/m)] of
the cathode ray particles. 18. (a) Use m e = 9.1 × 10− 31 kg , e = 1.6 × 10− 19 C
8. (c) The value of e / m was found to be independent of the mp = 1.67 × 10− 27 , e = 1.6 × 10− 19 C
nature of the material/metal used as the cathode (emitter) or
the gas introduced in the discharge tube. mα = 4 × mp , qα = 2 × 1.6 × 10− 19 C
9. (c) For proton, e 1.6 × 10−19 c
e For electron = = 0.176 × 1012 C kg −1
Specific charge = = 9.6 × 107 C kg − 1 me 9.1 × 10−31 kg
m
For alpha particle, e 1.6 × 10−19 c
For proton =
2e 1 e 1 mp 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Specific charge = = = × 9.6 × 107
4m 2 m 2 = 0.95 × 108 C kg −1
= 4.8 × 107 C kg − 1
2e 1 e
10. (d) It is found that the charge on an oil-droplet was always For α-particle qα / mα = = = 0.475 × 108 C kg
4 mp 2 mp
an integral multiple of an elementary charge, 1. 6 × 10− 19 C. −1
Millikan’s experiment established that electric charge is
quantised. From the values of charge ( e ) and specific charge Therefore, order of specific charge is
( e / m ), the mass ( m ) of the electron could be determined.  e   e   qα 
11. (c) X-rays region lies from wavelengths 10−8 m (= 10 or 100
  >   >  
 me   mp   mα 
°
A) to 10−19 m (= 10−14 nm or 10−3 A) ⇒ e> p>α
12. (d) X-rays does not have charge particle they are simple
19. (d) As the drop is stationary, then we can say that
electromagnetic radiation, hence, it cannot be deflected by + + +
applying electric and magnetic fields. Fe
13. (c) When an electron is accelerated by a potential difference
E q
of V volts, then
or eV = U Fg
– – –
This potential energy is converted into KE of electron,
Fe = Fg
KE = U
⇒ q E = Fg (Fg = weight)
1 2
⇒ mv = eV V
2 ⇒ Weight = qE = q
d
20. (d) If an electron attempts to come out of the metal, the 35. (a) Frequency of X-rays is much higher than ultraviolet-light,
metal surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the so photoemission might be possible with X- rays. For
electron back to the metal. photoemission, a minimum frequency called threshold
Consequently, the electron can come out of the metal frequency is required. Below threshold frequency
surface only if it has got sufficient energy to overcome the photoemission does not occurs.
attractive pull. 36. (a) In the experiment study of photoelectric effect, light is
21. (c) The minimum energy required by an electron to escape monochromatic, consisting of only one wavelength.
from the metal surface is called the work function of the 37. (a) Short wavelength light have high frequency and
metal. photoemission occurs.
22. (d) The work function ( φ 0 ) depends on the properties of the c
metal and the nature of its surface. The work function also Since, c = νλ or ν =
λ
depends on presence of surface impurities and it also
For constant wave velocity (as in case of electromagnetic
depends on temperature of the surface.
radiation in vacuum, c = 3 × 108 ms −1 ), the frequency is
23. (a) The work function of platinum is the highest inversely proportional to wavelength. High frequency light
(φ 0 = 5.65 eV) while it is the lowest (φ 0 = 2.14 eV) for carries more energy [ E = hν ] and hence photoemission
caesium. easily occurs.
24. (d) Electrons absorbs light energy and electrons are emitted, 38. (d) Intensity of light reaching a surface is inversely
so the process is called photoemission. proportional to square of its distance from source.
25. (c) Kinetic energy of electron is the excess energy remained 1
Intensity ∝
after the electron moves out of metal surface. So, it depends (Distance)2
on work function and also energy acquired from external
source. 39. (d) Photocurrent varies linearly with intensity. The
photocurrent is directly proportional to the number of
q
26. (a) We can measure charge by mass ratio only. i.e., is photoelectrons emitted per second. This implies that the
m number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly
measured. proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
27. (a) Below a minimum frequency no photoelectrons will be 40. (a) As photocurrent increases with increase in intensity,
emitted. so we can say that number of photoelectrons emitted per
28. (d) When ultraviolet radiations fall on the emitter plate, second is proportional to intensity of radiation.
electrons are ejected from it which are attracted towards the 41. (a) Intensity and frequency are kept fixed and collector plate
positive collector plate by the electric field. The electrons flow potential is gradually changed. Since, intensity and frequency
through the evacuated glass tube, resulting in the current flow. may effect photocurrent, these parameter are kept fixed to
30. (c) Positive charge on a positively charged zinc plate was observe, the effect of then change in third parameter.
found to be further enhanced when it was illuminated by 42. (d) With the increase in collector potential it is found that
ultraviolet light. So, leaves of electroscope will move further the photoelectric current increases with increase in
apart. accelerating (positive) potential and finally saturates.
31. (d) Hallwachs and Lenard also observed that when ultraviolet 43. (d) The maximum value of the photoelectric current is
light fell on the emitter plate, no electrons were emitted at all called saturation current. Saturation current corresponds
when the frequency of the incident light was smaller than a to the case when all the photoelectrons emitted by the
certain minimum value, called the threshold frequency. This emitter plate C reach the collector plate A.
minimum frequency depends on the nature of the material of 44. (b) When polarity of collector plate is reversed only the
the emitter plate. most energetic electrons are able to reach the collector A.
32. (d) Photoemission involves conversion of light energy into 45. (a)
Photocurrent

electrical energy.It is observed that many metals emit

electrons when light shines upon them.
33. (a) Some alkali metals such as, lithium, sodium, potassium, I 3 > I2 > I 1
caesium and rubidium are sensitive even to visible light. All I3
I2
these photosensitive substances emit electrons when they are I1
illuminated by light. Stopping
potential
34. (a) For photoemission a minimum frequency called threshold
frequency is required. As green light can emit electrons and
–V0 0 Collector plate
yellow light does not, so red light also shows no photoemission Retarding potential potential
as the frequency of red light is least of all three colours.
Anode potential
46. (b) For a particular frequency of incident radiation, the ∆V
For slope of graph, tan θ =
minimum negative (retarding) potentialV0 given to the plate ∆ν
A for which the photocurrent stops or becomes zero is called eV = hv − φ
the cut-off or stopping potential. ∆V h
⇒ =
47. (a) From figure, 0 to V0 = − 0.54 V. ∆ν e
h
48. (d) For greater intensity ( I1 ), more photoelectrons are ∴ = 4.12 × 10− 15
e
emitted and hence saturation current is more. Thus, graph
corresponding to I1 will be above that of I 2 . The stopping h = 1.6 × 10− 19 × 4.12 × 10− 15
potential is independent of intensity, hence the graphs = 6.592 × 10− 34 J-s
converge at same value ofV0 (stopping potential).
56. (a) All the photoelectrons emitted from the metal do not
49. (c) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends
have the same energy. Electrons near the surface acquires
on the frequency of light source and the emitter plate
more KE and electrons lying in deep layers are ejected with
material but is independent of intensity of incident radiation.
less energy. Range of KE of emitted electrons is zero to a
Loss in KE = Gain in PE.
maximum (K max ).
50. (a) Maximum KE is independent of intensity of light.
57. (c) Photoelectric current is zero when the stopping potential
51. (c) Maximum KE will depend upon the frequency of light is sufficient to repel even the most energetic photoelectrons,
source and emitter plate material. with the maximum kinetic energy ( K max ), so that
52. (a) Stopping potential is more negative for higher frequency. K max = eV0
53. (c) From the graph, stopping potential = V0 = − 3. 2 V 58. (c) With incident radiation of the same frequency but of
higher intensity I 2 and I 3 ( I 3 > I 2 > I1 ) , the saturation
For photoelectric effect, KE max = hν − φ currents are found to attain higher values. This shows that
hν = 2.2 + 1 = 3.2 eV more electrons are being emitted per second, proportional to
The frequency of incident radiation the intensity of incident radiation. But the stopping potential
. × 10−19 × 3.2
16 remains the same as KE of ejected electrons does not change.
ν= = 0.775 × 1015 Hz
Photo current
6.6 × 10−34
I3
54. (d) Here, B = 2.5 × 10− 4 T I2
V = 120 V Stopping
I1

r = 13 cm = 13 × 10− 2 m potential Intensity I3 > I2 > I1

When electrons are accelerated through V volts.
The change in kinetic energy of the electron is –V0
Collector plate potential
1 2 2 eV
mv = eV ⇒ v2 = ...(i) 59. (c) Intensities will be equal as the saturation current is same.
2 m To study the variation of photocurrent with collector plate
mv2 eBr potential at different frequencies the intensity is kept same.
as evB = or v =
r m
60. (a) Stopping potential is more negative for higher frequency
2 e 2 B 2 r2 of incident radiation and vice-versa. Thus, from graph
⇒ v = ....(ii)
m2 ν0 A > ν0 B > ν0 C
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ f A > fB > fC
2eV e2 B 2 r2
= 61. (c) When frequency of incident radiation increases, the
m m2 maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons also increases.
e 2V 2 × 120
or = = 62. (c) Different photosensitive materials respond differently to
m r2 B 2 (13 × 10− 2 )2 × (2.5 × 10− 4 )2 light. Selenium is more sensitive than zinc or copper. The
= 2.27 × 1011 C kg −1 same photosensitive substance gives different response to
light of different wavelengths. e.g., Ultraviolet light gives
55. (c) Given, slope of graph, tan θ = 4.12 × 10− 15 V-s and rise to photoelectric effect in copper while green or red light
charge on electron e = 1.6 × 10− 19 C does not.
V 63. (b) By using equation, hν − hν 0 = K max
θ h ( ν1 − ν 0 ) = K 1 and h ( ν 2 − ν 0 ) = K 2
ν
ν1 − ν 0 K 1 1 ( nν1 − ν 2 )
∴ = = or ν 0 =
V0 ν2 − ν0 K 2 n ( n − 1)
64. (a) We obtain different values of stopping potential but the 75. (d) In the wave picture, the absorption of energy by electron
same value of the saturation current for incident radiation of takes place continuously over entire wavefront of the
different frequencies of same intensities. radiation. Since a large number of electrons absorb energy,
the energy absorbed per electron per unit time turns out to
Photoelectric be small. Explicit calculations estimate that it can take hours
current or more for a single electron to pick up sufficient energy to
overcome the work function and come out of the metal.
ν3 > ν2 > ν1 76. (d) Photoelectric effect is based on quantum theory. The
Saturation current wave picture is unable to explain the most basic features of
photoelectric emission. In quantum theory, the radiation
ν3
ν2 energy is considered to be built up of discrete units and it is
ν1
–ν03 –ν02 –ν01 Collector plate potential considered that photoelectric emission does not take place
by continuous absorption of energy from radiation.
Retarding potential
77. (d) Incident power of light = Intensity × Area
65. (b) Energy of emitted photoelectrons depends on frequency P = IA = 10− 5 × 2 × 10− 4 = 2 × 10− 9 W
of incident radiation.
Number of layers absorbing light is 5, each sodium atom
66. (a) Experimentally, it is found that, if frequency of the
with effective atomic area of 10− 20 m2 .
incident radiation exceeds the threshold frequency, the
photoelectric emission starts instantaneously without any Number of electrons absorbing energy
apparent time lag, even if the incident radiation is very dim. A 2 × 10− 4
= n′ = n × = 5× = 1017
It is now known that emission starts in a time of the order of Ae 10− 20
10− 9 s or less. where, A e = effective area of sodium atom
67. (b) N ∝I Energy absorbed per second by each electron
As, f ⋅ λ = speed of light (Here, f is frequency) E = P / n ′ = 2 × 10− 9 / 1017 = 2 × 10− 26 Js −1
1 ∴ Time required for protoemission in wave picture of light
∴ f ∝
λ 2 × 1.6 × 10−19 J
1 φ0 / E = = 1.6 × 107 s = 0.507 yr
Also, E∝ f ⇒ E∝ 2 × 10−26 Js −1
λ 1
= yr
68. (a) Photocurrent depends only on intensity of light. As in 2
given problem, only work function is changed, so current 78. (d) Einstein’s photoelectric equation depends on the basic
values are same. idea of quantisation of energy. Each quanta of energy is
69. (c) In metals many free electrons are present on the surface. called a photon with energy hν, where h = Planck's constant
70. (a) The wave nature of light was well established by the end and ν is the frequency of light.
of the nineteenth century the phenomena of interferences, 79. (b) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron is
diffraction and polarisation were explained in a natural and given by
satisfactory way as the wave picture of light. K max = hν − φ 0 = h ( 6ν ) − h (ν ) = 5 hν
71. (b) According to wave theories, light is an electromagnetic 80. (a) In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of
wave consisting of electric and magnetic fields with energy ( hν ) of radiation. If this quantum of energy absorbed
continuous distribution of energy over the region of space exceeds the minimum energy needed for the electron to
over which the wave is extended. escape from the metal surface (work function φ 0 ), the
72. (a) According to the wave picture of light, the free electrons electron is emitted with maximum kinetic energy
at the surface of the metal (over which the beam of radiation K max = hν − φ 0
falls) absorb the radiant energy continuously. 81. (c) According to Einstein’s experimental results, K max
73. (b) The greater the intensity of radiation, the greater are the depends linearly on ν and is independent of intensity of
amplitude of electric and magnetic fields. Consequently, the radiation. It is determined by energy of each photon.
greater the intensity, the greater should be the energy
absorbed by each electron. The maximum kinetic energy of 82. (c) Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron is
the photoelectrons on the surface is then expected to given by K max = hν − φ 0
increase with increase in intensity. This is Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
74. (d) According to wave theory we will require beam of As we can write, φ 0 = hν 0
sufficient high intensity. where, ν 0 = threshold frequency
 The above equation can be expressed in following form 92. (c) In Einstein’s picture, the basic elementary process
K max = hν − φ 0 ⇒ eV0 = hν − hν 0 involved in photoelectric effect is the absorption of light
K max = eV0 , whereV0 = stopping potential quantum by an electron. This process is instantaneous. Thus,
1 whatever may be the intensity i.e., the number of quanta of
c hc 1
⇒ K max = eV0 = h − = hc  −  radiation per unit area per unit time, photoelectric emission
λ λ0  λ λ0 is instantaneous.
where, λ 0 = threshold wavelength 93. (c) The photoelectric equation can be written as
hc φ
84. (a, c) eV0 = −W h
λ eV0 = hν − φ 0 , for ν ≥ ν 0 or V0 = ν− 0
e e
 hc  1  W This is an important result. It predicts that the V0 versus ν
V0 =     −
 e  λ e curve is a straight line with slope = ( h / e ) , independent of
1 the nature of the material.
V0 versus graph is in the form y = mx − c
λ 94. (b) As slope of graph of stopping potential versus frequency
Therefore, option (c) is correct. is h / e. So,
Clearly, V0 versus λ graph is not a straight line but V0 ∴ Slope =
h
or h = e × slope
decreases with increase in λ andV0 becomes zero when e
hc
= W. 95. (a) By Einstein’s equation,
λ h φ
i.e., λ = λ0 (Threshold wavelength) we have eV0 = hν − φ 0 or V0 =ν− 0
e e
∴ Option (a) is also correct. Above is a equation of straight line ( y = mx + c ) with slope
h φ
85. (d) When photon of sufficient energy is absorbed, electron and y-intercept = 0
e e
will be emitted.
∴ Work function, φ 0 = e × intercept (eV)
86. (a) Einstein’s photoelectric equation is
96. (d) As the distance of source from the surface increases,
K max = hν − φ 0 intensity of radiation decreases.
where, K max = maximum KE of emitted electrons, 1
h = Planck’s constant, ν = frequency of incident radiation, Intensity = and photocurrent ∝ Intensity
(distance)2
φ 0 = work function of metal.
Since, K max must be non-negative. 97. (a) K max = hν − φ 0 (Einstein's photoelectric equation)
So, photoelectric emission is possible only, if Above equation is equation of a straight line with y-intercept
hν > φ 0 or ν > ν 0 , φ 0 , so from graph, work function is 1eV.
φ 98. (c) In Ist case, when a metallic surface is illuminated with
where, ν0 = 0
h radiation of wavelength λ, the stopping potential is V.
87. (d) More tightly bound electrons will emerge with kinetic So, photoelectric equation can be written as
energies less than the maximum value. hc hc
eV = − …(i)
Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons lies between 0 to K λ λ0
maximum value, where K max = hν − φ 0 In IInd case, when the same surface is illuminated with
88. (b) We know that, K max = hν − φ 0 and hence if K max > 0 V
radiation of wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is .
⇒ hν − φ 0 > 0 or hν > φ 0 4
So, photoelectric equation can be written as
89. (c) Intensity of light of a given frequency is determined by the eV hc hc 4 hc 4 hc
= − ⇒ eV = − …(ii)
number of energy quanta (photon) per unit area per unit time. 4 2λ λ 0 2λ λ0
φ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
90. (d) From Einstein’s equation, ν > 0 . So, the greater the
h hc hc 4 hc 4 hc
work function φ 0 , the higher the threshold frequency ν 0 ⇒ − = −
λ λ0 2λ λ0
needed to emit photoelectrons. Thus, there exists a threshold
frequency ν 0 ( = φ 0 / h ) for the metal surface, below which no 1 1 2 4
⇒ − = − ⇒ λ 0 = 3λ
photoelectric emission is possible, no matter how intense the λ λ0 λ λ0
incident radiation may be or how long it falls on the surface. hc
99. (c) Here, eV = − W0
91. (a) The greater the number of energy quanta available, the λ
greater is the number of electrons absorbing the energy hc
quanta and therefore greater number of electrons coming out 0.5e = − W0
6 × 10− 7
of the metal (for ν > ν 0 ). Hence, photoelectric current is
proportional to intensity.
 h c  W0 1 2
mv2 = hν 2 − φ
⇒ 0.5 =   − ...(i)
−7
e  6 × 10  e 2
1
h c  W0 ∴ m( v12 − v22 ) = h (ν 1 − ν 2 )
Similarly, 1.5 =  −7
 − ...(ii) 2
e  4 × 10  e 2h
v12 − v22 = ( ν1 − ν 2 )
From Eqs (i) and (ii), we get m
c
h c  1 1 104. (b) Frequency of lines can be found by using ν = and they
1= − λ
e 10− 7  4 6 are listed in tabular form as
f × 1014 Hz 8.219 7.412 6.884 5.493 4.343
h 12 × 10− 7
⇒ =
e 3 × 108 V0 1.28 0.95 0.74 0.16 0
h
= 4 × 10− 15 Vs From the table, frequency f0 = 4.343 × 1014 Hz
e
Work function = φ 0 = hνf0 ≈ 1.8 eV
100. (b) Maximum kinetic energy,
105. (c) When an electron absorbs sufficient energy, it is emitted
1
K max = mv2 = eV0 and carries remaining energy as its KE. Part of energy
2 absorbed is spent in overcoming attraction from metal
where,V0 is the stopping potential. surface and in collision.
According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation KE max = 4v − φ = 0.35 eV
hν1 = φ 0 + eV1 106. (a) Given, work-function of caesium metal φ 0 = 2.14 eV
hν 2 = φ + eV2 Frequency of light ν = 6 × 104 Hz
∴ h ( ν1 − ν 2 ) = e (V1 − V2 )
KE max = hν − φ = 0.35 eV
h
( ν1 − ν 2 ) = V1 − V2 (i) Let stopping potential be V0
e We know that
h
or V2 = V1 + ( ν1 − ν 2 ) KE max = eV0
e
0.35 eV = eV0
101. (a) Work-function φ 0 = hv0
V0 = 0.35 V
Then threshold frequency 1
φ 6.35 × 1.6 × 10− 19 (ii) Maximum kinetic energy KEmax = mv2max
v0 = 0 = = 15.32 × 1014 Hz 2
h 6.63 × 10− 34 1 2
102. (a) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, 0.35 eV = mvmax
2
1 2 1 2
hν = hν 0 + mv max or mv max = hν − hν 0 (where, vmax is the maximum speed and m is the mass of
2 2 electron)
According to the given problem 0.35 × 2 × 1.6 × 10− 19
1 or = v2max (Q e = 1.6 × 10− 19 )
m( 8 × 106 )2 = h ( 5ν 0 − ν 0 ) ...(i) 9.1 × 10− 31
2
1 2 or v2max = 0.123 × 1012
mv max = h ( 2ν 0 − ν 0 ) ...(ii)
2 or v max = 350713.55 ms −1
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get v max = 350.7 kms −1
6 2
( 8 × 10 ) 4 ν0
= 107. (a) According to Einstein photoelectric equation
v2max ν0
E = K max + φ
( 8 × 106 )2 where, K max is maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron
v2max =
4 and φ is work function of an electron
8 × 106 K max = E − φ = hν − φ
v max = = 4 × 106 ms− 1
2 hc
K max = −φ
103. (a) According to Einstein’s equation λ
Kinetic energy of emitted electron Similarly, in second case, maximum kinetic energy of
emitted electron is 3 times that in first case, we get
= hν − (work - function φ 0 )
hc
1 2 3K max = −φ
∴ mv1 = hν1 − φ λ /2
2
 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get work function of an emitted 111. (b) Millikan performed a series of experiments on
electron from a metal surface photoelectric effect. He measured the slope of the straight
hc line obtained for sodium. Using the known value of e, he
φ= determined the value of Planck’s constant h. This value was
2λ
close to the value of Planck’s constant ( = 6.626 × 10−34 Js)
108. (a) According to Einstein’s photoelectric emission of light, determined in an entirely different context.
hc
E = ( KE ) max + φ as = ( KE ) max + φ 112. (c) The successful explanation of photoelectric effect using
λ the hypothesis of light quanta and the experimental
3λ determination of values of h and φ 0 in agreement with
If the wavelength of radiation is changed to , then
4 values obtained from other experiments, led to the
4 hc  4 φ acceptance of Einstein's picture of photoelectric effect.
⇒ =  ( KE ) max +  + φ
3 λ 3 3 113. (d) Photoelectric effect gives the evidence to the strange fact
1 that light in interaction with matter behaved as if it was
For fastest emitted electron, ( KE ) max = mv′ 2 + φ made of quanta or packets of energy, each of energy hν.
2
114. (d) Einstein arrived at the important result that the light
1 4  1 2 φ
⇒ 2
mv′ =  mv  + quantum can also be associated with momentum ( h ν / c ). A
2 3 2  3 definite value of energy as well as momentum is a strong sign
 4
1/ 2 that the light quantum can be associated with a particle.
i.e., v′ > v   (b) The quantum possessing energy is called photon.
 3 115.
116. (c) Behaviour of light was further confirmed, in 1924 by the
109. (a) Given, for neon lamp wavelength of monochromatic
experiment of AH. Compton (1892-1962) on scattering of
radiation, λ = 640.2 nm = 640.2 × 10− 9 m X-rays from electrons.
Stopping voltageV0 = 0.54 V h hν
117. (d) Momentum of a photon = =
Let φ 0 be the work-function. λ c
hc So, all have same momentum.
∴ eV0 = − φ0
λ 118. (d) Intensity of a light beam = Number of photons falling on
Work-function of photosensitive material, a unit area in 1s.
hc 119. (b) It is a photocell. As a photocell converts variation of
φ0 = − eV0
λ intensity of light into variation of current, we can say it is
6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 sensitive to intensity of light like an eye. It is based on the
= −9
− 1.6 × 10−19 × 0.54 application of photoelectric effect.
640.2 × 10
120. (a) Photons can exerts pressure. Pressure of electromagnetic
= 3.1 × 10− 19 − 0.864 × 10− 19 = 2.236 × 10−19 waves is called radiation pressure.
2.236 × 10−19 (d) Photons are electrically neutral and so are not deflected
= = 1.4 eV 121.
1.6 × 10−19 by strong electric or magnetic field.
For iron; given work-function, φ 0 = 1.4 eV 122. (b) Given, wavelength of light = 589 nm = 589 × 10− 9 m
Wavelength λ = 427.2 nm = 427.2 × 10− 9 m Mass of electron, me = 9.1 × 10− 31 kg
LetV0′ be the new stopping potential. Mass of neutron, mn = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
hc
eV0′ = − φ0 Planck’s constant, h = 6.62 × 10− 34 J-s
λ
h
6.63 × 10−34 × 108 × 3 (i) Using of formula, λ =
= − 1.4 = 1.51eV 2KEme
427.2 × 10−9 × 1.6 × 10−19
Required stopping potential, V0′ = 1.51V Kinetic energy of electron,
h2 (6.63 × 10− 34 )2
110. (a) According to Einstein photoelectric equation, KEe = 2 =
2λ me 2 × (589 × 10− 9 )2 × 9.1 × 10− 31
hc 2hc
KA = − φ ⇒ 2K A = − 2φ
λA λA = 6.96 × 10− 25 J
2hc (ii) Kinetic energy of neutron
or 2K A + φ = −φ
λA h2 (6.63 × 10− 34 )2
KEn = 2 =
Wavelength of metal B is half of metal A, therefore 2λ mn 2 × (589 × 10− 9 )2 × 1.66 × 10− 27
2hc K = 3.81 × 10− 28 J
KB = − φ ⇒ 2K A + φ = K B ⇒ K A < B
λA 2
123. (a) Given, energy of γ-rays = 10.2 eV = 10.2 eV (2γ-rays) 130. (b) Energy of a photon, E = 6 MeV = 6 × 106 eV
10.2 Linear momentum of the photon
Energy of one γ-ray = = 5.1 eV = 5.1 × 1.6 × 10−9 J
2 E
p=
= 8.16 × 10−19 J c
Let λ be the wavelength. 6
6 × 10 eV
P= = 2 × 10− 2 eVs m− 1 = 0.02 eVs m− 1
Energy of each ray 3 × 108 ms − 1
hc hc
E= or λ = 131. (d) According to de-Broglie, a moving particles of matter
λ E should display wave-like properties under the condition that
− 34
6.63 × 10 × 3 × 108 particle is having some momentum under the frame of reference
= = 2.436 × 10−7 m
8.16 × 10− 19 of observation. So, a moving particle may exhibit wave like
properties.
124. (b) Energy of photons = hν
132. (c) de-Broglie reasoned that nature was symmetrical and that
= ( 6.626 × 10− 34 Js ) × ( 6 × 1014 s − 1 ) the two basic physical entities-matter and energy, must have
= 3.98 × 10 − 19
J symmetrical character. If radiation shows dual aspects, so
should matter.
125. (d) Number of photons emitted per second 133. (d) λ is smaller for a heavier particle (large m) or more
= Power of the source/ Energy of one photon energetic particle (large v).
2 × 10− 3 This wavelength is so small that it is beyond any
= = 5 × 1015 Photons per second. measurement. This is reason why macroscope objects in our
3.98 × 10− 19
daily life do not show wavelike properties.
126. (d) Work function, φ 0 = hν ′0
134. (b) In photocell, light energy (intensity) is converted into
∴ Threshold frequency, electrical energy (current). It converts a change in intensity
φ . × 10−19
2.14 × 16 of illumination into a change in photocurrent. This current
ν0 = 0 = = 5.16 × 1014 Hz can be used to operate control systems and in light
h 6.62 × 10−34 measuring device.
127. (d) For red light, λ = 760 nm 135. (b) In burglar alarm, ultraviolet light is continuously made to
hc fall on a photocell installed at the doorway.
Energy, E = hν =
λ 136. (a) For an electron (mass m, charge e) accelerated from rest
6.63 × 10− 34 × 3 × 108 through a potential V. The kinetic energy K of the electron
Hence E= −9
= 2.62 × 10− 19 J equals to work done (eV) on it by the electric field
760 × 10
⇒ K = eV
2.62 × 10− 19
= eV = 1.64 eV 137. (d) In the familiar phenomenon of seeing an object by our
1.6 × 10− 19 eye, both descriptions are important. The gathering and
128. (a) Here, I = 1.52 × 103 Wm− 2 focussing mechanism of light by the eye-lens is well
described in the wave picture. But its absorption by the rods
λ = 520 × 10− 9 m ⇒ h = 6.63 × 10− 34 Js and cones (of the retina) requires the photon picture of light.
Number of photons incident on earth’s surface per second h
138. (c) Q λ =
per square metre is p
I I  hc 1
n= = λ Q E = λ  ⇒ λ ∝ or λ is inversely proportional to momentum.
E hc   p
1.52 × 103 × 520 × 10−9 139. (d) If v = velocity of particle
n=
6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 1 2 p2
Then, E= mv = , so that
= 4 × 1021 Photons per m2 per second. 2 2m
129. (b) Here, λ min = 0.55 Å = 0.55 × 10− 10 m, c = 3 × 108 ms− 1 p = 2m E = 2m eV

Maximum energy of X-ray photon is The de-Broglie wavelength λ of the electron is then
h h h
E max = hν max =
hc λ= = =
λ min p 2m E 2 meV

6.63 × 10− 34 × 3 × 108 140. (a) Here, u = 0 ; a =

eE
; v = ?, t = t
= − 10 − 19
eV m
0.55 × 10 × 1.6 × 10
eE
3
= 22.6 × 10 eV = 22.6 keV ∴ v = u + at = 0 + t (from equation of motion)
m
 de-Broglie wavelength, h 6.63 × 10−34 Js
de-Broglie wavelength, λ = =
λ=
h
=
h
=
h p 4.92 × 10−24 kgms −1
mv m ( eEt / m ) eEt
= 0.135 nm
Rate of change of de-Broglie wavelength, h
146. (d) As λ =
dλ h  1 −h 2 mqv
= −  =
dt eE  t 2  eEt 2 1
∴ λ∝
1227
. 1227
. mq
141. (b) λ = nm = = 0123
. nm
V 100 λp mα qα
which is in X-ray region. ∴ = (mα = 4 mp , qα = 2q p )
λα mp q p
142. (d) Momentum of a photon of energy hν
hν h h λp 4 mp × 2e
p= = ⇒ λ= …(i) = = 8 :1
c λ p λα mp × e
Also, by de-Broglie wavelength formula, h
147. (c) de-Broglie wavelength, λ = ...(i)
h 2mK
λ= …(ii)
p K
When the KE is , then
Both agrees to same value. 9
143. (d) Since, it is given that electron has mass m. de-Broglie’s h 3h
λ′ = = = 3λ [using Eq. (i)]
wavelength for an electron will be given as K 2mK
2m  
h  9
λe = …(i)
p 148. (b) Here, P = 200 W, λ 1 = 2 nm, λ 2 = 400 nm
where, h = Planck’s constant
p = Linear momentum of electron Let n1 and n2 be the number of photons of X-rays and visible
light emitted from the two sources.
p2
As kinetic energy of electron, E = hc hc n n
2m ∴ n1 = n2 or 1 = 2
λ1 λ2 λ1 λ 2
⇒ p = 2 mE …(ii)
n1 λ 2 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ = 1 = = = 1 : 200
n2 λ 2 400 200
h
λe = …(iii) 149. (a) de-Broglie wavelength, λ = h / p
2 mE
Q pα = p p = pe ∴ λα = λ p = λe
Energy of a photon can be given as
h
E = hν 150. (a) Momentum of striking electrons, p =
λ
hc hc ∴ Kinetic energy of striking electrons
⇒ E= ⇒ λp = …(iv)
λp E p2 h2
K = =
Hence, λ p = de-Broglie’s wavelength of photon. 2m 2mλ 2
Now, dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (iv), we get This is also, maximum energy of X-ray photons.
λe h E λe 1 E h2 2mλ 2 c
= ⋅ ⇒ = . Therefore,
hc
= or λ 0 =
λp 2mE hc λ p c 2m λ 0 2mλ 2
h
144. (a) Energy per unit area per unit time = Intensity 151. (a) We have, λ =
12.27
Number of photons per unit area per unit time = N V
Intensity I λ1
∴ = ∴ =
V2
or λ 2 = λ1
V1
Energy of a photon hν λ2 V1 V2
So, number of photons entering our eye
25 1 λ1
I λ 2 = λ1 ⇒ λ 2 = λ1 =
= N × Area of pupil = × A = 1008
. × 104 photons s −1 . 100 4 2
hν
E hν h
145. (a) For the electron, 152. (a) Momentum of photon, p = = =
c c λ
Mass, m = 911. × 10−31 kg, speed v = 5.4 × 10−6 ms −1
h h
Then, momentum p= = = 1010 h
λ 1 × 10− 10
. × 10−31 × 5.4 × 106 = 4.92 × 10−24 kg ms −1
p = mv = 911
153. (b) For de-Broglie wavelength 158. (a) Given, potential difference, V = 56 V
h h (i) Use the formula for kinetic energy
λ1 = = …(i)
p 2mK 1 2 eV 2 eV
h h λ1 eV = mv2 ⇒ = v2 ⇒ v =
λ2 = = = …(ii) 2 m m
2m 16K 4 2mK 4 where, m is mass and v is velocity of electron.
λ 2 = 25% of λ 1 Momentum associated with accelerated electron,
There is 75% change in the wavelength 2eV
p = mv = m = 2 eVm
154. (a) If λ 0 is threshold wavelength, then work function m
hc hc 6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 = 2 × 1.6 × 10− 19 × 56 × 9 × 10− 31
φ0 = ⇒ λ0 = = ≈ 2955 Å
λ0 φ0 . × 10−19
4.2 × 16 = 4.02 × 10−24 kg-ms −1
155. (c) Given that, the wavelength of incident light (ii) de-Broglie wavelength of electron,
12.27 12.27
( λ ) = 200 nm = 200 × 10−9 m λ= Å= = 0.164 × 10− 9 m = 0.164 nm
V 56
From Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
KE max = hν − φ …(i) 159. (b) The de-Broglie wavelength is given by
But KE max = eV0 λ = h / p ⇒ pλ = h
∴ eV0 = hν − φ (V0 = stopping potential) This equation is in the form of yx = c, which is the equation
of a rectangular hyperbola. Hence, the graph given in
hc
eV0 = −φ option (b) is the correct one.
λ
160. (a) If an electron is accelerated through a potential
6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
∴1.6 × 10−19 V0 = − 4.71 × 1.6 × 10−19 difference of V volts, then wavelength associated with
200 × 10−9 1227
.
electron is λ = nm, where,V is the magnitude of
6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 4.71 × 1.6 × 10−19 V
V0 = −7 −19
− accelerating potential in volts. For a 120 V accelerating
2 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 1.6 × 10−19
potential, above equation gives λ = 0.112 nm. This
V0 = (6.19 − 4.71) = 1.48 ≈ 1.50 V wavelength is of the same order as the spacing between the
1 atomic planes in crystals.
156. (b) K = mv2
2 h
161. (c) As λ = and p = momentum
h h
⇒ 2 mK = p 2 and λ = = p
p 2mK ∴ If p = 0, λ = ∞ (not defined)
1 Hence, p ≠ 0 ⇒ v = finite and non-zero.
So, for same kinetic energy, λ ∝ .
m 162. (a) Photons have zero rest mass and non-zero energy and
As heaviest is α-particle, λ is smallest for α. they are moving with a speed of light.
λp
157. (d) Given, . × 10−4 (where, λ p and λ e are
= 183 163. (c) The matter wave picture elegantly incorporated the
λe Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. According to the principle,
de-Broglie’s wavelengths associated with particle and it is not possible to measure both the position and momentum
vp of an electron (or any other particle) at the same time exactly.
electron, respectively) and = 3 (where, v p and ve are
ve 164. (a) There is always some uncertainty ( ∆x ) in the
velocities of the particle and electron, respectively.) specification of position and some uncertainty ( ∆p ) in the
h h specification of momentum. The product of ∆x and ∆p is of
Since, λ= or m = ...(i) the order of h (with h = h/ 2π) i. e., ∆x ∆ p ≈ h
mv λv
me λ p v p 165. (a) Here, ∆x = 1nm = 10− 9 m
Using Eq. (i), = = 5.49 × 10−4
mp λ e ve By Heisenberg uncertainty principle
∆x ∆p = h
mp 1
or = h h  h
me 5.49 × 10−4 ∴ ∆p = = Q h = 
∆x 2π ∆x  2π 
. × 10−31
91 6.63 × 10− 34
⇒ mp = . × 10−27 kg
≈ 166 = < 1.05 × 10− 25 kg ms− 1
5.49 × 10−4 2 × π × 10− 9
So, particle may be proton or a neutron. 166. (c) The wave nature of electrons was first experimentally
verified by CJ Davisson and LH Germer in 1927.
167. (d) _ + 178. (a) The number of photoelectrons emitted per second is
HT directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation
Collimating and and kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on frequency
accelerating tube
of incident radiation.
Nickel target
179. (b) Work function is the minimum energy required to eject
the photoelectron from photosensitive metal. Hence for metal
A Electron beam

Vacuum chamber
F to be photosensitive, the work-function should be small.
θ
Work function = hν 0
Electron
LT gun where ν 0 is the threshold frequency.
Diffracted
electron 180. (c) In a photon-particle collision such as photon-electron
Movable
collector
beam collision, the total energy and total momentum are conserved.
To galvanometer
However, the number of photons may not be conserved in a
collision. The photon may be absorbed or a new photon may be
168. (c) The appearance of the peak in a particular direction is created.
due to the constructive interference of electrons scattered 181. (c) Photocell is a technical application of the photoelectric
from different layers of the regularly spaced atoms of the effect. It is a device which converts light energy into electric
crystals. energy. It is also called an electric eye. Photocell are used in
170. (d) For heavy or slow particles, wavelength associated is not the reproduction of sound in motion picture and in the
measurable. But for a fast and light particle, wavelength is television camera.
observable. 182. (a) In Davisson and Germer experiment, de-Broglie
171. (d) The de-Broglie hypothesis beam basic to the wavelength associated with electron beam is
development of modern quantum mechanics. It has also led h
to the field of electron optics. The wave properties of λ=
2mK
electrons have been utilised in the design of electron
microscope which is a great improvement, with higher where, K is KE and m is mass of electron.
resolution, over the optical microscope. 183. (a) Momentum of a photon is given by p = h / c
172. (a) For the nickel crystal, the interatomic separation is Also the photon is a form of energy photon behaves as a
d = 0.91 Å hc E
particle having energy E = so p = λ .
According to Bragg’s law, for first order diffraction maxima λ c
( n = 1) , we have 185. (b) The photo emissive cell contain an inert gas at low
2 d sin θ = 1 × λ pressure. An inert gas in the cell is given greater current but
∴ λ = 2 × 0.91 × sin 65° = 165
. Å causes a time lag in the response of the cell to very rapid
173. (a) The experimental arrangement used by Davisson and change of radiation which may make it unsuitable for some
Germer consists of an electron gun which comprises of a purpose.
tungsten filament F, coated with barium oxide and heated by 186. (d) Maxwell’s equations and Lorentz force formula forms
a low voltage power supply. Electrons emitted by the the basic foundation of electrodynamics Maxwell’s
filament are accelerated to a desired velocity by applying equations describes how electric and magnetic fields are
suitable potential/voltage from a high voltage power supply.
generated and altered by each other. X-ray is a form of
174. (c) Given, voltage of electron microscope = 50kV = 50000V electromagnetic radiation.
12.27 12.27 187. (d) The minimum energy required for the electron emission
de-Broglie wavelength, λ = Å= = 0.055 Å
V 50000 from the metal surface can be supplied to the free electrons
= 5.5 × 10−12 m by anyone of the following physical processes.
175. (a) Cathode ray particles when strike the electrons of glass (i) Thermionic emission By suitably heating, sufficient
atom, the electrons of glass atom are excited and move to thermal energy can be imparted to the free electrons to
higher energy levels. On de-excitation, they fall to their enable them to come out of the metal.
ground state and release energy. As energy levels are (ii) Photoelectric emission When light of suitable frequency
characteristics of glass, glow depends on glass. illuminates a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the
176. (c) Sensitivity of a photoelectric materials greatly depends metal surface. These photo (light)-generated electrons are
on its surface characteristics. When emitter plate is coated called photoelectrons.
with a materials of low work function, photoemission occurs (iii) Field emission By applying a very strong electric field
even at low frequency. (of the order of 108 Vm−1 ) to a metal, electrons can be
177. (a) We know that intensity is energy per unit area per unit time. pulled out of the metal, as in a spark plug.
188. (d) To study effect of intensity, the collector C is maintained (iii) Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by
at a positive potential with respect to emitter E so that electric and magnetic fields.
electrons ejected from E are attracted towards collector C. (iv) In photon-particle collision (such as photoelectron
Keeping the frequency of the incident radiation and the collision), the total energy and total momentum are
accelerating potential fixed, the intensity of light is varied conserved.
and the resulting photoelectric current is measured each h
time. It is found that the photocurrent increases linearly with 192. (c) Using λ = and p = mv,
p
intensity of incident light.
we get, λ 1 < λ 2 < λ 3
189. (a) (i) The graph shows that the stopping potential V0 varies
linearly with the frequency of incident radiation for a p1 = m1 v1 = ( 0.4 kg × 1 kms −1 ) = 400 kg ms −1
given photosensitive material. p2 = m2 v2 = ( 0.6 kg × 1 ms −1 ) = 0.6 kg ms −1
Y . × 10−9 × 2.2 ) = 2.2 × 10−9 kgms −1
p3 = m3 v3 = (10
Metal A
Metal B p1 > p2 > p3
 1
Stopping λ1 < λ 2 < λ 3 Q λ ∝ 
potential ν >ν 0′  p
(V0) ν > ν 0′
193. (b) A → 3, B → 4 , C → 2, D → 1
ν ν0 ′
0 Frequency of incident radiation Maximum KE is given by
(ν)
K max = hf − φ 0
Variation of stopping potential V0 with frequency ν of
6.62 × 10− 34 × 6 × 1014
incident radiation for a given photosensitive material. = − 214
.
(ii) There exists a certain minimum cut-off frequency ν 0 for . × 10− 19
16
which the stopping potential is zero. = 2.485 − 2.140 = 0.345 eV
These observations have two implications. K min = 0, (so B → 4 )
(iii) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons K 0.345 eV
Stopping potential, V0 = max =
varies linearly with the frequency of incident radiation, e e
but is independent of its intensity. or V0 = 0.345 V= 345 mV
(iv) For a frequency ν of incident radiation lower than the Maximum speed of emitted electrons,
cut-off frequency ν 0 , no photoelectric emission is
1
possible even if the intensity is large. K max = mv2 max
This minimum, cut-off frequency ν 0 , is called the 2
threshold frequency. It is different for different metals. 2K max
or v max = = 01104
. × 1012
190. (d)(i) For a given photosensitive material and frequency of m
incident radiation (above the threshold frequency), the = 3.323 × 105 ms −1 = 332 kms −1
photoelectric current is directly proportional to the
intensity of incident light, till saturation. 194. (b) A → 4, B → 2, C → 3, D → 1
(ii) Saturation current is found to be proportional to the A. An electron absorbs a single photon of light and if the
intensity of incident radiation whereas the stopping energy carried by photon is more than work function of
potential is independent of its intensity. the metal, the electron is emitted.
(iii) A certain minimum cut-off frequency of the incident B. From source,
radiation, called the threshold frequency, below which Total emitted power = P (total energy per second)
no emission of photoelectrons takes place, no matter Energy carried by each photon = E
how intense the incident light is. Above the threshold
So, number of photons emitted by the source = P / E
frequency, the stopping potential or equivalently the
maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons C. Energy of a photons = E = hν
increases linearly with the frequency of the incident D. For the cut-off or threshold frequency, the energy hν 0 of
radiation but is independent of its intensity. the incident radiation must be equal to work function φ 0 ,
(iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process so that hν 0 = φ 0
φ
without any apparent time lag (~ 10− 9 or less), even ⇒ h= 0
ν0
when the incident radiations is made exceedingly dim.
196. (a) A → 2, B → 1, C → 3
191. (b) (i) In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation
behaves as if it is made up of particles called photons. Frank-Hertz experiment → Discrete energy levels of atoms.
(ii) Each photon has energy E ( = hν ) and momentum Photoelectric experiment → Particle nature of light
p ( = hν / c ) where c is the speed of light. Davisson-Germer experiment → Wave nature of electron.
197. (b) Energy of the incident photons, h2 ( 6.63 × 10− 34 )2
∴ K = = = 2.415 × 10− 17 J
Ei = 10.6 eV 2mλ 2 . × 10− 31 ) (10− 10 )2
2 ( 91
= 10.6 × 1.6 × 10− 19  2.415 × 10− 17 
K =  = 150.8 eV
Ei = 16.96 × 10− 19 J  1.6 × 10− 19 
Energy incident per unit area per unit time (intensity) = 2 J
204. (b) The least value of d will be, when only one loop is
∴ Number of photons incident on unit area in unit time formed.
2
= = 1.18 × 1018 1
16.96 × 10− 19 ∴ d min = λ / 2 = ⇒ d min = 0.5 Å
2
Therefore, number of photons incident on given area hc
(1.0 × 10− 4 m2 ) 205. (a,c) − φ = eV
λ hc φ
= (1.18 × 1018 ) (1.0 × 10− 4 ) V = −
eλ e
= 1.18 × 1014 For plate I Plate 2 Plate 3
But only 0.53% of incident photons emit photoelectrons. φ1 φ2 φ3
= 0.001 = 0.002 = 0.004
∴ Number of photoelectrons emitted per second ( n ), hc hc hc
 0.53 14 11 φ1 : φ 2 : φ 3 = 1 : 2 : 4
n=  (1.18 × 10 ) = 6.25 × 10
 100  For plate 2, threshold wavelength
hc hc 1000
198. (a) K max = Ei − work-function = (10.6 − 5.6) = 5.0 eV λ= = = = 500 nm
φ 2 0.002hc 2
199. (d) K min = 0, kinetic energy of photoelectrons varies from 0
For plate 3, threshold wavelength
(KE) max . Hence, minimum possible KE of any hc hc 1000
photoelectron is zero. γ= = = = 250 nm
φ 3 0.004 hc 4
200. (a) Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons would be
Since, violet colour light will eject photoelectrons from
K max = E − W = 5 − 3 = 2 eV plate 2 not from 3.
i
8µA 206. (a,b,c) K max = E − W0
4µA
TA = 4.25 − (W0 ) A …(i)
TB = (TA − 1.5 )
TB = 4.70 − (W0 )B …(ii)
–2 V
Anode potential Eqs. (i) and (ii) gives
(W 0 )B − (W0 ) A = 1.95 eV
Therefore, the stopping potential is 2 V. Saturation current
de-Broglie wavelength
depends on the intensity of light incident. Therefore, option
h 1
(a) is correct. λ= ⇒ λ∝
2mV K
201. (b) When the intensity is doubled the saturation current will
also become double. λB KA TA
= ⇒ 2=
202. (a) From the figure, it is clear that λA KB TA − 1.5
2 A° ⇒ TA = 2 eV
N N From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
p-loops λ/2 W A = 2.25 eV and WB = 4.20 eV
207. (c,d) de-Broglie wavelength
(p + 1) loops h h
2.5 A° λ= ⇒ v=
mv mλ
p ⋅ ( λ / 2 ) = 2Å ⇒ ( p + 1) ⋅ λ / 2 = 2.5 Å Here, h = 6.6 × 10−34 Js
∴ λ / 2 = (2.5 − 2.0) Å = 0.5 Å or λ = 1 Å
and for electron, m = 9 × 10−31 kg
203. (b) de-Broglie wavelength is given by
Now consider each option one by one
h h
λ= = (a) λ 1 = 10 nm = 10 × 10−9 m = 10−8 m
p 2Km
Here, K = Kinetic energy of electron 6.6 × 10−34 2.2
⇒ v1 = −31 −8
= × 105 ≈ 105 ms −1
( 9 × 10 ) × 10 3
 (b) λ 2 = 10−1 nm = 10−1 × 10−9 m = 10−10 m Ep hc 2λ 2e me
∴ = ×
6.6 × 10−34 Ee 2λ e h2
⇒ v2 = ≈ 107 ms −1 λ e me c 100h me c
( 9 × 10−31 ) × 10−10 = = × = 100
h me c h
(c) λ 3 = 10−4 nm = 10−4 × 10−9 m = 10−13 m Ee 1
So, = = 10−2
6.6 × 10−34 E p 100
⇒ v3 = ≈ 1010 ms −1
( 9 × 10−31 ) × 10−13 For electron, pe = me ve = me × c / 100
(d) λ 4 = 10−6 nm = 10−6 × 10−9 m = 10−15 m pe 1
So, = = 10−2
6.6 × 10−34 me c 100
⇒ v4 = ≈ 1012 ms −1
9 × 10−31 × 10−15 210. (b, d) The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle can be
varying cyclically between two values λ 1 and λ 2 , if particle
Thus, options (c) and (d) are correct as v3 and v4 is greater
is moving in an elliptical orbit with origin as its one focus.
than 3 × 108 ms −1 .
Consider the figure given below
h
208. (a, c) de-Broglie wavelength, λ = v2
mv
where, mv = p (momentum)
h h A P
⇒ λ= ⇒ p= O
p λ
Here, h is a constant. v1
1 p λ
So, p∝ ⇒ 1 = 2 Let v1 , v2 be the speed of particle at A and B, respectively
λ p2 λ 1
and origin is at focus O. If λ 1 , λ 2 are the de-Broglie
But (λ 1 = λ 2 ) = λ wavelengths associated with particle while moving at A and
p1 λ B respectively. Then,
Then, = = 1 ⇒ p1 = p2
p2 λ λ1 =
h
and λ 2 =
h
Thus, their momenta is same. mv1 mv2
λ 1 v2
1 1 mv2 × m 1 m2 v2 1 p 2 ∴ =
Also, E = mv2 = = = λ 2 v1
2 2 m 2 m 2 m
1
Here, p is constant E ∝ Since λ1 > λ 2
m
E1 m2 ∴ v2 > v1
∴ = < 1 ⇒ E1 < E2 By law of conservation of angular momentum, the particle
E2 m1
moves faster when it is closer to focus.
209. (b, c) Suppose, mass of electron = m e , mass of photon = mp , From figure, we note that origin O is closed to P than A.
Velocity of electron = ve and velocity of photon = v p 211. (a) Given, voltageV = 30 kV = 30 × 103 Vand
Thus, for electron, de-Broglie wavelength . × 10−19 C
e = 16
h h 100 h
λe = = = (given) …(i) Using formula for energy
me ve me ( c / 100 ) me c E = eV = hν
1 eV 16. × 10−19 × 30 × 103
Kinetic energy, Ee = me ve2 ν= = = 7.24 × 1018 Hz
2 h 6.63 × 10−34
⇒ me ve = 2Ee me Maximum frequency ν = 7.24 × 1018 Hz
h h Minimum wavelength of X-ray.
so, λe = =
me ve 2me Ee c 3 × 108
λ= =
h2 ν 7.24 × 1018
⇒ Ee = …(ii)
2λ 2e me where, c = 3 × 108 m/s (speed of light)
For photon of wavelength λ p , energy λ = 0.414 × 10−10 = 0.0414 × 10−9 m = 0.0414 nm
hc hc 212. (b) Given, work function of caesium metal φ 0 = 214
. eV
Ep = = [Q λ p = 2λ e ]
λ p 2λ e Frequency of light ν = 6 × 1014 Hz
 Maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons (Einstein's LetV0 be the cut-off voltage.
photoelectric equation) Using the formula for kinetic energy,
6.63 × 10−34 × 6 × 1014 KE = eV0 = hν − hν 0
KE max = hν − φ 0 = − 214
. = 0.35 eV
. × 10−19
16 h ( ν − ν 0 ) 6.63 × 10−34 ( 8.2 × 1014 − 3.3 × 1014 )
V0 = =
213. (c) Given, cut-off voltage V0 = 15
. V e 16. × 10−19
Use the formula for maximum kinetic energy 6.63 × 10−34 × 1014 × 4.9
= = 2.03 V
KE max = eV0 = 15
. eV = 15 . × 10−19 = 2.4 × 10−19 J
. × 16 . × 10−19
16
214. (a) Given, wavelength of monochromatic light, λ = 632.8 nm 218. (a) Given, frequency of light, ν = 7.21 × 1014 Hz
= 632.8 × 10−9 m Mass of electron, m = 91 . × 10−31 kg
Maximum speed of electrons, v max = 6 × 105 m/s
Power = 9.42 mW = 9.42 × 10−3 W
Let ν 0 be the threshold frequency.
hc 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
Energy of each photon, E = = Use the formula for kinetic energy
λ 632.8 × 10−9 1
KE = mv2max = hν − hν 0
. × 10−19 J
= 314 2
1 −31
h i.e., . × 10 × 6 × 105 × 6 × 105
× 91
We know that momentum of each photon, p = 2
λ
= 6.63 × 10−34 (ν − ν 0 )
6.63 × 10−34
p= . × 10−27 kg-m/s
= 105 . × 10−21
36 × 91
632.8 × 10−9 or ν − ν0 = = 2.47 × 1014
2 × 6.63 × 10−34
215. (a) Given, energy per unit area per second,
ν 0 = 7.21 × 1014 − 2.47 × 1014 (Q ν = 7.21 × 1014 Hz)
P = 1388
. × 103 W/m 2
Let n be the number of photons incident on the earth per square = 4.74 × 1014 Hz
metre. Wavelength of each photon = 550 nm = 550 × 10−9 m 219. (b) Given, wavelength of light, λ = 488 nm = 488 × 10−9 m
Energy of each photon, E = hc / λ (where, h is the Planck's . × 10−19 C
Cut-off potential V0 = 0.38 V, e = 16
constant)
Planck constant h = 6.62 × 10−34 J-s
6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= = 3.616 × 10−19 J Velocity of light c = 3 × 108 m/s
550 × 10−9 Let φ 0 be the work function.
Number of photons incident on the earth's surface Use the formula for kinetic energy,
P 1388
. × 103 hc
n= = = 3.838 × 1021 KE = eV0 = − φ0
E 3.616 × 10−19 λ
= 3.838 × 1021 photon/m 2 -s 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
. × 10−19 × 0.38 =
16 − φ0
216. (b) Given, power of lamp, P = 100 W 488 × 10−9
Wavelength of the sodium light, λ = 589 nm = 589 × 10−9 m or 6.08 × 10−20 = 40.75 × 10−20 − φ 0
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J-s or φ = ( 40.75 − 6.08 ) × 10−20 = 34.67 × 10−20 J
Energy of each photon
34.67 × 10−20
hc 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 or = eV = 217
. eV
E= = −9
(Q c = 3 × 108 m/s) . × 10−19
16
λ 589 × 10
220. (d) Velocity gained by particle
= 3.38 × 10−19 J
3.38 × 10−19 v = 2gH
= = 211
. eV
. × 10−19
16 ∴ λ=
h
=
h
=
h
⇒ λ ∝ H −1 / 2
Let n photons are delivered per second. p mv m 2gH
Power 221. (b) Energy of a photon,
∴ n= (from P = En)
Energy of each photon hc 1240 eV- nm
E= ⇒ λ= = 1.2 × 10−3 nm
=
100
= 3 × 1020 photon/s λ 1 MeV
3.38 × 10−19 222. (d) When an electron with energy E0 strikes another
= 3 × 1020 photon/s are delivered electron, it is one of the possibility that it replaces one of e−
of metal by transferring complete energy. As there is no
217. (a) Given, threshold frequency for a metal, ν 0 = 3.3 × 1014 Hz
change in total number of electrons, no work has to be done
Frequency of light, ν = 8.2 × 1014 Hz as no attraction is produced by metal atoms.
 ∴ Electrons will be emitted with maximum energy = E0 F = − eE = − e [ − E0 $i ] = eE0 $i
223. (c) In Davisson-Germer experiment, the de-Broglie F eE0 i$
wavelength associated with electron is Acceleration of electron, a = =
m m
12. 27
λ= Å ...(i) Velocity of electron after time t ,
V  eE $i 
where, V is the applied voltage. v = v0 i$ +  0  t (using, v = u + at )
 m 
If there is a maxima of the diffracted electrons at an angle θ,
then  eE   eE0  $
=  v0 + 0 t  $i = v0 1 + t i
2d sin θ = λ …(ii)  m   mv0 
i.e., V will increase with the decrease in the λ. de-Broglie wavelength associated with electron at time t is
So, with the decrease in λ, θ will also decrease. h h
Thus, when the voltage applied to A is increased. The λ= =
mv   eE0  
diffracted beam will have the maximum at a value of θ that m v0 1 + t 
will be less than the earlier value.   mv0 
λ0  h 
224. (b) We know that the relation between λ and K is given by = Q = λ 0
 eE0   mv0 
1 +
h t
λ=
2mK  mv0 
h 227. (c) Initial de-Broglie wavelength of electron,
Here, for the given value of energy K, is a constant.
2K h
λ0 =
1 mv0
Thus, λ∝
m Force on electron in electric field,
∴ λ p :λn :λe :λ α F = − eE = − eE0 $j
1 1 1 1
⇒ = : : : Acceleration of electron,
mp mn me mα
F eE
a= = − 0 $j
Since, mp = mn , hence λ p = λ n m m
As, mα > mp , therefore λ α < λ p It is acting along negative Y-axis.
As, me < mn , therefore λ e > λ n
The initial velocity of electron along X -axis vx 0 = v0 i$.
Hence, λα < λ p = λn < λe
Initial velocity of electron along Y -axis, v y 0 = 0.
225. (a) Given, v = v0 i$, B = B0$j
Velocity of electron after time t along X -axis, v = v i$x 0
Y
(since, there is no acceleration of electron along X -axis)
Velocity of electron after time t along Y -axis,
B0
 eE  eE
v y = 0 +  − 0 $j t = − 0 t $j
Direction of
force on
 m  m
electron V0
X Magnitude of velocity of electron after time t is
Force on charged particle moving in external magnetic field | v | = vx2 + v2y
= q( v × B )
2
or F = q( v0 i$ × B0 $j )  − eE0  e2 E02 t 2
= v02 +  t  = v0 1 +
or F = qB v k$  m  m2 v02
0 0

Q q is negative, force is in direction of − k.

$ (into the plane de-Broglie wavelength,
of paper) For force perpendicular to velocity, the particle h h h
λ= = (here, λ 0 = )
executes uniform circular motion. Since, magnitude of mv 1 + e E02 t 2
2 mv0
velocity v0 is constant. mv0 2
( m2 v0 )
h h
de-Broglie wavelength, λ = = = constant λ0
mv mV0 = 1/ 2
226. (a) Initial de-Broglie wavelength of electron,
 e E0 t 2 
2 2
1 + 
 m2 v02 
h 
λ0 = …(i)
mv0
Force on electron in electric field,