AGR220:

Crop Production Technology- II (Rabi

crops)

Dr. Abhinandan Singh

L:1 T:0 P:2 Credits:2

 Syllabus

Unit I Package and practices of Rabi cereals (wheat and barley): origin,
geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements,
varieties, cultural practices and yield.
Unit II Package and practices of Rabi pulses (chickpea, lentil and field pea):
origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic
requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield. .
Unit III Package and practices of oilseeds (rapeseed-mustard and sunflower):
origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic
requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.
Unit IV Package and practices of sugar crops (sugarcane): origin, geographical
distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties,
cultural practices and yield.
Unit V Package and practices of medicinal and aromatic crops (mentha, lemon
grass and citronella): origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil
and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.
Unit VI Package and practices of forage crops (berseem, lucerne and oat): origin,
geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements,
varieties, cultural practices and yield.
Chapter 2 - Rabi Pulses
Rabi Pulses
 Grain legumes - Importance of pulses
• Leguminous grains where the cotyledons are
separated from grain and used as human food.
Split pulse is called as dhal
• Pulses are second most important after cereals
• India ranks first both in area and production
• Due to hardy nature they find place all over
 Status of pulses production
• In 2013-14, the global pulses production was 72 million
tons from an area of 79 million ha with an average yield of
910 kg/ha.
• Canda has highest productivity of 1900 kg/ha where are
India has about 730 kg/ha during 2013-14
• Dry beans contributed about 32% to global pulses
production followed by dry peas (17%), chickpea (15.9%),
broad beans (7.5%), lentils (5.7%), cowpeas (6%) and
pigeonpea (4.0%).
• India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the
world contributing around 25-28% of the total global
production
• About 90% of the global pigeonpea, 75% of chickpea and
37% of lentil area falls in India, (FAOSTAT 2009)
 Status of pulses production in India
• Due to stagnant production, the net availability of pulses
has come down from 60 gm/day/person in 1951 to 31
gm/day/ in 2008
• The Area during 2013-14 indicate that the total pulse
production is 19.25 million tons from 26-27 million ha area
which is all times high and is the only exception year.
• Pulses are least preferred by farmers because of high risk
and less remunerative than cereals; consequently, the
production of the pulses is sufficiently low.
• To meet the demand of pulses, India is at present
importing about 3 million tons.
• Due to hardy nature they find place all over
 Pulses - India
• Agriculture is backbone of the country contributing
13.7 % of total GDP employing 55% of the working
population in India
• Around 65% of total population is dependent on
Agriculture and allied sectors
• Various cereals (Rice, wheat) pulses (Gram, pigeon
pea, Oil seeds (Groundnut, Soybean) are largely
produced in India
• India is the largest producer (28%) and consumer
(30%) of pulses in the world.
Their productivity is less due to
– Unfavorable soil
– Less important managements
– Inherent genetic potential
• Economic volume may be less but energy required to
produce is higher
• Biological produce is high but HI is poor
• 1 gram of protein ≠ 1gram of carbohydrate
Percent share of major pulses in total
production of India

Commodity Percent share

Chickpea 40-50 %
Pigeonpea 15-16%
Black gram 10-12%
Lentil 9-10%
 Production of pulses by various states
• The major producers of pulses in the country are
Madhya Pradesh (24%), Uttar Pradesh (16%),
Maharashtra (14%), Rajasthan (6%), Andhra
Pradesh (10%) followed by Karnataka (7%) which
together share about 77% of total pulse
production while remaining 23% is contributed
by Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Orissa and
Jharkhand.
 Pulses may be classified as
– Kharif pluses
• Cultivated with warm temperature
• May require higher water and irrigation
• Redgram, blackgram, greengram, cowpea, horsegram,
mothbean etc
– Rabi pulses
• Requiring mild temperature
• Relatively with residual soil moisture
• Chickpea, Lentil, Peas,
– Soybean which is mostly a crop as the second category
 Importance of pulses
• Higher nutritive value in terms of protein content
• Pulses are the richest sources of proteins as
compared to cereals. Most of the pulses has protein
content of 20-25 percent, many important
aminoacids.
• 100 g of wheat can provide 108 units of vitamin,
where as 100 g of pulses supply 316 units of vitamin
A. pulses are rich source of minerals especially
calcium.
• Enriches soil organic matter and fix atmospheric
nitrogen
 Contd….
• Roughly pulses can add roughly an average quantity of 0.5
to 1.5 tonnes of organic matter in the form of roots,
stems and leaves. Pulses fix atmospheric nitrogen around
20-.5 kg which is readily available for the succeeding
crops.
• Provides soil cover and helps soil conservation. Having
deep roots system it has better binding effect and resist
more against erosion and profused vegetative growth
protects and prevents soil erosion.
• Provides quality of fodder to cattle
• Checks weed population by smothering effect
 Constraints of pulses in India
• Area under pulses is fluctuating every year due to climatic
hazards.
• Most of them are cultivated under marginal and sub marginal
lands without any management practices
• They are rarely grown as pure crops and they are grown as
bonus in form of mixed or inter cropping.
• They are generally rainfed crops hence the yields are affected
due to aberrant weather conditions.
• Pulses are considered as soil builders and cultivated without
manures and fertilizers.
• Most of the cultivated pulses are local varieties having low
yield potential
• Pulses are C3 plants with less photosynthetic efficiency, they
have less source to sink relationships.
 Factors determining reduction in
pulses area in North India
• Critical analysis of the north Indian environments revealed
that agro ecosystem of these regions is becoming fragile
and posing a potential threat for pulses cultivation. Some of
the major underlying reasons for deteriorating conditions
are as follows:
• Extensive rice-wheat cropping system replacing pulses.
• Farmers choice towards more remunerative crops
• Over-use of groundwater enhancing salinity
• Increased incidence of ascochyta blight aggravated with
low temperature.
 Contd..
• Excessive fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation deteriorated
soil quality
• Fast depletion of micronutrients (Zinc , Sulphur and boron)
• Cereal based cropping system has little scope to break the
disease cycle.
• Inadequate or deficient rainfall amount during monsoon
season
• Asymmetric pattern of temperature increase i.e. night
minimums is increasing more rapidly than day time
maximums.
• High yielding long duration pulses varieties bred for
northern conditions are no longer suitable under changing
scenario of climate change.
 Rabi season pulse or Cool season food
legumes are
– Chickpea, Filedpea, Lentil, Lathyrus, Frenchbean,
Fababean
– They contribute 60% world pulse production
• 28 million ha globally
• They are concentrated on temperate and sub-
tropical climate
• Chickpea, lentil & lathyrus in developing countries
• Peas in developed countries
• Fababean in both the areas but very minor crop
 Important issues of climate change in
rabi pulses contributing to low yield
• High night temperature adversely affecting productivity
of winter pulses
• Drought situation appears in more severe form as a
result of high temperature interaction
• Unpredictable weather condition coupled with
temperature extremities (both high and low) adversely
affecting reproductive physiology and grain filling in
almost all pulses and widening scopes of spreading
diseases and pest incidence in more disastrous form
• Expected changes in the native flora of rhizobium and
other useful microbes due to ecological misbalances'.
 Geographical shift in chickpea
• In north India, rice-wheat crop rotation is
predominant, and there is little scope for replacing
wheat with rabi pulse crops,
• While in south India, there are vast patches of rice
fallows, which can be utilised for sowing rabi pulse
crops, as there is no strong competitive crop in the
rabi season.
• The expansion of irrigated agriculture in northern
India has led to displacement of chickpea with wheat
in large area.
 Geographical shift in chickpea
• The present trend revealed that area under pulses
declined from 10.12 million hectare to 8.16 million
hectare (about 20%) in north India.
• On the other hand, area of pulses increased from 11.34 to
15.01 in central and south India during the same three
decades.
• Among pulses, chickpea area decreased more than 50%
from north India during 2006-10 considering the base
year 1971-75.
• On the contrary, Andhra Pradesh set an example for
remarkable increase in the production, area and yield in
chickpea.
 Seed Treatment in Pulses
• The seed treatment legumes is generals done with
systemic fungicides lif thiram, captoanm brassicol and
carbendazim normally @ 2-3 g fungicides per kg of
seed. This treatment should be done atleast 3 days
before sowing
• Seed treatment is also done with Rhizobium culture to
capitalize on their intrinsic capability and potentiality
to trap atmospheric nitroten in the root nodules
through BNF.
• It is estimated that annual biological nitrogen fixation is
about 175 million tones of which close to 79% is
accounted for terrestrial fixation.
 Seed Treatment in Pulses
• The free living Rhizobia infect the host legumes through
infection through infection thread or at the point of
emergence of lateral roots and are transferred into
bacteroids which are tha sites for nitrogen fixation.
• The nitrogen fixation is governed by the host, micro
symboint, physical and chemical properties of soil. Soil
moisture and nutrient status, soil micro flora and
environmental factors.
• Legume species not only differ in nodulation but cultivars
within a species also differ significantly, suggesting there by
that the host factors are important determinants of
nodulation
 Seed Treatment in Pulses
• Moisture stress and excess moisture (water
logging) both adversely affect rhizobial population
and BNF. Poor BNF under water logged condition is
due to anoxia.
• Deficiency of essential plant nutrients specially
phosphorus and molybdenum appreciably
decreases BNF
• Molybdenium is an integral component of nitrate
reductase enzyme and therefore, its deficiency
directly influences the BNF.
 Seed Treatment in Pulses
• Increasing the soluble salts and extremes of soil pH
reduce BNF
• However, Rhizobia have high degree of tolerance to soil
salinity and alkalinity than host plant
• Bacillus polymixa and Bacillum megaterium cultures are
being commercially produced for inoculation
• These PSB cultures produce organic acids which
decrease soil pH and thus accelerate dissolution of
insoluble phosphates which become available to plant.
• The Rhizobium and PSB cultures can be mixed together
for seed treatment.
 COLLECTION OF ACIDS FROM CHICK
PEA CROP
• The leaves and pods of Bengalgram on the
growing crop are coated with thin film of Malic
acid (90-96%); oxalic acid (4-9%).
• They are encrusted on leaves and pods and
dissolved on dew and settles on plants during
winter season due to this the plants give sour
taste.
• These Acids are considered to have some
medicinal properties and they may be collected
and stored.
 Procedure of Collection
• For collection of acids a thin clean piece of cloth like
• Muslin cloth is spread over the crop during night.
• Acids are soaked in the cloths that are dissolved in dew
during night.
• Now the cloth has been absorbed these acids and the cloth is
squeezed and thus acids are obtained.
• This process is to be repeated until all acids are collected.
• After the collection is over, allow the concentrate solution in
sun to evaporate and thus crystallization takes place.
• This crystallized acid is similar to the taste of vinegar.
• This is used for curing of indigestion and stomach complaints.
• About 4 – 4½ kg of acids may be obtained from 1 ha of crop.
 Nutrient management in pulses
• Pulses generally need less nitrogen as they have
capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen through
BNF
• But, pulses need more phosphorus for their
better root proliferation and sulphur for
synthesizing sulphur containing amino acids
• The pulse crops may also need more of
micronutrients like molybdenum which is the
integral part of constituent of nitrogenase,which
is essential for nitrification
CHICK PEA
INTRODUCTION
 Gram is commonly known as chick pea,
Bengal gram, garbanzo bean, ceci bean,
chana, .
 It is known as “King of Pulses”.

 Self pollinated crop.

 Long day & C3 plant.

 It is the most important pulse crop in India.

 India ranks 1st in the world in chick pea

production.
.
 Chick pea occupies about 38% of area
under pulses & contributes 50% of
production.
 It is used for human consumption(as dal,
vegetables, snacks, sweets etc.) & for
feeding to animals.
 The taste of the leaf of chick pea is sour
due to the presence of Maleic acid (90-
96%); and Oxalic acid(4-9%). Leaves are
recommended for intestine disorder
patient.
Germinated seeds can cure scurvy
 NUTRITIONAL VALUE
protein 17-23%

carbohydrate 61.5%

fat 4.5%

It also contain Calcium of about 190 mg/100g;

Iron 90.5 mg/100g; Phosphorus 280 mg/100g.

”
origin
South west Asia(Afghanistan)
 AREA AND DISTRIBUTION.
On the basis of the cultivated area, chick pea is the 19th
most crop grown in the world.
77% of total area and production in world is from India.
Important countries growing chick pea are Pakistan, India,
Turkey, Mexico, Burma, Ethiopia.
In India, MP ranks 1st followed by Rajasthan.
world India Madhya Pradesh

Area(M. ha) 10 7.5 2.6

Production(M.t) 7.5 6.1 2.4

Productivity(kg/ha) 750 810 930

CLASSIFICATION

The CHICK PEA is classified in to 2:

 Desi or brown gram (Cicer arietinum):

 Kabuli or white gram (cicer kabulium):

.
CHARACTERS DESI TYPE KABULI TYPE

Area under More area Less Area

cultivation

Colour of the seed Yellow to dark brown White (or) Pale cream

Size of the seed Small Large ,bold and

attractive

Shape of the seed Irregular and smooth

wrinkled

Plant structure Small and bushy Taller and erect.

Chromosome no. is 2n=14,16 2n=16.

Yield potential High yielders Low yielders

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 Family: Fabaceae
 subfamily :Faboideae
 Small, much brunched herbaceous plant
 height 60cm.
 Root system: strong tap root
 Stem: the stem is branched produces not more
then 1 secondary shoot.
 Leaves: the leaves are pinnately compound,& the
colour varies light green to dark with one terminal
leaflet.
.

 Flowers: typical papilionaceous consisting five

sepals, five petal, white flowers with blue, violet
or pink veins.
PACKAGE OF CULTIVATION

 Climate: it is a winter season crop but frost are

injurious causes flower drop.
 Soil: sandy loam to clay loam. Light alluvial soil
is best. pH 6.0-7.5. Not suited >8.5
 Elevation:1800MSL

 Rainfall:800mm

 Temparature:19-23º C.
 VARIETIES
Recently released from IARI PDM-11,BG 2024
Popular variety from IARI Pusa-209
Desi variety CO-3, RS-10
Kabuli variety PUSA -1003, KAK2,HC-3
Early maturity and medium sized grain Chaff chaff, JG-62
Medium duration and high yielding RS11, C-104
Late sown variety Radhey, uday
Both early & late planting Mahamaya-2
heat tolerant variety: JG 14
Rainfed condition variety Vishal
Drought resistant variety NP-58(Most suitable)
Resistant to blight Gourabh
Resistant to wilt Awarodhi, VISHAL
Resistant to pod borer PBG-3
RESISTANT TO DROUGHT & WILT JJ-11,G24
Mutant variety BGM48
DESI KABULI INTROGRESSION

 Singha (1987) suggested more attention by

chickpea breeders & conclude the following
results.
I. Many characters such as large no. of primary
branches , seed size, tallness, cold tolerance
& resistance to blight can be transfer from
kabuli type to desi type.
II. The desi type can contribute large no. of
secondary branches, more pods/plant, more
seed/pod. Drought tolerance & resistance to
fusarium wilt.
CONTD….

 Improvement of yield & other characters was more

easily exceed by having 1 backcross in the
direction where the improvement was needed.
 Resistance to fusarium wilt can be transfer from
desi type to kabuli type.
 E.g.. (kabuli x desi)x kabuli for improvement
towards kabuli type
 (kabuli x desi)x desi for improvement towards desi
type.
CROPPING SYSTEM
 Chick pea in rotation with cereal crops helps in controlling
soil born disease. the most common cropping system are
 CROPPING SYSTEMS:
 Rice – Chick pea
 Cotton – chickpea

 INTERCROPPING:
 Chick pea + Mustard
 Chick pea + Linseed
 Chick pea + Sunflower
 Chick pea + Coriander (for South zone)
SEED AND SOWING

 15 – 20th of October is the best time for

chickpea sowing.
 Early sowing of chick pea results in
excessive vegetative growth & poor
setting of pods.
 The seed may be sown by seed drill; or
local plough. Depth of sowing: 6-8 cm.
 Spacing : Desi type 30x10cm,
Kabuli type 45x10cm.
 Seed rate :early sown75-80kg/ha.
Late sown:80-100kg/ha
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
 Chick pea being a leguminous crop can fix atmospheric
nitrogen (75%) through symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
 NPK requirement: rainfed 12.5:25:25
 Irrigated: 25:50:50

 Bio-fertilizers: Seed treatment with the Rhizobium strain

namely Cicer rhizobium will increase the Nitrogen fixing
ability of the plant and thereby yield will be enhanced by
20-30%.
 Fungicides thiram , captan, carbendazim @2-3gm/kg
seed.
WATER MANAGEMENT
 Chick pea is mostly sown as rain fed crop.
 Under drought conditions, the crop
requires 2 irrigations at critical stages .
1) at Pre-flowering and
2) at pod formation
 If water is adequate then four irrigations
are recommended at:
 1) Sowing
 2) Branching
 3) Flowering
 4) Pod filling
WEED CONTROL

 One hand weeding or intercultural with hand

hoe or wheel hoe after 25-30 days.
 Fluchloralin 1kg a.i /ha in 800-1000lit water .

 Pre emergent application of Pendimethalin.

 Metribuzin or prometrynen @ of 1.0-1.5 kg a.i

in 800-1000 lit water/ha
 Nipping: it is a process of plucking of apical
buds to increase branching and flowering.
DISEASES

Wilt: Fusarium The leaves start Control:treat the

oxysporum yellowing and seed ith benlate
afterwards T or a mixture of
drying. The benlate of
plants too thiram (1:1).
become
yellowish & dry
out.
SCLEROTINIA Sclerotinia the diseases Control: use
BLIGHT sclerotiorum affects all the disease free
plant parts seeds.
except the roots.
The affected Treat the soil
plants become with brassicol
yellow then and captan @
brown & 10kg / ha.
ultimately dry
out.
.
Grey mold Botrytis cinerea : brown necrotic Control: plant
spots appear on the crop late.
the twigs, Spray the crop
petioles, leaves with 0.2%
& flowers. The carbendazim.
affected stem
finally breaks
and the plant
dies
INSECT & PESTS
CUTWORM Cutworm is a very serious pest in low The pest is sporadic in
lying areas where fields are cloddy. The nature and can be
caterpillar cut the plants at ground controlled by the
level. application of indene 6%
granules @ 20-25kg/ha

Gram pod borer this is the most serious pest of spray monocrotopphos 36
chickpea causing damage upto 75% EC at the time of pod
reduction in yield. the caterpillar formation @ 1ml in 1 litre
defoliates the tender leaves and makes water.
holes in the pods. Spray endosulfun 35 EC @
1.25 litrs in 1000litre water.
HARVESTING AND THRESHING

 Crops become ready for harvest when leaves

turn reddish brown and start shedding
 Plants are either plucked out by hand or cut
with sickle.
 The crop is allowed to dry in sun on threshing
floor for about 5-6 days ; thereafter threshing is
done by beating the plant with sickle or by
trampling under the feet or bullocks.
YIELD

Rain fed condition-500-600kg/ha

Irrigated condition- 1200-1500 kg/ha
COLLECTION OF ACIDS FROM CHICK PEA
CROP

The leaves and pods of Bengal gram on the

growing crop are coated with thin film of Maleic
acid (90-96%); oxalic acid (4-9%).
 They are encrusted on leaves and pods and
dissolved on dew and settles on plants during
winter season due to this the plants give sour
taste.
 These Acids are considered to have some
medicinal properties and they maybe collected
and stored.
REFERENCES

 Modern Techniques Of Raising Field Crops-

CHHIDDA SINGH
 http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/zi
aamjad4u-1431386-chickpea
FIELDPEA (Pisum sativum)

Dr. Abhinandan Singh

• Matar in Hindi; 2n = 14
• Third important cool season crop next to chickpea and French bean
• Cultivated in about 6.18 million ha world wide with 10.48 m t annually
• This is largely confined to cooler temperate zones between the tropic
of cancer
• It contains high nutritive value with high proportion of digestive
protein (22.5%), fat (1.8%) and CHOs (62.1%)
• Distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, N.America, & Auastralia
• In India, it is cultivated in an area of 0.67 mha with ta production of
0.67 mt and productivity of 866 kg/ha
• Madhya Pradesh has the highest area where as production and
productivity is highest in UP.
• Usually cultivated for dry pods and variety of snacks and also used in
fresh as a vegetable
 Origin
– Mediterranean region of Europe & West Asia
– Before 3000 BC
 Plant
– There are two varieties
• Gardenpea : P. sativum var. hortense
• Filedpea : P. sativum var. arvense
– Annual herbaceous well developed tap root system
plant
 Garden pea and Field pea
• Plant … gardenpea
– Flowers auxiliary, long peduncle, raceme with 1-2
flowers
– Pods are variable length and breadth, curved/
straight
• Plant…Fieldpea
– Flowers are purple or lavender colored
– Short peduncle
– Seeds smaller than garden pea, angular
 Varieties
– Rachna, Pant Marter 5, HUP 2, DMR 11
– The first dwarf variety released was HFP (Arpana)
was released in 1988 which has the yield potential
of 25 q/ha. The leaves of these varieties are
converted into tendrils.
– Crop duration 110-140days
– Seed weighs 160 – 240mg
 Seed rate and spacing
• 50-60 kg/ha for small seeded and
• 80-90 kg/ha for bold seeded.
• A spacing of 30 x10 or 25 x 10 cm is being
followed in this crop.
• Deep planting reduces the incidence of
Fusarium wilt as compared to shallow planting
 Fertilizer management
• Under rainfed conditions it needs NPK of
20:40:20 kg NPK and irrigated condition needs
NPK of 40:40:20 kg NPK per ha.
 Weed management
• one handweeding at 30 DAS followed by one
inter cultivation at 45 DAS.
• Pre emergent application of Pendimethalin @
1 kg a.i. per ha or pre plant incorporation of
fluchloralin @ 0.5 kg a.i. per ha found to be
effective in controlling weeds.
 Pest and diseases
Pest Scientific name
Pea stem fly Ophiomyia phaseoli
Leaf Minor Phytomyza atricornis
Pod borer Etillia zinckenella
Aphids Aphis craccivora
Diseases
Powedery mildew Erysiphe polygoni
Pea stem rot Rhizoctonia solani
Damping off Pythium sp, Fusarium sp.
Downy mildew Peronospora pisi
PEAS
❑ Pisum sativum,fabaceae, Matar in hindi ,2n
=14
❑ 3rd important cool season crop next to
Chickpea & French Bean
❑ An annual plant, self pollinated.
❑ Contains high nutritive value,Protein-22.5%,
fat-1.8% &CHO-62.1%
❑ Split peas,fried rice, roasted & salted(snakes).
❑ Bioplastics can be made from pea starch.
❑ Led to the development of principle of
Mendelian Genetics.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
❑ Semi erect but when support is available ,it has a tendency to
climb.
❑Weight of seed is about 160-240mg.
❑ Grow to a height of 30-200cm.
❑ Germination is hypogeal(cotyledons remains below the ground
surface).
❑ It has tap root system.
❑ Inflorescence is an axillary raceme.
❑ Standard-pale lilae,wings- purplish,keel- yellowish white.
❑ Pod contains 4-9 seeds,lenght is 5-9cm,shape is inflated or
almost cylindrical.
❑ Seed shape-round ,angular & wrinkle.
ORIGIN ,AREA & DISTRIBUTION
❑ Meditteranean region & West Asia
❑ Distributed in Asia,Africa,Europe,N.America &
Australia.
❑ Area-6.18mha , Production-10.48mtonnes.
❑ CHINA,USSR &INDIA.
INDIA
❑ Area-0.67mha,production-
0.67mtonne,productivity-866kg/ha
❑ MP has the highest area whereas production &
productivity is highest in UP
CLASSIFICATION :
Garden Pea Field Pea
a) Pisum sativum a)Pisum sativum var.arvense.
var.hortense.
b)Young green seeds & pods b)Ripe mature seeds are used
are used as vegetables
as a pulses,also grown for GM
(table pea).
crop.
c)Generally white flowers. c) Generally coloured flowers
d)Seeds are bold & wrinkled d)Seeds are rounded & are
and are yellowish, whitish or
greyish green,greyish brown
bluish grey colour.
or greyish yellow
e)Flowers and seed are large e) Small in size.
in size.
f) Sweetness is more. f) Less sweetness.

g) Eg. are Arkel ,Bonville etc. g) Eg. are Meteor, Rachna etc.
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT &SOIL

❑Require cool season and moderate

temperature.
❑Optimum temperature is 13-
18°C,germination temperature is 22°C
❑High temp.& high humidity are harmful.
❑Well drained loam soil.
❑Highly sensitive to waterlogged condition.
❑pH – 6 to 7.5(6.5-optimum).
VARIETIES:
VARIETY MATURITY(da YIELD(q/ha SEED SHAPE & DESCRIPTION
ys) ) COLOUR

Type-19 75-120 70-100 Wrinkled Greyish white

Arkel 60 80-90 Wrinkled Dwarf var. &

whitish

Bonville 95 100-120 wrinkled Tall var.

Rachna 125-130 25-30 round T-163 x T-10

Other field pea varieties Rachna, Pant Marter 5, HUP 2, DMR 11,
HUDP 15, Ambika
Cropping pattern :
❑Rotation crop –
Maize – pea
Paddy – pea
Cotton – pea
Jute – pea
Bajra – pea
❑Mixed cropping –
Gram, Barley, Wheat, Oat,
Rapeseed & Mustard
FIELD PREPARATIONS :
❑Same as other Rabi crops.
❑Well levelled & well pulverised seedbed.
❑Deep ploughing folllowed by 2-3 harrowing after the harvest of
khariff crop.
SOWING TIME :
❑ Field pea - 2nd fornight of october
❑ garden pea – 1st fornight of november
❑Best sowing temp.is when daily maximum & minimum temp.is
between 30°C & 20°C
SEED RATE :
❑100-125kg/ha – early maturing variety.
❑75-80kg/ha – late maturing variety. *
SPACING
❑ (20 x 10)cm² – early maturing var.
❑ (30 x 10)cm² – late maturing var.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS :
❑Rainfed -20:40:20 NPK.
❑Irrigated – 40:40:20 NPK.
❑In case of Zn. Deficiency, spray 0.5% Zinc sulphate + 0.25% lime after
the appearance of disiease symptoms'.
WATER MANAGEMENT :
❑Can tolerate drought to a some extent.
❑Critical stage is branching & flowering stage.
❑1st irrigation given at 45 DAS & 2nd at pod filling stage.
❑Waterlogged condition cause considerable loss in yield.
❑Light and uniform irrigation should be given.
WEED CONTROL :
❑1 hand weeding at 30DAS followed by 1 intercultivation at 45DAS.
❑Main weeds are Chenopodium album , Lathyrus spp. etc.
❑Apply pre emergent weedicides like Pendimethalin @ 1kg a.i/ha.
❑Staking should be done 30DAS.
DISIEASE CAUSAL ORGANISM SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT

WILT & ROOT ROT Fusariium May appear in Seed treatment

oxysporum, seedling stage with 2.5gm
Rhizoctonia solani ,rotting of roots Brassicol per kg of
seed

Powdery mildew Erysiphae polygoni White Avoid late

powdery,patchy planting, spray
growth on both sulfax @ 3gm/ha in
surface of 1l of water
leaf,tendrils,pods
&stem

Rust Uromyces fabae Appearance of Dithane M-45 @

yellow spots 2gm /L of water
having aecia.
rust
PEST CAUSAL D yellow MANAGEMENT
ORGANISM

Pod borer Etillia Bore into pod and Spray 1.25ml of

zinckenella feed on grain Thiodan 35EC per
Liter of water

Pea aphids Aphis craccivora Suck the cell sap 1ml of Metasystox
and leaf turn pale 25EC/L of water
and yellow

Leaf miner Phytomyza Larvae feeds by 1ml of Metasystox

atricornis making tunnels in 20EC/L of water
the leaves

Pea stemfly Ophiomyia Maggots damage Spray 0.04%

phaseoli the internal tissue Thiodan when
of the stem plant attain 10-
15cm
aphids

LEAF MINER
HARVESTING
❑Normally harvested in the month of May.
❑Garden pea have varying maturity periods.
❑The pods are picked after the complete filling of
grains.
❑Picking should be done by giving a simple jerk to the
pedicel and with a minimum disturbance to the plants.
❑For field pea they are harvested when they are fully
ripe and are threshed after sufficient drying in the sun.

❑Garden pea – 100 to 125 quintals of green pods/ha.

❑Field pea – 20 to 25 quintals of grains/ha.
❑20 to 25 quintals of straw/ha can also be obtained
from field pea.
 LENTIL
Lens culinaris
• Masur , 2n = 14
– Consumed as dry seed
– In India as flour, dal (boiled, smashed in to soup), several
snacks and sweets
– Rich source of ca, phosphorous and iron
– Protein 24-26%
– Also rich in vitamins
• Global area production
– 5% of pulses
– 3.3 million ha &
– 2.9 million t
• Predominantly grown in Asia (80%)
• Also grown in N & E Africa, N-C America, S. Europe
 Origin
• Mediterranean region
 The plant
– Annual, herbaceous, short growing self pollinated
legume
– Stem highly branched, thin, slender
– Basal part stem becomes woody as the plant grows.
– Plant height varies from 15 – 75cm.
– Duration 130-140days
– Grain weight 18 to 33mg, mostly around 20-25mg
 Varieties
– Broadly classified as microsperma and macrosperma
• Microsperma the small seeded group and are predominantly
cultivated in India
• Macrosperma are large sized grains cultivated in
Mediterranean region
– To mention some varieties in India
• Pant L 406, 639, Pant L 4
• DPL 15 and DPL 62
 Seeds and Sowing
• Seed rate – Small seed types 40-45 kg per ha
where as Macrosperma it is 55-60 kg per ha.
• Under Utera planting where micro sperma
genotypes are grown, an increased seed rate of
60 kg is recommended.
• Spacing: 25 cm x 5 cm is recommended for
higher yield
 Fertilizer management
• It needs NPK of 20:40:00 kg NPK and under
late sown condition the crop needs NPK of
30:40:00 kg NPK per ha.
 Phosphorus application in rainfed
area due to 3 reasons
• The growth and proliferation of roots that
would enable the plants to extract moisture
from deeper layers
• Improved supply of phosphorus may increase
the transpiration ratio
• With raising the concentration of soluble P in
the moisture film, increases the supply of P to
plant roots under restricted moisture conditions
 Important precaution
• Direct contact with phosphotic fertilizers and
lentil seed is harmful as it hampers seed
germination.
• Side banding of fertilizer 2 cm below the seed is
ideal way for application of phosphatic
fertilizers in lentil.
• Moreover this will also avoids the P fixation in
soils of high pH and calcium activity.
 Water and Weed managment
• Water management: Most critical stage for moisture
stress in lentil is pod formation followed by initiation of
flowering.
• Hence one to two irrigations may be beneficial to this
crop if there is failure of winter rains in critical stages.
• Weed management: one hand weeding at 30 DAS
followed by one intercultivation at 45 DAS.
• Pre emergent application of Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i.
per ha or pre plant incorporation of fluchloralin @ 0.5 kg
a.i. per ha found to be effective in controlling weeds.
 Pest management
• Some important pests are
• Aphids (Aphis craccivora),
• Spiny pod borer (Eitella zinckenella)
• Some important diseases are
• Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum),
• Rust (Uromyces fabae).
• Occasionally there will incidence of stem rot
(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), powdery mildew
(Erysiphe polygoni)
 Cropping system
• Relay cropping of Lentil and Lathyrus is common in
eastern parts of India, MP.
• The main objective of Utera cropping is to ensure
good plant stand of winter pulses and make best
use of residual moisture of rice fields.
• This is more beneficial compared to planting after
harvest of rice..
• Inter cropping of Lentil and Chick pea and other oil
seed crops such as mustard, safflower and linseed
are most important systems.
 Harvesting and Yield

• Generally harvesting is done by sickles or

pulling entire plants.
• Generally the yield of this crop is less. Under
normal conditions it produces 20-25 q/ ha of
seed.