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Types of Particles

- Atoms combine to form molecules or ionic compounds, which are types of compounds. Compounds and elements are pure substances made of only one type of particle. - Mixtures contain two or more pure substances that are mixed but not chemically bonded. Mixtures can be homogeneous, appearing uniform, or heterogeneous, where the parts can be seen or separated. - Heating and cooling curves show the changes of state for a pure substance as it is heated and cooled, with flat lines at melting and boiling points.

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10 views13 pages

Types of Particles

- Atoms combine to form molecules or ionic compounds, which are types of compounds. Compounds and elements are pure substances made of only one type of particle. - Mixtures contain two or more pure substances that are mixed but not chemically bonded. Mixtures can be homogeneous, appearing uniform, or heterogeneous, where the parts can be seen or separated. - Heating and cooling curves show the changes of state for a pure substance as it is heated and cooled, with flat lines at melting and boiling points.

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Types of particles

Distinguishing between types of matter


Atoms, Elements, Ions, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures

Learning goals
By the end of this section students will be able to:
• Demonstrate an understanding of the terms atom, ion and
molecule.
• Describe the differences between elements, compounds and
mixtures
• Interpret the parts of heating and cooling curves .
What is stuff made of?
• The stuff around us is made of particles and particles are
incredibly small.
• The term atom is used to refer to
the smallest particles that cannot
be broken down into smaller pieces
while maintaining their characteristics.
• Atoms are the smallest neutral particles of
elements, which are listed in the periodic table.
The helium (He) atoms in floating balloons are individual
particles.
Oxygen gas (O2) particles are elements made of two atoms.

An element is a pure substance made of one type of atom


•
•
Atoms can combine to form compounds
• Most of the time atoms do not exist on their own. Instead, they

are found in combination with other atoms.


• When two or more different atoms are chemically bonded
together they form larger particles called compounds.
• “Compounds” refer to a large variety of substances including:
1. Molecules – Formed when atoms combine with covalent
bonds
2. Ionic compounds (salts) – Formed when ions stick together.
Ions are electrically charged particles. Ions can be (+) or (-)
3. Giant covalent compounds – Formed when a
large number of atoms combine into very large
compounds
Pure substances
• The particles we have looked at so far are called pure
substances.
• Pure substances contain only one type of particle.
• Pure substances will have a set melting point and boiling point
which can help us to determine their physical state at different
temperatures.

What about mixtures?


• Mixtures are another class of matter where different pure
substances are mixed together without being chemically
bonded together.
• If a mixture is a homogeneous mixture, we cannot see the
individual particles that make
up the mixture. These are also called solutions.
•

• If a mixture is a heterogeneous mixture, we


can either see the individual parts that make up the mixture or
can separate the parts by physical processes.
•

Graphing changes of state:


Heating and cooling curves
• A heating curve shows what happens when a pure substance in
the solid state is slowly heated until it becomes a liquid and
finally a gas.
• A cooling curve shows the exact opposite pattern as a
substance is cooled.
• The melting points and boiling points on
these graphs are very distinct and are shown
as flat lines.
• The sloped lines on the graph represent
when a substance is being heated or cooled within a given
state.
Homework
Additional homework questions
1. Oxygen is a gas we breathe. Oxygen gas freezes at -219˚C and
boils at -183˚C. In which state is oxygen at -10˚C and at -
200˚C?
2. What is an atom? What is an element? What is a molecule?
What is a compound?
3. Which element has the following symbols? Na Mg
N Fe

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