SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH * Acquiring new knowledge + Larger frame of understanding * Facilitation decision making * Improving standard of living, * Dealing with specific problems * Generating new theories * Knowing about facts * Anaid to business success * To make changes * Formulating govt policies Preetiswapna is presenting @ fr)* Conceptual research: * Related to some abstract ideas or theory * Used by philosophers ar thinkers to develop new concepts * Empirical research: * Collection and analysis of Primary data based on direct observation or experiences in the field * Describes what is happening b Preetiswapna is Presenting & 3)MOTIVATION * Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits. * Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems i.e. concern over practical problems initiates research * Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work " Desire to be of service to society * Desire to get respect * Apart from these, directives of Govt, employment conditions, Curiosity about new things, desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening etc. Preetiswapna is presenting SX) @ afe ng emcee LisMEANING OF RESEARCH + Research refers to search for knowledge or acquiring new knowledge. * It means producing new knowledge or adding something new to the ing stock of knowledge. © Itis a process to collect and analyse information to increase abr understanding about a topic or issue. * The systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypathesis, collecting the facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching certain conclusions like solution or theory formulation. Preetiswapna is presenting S) @OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH * The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.—exploratory/ formulative research * To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group—descriptive research *To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else.—diagnostic research *To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.—hypothesis testing researchQUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER * Expert * Truthful * Objective * Organised/disciplined * Patience and perseverance * Courage * Ethical * Energy and enthusiasmAPPROACHES OF RESEARCH * Two basic approaches : quantitative and qualitative * Quantitative involves the generation of data in quantitative form which can be subjected to quantitative analysis * Inferential * Experimental * simulation * Qualitative Is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour * The techniques of focus group interviews are used.5. Data Collection: Determine the data collection methods to gather relevant information for your study. Common methods include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, or using existing datasets. 6. Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques, depending on the nature of your data and research questions. 7, Interpretation of Results: Interpret the findings from your data analysis and relate them to your research questions or hypotheses. 8. Draw Conclusions: Draw logical conclusions based on the results and provide insights into the implications of your findings. 9. Discussion: Discuss your findings in the context of the existing literature, highlighting the significance of your research and its contributions to the field. ns: If applicable, provide recommendations based on your research eful for practitioners, 10. Recommendatio that could be us! Vv policvmakers. Or future researchers. 5 Send a message ‘a i te information ri view. ChatGPT may produce inaccura’ cree Research Previ a AbatGPT May 24 VersionResearch Process Steps 1. Identify the research topic and objectives. 2. Conduct a literature review to understand existing knowledge. 3. Formulate research questions or hypotheses. 4, Choose the appropriate research methodology. 5, Collect data through surveys, interviews, or experiments. 6. Analyze the data using statistical or qualitative methods. 7. Interpret the results in the context of the research questions. 8. Draw logical conclusions and provide insights. 9. Discuss findings with existing literature and contributions. 10. Offer recommendations, if applicable. 41. Cite and reference all sources used. 42. Write astructured research report adhering to academic conventions. ao”? a and amessage a produce inaccurate information + yw. ChatGPT may vee Research Previel ae oe eeDT May 24 VersionResearch Process Steps: 1. senda Identify the Research Topic: Choose a clear and well-defined research topic that aligns with your interests or the objectives of the study. Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing literature and research related to your topic. This helps you understand what een studied, identify gaps inthe ledge, and build on existing work. rch Questions or Hypotheses: has already b current know Define Resea pecific research questions or that you want to investigate igned with Formulate s| hypotheses during the $ the research objectives. search Methodology: Decide on the st suits your mixed- tudy. These should be ali Choose Re: methodology that be: quantitative, rvational, or case research study, suc methods, ex! study. Data Collection: Determin gather relevant information for methods to a has qualitative, perimental, obse' e the data collecticy message duce inaccurate information ae ° : GPT may Prot aay 24 VersionCRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH + 1. The purpose of the research shauld be clearly defined and comman concepts be used. + 2. The research procedure used shauld be described in sufficient detail to jermit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, eeping the continuity of what has already been attained. + 3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to Yield results that are as objective as possible, * 4, The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upan the findings. * 5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal significance'and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully. * 6, Canclusions should be confined to those Justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate sis. * 7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has 2 good reputation In research and is a person of integrityTypes of Research - Short Notes ww Research can be classified into various types based on its purpose, approach, and methodology. Here are some common types of research: Descriptive Research: Descriptive research > aims to provide a detailed and accurate mena or events. It description of phenol d documenting fa gan iors, or relationships cuses on observin cts, behav! variables. fo characteristics. without manipulating imental Research: Experimental manipulation of -and-effect 2. Exper research involves the jes to establish cause variableen 3, Cortelational Research; Coreational research examines the relationship between two ot more variables without manipulating them, t seeks to determine the extent and direction of the association betvieen variables, butt does notestablish causality. 4, Qualitative Research: Qualitative research aims to understand and interpret social phenomena or experiences indepth. trelies con non-numerical data suchas interviews, observations, and textual analysis to explore meanings subjective interpretation, and social contexts. 5, Quantitative Research: Quantitative research focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical cata to test hypotheses, identify pattems, and statistical inferences. Itusesstructured draw ysis surveys, experiments and sas anal toobtain objective and generalizable results. 6, Applied Research: Applied researchis conducted to actress practical problems or ses soe ato knowledge that can bedirectly applied in ear % send amessage sateen ter nage es pecearch Preview. ChatGFT MENT oa VersionResearch is a systematic and organized process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting information to discover new knowledge, validate existing knowledge, or address specific questions, contributing to advancements in various fields. afd? What is methodology ? 45 world Methodology refers to the systematic and detailed plan of procedures, techniques, and tools used in research or any other investigation to gather and analyze data, ensuring the reliability and validity of results. 06Www . Are the research objectives clearly state _ Isthe research design appropri . Are the data collection . Does the data anal r Are the findin Questions of Good Research: |. Is the research question clear, specific, and well-defined? . Does the research question address a significant gap in knowledge or contribute to existing theories or understandings? d and aligned with the research question? ate for addressing the research question? methods valid and reliable for obtaining the required data? lysis methodology align d research with the research objectives an question? and robust analysis? Jusions drawn from the research rch objectives andG Aresearch problem is a concise statement that identifies an issue or gap in knowledge within a specific field of study. It serves as the foundation for conducting research and defines the objective of a study, guiding researchers towards finding meaningful solutions or insights. ag? What is research design? In 35 world G Research design refers to the structured plan and strategy that outlines how a study will be conducted, including data collection methods, variables, and statistical analyses, to achieve aresearch project. ag”? valid and reliable results in a A Send amessage GPT may produce inaccurate information Free Research Preview. Chat! i ee a natPT May 24 VersionS | Aresearch hypothesis is a testable statement ’ that/proposes a relationship between variables, indicating the expected outcome of a study. It serves as the basis for, empirical investigation land forms the core of scientific research. Defferent between research problem and research design? In 40. word i Research problemretersto the specific issue or question a study aims to address, while research design outlines the overall/strategy and /plan for, conducting the study, including|data collection and analysis methodsy — Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. ChatGPT May 24 VersionFormulating the research problem Researcher should select a topic within the parameters set by the assignment « He must decide the general area of interest he would like to investigate into. * Understanding the problem thoroughly * Rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an analytical point of viewextensive literature survey/ review of literature + Itis an evaluative report of information found in literature related to the selected area of study * For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place to go to. * Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books etc., must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem. * In this process, it should be remembered that onc source will lead to another, The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in hand should be carefully studied. * A good library will be a great help to the researcher at this stage.hypothesis testing * Da the facts support the hypotheses or they happen to be contrary This is the usual question wi should be answered while testing hypotheses. + Various tests, suchas Chi square test, test, F-test, have been developed by statisticians for the purpose. + The hypotheses may be tested through the use of one or more of such tests, depending upon the nature and ebject of research inquiry. + Hypothesis-testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in rejecting + If the researcher had ao hypotheses to start with, generalisations established on the basis of data may be stated as hypotheses to be tested by subsequent researches in times to come feeds) aM melee dial¢] Ss) @ uddh.. Pintu Saroj.. = You Le es ise ES] FS) puede)preparing the research design the function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. * (i) the means of obtaining the information; * (ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any); * (iii) explanation of the way in which sclected means of obtaining information will be organized and the reasoning Icading to the selection; * (iv) the time available for research; and * (v) the cost factor relating to research, i-e., the finance available for the purposedeveloping the hypothesis * Hypothesis refers to a proposition which can be put to test to determine validity * Null hypothesis- no relationship between two variables * Denoted by Ho * Usually formulated for the purpose of being rejected * Alternate hypothesis- proposes a relationship between two variables + Researcher makes a guess on the possible outcome of researchdetermining sample design + sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population * Samples can be either probabi * With probability samples each element has a known probability of being included in the sample but the non-probability samples do not allow the researcher to determine this probability. * Probability samples are those based or-simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster‘area sampling * non-probability samples are those based on convenience sampling, Judgement sampling and quota sampling techniques. ly samples or non-probability samples.Steps: * (1) formulating the research problem; * (2) extensive literature survey; * (3) developing the hypothes * (4) preparing the research design; * (5) determining sample design; * (6) collecting the data; * (7) exeention of the project; * (8) analysis of data; * (9) hypothesis testing; * (10) generalizations and interpretation * (11) preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.c., formal write-up of conclusions reached,RESEARCH PROCESSgeneralizations and interpretation «Ifa hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may be possible for the researcher to arrive al generalisation, i-e., to build a theory, * Asa matter of fact, the real value of research lies in its ability to arrive at certain generalisations. * Ifthe researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he might seek to explain his findings on the basis of some theory. It is known as interpretation, + The process of interpretation may quite often trigger off new questions which in turn may lead to further researches. Preetiswapna is presenting PS) 3] bia) t) ome Pre2'others1ao @ ay wy w (wi) (wi) (will) @) wo SHEET he COMECE airsrers -- Which of the following is included in ‘corporation"? (2) A company incorporated outside India (b) A corporate sole (c) A cooperative society (8) Aregistered partnership firm Acompany is (2) A voluntary association for profit FAR. 20, Fane = .9.570Ur. (&) A compulsory association for profit (¢) A statutory association for profit (4) None of the above ‘Memorandum governs relationship of the company. (2) with the outside word (©) with the shareholders (c) with other companies (4) wit the promoters Memorandum of Association contains {a) the exact address of the registered office. (b) thename of the state in which the company will have its registered office (c) thename of the country in which the compary will have its registered office (4) thename of the district in which the company will have its registered office ‘The association clause of a public company has to be signed by (3) 10 persons (b) 12 persons (©)7 persons (4) 5 persons Atieration of objects clause of Memorandum of Association af a Company requires (8) Special resolution (©) Approval of Registrar of Companies (c) Approval of Company Law Board! (4) Special resolution and opportunity to exit to the dissenting shareholders Change of registered office of a company from one cty to another city in the same State but falling under the jurisdiction of two Registrars of Companies is required to be approved by the (@) Centra! Government (b) Registrar of Companies (c) Regional Director (4) Company Law Board Articles of Association i (@) public document (©) private document (c) managenal document (@) communat document ‘Afteration of company's articles require (a) special resolution (©) ordinary resolution and Company Law Board's permission (6) ordinary resolution and Court's permission (4) ordinary resolution and promoters permission ‘The doctrine entiting the outsiders to presume that the internal formalities must have been ‘observed by the company is known as. (2) Doctrine of Constructive Notice (b) Doctrine of Indoor Management (c) Doctrine of Utra-vires (4) Doctrine of Poticy Lapse ‘Answer any 5 questions, (Appx. 20F3 tines) (a) ¥hat do yournean by Registrar of Companies (R.0.C.) (©) Define the term ‘Company. (c) What is 3 one man company. (4) Whois a promoter. (€) Define the doctrine of unra-vres. (f) Define ‘Articles of Associaton’ seewesapreparation of the report/presentation of the results ‘Writing of repor nae be done writ prest care keeping in view the following: + The layout of the repoet should hes folhows: (1 the preliminary pages; (10 the main test, (09 the end maner + nits pectiminary pages the report should carry tite 22d date followed by acknowledgements and forcwerd. Then there should be a table of ecatents followed by a list of tables and lin ef grape and elueas, if anv, gives is the report. + The marin text of the report + (3) Intrehuction: Ui shoul contain 2 clear statement of th objective of the research apd an explanation of the inethndobegy adopted in accomplishing the resezch, The scope of the study slong with various Fimitations slevald axel he stztec tn this part. + ()) Summary ef findingr’ Afier imrodaction there would apnear a statement of findings and recommendations in pon-icelnical language. Whee findings are extemve, they sl fhe sarmenrieed + 461 Main report: The esi body of tae ret abou be preset ia lial segueare aed bein ato realy idendifiahle sections = (2) Conexion Toward the end ofthe man text, rxcarcher dhol again pt down the roxas a his mmcarch eleaty aad precively: In fac, it is the final eemmaing op. + Atahe enof the report, appendices should be ealisied in respert efall tectmical data, Hibliograpy, i. fist of books, joumals, reports, cic. consufied. should alsa be given in the end, Index should gly be given specially in a ‘poblisied research repon.analysis of data * The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation and then dmwing statistical inferences * Coding operation is usunlly done at this stage through which the calegaries of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. * Editing is the procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding. With coding the stage is ready for tabulation, * Tabulation isa part of the technical procedure whercin the classified data are put in the form of tables. The mechanical devices can be made use of nt this juncture. A great deal of data, specially in large inquiries, is tabulated by computers, * In brief, the researcher can analyse the collected data with the help of various statistical measures.execution of the project * The researcher should sce that the project is executed in a systematic manner and in time, If the survey is to be condueted by means of structured questionnaires, data canbe readily machine-processed. * In such a situation, questions as well as the possible answers may be coded, If the data arc 1a be collected through interviewers, arrangements should be made for proper selection and training of the interviewers, * The training may be given with the help of instruction manuals which explain clearly ihe job of the interviewers al cach step. * Occasional field checks should be made to ensure that the interviewers are doing their assigned job sincerely and efficiently. * A careful watch should be kept for unanticipated factors in order to keep the survey as much realistic as possible.collecting the data = (i) by observation: This method implies the collection of information by way of investigator's awn observation, without interviewing the respondents, “As such this method is not suitable in inquiries where large samples are concemed. (ii) Through personal interview: The investigator follows a rigid procedure and seeks answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through personal interviews. Through telephone interviews: This method of collecting information involves contacting the respondents on telephone itself. This is nota very widely used method but it plays an imporiamt role in industrial surveys in developed regions, particularly, when the survey has ta be accomplished in a very limited time. (iv) By mailing of questionnaires: Questionnaires are mailed to the respondents with a request to refum aficr completing the same. Questionmaire to be used must be prepared very carefully so that it may prove to be effe in collecting the relevant information. (¥) Through schedules: Under this methed the enumerstors are appointed and given training. They are provided with schedules containing relevant questions. These enumerniors go to respondents with these schedules, Data are collected by filling up the schedules hy enumerstors on the basis of replies given by respondents.