Inverse Trigonometric Functions

QUICK RECAP

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 1

8 sin −1   = cosec −1x , ∀ x ≥ 1 or x ≤ – 1
x
8 Trigonometric functions are not one-one and
onto over their natural domains and ranges  1
cos −1   = sec −1x , ∀ x ≥ 1 or x ≤ – 1
i.e., R(real numbers). But some restrictions  x
on domains and ranges of trigonometric 1
tan −1   = cot −1 x , ∀ x > 0
function ensures the existence of their x
inverses. = – p + cot–1 x, ∀ x < 0
Let y = f(x) = cos x, then its inverse is x = cos–1y 8 sin(sin–1x) = x, ∀ – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
8 The domains and ranges (principal value cos(cos–1x) = x, ∀ – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
branches) of inverse trigonometric functions tan(tan–1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R
are as follows : π
8 sin–1x + cos–1x = ,∀–1≤x≤1
Functions Domain Range 2
π
y = sin–1 x [–1, 1] tan −1 x + cot −1 x = , ∀ x ∈ R
 π π 2
 − 2 , 2 
π
sec −1 x + cosec −1x = , ∀ x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1
y = cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, p] 2
y = tan–1 x R  π π
− ,  8 sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x 2 , ∀ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2 2
y = cot–1 x R (0, p) sin −1 x = − cos −1 1 − x 2 , ∀ – 1 ≤ x < 0
y = cosec–1 x R–(–1, 1)  π π { } cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x 2 ,∀0≤x≤1
 − 2 , 2  − 0 cos −1 x = π − sin −1 1 − x 2 , ∀ – 1 ≤ x < 0

{}
y = sec–1 x R–(–1, 1) 8 sin–1(–x) = –sin–1x, ∀ – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
[0,π] − π cos–1(–x) = p – cos–1x , ∀– 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
tan–1(–x) = –tan–1x, ∀ x ∈ R
X The value of the inverse trigonometric cot–1(–x) = p – cot–1x, ∀ x ∈ R
functions which lies in its principal value sec–1(–x) = p – sec–1x, ∀ |x| ≥ 1
branch is called the principal value of inverse cosec–1(–x) = – cosec–1x, ∀ |x| ≥ 1
trigonometric function.  x+y 
8 tan–1x + tan–1y = tan–1   , ∀ xy < 1
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE  1 − xy 

( )
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sin–1x + sin–1y = sin −1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ,
π π
8 sin–1(sinx) = x, ∀ − ≤x≤ –1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1, x2 + y2 ≤ 1
2 2
cos–1(cosx) = x , ∀ 0 ≤ x ≤ p
π π
(
cos–1x + cos–1y = cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , )
tan–1(tanx) = x, ∀ − < x < –1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1, x + y ≥ 0
2 2  x−y 
tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1   , xy > –1
 1 + xy 
 { 2 2
sin–1x – sin–1y = sin–1 x 1 − y − y 1 − x , }
–1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1 and x2 + y2 ≤ 1
{
cos–1x – cos–1y = cos–1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , }
–1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1 and x ≤ y.
 2x 
8 2 tan −1 x = sin −1   , ∀–1 ­≤ x ≤ 1
 1 + x2 
 1 − x2 
2 tan −1 x = cos −1  ,∀x≥0
 1 + x 2 
 
 2 x  , ∀| x | < 1
2 tan −1 x = tan −1  
 1 − x2 

( )
2 sin −1 x = sin −1 2 x 1− x 2 , ∀−
1
2
≤x≤
1
2
1
2 cos −1 x = sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ) , ∀ ≤ x ≤1
2
2 cos–1x = cos–1(2x2 – 1), ∀ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
1 1
8 3sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3), ∀ − ≤ x ≤
2 2
1
3cos–1x = cos–1(4x3 – 3x), ∀ ≤ x ≤ 1
2

−1 3x − x
3 
1 1
3tan–1x = tan  2  , ∀− <x<
 1 − 3x  3 3
 Previous Years’ CBSE
PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions

2.2 Basic Concepts 12. Using principal values, write the value of
 3
VSA (1 mark) sin −1  −  .  (AI 2011C)
 2 
 1  1
1. Write the value of cos −1  −  + 2 sin −1   .
 2  2 LA 1 (4 marks)
(Foreign 2014)
13. Prove that :
  π   12  3  56 
2. Write the principal value of tan −1 sin  −   . cos−1   + sin−1   = sin−1  
  2   13  5  65 
(AI 2014C)  (AI 2019, AI 2012)
3. Find the value of the following : 14. Prove that
π  12 4 56
cot  − 2 cot −1 3   (AI 2014C) cos −1 + cos −1 = tan −1 .  (AI 2013C)
2  13 5 33
4. Write the principal value of 15. Prove that :
4  12   33 
 1 cos −1   + cos −1   = cos −1  
tan −1 (1) + cos −1  −  .  (Delhi 2013) 5  13   65 
 2
 (AI 2012)
 3 
5. Write the value of tan 2 sin  2 cos −1
−1
 .
 2  
  2.3 Properties of Inverse
(AI 2013) Trigonometric Functions
6. Write the principal value of
VSA (1 mark)
 −1 3  1 
cos + cos −1  −   .  (Delhi 2013C)  3π 
 2  2   16. The principal value of tan −1  tan  is
 5 
7. Write the principal value of 2π −2π
(a) (b)
−1 −1
[tan (− 3 ) + tan (1)].  (AI 2013C) 5 5
3π −3π
8. Write the principal value of (c) (d)  (2020)
6 6
 1  1
cos −1   − 2 sin −1  −  .  (Delhi 2012) 7 1
17.  tan −1 + tan −1  is equal to
 2  2
 9 8
9. Using principal values, write the value of  65   63 
(a) tan −1   (b) tan −1  
 1  1  72   65 
cos −1   + 2 sin −1   .  (AI 2012C) π π
 2  2 (c) (d) (2020)
4 2
π  −1 
10. Evaluate : sin  − sin −1    .  (Delhi 2011)   17 π  
 3  2  18. Find the value of sin −1 sin  −  .
  8 
 1 (2020)
11. Write the principal value of sin −1  −  .
 2 19. Find the value of tan −1 3 − cot −1 (− 3 ) .
(Delhi 2011C) (2018)
  1  32. Prove that :
20. If sin  sin −1 + cos −1 x  = 1, then find the  1 1
 5  3sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3), x ∈ − ,   (2018)
 2 2
value of x. (Delhi 2014)
LA 1 (4 marks)
π
21. If tan −1 x + tan −1 y = , xy < 1, then write 33. Solve the equation for x :
4
the value of x + y + xy. 5  12  π
sin −1   + sin −1   = (x ≠ 0).  (2020)
 (AI 2014, Delhi 2012C) x x 2
π
 1
22. Write the value of tan  2 tan −1  . 34. Solve : tan−1 4 x + tan−1 6 x = .(Delhi 2019)
 5 4

23. Write the principal value of

(Delhi 2013)
35. Prove that tan { π 1
+ cos −1
4 2 }
a
b

tan −1 ( 3 ) − cot ( − 3 ). 
−1
(AI 2013)  { π 1
4 2
a
b
2b
+ tan − cos−1 = .
a }
 3π  (Delhi 2017)
24. Evaluate sin −1  sin  .  (AI 2013C)
 5
x−3 x +3 π
36. If tan −1 + tan −1 = , then find
25. Find the principal value of x−4 x+4 4
tan −1 3 − sec −1 (−2).  (AI 2012) the value of x. (AI 2017)

3π  37. Solve for x : 2 tan–1(cos x) = tan–1(2cosec x)

−1 
26. Find the value of tan  tan  . (Delhi 2016, 2014C, Foreign 2015)
 4
38. Prove that
 (Delhi 2011)
1 1 1
 7π  tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1  
27. Write the principal value of cos −1  cos  . 3 5 7
 6 1 π
+ tan −1   = .
(Delhi 2011) 8 4
28. Using principal values, evaluate the (Delhi 2016)
following. 39. Solve the equation for x :
 2π   2π  sin–1x + sin–1(1–x) = cos–1x (AI 2016)
cos −1  cos  + sin −1  sin  . (AI 2011)
 3   3  x y
40. If cos −1 + cos −1 = α, prove that
a b
SA (2 marks) x2 xy y2
−2 cos α + 2 = sin2 α.  (AI 2016)
29. Prove that a2 ab b
1 41. Solve for x :
sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ) = 2 cos −1 x , ≤ x ≤ 1.
2  x −2  −1  x + 2  π
(2020) tan −1   + tan  =
 x −1   x +1  4
π (Foreign 2016)
30. Solve for x : sin–1 4x + sin–1 3x = – .
2 42. Prove that :
(2020)
 1+ sin x + 1 − sin x  x  π
−1  cos x  3π π cot −1   = , x ∈ 0, 
31. Express tan  1 − sin x  , − 2 < x < 2 in  1+ sin x − 1 − sin x  2  4

the simplest form. (2020) (Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014, 2014C, 2011)
43. If sin [cot–1 (x + 1)] = cos (tan–1x), then find x.  3
(Delhi 2015) 55. Solve for x : cos(tan–1x) = sin  cot −1  .
 4
5π2
44. If (tan −1 x )2 + (cot −1 x )2 = , then find x. (Foreign 2014, AI 2013)
8 (Delhi 2015)
56. Prove that: cot 7 + cot–1 8 + cot–118 = cot–13.
–1
45. Prove the following: (Foreign 2014)
 xy + 1  yz + 1  zx + 1 57. Prove that :
cot −1   + cot −1   + cot −1   = 0,
 x−y   y −z   z−x  
x 3 − 3x 2  π
(0 < xy, yz, zx < 1) (AI 2015) cos −1 (x ) + cos −1  + = .
 2 2  3
46. Solve for x :  (AI 2014C)
8
tan −1 ( x + 1) + tan −1 ( x − 1) = tan −1 . 2π
31 58. Solve for x : tan −1 x + 2 cot −1 x = .
(AI 2015) 3
(AI 2014C)
 1  −1  1 
47. If tan −1   + tan   3 8 36
 1 + 1⋅ 2  1+ 2⋅3  59. Prove that : sin −1 + sin −1 = cos −1
5 17 85
 1  (AI 2014C, Delhi 2012)
+... + tan −1  −1
 = tan θ,
 1 + n ⋅ (n + 1) 
60. Find the value of the following :
then find the value of q. (Foreign 2015)
1  −1 2 x
2
π −1 1 − y
48. Solve for x : tan −1 (2 x ) + tan −1 (3x ) = . tan sin + cos ,
4 2  1 + x2 1 + y 2 
(Delhi 2015C, 2013C, AI 2012C)
|x| < 1, y > 0 and xy < 1 (Delhi 2013)
−1 63 5 3
49. Prove that: tan = sin −1 + cos −1 61. Prove that,
16 13 5
(Delhi 2015C) 1 1 1 π
tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1   = .
2
  5
  8 4
50. Prove that
 1  1  31  . (Delhi 2013, 2012C, AI 2011)
2 tan −1   + tan −1   = sin −1 
 2  7  25 2  62. Show that:
(AI 2015C) 1 3 4− 7
51. Solve for x : tan  sin −1  = . (AI 2013)
2 4 3
1 − x  1
tan −1  = tan −1 x , x > 0.
 1 + x  2 63. Write the value of the following :
  (AI 2015C, 2014C) a  a −b 
52. Prove that tan −1   − tan −1   (Delhi 2013C)
b  a +b 
 1 5 2  1 π
2 tan −1   + sec −1   + 2 tan −1   = . 8 3 77
 5  7   8 4 64. Prove that: sin −1 + sin −1 = tan −1
17 5 36
(Delhi 2014) (Delhi 2013C)
53. Prove that :
65. Solve for x :
 1+ x − 1− x  π 1 −1 π
−1
tan   = − cos −1 x , ≤ x ≤1 sin −1 (1 − x ) − 2 sin −1 x =  (AI 2013C)
 1+ x + 1− x  4 2 2 2
(AI 2014, 2011) 66. Prove that
 x −2   x +2 π  cos x  π x  π π
54. If tan −1  + tan −1   = ; find tan −1  = − , x ∈ − ,  .
 x−4

x+4 4  1 + sin x  4 2  2 2
the value of x. (AI 2014) (Delhi 2012)
67. Prove the following: 71. Prove that :
 1  1  31
 3 3
cos  sin −1 + cot −1  =
6
 (AI 2012) 2 tan −1   + tan −1   = tan −1   .
 2  7  17 
 5 2  5 13 (AI 2011)
68. Solve for x : 72. Prove that:
 x −1  x +1 π 3 17 π
tan −1   + tan −1  = . 2 tan −1 − tan −1 =  (Delhi 2011C)
x −2  x + 2  4 4 31 4
   
73. Solve for x:
(Delhi 2012C)
 2x  
−1 1 − x
2  π
69. Prove that : tan −1   + cot   = , –1 < x < 1
 1 − x2   2x
3 3 8 π   3
tan −1   + tan −1   − tan −1   = (Delhi 2011C)
4
  5
   19  4
74. Prove that :
(Delhi 2012C) 1 2 1 4
tan −1 + tan −1 = tan −1  (AI 2011C)
70. Find the value of 4 9 2 3
 x  x−y 1
tan −1   − tan −1   .  (Delhi 2011) 75. Solve for x : cos(2 sin −1 x ) = , x > 0
 y x+ y  9 (AI 2011C)

Detailed Solutions

−1  1  −1  1    3 
1. Given cos  −  + 2 sin   5. tan −1 2 sin  2 cos −1 
 2 2   2  
 2π   π  2π π
= cos −1  cos  + 2 sin −1  sin  = +2× = π   π   π
 3   6 3 6 = tan −1 2 sin  2.   = tan −1 2 sin 
  6   3
[ Rangeof cos −1x is [0, π] & of sin −1 x is [− π / 2, π / 2]]
 3
  π  π
= tan −1. 2.  = tan −1
 2 
( 3 ) = π3 .
2. Here, tan −1 sin  −   = tan −1 (− 1) = − .
  2  4  3  1
This is the required principal value as it is lie in 6. cos −1   + cos −1  − 
 2   2
 
 π π  3
− 2 , 2  .  2 π  π 2 π 5π
= cos −1  + cos −1  cos  = + =
   2   3  6 3 6
 
π 
3. cot  − 2 cot −1 3 
2 
7. ( )
tan −1 − 3 + tan −1 (1)

π  π  π π  π  π
= cot  − 2 cot −1  cot   = cot  − 2.  = tan −1  − tan  + tan −1  tan 
 2  6   2 6  3  4

π π π   π  π π π π
= cot  −  = cot = 3 = tan −1  tan  −   + = − + = − .
 2 3  6   3  4 3 4 12
1  1
4.  −1  8. cos −1   − 2 sin −1  − 
tan −1 (1) + cos −1   2  2
 2 
 π   2π   π 2π 11π  π   π   π π 2π
= tan −1  tan  + cos −1  cos    = + = = cos −1  cos  − 2 sin −1  sin  −   = + =
 4  3  4 3 12  3   6 3 3 3

9. Principal value of 3 5
⇒ sin x =and sin y =
1 1 π π 2π 5 13
cos −1   + 2 sin −1   = + 2. = . We know that, cos(x + y) = cosx cosy – sinx siny
2 2 3 6 3
4 12 3 5
π  1  π   −π    = × − ×
10. sin  − sin −1  −   = sin  − sin −1  sin     5 13 5 13
3  
2  3   6 
48 15 33
⇒ cos( x + y ) = − =
π π π 65 65 65
= sin  +  = sin = 1
3 6 2  33 
⇒ x + y = cos −1  
 −1   65 
11. Let sin −1   = θ
 2  4  12   33 
\ cos −1   + cos −1   = cos −1  
−1  π −π  −π π  5  13   65 
Then, sin θ = = sin  −  , where ∈ ,
2  6 6  2 2  –1
 1 − x2 
–1
Now, cos x = tan  
 3 x 
12. The principal value of sin −1  −
 2   2 
   33 
 1−   
 33   65    56 
  π  π
= sin −1  sin  −   = − , where
−π  −π π 
∈ \ cos −1   = tan −1  = tan −1  
,  65   33   35 
  3  3 3  2 2   
65
 12  3
13. Let x = cos −1   and y = sin −1   4  12   56 
 13  5 \ cos −1   + cos −1   = tan −1  
5  13   35 
12 3
or cos x = and sin y =
13 5 15. Refer to answer 14.

Now, sin x = 1 − cos2 x and cos y = 1 − sin2 y  3π  3π

16. (b) : tan −1  tan  ≠ as the principal
 5  5
144 9
⇒ sin x = 1 − and cos y = 1 −  −π π 
169 25 value branch of tan–1q is  ,  .
5 4  2 2
⇒ sin x = and cos y =
13 5  3π    2π  
We know that, \ tan −1  tan  = tan −1  tan  π −  
 5    5 
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
5 4 12 3 20 36 56   2π  
= × + × = + = = tan −1  − tan    [Q tan(p – q)] = – tanq]
13 5 13 5 65 65 65   5 
56
⇒ x + y = sin −1     2π  
 65  = tan −1  tan  −   [Q –tanq = tan(–q)]
  5 
12 3 56
or, cos −1   + sin −1   = sin −1   2π  π π 
 13  5  65  = − ∈ − ,
5  2 2 
 4  12 
14. Let x = cos −1   and y = cos −1   7 1
 5  13  17. (c) : We have, tan −1 + tan −1
4 12 9 8
⇒ cos x = and cos y =  7 1   56 + 9 
5 13 +
   
= tan −1  9 8  = tan −1  72 
Now, sin x = 1 − cos2 x and sin y = 1 − cos2 y 7 1 72 − 7
1− ×   
 9 8  72 
16 144  65  π
⇒ sin x = 1 − and sin y = 1 − = tan −1   = tan −1 (1) =
25 169
 65  4
   17 π   3π  π π 
18. We have, sin −1 sin  −  But ∉ − , , which is the principal value of
  8  5  2 2 
sin–1x.
  π   π
= sin −1 sin  −2π −   = sin −1  − sin   3π    2π  
  8   8 So, sin −1  sin  = sin −1 sin  π −
 5    5  
π π
= − sin −1 sin = −
8 8   2π   2π 2π  − π π 
= sin −1 sin    = and ∈ ,
19. tan −1 3 − cot −1( − 3 )   5  5 5  2 2 
= tan −1 3 − ( π − cot −1 3 )  3π  2 π
∴ sin −1  sin  =
 5  5
π π
= tan −1 3 + cot −1 3 − π = −π=−
2π
2 2 25. tan −1 3 − sec −1 (−2) = tan −1 3 − sec −1  sec 
 −1 1   3 
20. sin  sin + cos −1 x  = 1
 5  π 2π π
= − =−
1 3 3 3
or sin −1 + cos −1 x = sin −1 1
5 π
\ Principal value of tan −1 3 − sec −1 (−2) = −
−1 1 π π 3
⇒ sin + − sin −1 x =
5 2 2  3π  3π
26. tan −1  tan  ≠ as the principal value
 π  4  4
 sin −1 x + cos −1 x = 
2  π π
branch of tan–1 q is  − , 
1  1 1  2 2
⇒ sin −1 = sin −1 x ⇒ x = sin  sin −1  =
5  5 5  3π    π 
−1 −1 π So, tan −1  tan  = tan −1  tan  π −  
21. Given: tan x + tan y = (xy < 1)  4    4 
4
−1  x + y  π x+y π   π 
⇒ tan  = ⇒ = tan = 1 = tan −1  − tan   
 1 − xy  4 1 − xy 4   4 
⇒ x + y = 1–xy ⇒ x + y + xy = 1   π 
= tan −1  tan  −   [ − tan θ = tan(−θ)]
 2x    4 
22. Since 2 tan −1 x = tan −1  2  , for |x| < 1
1− x  π  π π
= − ∈ − , 
4  2 2
 1 
 2× 5  3π π
−1  1 
So, 2 tan   = tan  −1 Hence, tan −1  tan  = −
2   4  4
5  1 
1−    −1  7π  7π
 5  27. cos  cos  ≠ as principal value
 2   6  6
   5
= tan −1  5  = tan −1   branch of cos–1 q is [0, p]
 24   12 
 7π    π 
 25  So, cos −1  cos  = cos −1 cos  π +  
 6    6 
 1  5 5
∴ tan  2 tan −1  = tan  tan −1  =  π   π   5π
 5  12  12 = cos −1  − cos  = cos −1  cos  π −   =
 6   6  6
23. Refer to answer 19.
5π
24. We know that, sin–1(sin x) = x where ∈[0, π]
6
 3π  3π 7π 5π
Therefore, sin −1  sin  = Hence, cos −1  cos  =
 5  5  6  6
28. We know that the range of principal value  −3π π
 x x 
π π  cos + sin  Q <x< 
branch of cos q is [0, p] and sin q is  − , 
–1 –1
= tan −1  2 2
 
2 2

 2 2 x
 cos − sin x  ⇒ −3π x π 
< <
 2 π   2 π   2 2   4 2 4 
Then, cos −1  cos  + sin −1  sin 
 3   3   x
1 + tan
2π   π  
= tan −1  2  = tan −1  tan  π + x  
= + sin −1  sin  π −   x   4 2 
3   3   1 − tan    
2
2π  π  2π π  −3π π 
= + sin −1  sin  = + =π <x<
3  3 3 3 Q 2 2 
  
29. Put x = cos q ⇒ q = cos–1x…(i) ∴  π x   π π 
  4 + 2  ∈  − 2 , 2 
π x    
\ L.H.S. = sin–1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ) = +
4 2
= sin–1 (2 cos θ 1 − cos2 θ )
32. Put sin–1x = q. Then x = sinq
= sin–1(2 sin q cos q) = sin–1 (sin 2q)
= 2q = 2 cos–1 x (Using (i)) Now, sin3q = (3sinq – 4sin3q) = (3x – 4x3)
= R.H.S. ⇒ 3q = sin–1(3x – 4x3)
⇒ 3sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3) [Q q = sin–1x]
–1 π –1
30. We have, sin 4x + sin 3x = − ...(i) Hence, 3sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3)
2
–1 π –1
⇒ sin 4x = − – sin 3x 5  12  π
2 33. We have, sin −1   + sin −1   = ...(i)
x x 2
 π 
⇒ 4x = sin  − − sin −1 3x  −1  5  π −1  12 
 2  ⇒ sin   = − sin  
x 2 x
π 
⇒ 4x = − sin  + sin −1 3x  5 π  12  
 2  ⇒ = sin  − sin −1   
x 2  x 
⇒ 4x = –cos(sin–1 3x)
⇒ 4x = − cos(cos −1 1 − 9x 2 ) 5   12  
⇒ = cos  sin −1   
x   x 
⇒ 4x = − 1 − 9 x 2
Squaring both sides, we get 5  144 
⇒ = cos  cos −1 1 − 2 
16x2 = 1 – 9x2 x  x 
1 1 (Q sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x 2 )
⇒ 25x2 = 1 ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x= ±
25 5
1 25 x 2 − 144
But x = does not satisfy (i) ⇒ = ⇒ x = ±13
5 x2 x2
1 For x = –13, L.H.S. of (i)
\ x = − is the only solution of given equation.
5  5   12 
= sin −1   + sin −1  
 cos x   −13   −13 
31. We have, tan −1  
 1 − sin x   5  12  
 x x  = − sin −1   + sin −1   
cos2 − sin2   13   13  
−1  2 2 
= tan  2  2 2
  cos x − sin x   = − sin −1 
5  12  12
1−   +
5
1 −   
 2 2   13  13  13  13  
  5 5 12 12   x −3  x +3 π
= − sin −1  ⋅ + ⋅  36. We have, tan −1  + tan −1  =
 13 13 13 13   x − 4   x + 4  4
25 + 144   x −3 x +3 
= − sin −1  +
−1  x − 4 x + 4  π
 13.13  ⇒ tan  =
( x − 3)( x + 3)  4
 169  π π 1 − 
= − sin −1  = − sin −1(1) = − ≠  ( x − 4)( x + 4) 

 169  2 2
\ x = –13 is not a solution of (i).  −1 −1 −1  A + B  
  tan A + tan B = tan  1 − A × B  
Hence, x = 13 is the only solution of the given   
equation.  ( x − 3)( x + 4) + ( x + 3)( x − 4)  π
−1 −1 π ⇒ tan −1  = 4
34. We have, tan (4 x ) + tan (6 x ) =  ( x 2 − 16) − ( x 2 − 9) 
4 2 2
4 x + 6 x x + x − 12 + x − x − 12 π
  ⇒ = tan
⇒ tan−1  −1
 = tan (1) 2
x − 16 − x + 9 2 4
1 − (4 x )(6 x )  2
2 x − 24 2 2
10 x ⇒ = 1 ⇒ 2x – 24 = –7 ⇒ 2x = 17
⇒ =1 −7
1 − 24 x 2
17 17
2 2
⇒ 10x = 1 – 24x ⇒ 24x + 10x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x=±
2 2 2
⇒ 24x + 12x – 2x – 1 = 0 –1 –1
⇒ 12x(2x + 1) – 1(2x + 1) = 0 37. 2 tan (cosx) = tan (2cosecx)
⇒ (2x + 1)(12x – 1) = 0 ⇒ 2 tan–1 (cosx) – tan–1 (2cosecx) = 0
1 1  2 cos x 
⇒ x=− or x = ⇒ tan −1  − tan −1 (2cosec x ) = 0
2 12  1 − cos2 x 
1  2 cos x 
\ x= is the only solution. ⇒ tan −1  2  − tan −1 (2cosec x ) = 0
12  sin x 
[Q x = –1/2 does not satisfy the given equation]
 2 cos x 2 
35. We have,  − 

{ } { }
2
⇒ tan −1  sin x sin x =0
π 1 −1 a π 1 a
L.H.S. = tan + cos + tan − cos −1   2 cos x   2  
4 2 b 4 2 b  1 +  2   sin x  
  sin x   
a a
Let cos −1 = θ ⇒ = cos θ  2 cos x sin x − 2 sin2 x 
b b ⇒ tan −1  =0
 sin3 x + 4 cos x 
 π θ  π θ  
\ L.H.S. = tan  +  + tan  − 
4 2 4 2 2 cos x sin x − 2 sin2 x
θ θ ⇒ =0
1 + tan 1 − tan sin3 x + 4 cos x
= 2+ 2 ⇒ 2 cosx sinx = 2sin2x ⇒ tan x = 1
θ θ
1 − tan 1 + tan  π π
2 2 ⇒ x = tan −1 (1) = tan −1  tan  =
 4 4
θ θ  θ
1 + tan2 + 1 + tan2 1 + tan2 1 1  1 1
= 2 2 =2  2 
38. L.H.S. =  tan −1 + tan −1  +  tan −1 + tan −1 
θ  θ 3 5 7 8
1 − tan2  1 − tan2 
2  2  1 1   1 1 
 +   + 
2 2 2 2b  = tan −1  3 5  + tan −1  7 8 
= = = = = R.H.S.
 θ  cos θ a / b a  1 − 1 × 1   1 − 1 × 1 
cos  2 ⋅   3 5  7 8
 2
  8   15   x −2  x +2 π
 15    4 3
41. tan −1   + tan −1  =
−1 56
= tan   + tan   = tan −1   + tan −1  
−1
 x −1   x +1  4
14
  55
  7  11 
 x −2 x +2 
 15   56 
  x − 1  +  x + 1   π
 4 3   65  ⇒ tan −1  =
 +    1 −  x − 2   x + 2   4
= tan −1  7 11  = tan −1  77    x − 1   x + 1  
1 − 4 × 3   65 
 7 11   77   ( x − 2) ( x + 1) + ( x + 2) ( x − 1)  π
π ⇒ tan −1  =4
−1
= tan 1 = = R.H.S.  ( x 2 − 1 − ( x 2 − 22 ) 
4
39. sin–1x + sin–1(1 – x) = cos–1x  x 2 + x − 2x − 2 + x 2 − x + 2x − 2  π
−1
⇒ tan  =
π  x2 − 1 − x2 + 4  4
⇒ sin −1 x + − cos −1 (1− x ) = cos −1 x
2
 (∀ − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1)  2x 2 − 4   π 2x 2 − 4
⇒ = tan ⇒ =1
π  3   4 
3
⇒ sin −1 x + − cos −1 x = cos −1 (1 − x )
2 ⇒ 2x2 – 4 = 3 ⇒ 2x2 = 3 + 4
⇒ sin −1 x + sin −1 x = cos −1(1 − x ) 7 7
⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ±
2 2
⇒ 2sin–1x = cos–1(1–x)
⇒ cos(2sin–1x) = (1 – x) −1
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x
42. L.H.S. = cot 
⇒ 1 – 2 sin2(sin–1 x) = (1 – x)  1 + sin x − 1 − sin x
⇒ 2sin2 (sin–1 x) = x
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 
⇒ 2x2 = x ⇒ 2x2 – x = 0 ⇒ x (2x –1) = 0 × 
⇒ x = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1/2 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 

x y  (1 + sin x ) + (1 − sin x ) + 2 1 − sin2 x 

40. We have, cos −1 + cos −1 = α = cot −1  
a b  (1 + sin x ) − (1 − sin x ) 
 xy x2 y2   2(1 + cos x )  −1  1 + cos x 
⇒ cos −1  − 1 − 2 1 − 2  = α = cot −1   = cot  
 ab  2 sin x   sin x 
 a b 
 2 cos2 (x / 2) 
= cot −1  
xy x2 y2  2 sin( x / 2)cos( x / 2) 
⇒ − 1 − 2 1 − 2 = cosα  ... (1)
ab a b
 x x
Squaring on both sides, we get = cot −1  cot  = = R.H.S.
 2 2
x 2 y 2  x 2   y 2  2 xy x2 y2
+ 1 − 1 −  − 1 − 1 − 43. We have, sin[cot–1 (x + 1)] = cos (tan–1x) ... (1)
a2b2  a2   b2  ab a2 b2 Let cot–1 (x + 1) = A and tan–1 x = B
= cos2a 1
⇒ x + 1 = cot A ⇒ sin A =
x2 y2 y2 x2 x2 y2 2 xy x2 y2 (x + 1)2 + 1
⇒ +1− − + − 1− 2 1− 2
a 2 b2 b2 a2 a 2b2 ab a b 1
Also, x = tan B ∴ cos B = 2
 = 1 – sin2a x +1
x2 y2 2 xy  xy x2 y2  Now, sin A = cos B [From (1)]
⇒ + −  − 1− 1 − 2  = sin2 α 1 1
a2 b2 ab  ab
 a2 b  ⇒ = ⇒ (x + 1)2 + 1 = x2 + 1
2 2
(x + 1) + 1 x +1
x2 2 xy y2 1
⇒ − cos α + 2 = sin2 α [From (1)] ⇒ 1 + 2x = 0 ⇒ x = −
a2 ab b 2
 5π2 But x = –8 does not satisfy the equation.
44. (tan −1 x )2 + (cot −1 x )2 = [Given] 1
8 Hence, x = is the only solution.
π
2
 5π2 4
⇒ (tan −1 x )2 +  − tan −1 x  = 1   1 
2  8 −1 
47. tan   + tan −1   + ...
Putting tan–1x = q, we get  1 + 1⋅ 2  1+ 2⋅3 
2  1 
2 π  5π 2 2 π2 2 5π2 .. + tan −1   = tan −1 θ
θ +  − θ = ⇒ θ + + θ − πθ =  1 + n ⋅ (n + 1) 
2  8 4 8
 π 2
5 π 2  2 −1  −1  3 − 2 
⇒ 2θ2 − πθ +  −  =0 ⇒ tan −1   + tan  1 + 2 ⋅ 3 
 4 8   1 + 1 ⋅ 2   
3  ( n + 1) − n 
⇒ 2θ2 − πθ − π2 = 0 +... + tan −1  −1
 = tan θ
8  1 + n(n + 1) 
⇒ 16q2 –8pq – 3p2 = 0
⇒ tan–1 2 – tan–1 1 + tan–1 3 – tan–1 2 +
⇒ 4q(4q –3p) + p(4q – 3p) = 0
+ ... + tan–1 (n + 1) – tan–1(n) = tan–1q
⇒ (4q + p) (4q – 3p) = 0
⇒ Either 4q = 3p or 4q = –p ⇒ tan (n + 1) –tan–1 1= tan–1q
–1

3π π  (n + 1) − 1 
⇒ tan −1  = tan −1 θ
⇒ θ=
4
or θ = −
4  1 + (n + 1)(1) 
 
−1 3π π
Hence, tan x = or − ⇒ x = –1  n  n
4 4 ⇒ tan −1  = tan −1
θ ⇒ =θ
+  n + 2  n+2
 xy 1  −1  yz + 1
45. L.H.S. = cot −1  + cot π
 x − y   y − z  48. We have, tan −1 2 x + tan −1 3x =
4
 zx + 1 −1  2 x + 3x  π
+ cot −1  ⇒ tan   = (for 2x ⋅ 3x < 1)
 z − x   1 − 2 x × 3x  4
x− y −1  y − z  −1  z − x   5x  π
= tan −1   + tan   + tan  
 1 + xy  ⇒ tan −1  =
 1 + yz   1 + zx   1 − 6x 2  4
 
 −1 1 
5x π
−1 Therefore, = tan = 1
 cot x = tan x  1 − 6x 2 4
 
 2
⇒ 6x + 5x – 1 = 0 ⇒ (6x – 1) (x + 1) = 0
= (tan–1x – tan–1y) + (tan–1y – tan–1z) 1
+ (tan–1z – tan–1x) which gives x = or x = − 1.
6
= 0 = R.H.S. Since x = –1 does not satisfy the equation as the
8 L.H.S. of the equation becomes negative.
46. We have, tan −1 (x + 1) + tan −1 (x −1) = tan −1
31 \ x = 1 is the only solution of the given
 (x + 1 + x − 1)  8 6
⇒ tan −1  = tan −1
 1 − (x + 1) (x − 1)  31
equation.
 
−1 5 3
for (x + 1) (x – 1) < 1 49. Consider R.H.S. = sin + cos −1
13 5
2x 8 2x 8
⇒ = ⇒ =  5 4 
2
1 − (x − 1) 31 2−x 2 31  + 
5 4
⇒ 31x = 8 – 4x2 ⇒ 4x2 + 31x – 8 = 0 = tan −1 + tan −1 = tan −1  12 3 
12 3  1 − 5 . 4 
⇒ (4x – 1) (x + 8) = 0  12 3 
⇒ 4x – 1 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
1  15 + 48  = tan −1  63  = L.H.S.
⇒ x= or x = – 8 = tan −1    16 
4  36 − 20   
 1 1  1 5 2  1
50. L.H.S. = 2 tan −1   + tan −1   52. L.H.S. = 2 tan −1   + sec −1   + 2 tan −1  
2 7  5  7   8

1 1 1  1  1  5 2 

= tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1   = 2  tan −1   + tan −1    + sec −1 
5  8   7 
2 2 7   

 1 1   1 1 
 +   5+8 
−1

−1 5 2

1 = 2 tan   + sec  
= tan −1  2 2  + tan −1  
 1 − 1 . 1  7  1 − 1 × 1   7 
 2 2  5 8
 13 
4
−1  1   5 2 
= tan   + tan −1   = 2 tan −1  40  + sec −1 
3 7  7 
 39   
 4 1   40 
 +   28 + 3   31 
= tan −1  3 7  = tan −1   = tan −1   1 5 2 
= 2 tan −1   + sec −1 
 1 − 4 . 1   21 − 4   17 
3  7 
 3 7  
2
−1  31  −1  1  −1 5 
Now, tan   = θ (say) ...(1) = 2 tan   + tan  7 2  −1
 17  3  
31 1 1
tanθ = = 2 tan −1   + tan −1  
⇒ 3 7
17
1 1  2 
\ sin θ = =   1 −1  3  −1  1 
cosec θ 1 + cot 2 θ = tan −1  3  + tan −1   = tan   + tan  
1
 1 −  7 4
  7
1 31 31 31  9
= = = =
2 2 2 1250 25 2  3 1 
 17 
1+  
31 + 17
−1
 4+7  −1 π
 31  = tan   = tan (1) = = R.H.S.
3
 1 − × 1 4
 31   4 7
⇒ θ = sin −1   ...(2)
 25 2  53. Putting x = cos q, we get
−1  31   1 + cos θ − 1 − cos θ 
From (1) & (2), L.H.S = sin   = R.H.S. L.H.S. = tan −1  
 25 2   1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ 
1− x 1  2 cos2 (θ / 2) − 2 sin2 (θ / 2) 
51. We have, tan −1  = tan −1 x , (x > 0) = tan −1 
 1 + x  2 
 2 cos2 (θ / 2) + 2 sin2 (θ / 2) 
1
⇒ tan −1 1 − tan −1 x = tan −1 x  cos(θ / 2) − sin(θ / 2) 
2 = tan −1  
 cos(θ / 2) + sin(θ / 2) 
3 −1 π
⇒ tan x = tan −1 1 = 1 − tan(θ / 2) 
2 4 = tan −1  
1 + tan(θ / 2) 
π 2 π
⇒ tan −1 x = × = [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos(q/2)]
4 3 6
π 1   π θ  π θ
⇒ x = tan = = tan −1 tan  −   = −
6 3   4 2  4 2
1 π 1 
⇒ x= =  − cos −1 x  = R.H.S.
3 4 2 
54. Refer to answer 41. 1
= cos −1 x + cos −1 − cos −1 x.
 3 2
55. We have cos(tan–1x) = sin  cot −1 
 4 1 π
= cos −1 = = R.H.S.
Let tan–1x = q ⇒ tanq = x 2 3
1  1  2π
⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos −1   58. tan −1 x + 2 cot −1 x =
  3
1 + x2  1+ x
2

π 2π
−13 3 ⇒ − cot −1 x + 2 cot −1 x =
Also, let cot = β ⇒ cot β = 2 3
4 4 2π π 4 π − 3π
−1
4 4 ⇒ cot x = − ⇒ cot −1 x =
⇒ sin β = ⇒ β = sin −1 3 2 6
5 5
π π
⇒ cot −1 x = ⇒ x = cot ⇒ x = 3
 3 6 6
So, cos (tan–1x) = sin  cot −1 
 4 −1 3 −1 8
59. L.H.S. = sin + sin
5 17
  
 −1  1   = sin  sin −1 4   2 2 
⇒ cos cos  −1  3  8  8 3 
  1 + x2    5  = sin 1−  + 1− 
   5  17  17 5 
 
1 4  3 15 8 4 
⇒ = = sin −1  × + × 
1+ x 2 5
 5 17 17 5 
⇒ 16 + 16x2 = 25 ⇒ x = + 3/4.
 45 32   77 
Hence, value of x is 3/4. sin −1  +  = sin −1  
[Q –3/4 does not satisfy the given equation]  85 85   85 

56. L.H.S. = cot–1 7 + cot–1 8 + cot–1 18 −1  77 

2
7225 − 5929
1 1 1 = cos 1 −   = cos −1
= tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1  85  7225
7 8 18
1296 36
 1 1  = cos −1 = cos −1 = R.H.S.
+ 7225 85
−1  7 8  1 3 1
= tan  + tan −1 = tan −1 + tan −1
1 1 18 11 18 1  2 
2x  −1 1 − y
1− × 
 7 8 60. tan sin −1  + cos  
2   1 + y 2 
2  1 + x   

 3 1 
+ 1 –1 –1
−1 
11 18  = tan −1  65  = tan −1 1 = tan [2 tan −1 x + 2 tan −1 y] = tan(tan x + tan y)
= tan   
3 1  195  3 2
1 − ×  
 11 18   x + y   x + y
= tan tan −1   = , y > 0 & xy < 1
= cot–1 3 = R.H.S.   1 − xy   1 − xy
 3 − 3x 2  1 1 1
−1 −1  x  61. L.H.S. = tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1  
57. L.H.S=cos x + cos  +  2 5 8
 2 2 
 1 1 
 2+5  −1 1
 1 3  = tan  −1
 + tan
= cos −1 x + cos −1  ⋅ x + ⋅ 1 − x2  1 1
 1 − ×  8
 2 2   2 5
1 2 
 1   5+2  1
= cos −1 x + cos −1  ⋅ x + 1 −   ⋅ 1 − x 2  = tan −1  + tan −1
 2 2   10 − 1  8
 
  7 1  1
For x = ,
  + 8   2
−1 7 −1 1 −1   9  −1  1 −1 1
= tan + tan = tan L.H.S. of (1) = sin  1 −  − 2 sin
9 8  7 1  2 2
 1 − 9 × 8  
  1 π π
 56 + 9  = − sin −1 = − ≠
 65  2 6 2
= tan −1  = tan −1  
 72 − 7   65  1
  \ x = is not a solution of (1).
π 2
= tan −1 1 = = R.H.S. Hence, x = 0 is the only solution of (1).
4
3 3  cos x 
62. Put sin −1 = θ ⇒ sin θ = 66. L.H.S. = tan −1  
4 4  1 + sin x 
2
3 7  π  
⇒ cosθ = 1 −   =  sin  2 − x  
4 4   
= tan −1 
 π 
1 3
Now, tan  sin −1  = tan
θ  1 + cos  2 − x  
  
2 4  2
 π x π x
1−
7  2 sin  4 − 2  cos  4 − 2  
1 − cos θ 4− 7 4− 7    
= = 4 = × = tan −1 
1 + cos θ 7 4+ 7 4− 7  π x 
1+  2 cos2  −  
4  4 2 
4− 7
= .   π x  π x
3 = tan −1  tan  −   = − = R.H.S.
  4 2  4 2
a  a −b 
63. tan −1   − tan −1   3 3
b  a +b  67. Let sin −1 = θ and cot −1 = φ
5 2
 a a −b  3 3
−
−1   ⇒ sin θ = and cot φ =
= tan  b a + b  5 2
1 + a . a − b  3 2
 b a +b  ⇒ tan θ = and tan φ =
4 3
 a(a + b) − b (a − b)  3 2
= tan −1   \ θ = tan −1 and φ = tan −1
 b(a + b) + a (a − b)  4 3
−1 3 −1 3
 a 2 + b2  π Thus, sin + cot
= tan −1  2 2  = tan −1 (1) = 5 2
 3 2 
 a + b  4 +
−1  3  −1  2  −1  4 3 
64. Refer to answer 59. = tan   + tan   = tan  
π
4 3 1 − 3 × 2 
65. We have, sin −1 (1 − x ) − 2 sin −1 x = ...(1)  4 3
π 2  17 
⇒ sin −1 (1 − x ) = + 2 sin −1 x = tan −1   = α (say) ...(1)
2  6 
π  17 6 6
⇒ 1 − x = sin  + 2 sin −1 x  ⇒ tan α = ⇒ cos α = =
2  6 62 + 172 5 13
⇒ 1 – x = cos(2 sin–1x) = cos 2q,
where q = sin–1x ⇒ x = sin q  3 3
Now, L.H.S. = cos  sin −1 + cot −1 
\ 1 – x = 1 – 2 sin2q ⇒ 1 – x = 1 – 2x2  5 2
1 6
⇒ x = 2x2 ⇒ x(2x – 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, = cos a = = R.H.S.  [Using (1)]
2 5 13
68. Refer to answer 41.  2x  π
−1  2 x 
73. We have, tan  2 
+ tan −1  =
69. L.H.S. = tan −1
3 3
+ tan −1 − tan −1
8  1− x   1 − x2  3
4 5 19
 −1 −1 1 
 3 3 
+  cot x = tan x 
  8  
= tan −1  4 5  − tan −1
1 − 3 × 3  19  2x  π 2x π 1
 4 5  ⇒ tan −1  2 
= ⇒ 2
= tan =
 1− x  6 1− x 6 3
 15 + 12  8 ⇒ 2 3x = 1 − x 2 ⇒ 2
x + 2 3 x −1 = 0
= tan −1  − tan −1
 20 − 9  19
   27 8  −2 3 ± 12 + 4
− ⇒ x= =− 3±2
−1  27  −1 8 −1  11 19 
= tan   − tan = tan   2
 11  19 1 + 27 × 8  ⇒ x = 2 − 3 (Reject − 3 − 2 as − 1 < x < 1).
 11 19 
−1  513 − 88  1 2 1 4
= tan  −1
+ tan −1 = tan −1
 209 + 216  74. To prove : tan
  4 9 2 3
 425  π  1 2 4
= tan −1   = tan −1 1 = = R.H.S. ⇒ 2  tan −1 + tan −1  = tan −1
 425  4  4 9 3
70. Refer to answer 63.  1 2
Now L.H.S. = 2  tan −1 + tan −1 
 4 9
71. Refer to answer 50.
 1 2 
3
−1  −1  17   + 
72. L.H.S. = 2 tan   − tan   = 2 tan −1  4 9 
4  31   1 − 1 × 2 
3 3  17   4 9
= tan −1   + tan −1   − tan −1  
4 4  31  1 1 1
= 2 tan −1 = tan −1 + tan −1
2 2 2
 3 3 
 +   17   1 1 
+
= tan −1  4 4  − tan −1     4
3 3
 1 − ⋅   31  = tan  2 2  = tan −1 = R.H.S.
−1
1
 1 − × 1 3
 4 4
 24 17   2 2 
 24   − 
 17 
= tan −1   − tan −1   = tan −1  7 31  75. The given equation is
 7   31   1 + 24 . 17  1

7 31 
 cos(2 sin −1 x ) = (x > 0) ...(1)
 9
 24 × 31 − 17 × 7  Put sin–1 x = q ⇒ x = sin q
= tan −1 
 7 × 31 + 24 × 17  1 1
  \ Eq. (1) ⇒ cos 2θ = ⇒ 1 − 2 sin2 θ =
 744 − 119  9 9
 625 
= tan −1  = tan −1  1 8
 217 + 408  
 625 
⇒ 2 sin2 θ = 1 − =
  9 9
π 2 4 2
= tan −1 (1) = = R.H.S. ⇒ x = ⇒x= ( x > 0)
4 9 3