Matter In Our Surroundings Class 9

Notes - Chapter 1
Anything that has mass and takes up space is referred to as matter.
hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand, air and water, etc. Small, minuscule
particles make up matter. Due to the space between them, matter particles
are attracted to one another.

States of Matter
 Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas on the basis of
interparticle forces and the arrangement of particles.
 These three forms of matter are interconvertible by increasing or
decreasing pressure and temperature. For example, ice can be
converted from solid to a liquid by increasing the temperature.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape and volume Fixed shape and No fixed shape but Neither definite
volume has volume shape nor volume

Energy Lowest Medium Highest

Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy

Arrangement of Regular and Random and little Random and more

molecules closely arranged sparsely arranged sparsely arranged

Fluidity Cannot flow Flows from higher to Flows in all

lower level directions

Movement Negligible Depends on Free, constant and

interparticle random
attraction

Interparticle space Very less More Large

Interparticle Maximum Medium Minimum

attraction

Density Maximum Medium Minimum

Rate of diffusion Negligible It depends on Maximum

interparticle
attraction.
Atomic View of the Three States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Physical Nature of Matter

 A physical property is an aspect of matter that can be observed or
measured without changing its nature or composition.
 It is independent of the amount of matter present.
 Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density, texture,
melting point, boiling point, solubility, etc.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

 Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
 It is made up of really tiny particles which cannot be seen through the
eye.

The particles of which the matter is comprised influence its state and
properties (physical and chemical).

1. Particles of matter have spaces between them

 This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a

substance in other substances. For example, on dissolving sugar in
water, there is no rise in the water level because the particles of sugar
get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.

2. Particles of matter are always in motion

 Particles of matter show continuous random movements due to the

kinetic energy they possess.
 A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles,
making them move more vigorously.

3. Particles of matter attract each other

In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting
between the particles. To break a substance, we need to overcome this
force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.

To know more about the Characteristics of Particles of Matter, visit here.

Diffusion

When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the
phenomenon is called diffusion. For example, spreading of ink in water.

 During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.

 The rate of diffusion increases with an increase in temperature due to
increase in the kinetic energy of the particles.

To know more about Diffusion, visit here.

Can Matter Change Its State?

Effect of Change of Temperature on the State of Matter

On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the

matter increases, and they begin to vibrate with higher energy. Therefore,
the interparticle force of attraction between the particles reduces, and
particles get detached from their position and begin to move freely.

 As a result, the state of matter begins to change.

 Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
 Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.

To know more about the Changing State of Matter, visit here.

Melting Point

The melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at which solid

melts to become liquid at the atmospheric pressure.

 At the melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid, are in
equilibrium, i.e., at this point, both solid state and liquid state exist
simultaneously.

Fusion

When two atoms collide to create a heavier atom, such as when two
hydrogen atoms combine to create one helium atom, this process is known
as fusion. This process generates enormous amounts of energy, many times
more than fission, and powers the sun. Furthermore, it doesn’t generate
radioactive fission products.

The melting point at which ice, a solid, turns to water, a liquid, is 32°F (0°C).

Boiling Point

The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the

vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
The boiling point for any material is the temperature point at which the
material transforms into the gas phase in the liquid phase. This happens at
100 degrees centigrade for water. The Celsius scale was in fact created on
the basis of the ice/water melting point and the liquid water/vapor boiling
point.

Read more: Celsius to Kelvin

Latent Heat of Fusion

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into

liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.

Latent Heat of Vaporisation

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a liquid

into gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from its solid phase to gaseous phase
without changing into the liquid phase (or vice versa) is called sublimation.

+
Sublimation – Solid to Gas Phase Transformation
Effect of Change in Pressure on the State of Matter

By applying pressure, the interparticle spaces between particles of matter

decrease. Thus, by applying pressure and reducing temperature, we can
convert a solid to liquid and a liquid to gas.
Flowchart for Inter-Conversion of the Three States of Matter

Is Matter Around Us Pure Class 9

Notes - Chapter 2
We do know that matter is made up of particles which are arranged in a
certain way. Gases particles are well separated and can freely move about,
solids, on the other hand, have particles that are tightly packed, usually with
no scope to move around.

Purity
Pure Substances

 Pure substances are elements or compounds.

 They are made up of only one kind of entity.
 They cannot be broken down into simpler entities by chemical or
physical methods.
 They have a fixed composition.
 Example: Diamond, carbon dioxide.
 A substance that only contains one type or class of atom is said to be
an element. Since it cannot be altered through physical or chemical
means to break down or create new substances, an element is a pure
material. The majority of elements are metals, nonmetals, or
metalloids.
 Pure substances typically only include one type of atom or molecule
and are homogeneous in nature.
 Most of the time, the composition of these chemicals is constant or
uniform.
 The boiling and melting points of the substances are constant.
 In a chemical reaction, a pure substance often takes part to produce
predictable results.

Compounds
Compounds are the substances consisting of two or more different types of
elements in a fixed ratio of its atoms.

Difference between Mixtures and Compounds

Compound Mixture

Compounds are substances which can be formed by Mixtures are substances that are formed by physically
chemically combining two or more elements. mixing two or more substances.

Compounds fall under pure substances. Mixtures can be categorized as impure substances.

The chemical composition of compounds is always fixed. A mixture can have a variable composition of the
substances forming it.

Compounds are always homogeneous in nature Mixtures can either be homogeneous or

heterogeneous in nature.

A new substance is formed after the constituents are No new substances are formed in mixtures and their
chemically combined. So, a compound has different properties are dependent on the properties of their
properties from its constituents. respective constituents.

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Example of compounds includes water (H2O), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), etc.

You can see water’s chemical formula, it says it has 2 atoms of Hydrogen
combined with 1 atom of oxygen and in hydrogen peroxide, it has 2 atoms
of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen.

Elements
 Elements are species of atoms which have the same number of
protons in their atomic nuclei.
 Elements are represented by symbols e.g.Hydrogen (H), Boron (B),
Carbon (C), Silicon (Si) etc.

Metals

 Metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable,

fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Examples: Aluminium, Copper, Iron, Tin, Gold

Nonmetals

 Non-metals are brittle and are not malleable or ductile.

 They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
 Examples: Carbon, Boron etc.
Metalloids

 Metalloids exhibit some properties of metals as well as of non-metals.

 Examples: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium

Mixtures
A mixture in chemistry is a substance made up of two or more unrelated
chemical components. A mixture is a physical combination of two or more
distinct substances that can take the form of solutions, suspensions, or
colloids.

 Crude oil: A mixture of organic compounds (mainly hydrocarbons)

 Seawater: A mixture of various salt and water.

Mixtures are formed by just mixing two or more pure substances

(components) such that each substance retains its own chemical identity.

Types of mixtures

Types of Mixtures:

Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures are the two types of mixtures.

While homogeneous mixtures seem consistent throughout, heterogeneous
mixtures have clearly discernible components. A solution, which can be a
solid, liquid, or gas, is the most typical kind of homogenous mixture.

1. Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture which has a uniform composition throughout is called a homogeneous

mixture or solution.

 Examples: sugar in water, salt in water.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture which contains physically distinct parts and has a non-uniform composition
is called a heterogeneous mixture.

 Examples: Mixture of salt and iron filings, sand and sugar.

Physical vs Chemical Changes

The nature of the substance, the particles that make up it, and the quantity
of particles all stay unaltered after a physical change. Chemical changes
result in new compounds with different properties from the original ones, as
well as new particles and maybe altered particle numbers.

Physical and Chemical Changes

 A substance is said to undergo a physical change when only the

physical properties, such as the shape, size, colour or state of the
substance, change. No new substance is formed.
 Example: Melting of ice, boiling water.
 A substance is said to undergo a chemical change when a new
substance with completely new properties (physical and chemical) is
formed.
 Example: Burning of wood or paper, souring of milk.

Solutions
Solutions and Their Properties

Anything dissolved in a solution is referred to as a solute. In a fluid solution,

the amount of solvent always outweighs the amount of solute. Two of the
most prevalent solutes in our daily lives are salt and water. Salt is a solute
because it dissolves in water.

Examples of solutes include sugar, dissolved carbon dioxide, oxygen, water

vapour, carbon dioxide, argon, etc.

Solvent refers to the component of a solution that is most prevalent. It is the

fluid in which the solute has been dissolved. Typically, a solvent is a liquid.
The Latin term solv, which means “to loosen or untie,” is the source of the
English word “solvent.”

Examples of the solvent include water, ethanol, methanol, acetone,

tetrachloroethylene, toluene, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate.

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Properties

 Its particles are too tiny and have a diameter of less than 1 nm.
 The particles are not visible to the naked eyes.
 Particles do not scatter a beam of light passing through them and
hence do not show the Tyndall effect.
 The solute particles never settle down on keeping undisturbed.
 The components of a solution cannot be separated using filtration.
Alloys

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals or a mixture of a metal and

another element that cannot be separated into their components by physical
methods.
Examples:

 Steel – a combination of iron (metal) and carbon (non-metal).

 Bronze – a combination of copper (metal) and tin (metal).
 Brass – a mixture of copper (metal) and zinc (metal).

Concentration of Solutions
The amount of solute that has dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or
solution is measured as solution concentration. A concentrated solution is
one that has a significant amount of dissolved solute in it. A diluted solution
is one that has a small amount of dissolved solute in it.

Solubility

Unsaturated solutions, on the other hand, are those that contain less solute
than the maximum that can be dissolved. A saturated solution is one that
contains the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved. The amount
of a solute that dissolves in a solvent is known as its solubility. The majority
of solutes become more soluble when the solvent’s temperature rises.

 Solubility is the property showing the ability of a given substance,

which is the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.
 It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in
a solvent at equilibrium.
 The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
 Factors Affecting Solubility:
 Temperature – Solubility increases with temperature. The situation is
different for gases. With the increase in temperature, they became less
soluble in each other and in water but more soluble in organic solvents.
 Pressure – For the majority of solid and liquid solutes, pressure does not
affect solubility. The solubility of gas is directly proportional to the
pressure of this gas.

Types of Solutions based on the Concentration of the Solution

There are 2 main types of solutions based on the definition. A dilute Solution
is a solution that contains a small amount of solute. A concentrated Solution
is a solution that contains a lot of solutes.

 Three types of solutions exist based on the concentration of the

solution:

Dilute
Concentrated

saturated solution.

Ways of Representing the Concentration of a Solution

The concentration of a solution can be represented in many ways

(i) Mass by the mass percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute / Mass

of solution) × 100

(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/ volume

of solution)×100

For example, if a solution of NaCl in water is said to be 10 % by volume that

means a 100 ml solution will contain 10 ml NaCl.

Suspensions
Suspension and Its Properties

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do

not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.

 The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed.

 They can be separated from the mixture by filtration.
 A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
 The size of solute particles in a suspension is quite large. It is larger
than 100 mm in diameter.
 The particles of a suspension can be seen easily.
 The particles of a suspension do not pass through a filter paper. So a
suspension can be separated by filtration.

Colloids
Types of Mixtures based on Particle Size

Classified into:

 Solution
 Suspension.
 Colloidal solution.

Colloidal Solutions

A colloidal solution is a mixture in which the substances are regularly

suspended in a fluid.

Properties of colloids and their variation are a well-known area ever since
the primitive age. The best example to prove their familiarity with us is that
we know from very early times that coagulation of milk results in the
formation of curd.

 Classified into: Foam, Emulsion, Sol

Tyndall Effect

Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by particles in a colloid or else

particles in a very fine suspension.

 e.g.It can be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of a

dense forest.

Dispersed Phase

The solute-like component of the dispersed particles in a colloid form

the dispersed phase.

Dispersion Medium

The component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as

the dispersing medium.

Aerosol

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase solid/liquid and dispersing medium

gas is called Aerosol. e.g. clouds

Foam

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase gas and dispersing medium

solid/liquid is called Foam. e.g.Shaving cream.

Sols

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase solid and dispersing medium liquid
is called Sol. e.g. Milk of magnesia, mud.
Gels and Emulsions

 A colloidal solution with dispersed phase liquid and dispersing medium

solid is called Gel.
 A colloidal solution with dispersed phase liquid and dispersing medium
liquid is called Emulsion.

Emulsion and gel are two distinct chemical compounds. A gel is a semisolid
substance, but an emulsion is a liquid, which is the main distinction between
the two. Nevertheless, depending on their intended use, some emulsions
can exist in a semisolid condition. Fruit jellies, a gelatinous substance,
creams, etc.

Evaporation
The process of conversion of water into water vapour is known
as evaporation.

Examples:

Clothes drying in the sun.

Tea and other hot liquids are cooled down.
Dry Floors
Ice cubes melting

 It can be used to separate the volatile component (solvent) from its

non-volatile solute.

Introduction to Separation
Separation of Components of a Mixture

 Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their constituents by

simple physical methods.
 Methods include handpicking, sieving, and filtration.

Handpicking Sieving

Separation of Two Immiscible Liquids

Separation of a Mixture of Two Immiscible Liquids

 The separation of a mixture of two immiscible liquids is done by using a

separating funnel.
 Applications: To separate a mixture of oil and water in the extraction
of iron from its ore.

Immiscible liquids break out into layers according to their densities, which is
the basic idea behind the separation of immiscible liquids using a separating
funnel.

Centrifugation
 Centrifugation uses centrifugal force for the separation of two liquids
in a mixture.
 Here, a denser component of the mixture migrates away from the axis,
and a lighter component migrates towards the axis.

Applications

 Used for blood and urine tests in diagnostic facilities.

 Used to separate butter from cream in dairies and at home.
 Utilised washing machines to extract water from drenched clothing.

Sublimation
Sublimation is the transition of a substance from solid phase to
gaseous phase without changing into liquid phase.

 Example: Naphthalene balls undergo sublimation.

Solid undergoing sublimation

Chromatography
 Chromatography is used to separate the different components in a
liquid mixture.
  It is based on the different properties of compounds in two phases:
stationary and mobile phase.

Applications

 The technique of chromatography is extensively employed in the

pharmaceutical industry in order to analyze and identify the presence
of any trace amounts of chemicals and elements in a given sample.
 In the food industry, the technique of chromatography plays a vital role
in the determination of the shelf life of food substances by helping in
the analysis of the point at which food spoils.
 In the field of molecular biology, the study of proteomics and
metabolomics often involves the use of various hyphenated
chromatographic techniques (the most notable of which being EC-LC-
MS).

Distillation
Distillation is a method for separating the component substances from a
liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.

 Used in: Production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol,

paraffin, kerosene etc.

Fractional Distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component

parts or fractions by their melting points.

 This is the process of separation of chemical compounds by

their boiling point.
 The mixture is heated to a temperature at which one or more fractions
will vaporize.
Separation of Air into Its Components
Process of Obtaining Different Gases from the Air

Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its components

by fractional distillation.

Mixtures are substances made up of two or more different kinds of material.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are the two types of mixtures.
There is no particle level homogeneity and the components in a
heterogeneous mixture are not dispersed uniformly. As a result, we may
simply divide a heterogeneous mixture into its various components.

A few popular separation methods for the heterogeneous mixture include

sieving, filtration, hand-picking, etc. We must employ specialised separation
procedures when dealing with homogeneous mixtures, as well as
occasionally heterogeneous mixtures. Special separation techniques include
evaporation, centrifugation, chromatography, sublimation, separating
funnels, etc.

Fractional distillation

Crystallization
 Crystallisation is a separation technique in which solids are separated
from a solution.
 In this technique, the solvent molecules start evaporating, leaving
behind the solutes when the solution is heated in an open container.

Crystallisation is better than evaporation because during Evaporation. Some

solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to
dryness. Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after
filtration which on evaporation contaminates the solid.
 Separation of substances by crystallization
technique

Water Purification
Applications of Crystallisation

Purification of seawater, separation of alum crystals from impure samples

etc.

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Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 9

Science Notes Chapter 2 Is Matter Around us Pure
Q1
What is a ‘homogenous’ mixture?

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform

throughout the mixture.

Q2
What are the 3 commonly used ‘alloys’?

1. Stainless steel
2. Brass
3. Bronze

What is ‘dispersed phase medium’ mean?

The phase that is dispersed or present in a colloidal particle shape is called the
dispersed phase.