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    AE1102 Space Slides 4

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    Sara
    This document provides an introduction to aerospace engineering and focuses on launch vehicles and space propulsion. It discusses the historical development of rockets, the basic components and types of launch vehicles, and provides examples like the V2 rocket and Saturn V rocket. It also gives an overview of typical launch profiles and some approximate performance data for different launchers.

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    AE1102 Space Slides 4

    Uploaded by

    Sara
    16 views27 pages
    This document provides an introduction to aerospace engineering and focuses on launch vehicles and space propulsion. It discusses the historical development of rockets, the basic components and types of launch vehicles, and provides examples like the V2 rocket and Saturn V rocket. It also gives an overview of typical launch profiles and some approximate performance data for different launchers.

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    This document provides an introduction to aerospace engineering and focuses on launch vehicles and space propulsion. It discusses the historical development of rockets, the basic components and types of launch vehicles, and provides examples like the V2 rocket and Saturn V rocket. It also gives an overview of typical launch profiles and some approximate performance data for different launchers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views27 pages

    AE1102 Space Slides 4

    Uploaded by

    Sara
    This document provides an introduction to aerospace engineering and focuses on launch vehicles and space propulsion. It discusses the historical development of rockets, the basic components and types of launch vehicles, and provides examples like the V2 rocket and Saturn V rocket. It also gives an overview of typical launch profiles and some approximate performance data for different launchers.

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    of 27

    Introduction to Aerospace Engineering

    Lecture slides

    Challenge the future 1


    Introduction to Aerospace Engineering AE1102
    Dept. Space Engineering
    Astrodynamics & Space Missions (AS)
    • Prof. ir. B.A.C. Ambrosius
    • Ir. R. Noomen
    Space Systems Engineering (SSE)
    • Ir. J.M. Kuiper
    • Ir. B.T.C. Zandbergen

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 1|


    4
    How do we get in Space?
    Development of rockets; enabling technologies
    Launch vehicles
    Typical launch profile

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 2|

    Part of the contents of this presentation originates from the lecture “Space
    Engineering and Technology I, Part I” (ae1-801/1), by R. Hamann.
    Launch vehicles & space propulsion
    • Learning goals

    • Understand the principles of rocket motion


    • Develop awareness of the historical development of launchers
    • Become familiar with the basic components of a launcher
    • Get acquainted with the physical characteristics of launchers
    • Become familiar with the nomenclature (jargon) of rocketry
    • Develop awareness of characteristic numbers and costs
    • Develop ability to make simple (back-of the-envelope) calculations

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 3|


    Why do we need rockets?
    • Because jet engines and
    propeller engines do NOT work in
    space (no air / no oxygen)

    • To provide brute force to lift the


    payload and the rocket itself
    against gravity (and cope with
    drag)

    • To achieve the necessary


    extremely high orbital speeds
    (impossible in the atmosphere
    due to aerodynamic heating and
    drag)
    Launch of Friendship-7 (Glenn on board)

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 4|


    Types of space propulsion
    • Liquid propellant
    rocket engine
    • Solid propellant
    rocket engine
    • Hybrid rocket engine
    • Thermo-nuclear
    rocket engine
    • Electro-magnetic
    propulsion (Ion-
    plasma)
    • Solar radiation
    pressure (sail)

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 5|


    The principle of rocket motion
    “ACTION = REACTION”

    • What is the “action”?


    • The rocket engine expels mass at high speed  “Thrust”
    • Thrust equals mass-flux times “exhaust” velocity:
    • T (N) = m (kg/s) * c (m/s)
    • What is the “reaction”
    • The rocket accelerates  “Motion”
    • Thrust equals instantaneous rocket mass times instantaneous
    acceleration:
    • T (N) = M (kg) * a (m/s2)  a = T/M
    • Theoretical rocket velocity (Tsiolkowski): V = c * ln (Mstart/Mempty)

    NB Principle is the same for jet engines and propeller engines

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 6|


    The “mother” of all
    modern rockets (V2)

    • The V2:
    • single stage
    • liquid propellants
    • alcohol
    • liquid oxygen (cryogenic)
    • steel structure
    • 12800 kg lift-off mass, 8800
    kg propellants, 250 kN thrust
    • 68 s burn time
    • 1000 kg warhead
    • range several hundreds of
    kilometers

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 7|

    Example computation:

    Calculate the theoretical end velocity of the V2 using Tsiolkowsky’s equation.

    Answer: Ve = 2247 m/s or 2.247 km/s

    How much is this in km/hr?

    Answer: 8089 km/hr


    V2 Heritage - USA -
    WAC-Corporal V2 Aerobee

    Bumper Redstone Viking

    Jupiter C Vanguard

    Jupiter IRBM Thor IRBM Atlas ICBM Titan ICBM

    Scout June II Thor Able Atlas Able

    Thor Delta Atlas Mercury

    Thor Agena Atlas Agena

    Saturn I Atlas Centaur

    Titan II Gemini
    Saturn IB

    Scout Saturn V Delta Atlas Centaur Titan III E Centaur

    Military missiles Moon program launchers

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 8|


    In the beginning it was not so easy….

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVeFkakURXM

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 9|


    Successful launches 1957 - 1999
    ~125 launches
    per year

    ~ 70
    launches
    per year

    Source: Marc Toussaint

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 10 |


    Main rocket components

    • Structure (integral tank/skin)


    • Propellants (liquid, solid or ?)
    • Rocket engine
    • Aerodynamic shape (drag)
    • Control systems (e.g. TVC)
    • Avionics
    • Payload
    • Payload fairing (shroud)

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 11 |


    Schematic liquid propellant rocket engine

    Source: Fortescue

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 12 |


    Example of liquid
    propellant rocket stage
    • Saturn-V S-1C stage
    • Propellant tanks (RP-1 / LOX)
    • Engines (5 x F-1)
    • Aerodynamic control and streamline
    surfaces
    • Propellant (feed) lines
    • Tank pressurization system
    • Propellant management system
    • Forward skirt/inter- stage
    • Diameter: 10m
    • Length: 42m
    • Mass: 2,300,000kg (Dry: 133,000kg)
    • Thrust: 33,000,000N

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 13 |


    Example of solid propellant rocket motor

    • Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM)


    • Steel casing (segments)
    • Nozzle (gimbaling)
    • Hollow solid propellant grain
    • Igniter
    • Thrust vector control system (TVC)
    • Range safety destruct system
    • Parachutes
    • Diameter: 3.7m
    • Length: 38.5m
    • Mass: 570,000kg (dry: 70,000kg)
    • Thrust: 10,000,000N

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 14 |


    Payload fairing (shroud)
    • Payload fairing is an important
    attribute of a launch vehicle. The fairing
    protects the payload during the ascent
    against aerodynamic forces and
    aerodynamic heating. More recently, an
    additional function is to maintain a
    “clean-room” environment for
    “sensitive” payloads.
    • Fairing is affected by heat generated by
    friction – up to 600 degrees Celsius –
    during the launch phase
    • Outside the atmosphere the fairing is
    jettisoned, exposing the payload. This
    causes a mechanical shock and a
    “spike” in the acceleration.
    • Standard payload fairing is typically a
    cone-cylinder combination. Due to
    aerodynamic considerations, however,
    specialized fairing are in use as well.

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 15 |


    Comparison of some US launchers

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 16 |


    Some Russian launchers

    KOSMOS -- TSYKLON VOSTOK MOLNIYA SOYUZ ZENIT PROTON PROTON ENERGIYA ENERGIYA/BURAN

    Source: Marc Toussaint

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 17 |


    Some approximate launcher data
    Launcher mass thrust payload (kg)
    x 1000 kg kN low orbit geostationary orbit escape velocity

    Scout 21 490 200 - -

    Delta (2910-2914) 132 1715 2000 700 600

    Atlas-Centaur 145 1865 4500 1800 1500

    Titan IIIE-Centaur 650 10300 16000 - 5500

    Saturn IB 650 7310 17000 - -

    Saturn V 2750 33350 110000 - 40000

    Ariane V 746 6470 10800 6950 (G+)


    boosters
    Soyouz launcher 310 4900 7000 - -

    Space Shuttle 2000 28450 30000 - -

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 18 |


    Some Russian launcher data
    Launcher payload (kg)
    low orbit sun-synchronous geostationary orbit escape velocity
    orbit
    Kosmos 1500

    Tsyklon 4000

    Vostok 4730 1840

    Molniya 1800
    (high latitude)
    Zenit 13740 11380

    Proton 20600 2500 5700

    Energiya 105000 19000 32000

    Energiya/Buran 30000

    Source: Marc Toussaint

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 19 |


    The Space Shuttle
    launch configuration
    External dimensions

    Wing span 23.79 m

    Length overall 56.14 m

    Length external tank 47.00 m

    Length boosters 45.56 m

    Height overall 23.35 m

    Weights

    Shuttle complete 2010.6 t

    Orbiter (empty) 74.8 t

    External tank (full) 756.4 t

    Boosters (2), each 589.7 t

    Thrust

    Total, lift-off 28590 kN

    Orbiter,

    main engines (3), each 1670 kN

    Booster (2), each 11790 kN

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 20 |


    European launcher development efforts

    • ELDO, founded in 1962


    • Europa; never reached orbit
    • first stage: “Blue Streak”
    • second stage: existing French rocket
    • third stage: new German design
    • France
    • Diamant; some satellites launched
    • UK
    • Black Arrow; one satellite launched
    • ESA
    • Ariane 1 through 5; many launches

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 21 |


    The main European launcher:
    Ariane 5
    Development 10 yr, costs 7 B$
    Payload:
    • 6820 kg in 70 GTO
    • 10800 kg in sun-synchronous
    orbit
    Launch cost: 124 M$ (‘00) Speltra; launching
    Success rate: 95% (end 2005) two satellites
    together
    Number of stages: 2 + 2 boosters
    Length: 51.4 m
    Diameter: 5.4 m
    Start mass: 746 ton
    Payload volume: ≈ 243 m3

    Source: Astrium
    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 22 |
    Example of a launch trajectory (Ariane 1)

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 23 |


    NASA future (?): Ares launchers

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 24 |


    Current challenges

    • Decrease launch cost - Current launch costs are:


    • LEO $7000/kg
    • GEO $20000/kg

    • Enhance reliability: Of the 4378 space launches conducted


    worldwide between 1957 and 1999, 390 launches failed (the
    success rate was 91.1 percent), with an associated loss or
    significant reduction of service life of 455 satellites (some
    launches included multiple payloads).

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 25 |


    New commercial rockets

    • SpaceX Falcon 9
    • ???

    AE1102 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering (Space) 26 |

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