;d;fdlos ultljlw

v'zL ;"rsf+s, @)@!

;a}eGbf v'zLM klxnf] lkmgNof08, bf];|f] cfO;Nof08 / t];|f] 8]gdfs{ -FID_
g]kfnsf] cj:yfM *& cf} :yfg
;a}eGbf sdhf]/ cj:yfM ckmuflg:tfg
;fs{df ;a}eGbf /fd|f]M g]kfn
-of] ;"rLdf !$( b]z ;d]l6Psf_
;fs{df cj:yf
g]kfn *& cf} cj:yf
dflNbE; *( cf}
a+unfb]z !)! cf}
kfls:tfg !)% cf}
>Ln+sf !)( cf}
ef/t !#( cf}
ckmuflg:tfg !$( cf}
rLg of] ;'rLdf *$ cf}
lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;"rsf+s, @)@!
;d]l6Psf b]zsf] ;+VofM !^%
klxnf] :yfgM lkmgNof08 -*%=( c+s_
-!^% cf}+_ ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ :yfgM ;]G6«n ck|mLsL u0ftGq -#*=# c+s_
zLif{ # b]zM lkmgNof08, :jL8]g / 8]gdfs{ -;'q –lkm:8]_
;fs{sf] cj:yf qmdzM
klxnf] e'6fg &% cf} :yfg
dflNbE; &( cf} :yfg
>Ln+sf *& cf} :yfg
g]kfn (^ cf} :yfg
1
 a+unfb]z !)( cf} :yfg
ef/t !@( cf} :yfg
ckmuflg:tfg !#& cf} :yfg
hL& sf] $& cf} ;Dd]ng
sxfF ePsf] Ma]nfotdf
slxn] M@)@! h'g !! af6 !# ;Dd
ca $* cf} ;Dd]ng ;g\ @)@@ df hd{gLdf x'g]
:yfkgf cd]l/sfsf] jfl;+6g l8;Ldf ;g\ !(&# dfr{ @% df
e"ku|x ;DaGwL gLlt, @)&^
of] gLlt adf]lhd ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf cfk\mg} :of6]nfO6 ;~rfngdf Nofpg] pNn]v 5 . g]kfnn] cfk\mgf]
:of6]nfO6sf] k/LIf0f cd]l/sfsf] elh{lgof /fHoaf6 @)&^ a}zfv % df ePsf] lyof] . of] :of6]nfO6
lgdf{0fdf hfkfgsf] Sj]6]s ljZjljBfnodf cWoog/t\ ljBfyL{ cfefif df:s] / xl//fd >]i7 sf] of]ubfg
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL :of6 jfg gfd /x]sf] of] :of6]nfO6 ;Fu} hfkfg / >Ln+sfsf] klg :of6]nfO6
k7fOPsf] lyof] .
l;Gw'nLu9L o'4 ;+u|xfnosf] pb\3f6g
s;n] –/fi6«kltn]
slxn] –@)&* >fj0f !# ut]
!*@$ c;f]h !% df g]kfn / c+u|]h aLr of] :yfgdf 3df;fg o'4 ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tj
a+z' u'?ªn] c+u|]hsf] kmf}hsf] g]t[Tj lsgnsn] u/]sf lyP . of] o'4df c+u|]hsf] ;j{gfs xf/ ePsf] lyof]
–/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf ljZjgfy kf}8]n @)&* >fj0f !@ df lgo'Qm .

k|ltlglw;ef e+u / k'g:yf{kgf

k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Laf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &^ sf] pkwf/f ! / & tyf
wf/f *% Pj+ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] Pj+ d"No dfGotf tyf xfd|f] cfˆg} / ;+;bLo k|0ffnL ePsf d'n'ssf] cEof;
adf]lhd k|ltlglw;ef e+u ug{' ePsf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zdf @)&& kmfNu'0f !! ut] k'g:yfkgf ePsf]
5 . k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7ssf] nflu /fi6«kltn] @)&& kmfNu'0f @# ut] cfx\jfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
–To:t} k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 k'gM lj36g @)&* h]i7 * df
–;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lj3l6t k|ltlglw;efnfO{ k'gM :yfkgf @)&* c;f/ @* df

elQm yfkfnfO{ /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff

c+u|]h lj?4sf] o'4df b]pynsf] dfrf{df axfb'/L b]vfpg] elQm yfkfnfO{ ;/sf/n] @)&* c;f/ !$ df
/fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] !& cf} /fli6«o lje"lt yfkfn] !*&@ a}zfv ^ ut] jL/ult
k|fKt u/]sf lyP . &# jif{sf] pd]/df jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ yfkfsf] ljkIfdf n8\g] cS6/nf]gL /x]sf lyP .
yfkfsf] hGd ndh'ªdf ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf l8lh6n leiff k|0ffnL nfu"
@)&* c;f/ !$ df tTsfnLg cy{dGqL lji0f' kf}8]nn] l8lh6n leiff k|0ffnLsf] ;'ef/De ug'{ eof] .

zflGt :yfkgfdf g]kfn t];|f] :yfg

 @)&& a}zfv #! ;Ddsf] nflu
 ?jf08fnfO{ kl5 kfb}{ t];|f] :yfg
 zflGt :yfkgfdf klxnf] a+unfb]zn] ^^@^ ;]gf k7fPsf]
 bf];|f] Olyof]lkof ^!!# ;]gf k7fPsf]
2
  t];|f] g]kfn %^*^ ;]gf k7fPsf]
 rf}yf] ?jf08f %)^$ ;]gf k7fPsf]
 kfFrf} ef/t $%$* ;]gf k7fPsf]
 5}6f} kfls:tfg !$!^ ;]gf k7fPsf]
k|=d=s]kL zdf{ cf]nLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g
klxnf] k6s @)&& kf}if % ut]
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k'g:yfkgf @)&& kmfNu'0f !!
bf];|f] k6s @)&* h]7 * ut]

;u/dfyf w]/} k6s cf/f]x0f ug]{

slt k6s @% k6s
@% cf} k6s slxn] @)&* a}zfv @$
klxnf] cf/f]x0f slxn] ;g\ !(($ df

;u/dfyf sd ;dodf cf/f]x0f ug]{ dlxnf

gfd xªsªsL rfª oL xª
slxn] @)&* h]7 ( -;g\ @)@! d] @#_
slt ;dodf @% 306f %) ldg]6

;u/dfyf sd pd]/df cf/f]x0f ug]{ JolQm

gfd g]kfnsf ;f]gfd z]kf{
slxn] @)&* h]7 ( -;g\ @)@! d] @#_
slt pd]/ df !^ jif{

;g\ @)@! sf] a|x\df08 ;'Gb/L

sxfF ePsf] cd]l/sfsf] kmnf]l/8f ;x/
slxn] @)@! d] !^
ljh]tf d]lS;sf] sL Andrea Meza
g]kfnaf6 efu lng] clg:sf zdf{

WTO sf gofF dxflgb]{zs

gfd gfOh]l/ofsL k"j{ cy{dGqL Okonjo Iweala
slxn] ;g\ @)@! k]ma|'c/L !% df lgo'Qm, dfr{ ! af6 sfo{sfn z'?_
sfo{sfn slt jif{ $ jif{
slt cf} & cf}
WTO df xfn slt ;b:o !^$ -clGtd ckmuflg:tfg @)!^ h'nfO{ @(_

ljZjsf wgL JolQm

;g\ @)@! df kmf]A;{ klqsfn] ljZjsf @&%% wgL JolQmsf] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] h; cg';f/
ljZjs} wgL JolQm cd]l/sL cd]hg sDkgLsf l;Ocf] h]km a]hf]h x'g\ . pgsf] ;Dklt !&& ljlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
bf];|f] wgL JolQm cd]l/sfs} Pnf]g d':s x'g\ . g]kfnsf ljgf]b rf}w/L @!$! cf} wgLsf] ;"rLdf 5g\ .
rf}w/Lsf] ! ca{ $) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
3
 g]kfn rLg d}qL cf}Bf]lus kfs{
g]kfnsf 7"nf] / blIf0f Pl;ofsf] gd"gf x'g]
lznfofG; s] kL cf]nLaf6 @)&& kmfNu'0f !^ df
:yfg emfkfsf] bds df
If]qkmn !$@@=@% x]S6/
@ jif{leq lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo
lgdf{0f ug]{ sDklg lrlgof
lgdf{0f nfut ^% ca{ ?k}ofF

Unf]an lk; OG8]S;, @)@!

g]kfnsf] :yfgM *% cf} -cl3Nnf] :yfg &# cf}_
blIf0f Pl;ofdf qmdzM
e'6fg @@ cf}
g]kfn *% cf}
a+unfb]z (! cf}
>Ln+sf (% cf}
ef/t !#% cf}+
kfls:tfg !%) cf}
ckmuflg:tfg !^# cf}
dflNbE;sf] gfd pNn]v gePsf]
ljZjsf] cj:yf
klxnf] cfO;Nof08, bf];|f] Go"lhNof08, t];|f] 8]gdfs{
!^# b]z ;dj]z /x]sf]df ckmuflg:tfg ;a}eGbf k5f8L !^# cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljleGg JolQmTjsf] lgwg

dfOsn sf]lnG; @)@! clk|n @* df -() jif{sf] pd]/df_
;'Gb/nfn ax'u'gf @)@! d] @! -lrkm cfGbf]ngsf k|0f]tf_-($ jif{sf] pd]/df
/fi6«slj dfwj k|;fb l3ld/] @)&& efb| @ ut] -!)! jif{sf] pd]/df_
c+u'/afaf hf]zL @)&& c;f/ ^ -*( jif{sf] pd]/df_
aflg/f lu/L @)&* h]7 (
k|]dWjh k|wfg @)&* a}zfv @#
Dof/f8f]gf -ch]{lG6gf_ @)@) gf]e]Da/ @%

e|i6frf/ ;"rsf+s, @)@)

g]kfnsf] cj:yfM s"n !*) b]zdWo] g]kfn !!& cf} :yfgdf -c+s ##_
ljZjd} sd e|i6frf/ x'g] b]zM Go'lhNof08 / 8]gdfs{ -** c+ssf ;fy_,
;a}eGbf e|i6 d'n'sM ;f]dflnof / blIf0f ;'8fg -c+s !@_
blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;a}eGbf sdM e'6fg c+s ^* :yfg @$ cf}
dflNbE; $# c+s &# cf} :yfg
ef/t $) c+s *^ cf} :yfg
>Ln+sf #* c+s ($ cf}+ :yfg
4
 g]kfn ## c+s !!& cf}+ :yfg
kfls:tfg #! c+s !@$ cf}+ :yfg
a+unfb]z @^ c+s !$^ cf}+ :yfg
blIf0f Pl;ofdf a9L e|i6M ckmuflg:tfg !( c+s :yfg !^% cf}+
;"rLdf rLgsf] cj:yfM &* cf} :yfg -c+s $@_
;fs{df qmdzM sdaf6 a9LM e'6fg, dflNbE;, ef/t, >Ln+sf, g]kfn, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z /
ckmuflg:tfg
dfp06 s]6' lzv/sf] cf/f]x0fdf gofF sLlt{dfg
g]kfnsf !) cf/f]xLn] @)@! sf] hgj/L !^ df dfp06 s]6' lzv/df lxpFb ofddf cf/f]x0f u/L ljZj sLt{dfg
sfod u/]sf 5g\ . kfls:tfgdf /x]sf] of] lzv/df clxn] ;Dd s'g} klg cf/f]xLn] lxpFb ofddf cf/f]x0f ug{
;s]sf lyPgg\ . *^!! ld6/ cUnf] of] lzv/nfO{ u8ljg cfl:6g ;d]t elgG5 eg] kfls:tfgLx? nDaf kxf8
eGb5g\ .
ljhof Po/sf] ljdfg b'3{6gfu|:t
af]Oª &#& sf] ljhof Po/sf] ljdfg ;d'bdf @)@! sf] hgj/L ( df ;d'Gb|df v;]sf] 5 . of] ljdfg
O08f]g]l;ofsf] hsftf{af6 p8]sf] s]xL If0fd} b'3{6gfdf k/]sf] lyof] . of] ljdfgdf ^@ hgf ;jf/ lyP .

zlQmzfnL kf];kf]6{
ljZjs} zlQmzfnL kf;kf]6{df hfkfgsf] kf;kf]6{ /x]sf] 5 . of] b]zsf] kf;kf]6{ afxsn] ljZjsf !(! b]zdf
;lhn} leiff k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . hfkfg kl5 l;+ufk'/sf] kf;kf]6{ zlQmzfnL dflgG5 . t];|f] zlQmzfnL kf;kf]6{
blIf0f sf]l/of / hd{gLsf] dflgG5 . g]kfn of] ;"rLdf !)$ cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;u} lnlaofsf]
kf;kf]6{ ;dfg ;fdy{sf] dflgG5 . g]kfn / lnlaofsf] kf;kf]6{ wf/Ln] #* b]zdf ;lhn} 3'Dg ;Sb5g\ . blIf0f
Pl;ofdf ef/tsf] :yfg ;a}eGbf /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . of] *% cf} :yfgdf /x]sf], e'6 fg () cf} :yfgdf a+unfb]z
!)! cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;"rLdf ckmuflg:tfgdf cj:yf ;a}eGbf v/fj /x]sf] 5 . of] !!) cf} :yfgdf
/x]sf] 5 .

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s @)@) sf] k|ltj]bg

g]kfnsf] :yfgM !$@ cf} -!*(b]z dWo]_-kfPsf] c+s )=%*&_ blIf0f Pl;ofdf 5}6f}
;fs{df ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cj:yfM >Ln+sf -&@ cf} :yfg_
To;kl5 dflNbE; -(% cf} :yfg_
e'6fg -!@( cf} :yfg_
ef/t -!#!cf} :yfg_
aunfb]z -!## cf} :yfg_
kfls:tfg -!%$ cf}+ :yfg_
;fs{df ;a}eGbf v/fa cj:yfM ckmuflg:tfg -!^( cf} :yfg_
ljZjd} /fd|f] cj:yfM gj]{ -)=(%& c+s_
ljZjd} v/fj cj:yfM gfOh/ -!*( cf} :yfg_
o'Pgl8kLn] ;g\ !(() b]lv dfgj ljsf; ;'rsf+s k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;"rsf+s
dfkg ubf{ cf}ift cfo', lzIff, k|ltJolQm s"n /fli6«o cfo d'Vo ;"rssf ?kdf dflgG5 .

5
 6fOd k;{g ckm b Oo/, @)@)
sf] eP < cd]l/sf gjlgjf{lrt /fi6«klt hf] jfO8g / ToxfFsL pk/fi6«klt sdnf x\ofl/;
3f]if0ff ug]{M cd]l/sL 6fOd Dofulhgn] ;g\ !(@& af6

 lrlgof /IffdGqL j]O{ km]ªxLsf] Pslbg g]kfn e|d0f slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&& d+l;/ !$ ut]
 ef/tLo ljb]z ;lrj xif{j4{g >[+vnfsf] kl5Nnf] g]kfnsf] e|d0f slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&& d+l;/
!! ut] -@)@) gf]eDa/ @^_
 ch]{lG6gfsf] rlr{t k'm6jn v]nf8L Dof/f]8f]gfsf] ^) jif{sf] pd]/ slxn] lgwg ePsf] lyof] < ;g\
@)@) gf]e]Da/ @% lghsf] sKtfgLdf ;g\ !(*^ sf] ljZjsk ch]{lG6gfn] xft kf/]sf] lyof]
 ljlj;L !)) dlxnfdf g]kfnsL s;nfO{ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 < !( jifL{of ;kgf /f]sfdu/ -j]jfl/;]
zj Joj:yfkgdf of]ubfg lbP afkt_
 sf]/f]gf lj?4sf] EoflS;gsf] ljsf;stf{ @ sDkgL kmfOh/ / af]of]Pg6]s s'g s'g b]zsf x'g\ <
qmdzM cd]l/sf / hd{gL () k|ltzt ;'/Iff lbg] ;Ifd ePsf] bfjL, # xKtfdf @ k6s nufpg' kg]{
 gfkL ljefun] g]kfnsf] slt If]qkmn a9L x'g] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 < *@%=^& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ h; cg';f/ k|:tfj
kfl/t eP kZrft\ g]kfnsf] s"n If]qkmn ! nfv $* xhf/ ^ bzdnj ^& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ x'g] hgfPsf] -
!,$*,))^=^&_
 aG5 gd"gf g]kfn gfds sljtf sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nL
 ef/tLo ;]gfsf k|d'v dgf]h d's'Gb g/jf0f]sf] kl5Nnf] # lbg] g]kfn e|d0f slxn]af6 z'? ePsf] lyof] < @)&&
sflt{s !( af6 -@)@) gf]e]Da/ $_

/fi6«kltaf6 /fgL kf]v/Lsf] pb\3f6g

e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:y /fgLkf]v/Lsf] k'glg{df0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePkZrft\ /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Ln] pQm /fgLkf]v/Lsf] @)&&
sflt{s % ut] pb\3f6g ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] lznfGof; /fi6«kltaf6 @)&@ df3 @ ut] ePsf] lyof] . oxfF leq /x]sf] dlGb/
afnuf]kfn]Zj/ xf] .
dfgj clwsf/ pn+3gstf{sf] gfd ;fj{hlgs
/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] @)&& c;f]h @( df dfgj clwsf/sf] pn+3g ug]{ @*^ hgfsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .
cfof]un] klxnf] k6s gfd ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] xf] . ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] cfof]u ;/sf/sf] 5fofdf k/]sf] eGg] Jofks
u'gf;f]sf] afah'b cfof]un] u/]sf] of] sfdsf] ;a{q k|z+;f ePsf] 5
k|b]zsf] gfd, /fhwfgL / 3f]if0ff ldlt
k|b]zsf] gfd /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff ldlt
! gDa/ lj/f6gu/ gfd xfn ;Dd ;xdlt g/x]sf], /fhwfgL lj/f6gu/ egL
@)&^ a}zfv @# df 3f]if0ff ePsf]
@ gDa/ c:yfoL /fhwfgL Xfn;Dd gfd / /fhwfgLdf ;xdlt gePsf]
hgsk'/
afudtL x]6f}8f gfd / /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff @)&^ kf}if @&
u08sL kf]v/f /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff @)&% c;f/ !* gfd @@
n'lDagL bfª b]pv'/L Gffd / /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff @)&& cflZjg @)
s0ff{nL lj/]Gb|gu/, ;'v]{t @)&$ kmfNu'0f !@
;'b"/ klZrd uf]bfj/L, s}nfnL @)&% c;f]h !@

ef]sd/L ;'rsf+s
;g\ @)@) sf] ef]sd/L ;'rsf+sdf
6
 g]kfn &# cf} :yfg
>Ln+sf ^$ cf},
a+unfb]z &% cf},
kfls:tfg ** cf},
ef/t ($ cf}
ckmuflg:tfg (( cf},
k"jL{ l6df]/ !)^ cf}
rf8 !)& cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;"rLdf a]nf?; klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] rLg % cf} yfgdf
/x]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lgjf{rg
;g\ @)@) sf] cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lgjf{rg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @)@) gf]e]Da/ # df
cd]l/sfsf] $^ cf} /fi6«klt lgjf{rgsf] d'Vo k|ltikwL{ sf] sf] lyP < 8]df]qmof6 pd]b\jf/ hf] afO8g / l/klAnsg
pd]b\jf/ 8f]gfN8 6«Dk
cd]l/sfsf] $^ cf} /fi6«kltsf] ?kdf lgjf{lrt sf] x'g\ < hf] afO8g
hf] jfO8g / 8f]gfN8 6«Dkn] s] slt On]S6f]/n dt k|fKt u/] < hf] jfO8gn] #)^ / 6«Dkn] @#@
 ef/tLo u'Ktr/ lgsfosf k|d'v ;fdGt s'df/ uf]onsf] kl5Nnf] g]kfn e|d0f slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&& sflt{s
% ut] -@)@) cS6'a/ @!_
 ;+ljwfg lbj;, @)&& sf] cj;/df slt hgfnfO{ ljleGg kbsaf6 ;Ddfg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] < %($ -;'k|l;4
k|an hg;]jf kfpg] 8f=;Gb's ?Ot_
 ef/t;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd hogu/–hgsk'/–alb{af; ^( lsnf]ld6/ /]8 ;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu g]kfnL /]n
slxn] hgsk'/ cfPsf] lyof] < @)&& c;f]h @ df
 hfkfgsf] gofF k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < lna/n 8]df]qmof6 kf6L{sf g]tf of]lzlx8] ;'uf
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&& c;f/ $ ut]
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL # df /x]sf] lg;fg 5fknfO{ ;+zf]wg ljw]osnfO{ k|ltlglw;efn] ;j{;Ddt ?kdf slxn]
kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] < @)&& h]7 #! df
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfnfkfgL, lnlDkofw'/f / lnk'n]s ;d]t ;d]6]/ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs
gofF gS;f slxn] hf/L u/]sf] lyof] < @)&& h]7 & ut]
ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;, @)@!
slxn]M h'g %
slxn] af6 dgfpg z'?M ;g\ !(&$ af6
;g\ @)@! sf] gf/fM k|fs[lts k|0ffnLsf] k'g:yfkgf
jftfj/0f lbj; dgfpg] lg0f{o @)&@ h'g % df ePsf]

 sf7df08f}df ljB'tLo tf/nfO{ e"ldut ?kdf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL slxn]af6 z'? ePsf] xf] <
@)&^ kmfNu'0f % ut] -k|wfgdGqLn] dxf/fhu~hdf yfngL u/]sf_
 a]nfot cf}krfl/s ?kdf o'/f]k]nL o'lgogaf6 slxn] cnu ePsf] xf] < ;g\ @)@) sf] hgj/L #! -
$& jif{ EU df /x]sf]_
;g\ @)!^ sf] h'g @# df hgdt ;+u|x ePsf] xf] . of] hgdt ;+u|xdf a]nfot Oo"af6 cnu x'g]
kIfdf %!=*( k|ltzt / Oo"d} /xg] kIfdf $*=!! k|ltzt dtbft ePsf] lyof] .
 cf7f} ;efd'vsf] ?kdf cUgL k|;fb ;fksf]6f slxn] lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g\ < @)&^ df3 !@
7
 sf]/f]gf efO/;
 sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] sf/0f ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ljZj ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf] lyof] <
@)@) sf] hgj/L #) df
 sf]/fgf efO/; klxnf] k6s b]lvPsf] b]z s'g xf] < rLg of] efO/; rLgsf] x'j]O k|fGtsf] a'xfg
;x/df klxnf] k6s b]vf k/sf] lyof] . of] efO/; ToxfF @)!( sf] l8;]Da/ #! df klxnf] k6s
b]vfk/]sf] lyof] .
 sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] s] gfd lbPsf] 5 < Covid – 19
 sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ lnP/ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ljZj dxfdf/L 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf] lyof] <
;g\ @)@) sf] dfr{ !! df
 sf]/f]gf efO/; Ps vt/gfs efO/; xf] a]n}df ;hs agf} egL r]tfjgL lbg] lrlgof 8S6/ ln
j]glnofªsf] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] sf/0f slxn] lgwg ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @)@) sf] km]a|'c/L &
WHO n] gfdfs/0f u/]sf ljleGg b]zdf b]vf k/]sf sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] gfd
a]nfot cNkmf
a|flhn ufdf
blIf0f clk|msf a]6f
ef/t 8]N6f -B.1.617.2_
ef/ts} sKkf -B.1.617.1_
ljleGg b]zn] ljsf; u/]sf sf]/f]gf vf]ksf] gfd
cd]l/sf Pfizer
,, hf]G;g
?; Sputanik V
rLg Vero Cell
rLg l;gf] Eofs
rLg sf]/f]gfEofs
ef/t Covishield
ef/t Covaxin
xfn;Dd sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 k|efljt ljleGg b]zx? qmdzM
cd]l/sf, ef/t, a|flhn, k|mfG;, 6sL{, ?; -k|efljt ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df
cd]l/sf, a|flhn, ef/t, ?;, k|mfG; -d[To'sf] cfwf/df_
 g]kfn ef/t PsLs[t r]skf]i6sf] pb\3f6g b'a} b]zsf k|wfgdGqLx?n] lel8of] sGkm/]G; dfkm{t slxn]
u/]sf lyP < @)&^ df3 & ut] -@)@) hgj/L @!_ lj/f6gu/ dxfgu/kflnsfdf /x]sf]
ljZj cfly{s d~rsf] jflif{s ;Dd]ng, @)@)
slxn] ePsf] < @)@) hgj/L @! af6 @$ ;Dd
sxfF ePsf] < :jLh/\Nof08sf] 8faf]; ;x/df -aftfj/0f k|d'v d'2f_
 ljZjsf] xf]rf] JolQmsf] sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sf vu]Gb| yfkfdu/sf] @* jif{sf] pd]/ slxn] lgwg ePsf]
lyof] < @)&^ df3 # ut] -xfn ljZjsf] xf]rf] JolQm lkmlnlkG;sf h'g/L jfnfljª x'g\_
 cd]l/sfn] O/fgL ;]gfsf hg/nsf] xTof u/] kZrft\ ;f]sf] abnf :j?k O/fgn] O/fssf] aubfbdf /x]sf] cd]l/sL
;}Go cfwf/ If]qdf ld;fOnaf6 cfqmd0f slxn] u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ @)@) sf] hgj/L * df
8
 !&^ hgf ;jf/L o'qm]gL ljdfg O/fgsf] t]x/fgdf slxn] b'3{6gfu|:y ePsf] lyof] < @)@) sf] hgj/L * df
 O/fgL ;]gfsf] d]h/ hg/n sfl;d ;'n]dfgLsf] cd]l/sfn] O/fssf] aubfbdf slxn] xTof u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ @)!(
sf] hgj/L # df
 g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) sf] cf}krfl/s ?kdf pb\3f6g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)@) sf] hgj/L ! df /fi6«kltaf6
-@)&^ kf}if !^ ut]_
 g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) df slt ko{6snfO{ leq\ofpg] nIo /flvPsf] lyof] < @) nfv
 g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) sf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < æNepal: Life Time ExperiecesÆ
 nf]uf]sf l8hfg/ sf7df08f}sf sf] x'g\ < p4j l/dfn
Cop 25
slxn]M @)!( l8;]Da/ @ af6 !# ;Dd
sxfFM :k]gsf] Dofl8«8
g]kfnaf6 efu lng]M jg tyf aftfj/0f dGqL zlQm axfb'/ a:g]t
cj sxfF x'g]M a]nfotdf
sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] qf;sf] sf/0f ;g\ @)@) df x'g] Cop 25 Summit x'g ;s]g . cj ;g\ @)@! df
of] ;Dd]ng a]nfotdf gf]e]Da/ ! af6 !@ ;Dd x'g] .

 uf]nsf]:6 86sdn] bzss} k|]/0ffbfoL JolQmTjsf] ?kdf klxnf] gDa/df s;nfO{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] 5 < k'ikf
a:g]t
^( cf} ljZj ;'Gb/L k|ltof]lutf
slxn] ePsf] < a]nfotdf @)!( l8;]Da/ !$ df
sf] eOg\ ;'Gb/L < hd}sfsL 6f]gL cg l;+x -g]kfnaf6 cg'isf >]i7n] efu lnPsL_
&) cf} ljZj ;'Gb/L k|ltof]lutf sf]/fgf dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0f gePsf] .
 ef/tn] g]kfnsf] gS;f ;d]6 ;d]6]/ gofF gS;f slxn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] < @)!( gf]e]Da/ @
 df};dL ;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu ;'v]{tdf cWofw'lgs df};dL /f8/sf] h8fg phf{dGqL jif{dfg k'gn] slxn] u/]sf
lyP < @)&^ d+l;/ !& ut] -ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]u_

^( cf} a|Dxf08 ;'Gb/L k|ltof]lutf

slxn] ePsf] < cd]l/sfdf @)@! d] !^ df
sf] eOg\ ;'Gb/L < d]lS;sf]sL Andrea Meza -g]kfnaf6 clg:sf zdf{ n] efu lnPsL_
 g'jfsf]6df /x]sf] ^) d]ufjf6sf] lqz'nL y|L P hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] pb\3f6g k|wfgdGqL v8\uk||;fb
cf]nLaf6 slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&^ d+l;/ @ ut]
 a+unfb]zdf /fi6«klt df]xDdb cAb'n xldbsf] $ lbg] g]kfn e|d0f slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&^ sflt{s @^
b]lv @( ut] ;Dd
 k|b]z k|d'vsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm sf] sf] x'g\ < ! g+=sf] nflu ;f]dgfy Kof;L, @ g++=sf] nflu /fh]z emf, afudtL
k|b]zsf] nflu lji0f' k|;fO{, u08sL k|b]zsf] nflu k[YjLdfg l;+x u'?ª, n'lDagL k|b]zsf] nflu clds z]/rg,
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] nflu uf]ljGb snf}gL / ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]zsf] nflu u+ufk|;fb ofbj
!@ cf} la|S; ;Dd]ng
ePsf] :yfgM ?;sf] lk6;{ju{
slxn]M @)@) sf] gf]e]Da/ !&
t]x|f} ef/tdf x'g] .

9
  *))) ld6/ eGbf cUnf] lxdfn & dlxgfdf cf/f]x0f u/L ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod ug]{ sf] x'g \ < g]kfnsf
lgd{n k"hf{
 g]kfnsf] afo';]jf sDkgL lxdfnog Po/nfoG;n] rLgsf] a]Olhªsf] nflu slxn]af6 Joj;flos p8fg z'?
u/]sf] 5 < @)!( sf] cS6'a/ @^ af6
 cfOP;sf g]tf ca' afs/ cn aUbfbL l;l/ofdf slxn] dfl/Psf lyP < @)!( sf] cS6'a/ @^ df cd]l/sL
cfqmd0fdf
 gfu9'+uf gf}lj;] ;'?ª dfu{sf] lznfGof; k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nLaf6 slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&^
sflt{s $ ut] -@=^* lsnf]ld6/_
 Pgcf/Pgsf] gjf} ;Dd]ngn] cWoIf kbdf s;nfO{ lgjf{lrt u/]sf] 5 < s'df/ kGt -sf7df08f}df @)&^
c;f]h @* af6 #) ;Dd ePsf]_
 !@ cf} hgu0fgf slxn] x'g] ePsf] 5 < @)&* h]7 @% af6 c;f/ ! ;Dd -gf/f d]/f] u0fgf, d]/f]
;xeflutf_ sf]/f]gfsf] sf/0f :ylut
 rLgsf /fi6«klt l;lhª lkªsf] @ lbg] g]kfn e|d0f slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&^ c;f]h @% / @^ -@)!(
cS6'a/ !@ / !#_ @# jif{kl5sf]
 g]kfn / ci6«]lnof aLr xjfO{ ;Demf}tf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&^ c;f]h !# ut] -@)!( ;]K6]Da/ #)_
$) cf} d'n's
g]kfnaf6 ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf kfpg] ljb]zLx?
gfd ldlt b]z
P8d08 lxnf/L ;g\ !(%# Go"lhNof08
6f]gL x]ug ;g\ !(&% :jLh/Nof08
Plnhfj]y xnL cd]l/sf
sf]lng l:dy ;g\ @)!( a]nfot
pd xf]ª lun ,, b=sf]l/of

g]kfn v'nf lb;fd'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff

slxn] <M @)&^ c;f]h !# ut] -blIf0f Pl;ofsf] klxnf] b]z_
klxnf]] lhNnfM sf:sL, bf];|f] lrtjg
kl5Nnf] && cf} lhNnfM ef]hk'/, &^ cf}+ ;f]n'v'Da'
klxnf] uflj;M tgx'Fsf] alGbk'/
klxnf] c~rnM wf}nflu/L
 ;+3Lo ;+;b ejgsf] lznfGof; k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nLn] slxn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] < @)&^ c;f]h !
ut]-l;+xaxfb'/sf] k'tnL au}+rfdf /xg]_
 ef/tsf k"j{ ljb]zdGqL ;'idf :j/fhsf] ^& jif{sf] pd]/df slxn] lgwg ePsf] 5 < ;g\ @)!( sf] cu:6
^
 ef/tn] hDd' sfl:d/nfO{ ljz]if /fHosf] btf{ vf]:g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] cg'R5]b #&) nfO{ slxn]af6 lgik|efjL
agfPsf] 5 < @)!( cu:6 %
 ef/taf6 g]kfnsf] nflu k]6«f]lnod kfOknfOgaf6 t]n cfk"lt{ slxn]af6 x'b} cfPsf] 5 < @)&^ >fj0f #
ut] -@)!( h'nfO{ !(_ g]kfn tkm{ #^=@) ls=ld= / ef/tsf] tkm{ #@=*) lsnf]ld6/

/fli6«o l6dsf k"j{ sKtfg lqms]6/ kf/; v8\sfn] v]n hLjgaf6 ;Gof;sf] 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf lyP <@)&*
>fj0f !( ut]
10
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof]df slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)@! h'nfO{ @# af6 cu:t *
 Rio Olympic, 2016 sf] pb\3f6g cu:t % df a|flhnsf] s'g /ªzfnfdf ePsf] lyof] < df/fsfgf /ªzfnfdf
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]nsf] klxnf] :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ug]{ sf] /x]sf lyP < !) ld6/ /fOkmndf rLgsL
Shooting v]nf8L Qian Yang
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < @)$ b]z / ! z/0ffyL{ l6d
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf slt v]n ;dfj]z /x]sf] lyof] < ## v]n
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]nsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < United by Emotion
 Tokiyo cf]nlDksdf slt v]nf8Lx?n] efu lnPsf lyP < sl/a !!,@^!
 #@ cf} of] v]ndf w]/} v]nf8L ;xefuL u/fpg] d'Vo b]z s'g xf] <cd]l/sf -^!#_
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf ;a}eGbf sd pd]/sf] v]nf8L sf] /x]sL lyOg\ < l;l/ofsL 6]jn6]lg;
v]nf8L x]G8 hfhf uf}l/sf l;+x -pd]/ !@ jif{_
 #@ cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] v]nf8Lx? sf] sf] lyP < $ v]nsf] nflu % v]nf8L
h;df kf}8L tkm{ uf}l/sf l;+x / Pn]S; zfx, Pyn]l6S;sL ;/:jtL rf}w/L, ;'l6ª v]nf8L sNkgf kl/of/, h'8f]sL
;f]lgof e§
 #@ cf} cf]nlDks v]nsf] d:s6 s] /flvPsf] lyof] < ld/fOtf]jf, -hfkfgL efiffdf o;sf] cy{ eljio / slxn] gx'g]
cGTo eGg] a'lemG5
 cf]nlDks v]n slt slt jif{df x'g] ub{5 < $÷$ jif{df
 cfw'lgs u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]nsf] z'?jft s'g b]zaf6 slxn] ePsf] xf] < u|L;sf] Py]G;df ;g\ !*(^ df
 u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfnn] slxn]af6 k|j]z kfPsf] xf] < ;g\ !(^$ df hfkfgdf ePsf] !* cf} v]naf6

#! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n

 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n a|flhnsf] l/of] b h]g]l/of]df slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)!^ cu:t % b]lv @!
;Dd
 Rio Olympic, 2016 sf] pb\3f6g cu:t % df a|flhnsf] s'g /ªzfnfdf ePsf] lyof] < df/fsfgf /ªzfnfdf
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]nsf] klxnf] :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ug]{ sf] /x]sf lyP < !) ld6/ /fOkmndf
cd]l/sfsL Shooting v]nf8L Ginny Thrasher
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < @)^ b]z / ! z/0ffyL{ l6d
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf klxnf] k6s efu lng] b'O{ b]zx? s'g s'g lyP < sf];f]ef] / blIf0f ;'8fg
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf slt v]n ;dfj]z /x]sf] lyof] < @* v]n
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf yk ePsf b'O{ v]nx? s'g s'g lyP < Rugby sevens / Golf
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]nsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < gofF ;+;f/ -A New World_
 Rio Olympic df slt v]nf8Lx?n] efu lnPsf lyP < sl/a !!,%$$
 #! cf} of] v]ndf w]/} v]nf8L ;xefuL u/fpg] # b]zx? qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ <cd]l/sf -%%)_, a|flhn -$^&_ /
rLg -$))_
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf ;a}eGbf sd pd]/sf] v]nf8L sf] /x]sL lyOg\ < g]kfnsL kf}8L v]nf8L
uf}l/sf l;+x -pgn] @)!^, cu:t & df v]n v]Nbf pd]/ !# jif{ @%% lbg /x]sf] lyof]_
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] v]nf8Lx? sf] sf] lyP < % v]nsf] nflu & v]nf8L
h;df kf}8L tkm{ uf}l/sf l;+x / lz/Lif u'?ª, Pyn]l6S;sL ;/:jtL e§/fO{ / xl/s'df/ l/dfn, t]Sjf08f]sL lgzf
/fjn, h'8f]sL k'mk"Nxfd' vqL / cfr{/LsL hLt axfb'/ df]Qmfg

11
 #! cf} u|LidsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf efu lng] v]nf8Lx?nfO{ hgxL g]kfn ;/sf/n] slt slt /sd k|bfg u/]sf]
lyof] < hgxL ! xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/
 Rio Olympic, 2016 sf slt kbssf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < #)& :j0f{, #)& /ht / #^! sf:o kbs u/L
s'n (&% kbs
 Rio Olympic, 2016 df klxnf,] bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ /fi6«x? qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ < cd]l/sf $^
:j0f{, #& /ht / #* sfF:o u/L !@! kbs k|fKt u/L klxnf] :yfg, u|]6 lj|6]gn] @& :j0f{, @# /ht / !& sfF:o
u/L ^& kbs k|fKt u/]sf] / rLgn] @^ :j0f{, /ht !* / @^ sfF:o kbs u/L s'n &) kbs k|fKt u/L t];|f] :yfg
xfl;n u/]sf]
 Rio Olympic, 2016 df rf}yf] / kfFrf} :yfg xfl;n ug]{ b]zx? qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ < ?;n] !( :j0f{ kbs /
hd{gLn] !& :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/L qmdzM rf}yf] / kfFrf} :yfg xfl;n u/]sf
 Rio Olympic df blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]zaf6 kbs k|fKt ug]{ Psdfq b]z s'g lyof] < ef/t -o;n] Ps /ht /
Ps sfF:o u/L @ kbs k|fKt u/]sf]_
 Rio Olympic cfof]hs a|flhnn] slt :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] < & :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]sf]
 Rio Olympic cGtu{t k'?if k'm6jnsf] ljh]tf / pkljh]tf b]z s'g s'g x'g \ < ljh]tf a|flhn / pkljh]tf
hd{gL
 Rio Olympic cGtu{t dlxnf k'm6jndf RoflDkog b]z s'g /x]sf] lyof] < hd{gLn] :jL8]gnfO{ @–! n] k/fhLt
u/L hd{gL RoflDkog ag]sf]
 Rio Olympic, 2016 df ;jf{lws :j0f{ kbs ljh]tf JolQm sf] x'g\ < cd]l/sL kf}8L v]nf8L dfOsn km]NK; -
pgn] % :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]sf_

$& cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sk

 $& cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sk k|ltof]lutf sxfF ePsf] lyof] < a|flhn
 $& cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sk k|ltof]lutf slxn]af6 slxn] ;Dd ePsf] lyof] < @)@! h'g !# af6 h'nfO{ !) ;Dd
 $& cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sk k|ltof]lutfsf slt /fi6«sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] < !)
 $& cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sk k|ltof]lutfsf] ljh]tf b]z s'g xf] < ch]{lG6gf -o;n] a|flhnnfO{ k/fhLt u/]sf]_
 $& cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sksf] ;]ld kmfOgn v]Ng] b]z s'g xf] < ch]{lG6gf, a|flhn, k]? / sf]nlDaof
 sf]kf cd]l/sf sk k|ltof]lutf slxn]af6 z'? ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(!^
 $* cf} sf]kf cd]l/sf sk slxn] / sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < OSj]8/df ;g\ @)@$ sf] h'g !) af6 h'nfO{ !@ ;Dd
 sf]kf cd]l/sf skdf ;jf{lws ;kmn l6d s'g s'g x'g\ < p?Uj] / ch]{lG6gf

!^ cf} o'/f] sk
 !^ cf} o'/f] sk k|ltof]lutf sxfF ePsf] lyof] < o'/f]ksf !! b]zsf !! ;x/df
 !^ cf} o'/f] sk k|ltof]lutf slxn]af6 slxn] ;Dd ePsf] lyof] < @)@! h'g !! af6 h'nfO{ !! ;Dd
 !^ cf} o'/f] sk k|ltof]lutfsf slt /fi6«sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] < @$
 !^ cf} o'/f] sk k|ltof]lutfsf] ljh]tf b]z s'g xf] < O6fnL-o;n] OGNof08nfO{ k/fhLt u/]sf]_
 !^ cf} o'/f] sksf] ;]ld kmfOgn v]Ng] b]z s'g xf] < O6fnL, OGNof08, :k]g / 8]gdfs{
 o'/f] sk k|ltof]lutf slxn]af6 z'? ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(^)
 !& cf} o'/f] sk slxn] / sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < hd{gLdf ;g\ @)@$ df

g]kfnL lqms]6sf d'Vo k|lzIfs

g]kfnL lqms]6sf d'Vo k|lzIfs 8]eg]n k]|m8l/s jf6df]/ lgo'Qm ePsf 5g\ . pgnfO{ g]kfn lqms]6 ;+3 -Sofg_ n] @)&& kf}if @
ut] -@)@) l8;]Da/ !&_ df lgo'Qm u/]sf] xf] . >Ln+sfdf hGd]sf pgL xfn ci6]«lnofdf a:b5g\ .
cfOlkPn sf] !# cf} ;+:s/0f
ePsf] ldlt @)@) sf] ;]K6]Da/ !( af6 gf]e]Da/ !) ;Dd
12
 ljh]tf l6d d'DaO{ Ol08og -kfFrf} k6s_
pkljh]tf l6d b]NxL Soflk6N;
efu lng] l6d *
slxn] af6 z'? ;g\ @))*
 kmf]A;{ Dofulhgsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) sf] ;jf{lws sdfpg] Pj+ dx+uf v]nf8L sf] x'g\ < jfl;{nf]gfsf km/jf8{ lnof]gn
d];L -!@ s/f]8 ^) nfv cd]l/sL 8n/, bf];|f] dx+uf] v]nf8L lqmli6ofgf] /f]gfN8f]

!# cf} blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf -;fu_

slxn] ePsf] < @)&^ d+l;/ !% af6 @$ ;Dd -@)!( l8;]Da/ ! af6 !) ;Dd_
pb\3f6g ug]{ /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Laf6 bz/y /+uzfnfdf
;dfkgdf ;l/s cltyL pkk|wfg tyf /Iff dGqL O{Zj/ kf]v/]n
v]n ePsf] ;x/ sf7df08f} -!& v]n_, kf]v/f -* v]n_ / hgsk'/ -! v]n s':tL_
pb\3f6g ;qdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f af]Sg] v]nf8L ef/f]tf]ngsf sdn axfb'/ clwsf/L
v]nsf] d:s6 s[i0f;f/
v]nsf] nf]uf] k/]jf cfs[[ltsf] -df]/ªsf ef]nfgfy kf}8]nn] agfPsf]_
;dfj]z v]n @^
v]nf8L ;+Vof @&!%
;xefuL b]z & -ckmuflg:tfg afx]s ;fs{sf ;a}_
xfn;Dd g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] v]n klxnf] -!(*$_, cf7f} -!(((_ / xfnsf] !# cf} -@)!(_
kbs ;+Vof :j0f{ #!^, /ht #!^ / sfF:o $#! u/L !)^# kbs
;fusf] df]6f] Peace, Prosperity and Progress
 of] v]n cGtu{t k'm6jn v]ndf g]kfnn] e'6fgnfO{ @–! uf]nn] k/fhLt u/L :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof]
 of] v]ndf uf}l/sf l;+xn] kf}8Ldf $ :j0f{, @ /ht / # sfF:o kbs ;lxt ( kbs k|fKt u/L Pp6} ;fudf w]/} kbs k|fKt
ug]{ g]kfnL v]nf8Lsf] sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sL lyOg\ .
 g]kfnn] ;dfj]z @^ v]ndWo] @% v]ndf kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfnn] kbs k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] v]n ;'l6ª xf] .
 !# cf} ;fudf klxnf] :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ug]{ g]kfnsf v]nf8L s/fFt]sf d08]sfhL >]i7 x'g\ .
 !# cf} ;fudf klxnf] kbs g]kfnnfO{ lbnfpg] v]nf8L s/fFt]sL rGrnf bg'jf/ x'g\ . pgn] /ht kbs lbnfPsL lyOg\ .
 of] v]ndf ef/tn] !&# :j0f{, (# /ht / $% sfF:o u/L #!! kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfnn] %! :j0f{, ^) /ht / (% sfF:o u/L @)^ kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
 t];|f] :yfgdf >Ln+sf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] $) :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]s]f 5 .
 g]kfnn] ;jf{lws kbs :j0f{ kbs df;{n cf6\;df k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . o;df #@ :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
 $@ lsnf]ld6/sf] Dof/fygdf g]kfnn] :j0f{ kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . k'?if tkm{sf] :kwf{df ls/0f l;+x af]u6Ln] :j0f{ kbs
k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
 !# cf} ;fudf ;a}eGbf w]/} :j0f{kbs k|fKt ug]{ v]nf8L >Ln+sfsf kf}8Lafh Matthew Abeysinghe x'g\ . pgn] & :j0f{
/ ! /ht kbs k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
 of] k|ltof]lutfdf e'6fgn] Pp6} klg :j0f{kbs kfPg eg] dflNb E;n] ! j6f :j0f{ kbs kfPsf] lyof] .
 !# cf} ;fudf :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ug]{ v]nf8LnfO{ hgxL ( nfv ?k}ofF, /ht kbs k|fKt ug]{nfO{ ^ nfv / sfF:o kbs k|fKt
ug]{nfO{ # nfv ?k}ofF lbg] 3f]if0ff k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nLn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
 !$ cf} ;fu kfls:tfgdf ;g\ @)@! df x'g] .

!@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutf

 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hs b]z s'g xf] < O+UNof08 / j]N;
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutf slxn]af6 slxn];Dd ePsf] lyof] < @)!( d] #) af6 h'nfO{ !$ ;Dd
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfdf slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < !) b]z
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf Plzofaf6 slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < % b]z
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf klxnf] v]n b]z s'g s'g x'g\ < O+UNof08 / blIf0f clk|msf

13
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf] ;]dL kmfOgn v]n v]Ng] b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < O+UNof08, Go'lhNof08, ef/t /
ci6«]lnof
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf] kmfOgn v]n v]Ng] b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < O+UNof08 / Go'lhNof08
 !@ cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf] ljh]tf b]z s'g xf] < O+UNof08
 O+UNof08 slt cf} k6ssf] ljZjsk lqms]6 ljh]tf b]z xf] < klxnf] k6s -o;nfO{ lqms]6sf] b'lgofdf cefuL egL
lrlgG5_
 cfufdL !# cf} ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutf slxn] / sxfF x'g]5 < ;g\ @)@# df ef/tdf
 ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfsf] z'?jft slxn] / sxfFaf6 ePsf] lyof] < O+UNof08af6 ;g\ !(&% df
 klxnf] ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfdf ljh]tf / pkljh]tf b]z s'g s'g x'g\ < ljh]tf j]:6 Ol08h / pkljh]tf
ci6]«lnof
* cf} /fli6«o v]ns"b k|ltof]lutf
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] nf]uf] / d:s6sf l8hfOg/ sf] x'g\ < ;+tf]if lji6
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] d:s6df s] /x]sf] lyof] < xfQLsf] 5fjf
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] nf]uf]df s] /x]sf] lyof] < rGb| ;"o{ c+lst /fli6«o em08f
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] uLtsf] af]n s] /x]sf] lyof] < v]nf8L xf}+
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] uLtsf /rgfsf/ sf] lyP < gf/fo0f vltj8f
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < cf7f} v]ns'b xfd|f] k|b]zdf, kl;gf / kf}/v cfk\mg} b]zdf
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf slt v]n ;dfj]z /x]sf] lyof] < #% v]n
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf slxn]b]lv slxn];Dd ePsf] lyof] < @)&% r}q @& b]lv @)&^ a}zfv !! ;Dd
ePsf] t/ cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g eg] a}zfv % ut] ePsf] lyof]
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g / ;dfkg sf]af6 ePsf] lyof] < pb\3f6g /fi6«kltaf6 / ;dfkg
pk/fi6«kltaf6
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf slt ;d"xn] efu lnPsf lyP < & j6f k|b]zsf & ;d"x, ljefuLo 6f]nL–g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn
k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] 6f]nL u/L !! ;d"x /x]sf
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'b slt lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] < afFs], alb{of, bfª, ?kGb]xL, slkna:t', sf7df08f}, nlntk'/, sf:sL
u/L * lhNnfdf
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] pb\3f6g sxfF ePsf] lyof] < g]kfnu~h
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf w]/} :j0f{kbs k|fKt ug]{ sf] lyPg\ < kf}8LsL uf}l/sf l;+x !@
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf klxnf] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ 6Ld s'g xf] < g]kfnL ;]gf–!$) :j0f{, *! /ht / ^& sfF:o u/L
@** kbs
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf bf];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ 6Ld s'g xf] < g]kfn k|x/L –^@ :j0f{, $( /ht / $^ sfF:o u/L !%&
kbs
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf t];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ 6Ld s'g xf] < ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn –%# :j0f{, %( /ht / **
sfF:o u/L @)@ kbs
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf rf}yf] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ 6Ld s'g xf] < afudtL
 * cf} /fli6«o v]ns'bdf slt kbs ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] < :j0f{ #&@, /ht #&@ / sfF:o %&# u/L !#!& kbs
 ( cf} /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < u08sL k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/fdf @)&& ;fndf x'g] elgPsf]df
sf]/f]gfsf] sf/0f xfn clglZrt ePsf] 5
 /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf slt slt jif{df x'g] lgod /x]sf] 5 < @÷@ jif{df
14
 /fli6«o v]ns'b slxn] / s'g ;x/af6 z'? ePsf] lyof] < sf7df08f}df lj=;+=@)#* ;fndf
 lj/f6gu/df ePsf] kfFrf} ;fkm RoflDkogl;kdf ljh]tf / pkljh]tf b]z s'g s'g x'g\ < qmdzM ef/t / g]kfn
 g]kfnL k'm6ansf d'Vo k|lzIfs sf] x'g\ < :jLl8; gful/s of]xfg sflng

cf7f} dlxnf ljZjsk km'6jn k|ltof]lutf

 cf7f} dlxnf ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutf slxn]af6 slxn];Dd ePsf] lyof] < @)!( sf] h'g & af6 h'nfO{ & ;Dd
ePsf]
 cf7f} dlxnf ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutf sxfF ePsf] lyof] < k|mfG;
 cf7f} dlxnf ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutfsf slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < @$ b]z
 cf7f} dlxnf ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutfsf] ljh]tf b]z s'g xf] < cd]l/sf -o;n] g]b/Nof08n] ) sf] lj?4 @ uf]nn]
k/fhLt u/]sf] lyof]_
 dlxnf ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutf s'g b]zaf6 slxn] z'? ePsf] lyof] < cd]l/sfaf6 ;g\ !((! df
 dlxnf ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutf slt slt jif{df x'g] ub{5 < $÷$ jif{df
 (cf} dlxnf ljZjsk km'6jn k|ltof]lutf s'g b]zdf slxn] x'g] ePsf] 5 < ;g\ @)@# df ci6«]lnof / Go"lhNof08

;fkm RoflDkogl;k
 @)!* sf] !) cf} ;fkm RoflDkogl;k sxfF ePsf] lyof] < a+unfb]zsf] a+uaGw' :6]l8od
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;kdf slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < & b]z
 ;fkm RoflDkogl;k, @)!* df efu glng] ;fs{sf] b]z s'g lyof] < ckmuflg:tfg
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;k slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)!* ;]K6]Da/ $ af6 !% ;Dd
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;ksf] kmfOgn v]n v]Ng] b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < dflNbE; / ef/t
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;kdf dflNbE;n] ef/tnfO{ slt uf]nn] k/fhLt u/]sf] lyof] < ! sf] lj?4 @ uf]nn]
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;kdf w]/} uf]n ug]{ v]nf8L sf] x'g\ < ef/tsf dgjL/ l;+x -# uf]n_
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;ksf] pTs[i6 v]nf8L sf] 3f]lift eP < dflNbE;sf uf]n lsk/ df]xDdb km};n
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;kdf km]o/ Kn] cjf8{ kfpg] l6d s'g xf] < e'6fg
 @)!* sf] ;fkm RoflDkogl;kdf s'n uf]n slt ePsf] lyof < @( uf]n
 ;fkm RoflDkogl;ksf] cfufdL ;+:s/0f slxn] / sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < a+unfb]zdf ;g\ @)@! df
 ;fkm RoflDkogl;k slt slt jif{df x'g] ub{5 < @÷@ jif{df

Pl;ofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf

 !* cf} Pl;ofnL v]ns'b s'g b]zsf] s'g ;x/df ePsf] lyof] < O08f]g]l;ofsf] hsftf{ / kn]Dafª
 !* cf} ;+:s/0fsf] P]l;ofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @)!* cu:6 !* af6 ;]K6]Da/ @ ;Dd
 !* cf} Pl;of8df slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < $% b]z
 !* cf} Pl;of8df slt v]n ;dfj]z lyP < $)
 !* cf} Pl;of8sf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < Energy For Asia
 !* cf} Pl;of8df g]kfnn] slt v]ndf efu lnPsf] lyof] < @(
 !* cf} Pl;of8df g]kfnaf6 efu lng] v]nf8Lsf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] lyof] < !*&
 !* cf} Pl;of8df slt v]nf8Ln] efu lnPsf lyP < !!,^$^
 !* cf} Pl;of8df g]kfnsf] cj:yf s] /x\of] < Kof/fUnfl8ªdf ! /ht kbs k|fKt ePsf]
 !* cf} Pl;of8df klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfg ug]{ b]zx? qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ < rLg, hfkfg / blIf0f sf]l/of
15
 !* cf} Pl;of8df rLgn] s] slt kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] < !#@ :j0f{, (@ /ht / ^% sf:o u/L s"n @*( kbs
 !* cf} Pl;of8df hfkfgn] s] slt kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] < &% :j0f{, %^ /ht / &$ sf:o u/L s"n @)% kbs
 !* cf} Pl;of8df blIf0f sf]l/ofn] s] slt kbs k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] < $( :j0f{, %* /ht / &) sf:o u/L s"n !&&
kbs
 !* cf} Pl;of8df slt d'n'sn] kbs kfpg ;kmn eP < #& d''n's
 !* cf} Pl;of8df :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ug{ ;kmn b]z slt /x\of] < @(
 !( cf} Pl;of8 s'g b]zdf / slxn] x'g] ePsf] 5 < rLgdf ;g\ @)@@
 @) cf} Pl;of8 s'g b]zdf / slxn] x'g] ePsf] 5 < hfkfgdf ;g\ @)@^
 Pl;ofnL v]ns'b slt slt jif{df x'g] ub{5 < $÷$ jif{df
 Pl;ofnL v]ns'b s'g b]zaf6 slxn] z'? ePsf] xf] < ef/taf6 ;g\ !(%! df
 Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfnn] slxn]af6 efu lng yfn]sf] xf] < ;g\ !(%! df ePsf] klxnf] v]naf6 g} efu lng yfn]sf]
 g]kfnn] s'g s'g P]l;ofnL v]ndf efu lnPsf] lyPg < ;g\ !(%$ df ePsf] bf];|f] -lkmlnlkG;sf] dlgnfdf ePsf]_ /
;g\ !(^@ df ePsf] rf}yf] -O08f]g]l;ofsf] hstf{df ePsf]_
 xfn;Dd Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfnn] slt j6f kbs k|fKt u/]sf] 5 < @ /ht / @@ sfF:o u/L @$ kbs
 Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf klxnf] /ht kbs lbnfpg] v]nf8L sf] x'g\ < t]Sjf08f]sL ;ljtf /fhe08f/L

@! cf} ljZjsk
 @! cf} ljZjsk s'g b]zdf ePsf] lyof] < /l;of
 @! ljZjsk slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)!* h'g !$ af6 h'nfO{ !% ;Dd
 @! cf} ljZjskdf slt uf]n ePsf lyP < !^( uf]n
 @! cf} ljZjskdf w]/} uf]n ug]{ v]nf8L sf] lyP < O+UNof08sf x\of/L s]g -^ uf]n_
 @! cf} ljZjskdf uf]N8]g a'6 kfpg] v]nf8L sf] lyP < x\of/L s]g
 @! cf} ljZjskdf uf]N8]g an kfpg] sf] lyP < qmf]l;ofsf n'sf df]l8«h
 @! cf} ljZjskdf pTs[i6 uf]nstf{ sf] 3f]lift eP < k|mfG;sf a]Ghfldg kfe8{
 @! cf} ljZjskdf pTs[i6 uf]nlsk/ s;nfO{ 3f]if0ff ul/of] < a]lNhodsf lyaf]6 sf]l6{o;
 @! cf} ljZjsksf] k]mo/ Kn]o cjf8{ kfpg] l6d s'g lyof] < :k]g
 @! cf} ljZjsksf] ;]ldkmfOgndf k'Ug] b]zx? s'g s'g lyP < k|mfG;, qmf]Pl;of, a]lNhod / O+UNof08
 @! cf} ljZjsksf] RoflDkog k|mfG;n] qmf]Pl;ofnfO{ slt uf]nn] k/fhLt u/]sf] lyof] < @ sf] lj?4 $ uf]n
 k|mfG; ljZjsksf] slt cf} k6ssf] RoflDkog xf] < bf];|f] k6s
 @! cf} ljZjskdf klxnf] k6s k|of]udf NofOPsf] k|ljlw s'g lyof] <VAR
 @! cf} ljZjsk k'm6jn k|ltof]lutfdf sd pd]/df uf]n ug]{ v]nf8L sf] x'g\ < k|mfG;sf Kylian Mbappe -k]? lj?4
@)!* h'g @! df uf]n ubf{ pgsf] pd]/ !( jif{ !*# lbg /x]sf]_
 ?;df ePsf] @! cf} ljZjskdf klxnf] uf]n ug]{ Yuri Gazinky s'g b]zsf v]nf8L x'g\ < ?;
 @! ljZjsk v]Ng] klxnf] 6Ld s'g s'g b]zsf x'g\ < ?; / ;fpbL c/]laof
 @! cf} ljZjsksf] pb\3f6g / ;dfkg v]n ?;sf] s'g /+uzfnfdf ePsf] lyof] < n'hlgsL /+uzfnf
 @! cf} ljZjsk ?;sf] slt j6f /+uzfnf ePsf] lyof] < !! ;x/sf !@ /+uzfnf
 @! cf} ljZjskdf efu lng] @ gofF b]zx? s'g s'g lyP < kfgfdf / cfO;Nof08

16
 @! cf} ljZjskdf Pl;ofaf6 efu lng] % b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, O/fg, ;fpbL c/]laof /
ci6«]lnof
 ?;df ePsf] @! cf} ljZjskdf k|of]u ePsf] an sf] gfd s] lyof] < Telstar-18
 ?;df ePsf] @! cf} ljZjskdf k|of]u ePsf] d:s6sf] gfd s] lyof] < hfleafsf
 @@ cf} ljZjsk s'g b]zdf slxn] x'g] ePsf] 5 < stf/df ;g\ @)@@
 @# cf} ljZjsk s'g s'g b]zdf x'g]5 < ;g\ @)@^ df cd]l/sf, d]lS;sf] / Sofg8f
 @# cf} ljZjskdf slt j6f b]zn] efu lng] 5g\ < $* b]z
 ljZjsk slt slt jif{df x'g] v]n xf] < $÷$ jif{df
 ljZjsk v]n s'g b]zaf6 slxn] z'? ePsf] xf] < p?Uj]df ;g\ !(#) df
 zlQm uf}rgn] cGt/f{li6«o v]n hLjgaf6 ;Gof;sf] 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf lyP < @)&% >fj0f @ ut]

@# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n

 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n slxn]af6 blIf0f sf]l/ofdf z'? ePsf] lyof] < @)!* km]a|'c/L (
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n slxn] ;Dd ePsf] lyof] < @)!* sf] km]a|'c/L @% ;Dd
 @# cf} lztsfnLg cf]nlDksdf 8f]lkª sf08sf] sf/0f ?;nfO{ v]Ng k|ltaGw nufpg] lg0f{o cGt/f{li6«o cf]nlDks sld6Ln]
slxn] u/]sf] lyof] < @)!& l8;]Da/ % df
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ b]zx? s'g s'g x'g \ < qmdzM gj]{ -
:j0f{ !$, /ht !$ / sf:o !! u/L #( kbs_, hd{gL -!$ :j0f{, /ht !) / sf:o & u/L #! kbs_ / Sofg8f -
:j0f{ !!, /ht * / !) sf:o u/L @(_
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf :j0f{kbs k|fKt ug]{ b]zsf ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < @@ b]z
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]]ndf kbs k|fKt ug]{ b]zx?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < #) b]z
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf s"n slt kbs ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] < :j0f{ !)#, /ht !)@ / sfF:o
!)@ u/L s"n #)&
 @# cf}nlDks v]ndf slt b]zn] efu lnPsf lyP < (@ b]z
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf slt v]n v]nfOPsf] lyof] < !% v]n
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf slt v]nf8Ln] efu lnPsf lyP < @(@@ v]nf8L
 @# cf} cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 sf] uPsf lyP < g]kfnL v]nf8L g/x]sf]
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] s'g zx/df ePsf] lyof] < kf]ªRofª ;x/
 @$ cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]n slxn] / sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < rLgsf] a]Olhªdf ;g\ @)@@ df
 @# cf} cf]nlDks v]ndf pQ/ sf]l/ofsf] tkm{af6 uPsf @@ ;b:oLo k|ltlglw d08nsf] g]t[Tjstf{ sf] lyP <
pQ/ sf]l/ofsf al/i7 g]tf lsd of]ª gfd
 @# cf} zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]ndf pQ/ sf]l/ofsf] tkm{af6 hfg] pQ/ sf]l/ofnL zf;s lsd hf]g pgsL alxgL
sf] lyOg\ < lsd of] hf]ª
 $÷$ jif{df x'g] zLtsfnLg cf]nlDks v]nsf] z'?jft slxn] / s'g b]zaf6 ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(@$ df
k|mfG;sf] rfd'lgS; ;x/af6
 Ol08og lk|ldo/ lnu -cfOlkon_ v]Ng] klxnf] g]kfnL sf] x'g] ePsf 5g\ < o'jf lqms]6/ ;GbLk nfld5fg] -
@)!* hgj/L @* df -@)&$ df3 !# df @) nfv ef?df_

17
 #! cf} cf]nlDks v]ndf efu lng] & hgf g]kfnL v]nf8LnfO{ hgxL slt /sd k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] < hgxL !)))
cd]l/sL 8n/
 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]n elnan x'g] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\n] slxn] u/]sf] lyof] < @)&$ h]7 *
 International Cricket Council sf xfnsf Chairman sf] x'g\ < ef/tsf Shashank Manohar
 FIFA n] s'g v]naf6 ljZjsk k'm6andf $* b]zn] efu lng] Joj:yf x'g] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 < ;g\ @)@^ df x'g]
@# cf} ljZjskaf6 -of] lg0f{o @)!& sf] hgj/L !) df u/]sf] lyof]_
 hd{g k'6jn v]nf8L ld/f]:nfe Snf]hn] v]n hLjgaf6 ;Gof; slxn] lnPsf x'g \ < @)!^ gf]e]Da/ !-
ljZjskdf w]/} uf]n ug]{ v]nf8Lsf] /]s8{_
 !( cf} / @) cf} Asian Game slxn] / sxfF x'Fb}5 < qmdzM rLgsf] xªsªdf ;g\ @)@@ df / hfkfgdf
;g\ @)@^ df
 :jLh/Nof08df /x]sf] cf]nlDks ;+u|xfnodf s'g g]kfnL v]nf8Lsf] :j'ldª;'6 /flvg] ePsf] 5 < uf}l/sf
l;+x
 l/of] kf/f cf]nlDks v]n a|flhndf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)!^ sf] ;]K6]Da/ & af6 !* ;Dd
 Rio Paralympic, 2016 df slt /fi6«n] slt v]ndf efu lnPsf lyP < !%( /fi6« / v]n ;+Vof @@
 Rio Paralympic, 2016 df klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug]{ b]zx? qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ < rLg -:j0f{
!)&, /ht *! / sfF:o %! u/L @#( kbs_, bf];|f] :yfg a]nfot / t];|f] :yfg o'qm]g

k':ts
 nf:6 un{ gfds s[ltsf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ ljh]tf glbof d'/fb
 b|f]kbL pkGof; sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < lgnd sfsL{ ax'klt k|yfdf cfwfl/t
 Gofosf] cj;fg s[ltsf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < u+ufdfof clwsf/L
 OGb|]0fLsf] uLt gfds sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < km'ndfg an
 ZofdZj]t kmf]6f] gfds sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < ;'gLtf vgfn
 nfx'/]sL :jf:gL gfds sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < Plngf b'nfn
 dfG5]leqsf of]4fx? gfds s[ltsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < emds l3ld/]
 Fire and FuryM Inside the Trump White House k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < Michael Wolff
 jfbL hfltsf] af/]df sjloqL ;/:jtL k|ltIffaf6 n]lvPsf] pkGof; s'g xf] < glyof
 dWofGt/ -syf ;+u|x_ sL n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < cg'kd /f];L
 :d/0f s[lt of/sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < gog/fh kf08]
 ‘hª\u]–a'4] gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < a'l4gf/fo0f >]i7
 dg pkGof;sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < b]jL Gof}kfg]
 kf}/v k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < r]tg wdnf
 /huh sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < xl/axfb'/ yfkf
 ldnLh'nL pkGof;sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < zflGt lnDa"
 ‘kmf]sNof08 hg{nsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < u0f]z /fO{

18
 The Last Man on The moon sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < rGb|dfdf kfOnf /fVg] clGtd dfgj Eugene Andrew
Cernan
 ‘l;dn gfds pkGof; s;sf] s[lt xf] < ;'idf v8\sf
 Pgcf/Pgsf k'j{ cWoIf hLjf nfld5fg]sf] /rgf s'g xf] < lgofqf s[lt ‘;/;tL{ ;+;f/
 ‘P]gf gfds syf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < /fdnfn hf]zL
 ‘dg;'g gfds pkGof; sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ;'ljg
 ‘cfuf] lge]sf] 5}g gfds ;+:d/0ffTds k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < xl/x/ lj/xL
 ‘nf]stGqsf] cl:dtf gfds sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < dl0f/fh l;+x
 ‘rL/x/0f s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < lgnd sfsL{
 ‘cfdf]O{ s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < e'jgxl/ l;Ub]n
 ‘lgjf{0f gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < 3gZofd v8\sf
 ‘k|Zgx?sf] sf/vfgf sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < ;l/tf ltjf/L
 ‘lkm/lkm/] gfds s[ltsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < a'l4;fu/ rkfO{
 ‘l;dfgfsf /ªu, l;dfgfsf t/ª\u sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < bfdf]b/ k'8f;}gL
 ‘z'qm/fhsf] r:df gfds syf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < /fh]Gb| k/fh'nL
 ‘Olt pkGof;sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < pdf ;'j]bL
 Making It Big gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < lagf]b rf}w/L
 ‘klxnf] ;+;b aLkL–dx]Gb| 6s/fj gfds k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < hut g]kfn
 ‘;'Knfsf] xjfO{ hxfh gfds sljtf ;+u|x s;sf] xf] < e"lkg
 sfnfkfgLM syf / Joyf gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < uf]nl;+x af]x/f
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf k"j{ ;xfos dxf;lrj s'nrGb| uf}tdsf] s'g s[lt k|sflzt ePsf] 5 < Lost In
Transition
 Philosophy of Fearism -eojfbsf] bz{g_ gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < xªsª lgjf;L b]z ;'Aaf
 e"sDk;DaGwL 8s'd]G6«L …efUon] afFr]sfx?Ú lgdf{tf sf] x'g\ < u0f]z kf08]
 ?d 6' l/8sf ;+:yfks hf]g p8n] n]v]sf /rgfx? s'g s'g x'g\ < lnleª dfOqmf];k\m6 6' r]Gh lb jN8{ / ;fIf/
;+;f/
 eLd;]g yfkfsf] ;';fO8 gf]6 /rgfsf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < df]ldnf
 wSsf gfds pkGof;sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < s';'d e§/fO{
 s/f}8f} s:t'/L gfds pkGof; s;sf] xf] < cd/ Gof}kfg]
 …cg'dlt lagf k|j]z lgif]wÚ gfds pkGof; s;sf] xf] < wg/fh of]uL
 …g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk !(()Ú k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < a|Xd;dz]/
 …nf6f] kxf8Ú syf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < pk]Gb| ;'Aaf
 …a'4sL cfdf dfofb]jLÚ -a'4g xfxf dfof km'lhhª_ gfds s[ltsL /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < hfkfgsL *! jifL{of
xf?of] df;'bf
 sd/]8 Eofph" gfds syf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < n08g lgjf;L s[i0f ahufO{
 af3e}/j, ;'gs]z/L, dlhkf nfv], a'l4dtL wf]+ Rjfn]rf gfds gf6ssf gf6ssf/ sf] x'g\ < ;Todf]xg hf]zL
 Worried about Europe sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < k"j{ hd{gL rfG;n/ x]Nd'6 sf]n
 c;xdlt s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ;f}/e
 sfnf] 5fofF s;sf] pkGof; xf] < cg'kd /f];L
19
 cfTdsyf ‘v'zL s;sf] s[lt xf] < ljhos'df/
 k|bLk g]kfnsf] gofF pkGof;sf] gfd s] xf] < r/}j]lt r/}j]lt
 a~rs -pkGof;_ 8f= w|'arGb| uf}tdsf] slt cf} pkGof; xf] < @$ cf} pkGof;
 cfjfhx?sf] h+un pkGof; s;sf] xf] < /f]zg yfkf
 lgotL rqm pkGof; s;sf] xf] < hn]Zj/L >]i7
 sDKo'6/ cft+s syf;+u|x s;sf] xf] < avt axfb'/ yfkfsf]
 sf]nlDaofnL gful/s h'cfg kfAnf]n] n]v]sf] s[lt sf] xf] < Pe/]i6
 ;dosf] t:jL/ gfds d'Qm cfn]v s;n] n]v]sf] xf] < zf/bf zdf{
 w"jfFsf] cfuf] gfds sljtf s;n] /rgf u/]sf x'g\ < lg/h e§/fO{
 rf?dlt /rgfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < ;Todf]xg hf]zL
 ljZj 6\jfG6L–@) lqms]6sf ;f/lyx? gfds k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < hubLZj/ kf08]
 %( ;flxTosf/x?sf] cGtjf{tf{ ;lDdlnt ;+u|xsf] gfd s] xf] < ‘l;h{gf / b[li6sf]0f
 ‘I am Malala’ hLjg syfsL n]lvsf sf] sf] x'g\ < lqml:6gf NofDa / dnfnf o';'kmhfO{
 cfo{ v;sf !%))) jif{ gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ <p4jb]j pkfWofo / dx]Gb|k|sfz lzjfsf]6L
 DON'T Kill Him gfds s[lt s;sf] xf] < cfgGb lznf
 ‘cfwf h'g gfds pkGof;sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < emns ;'j]bL
 gLnd sfsL{sf] rlr{t pkGof; s'g xf] < csL{ cfOdfO{
 nª jfs 6' k|mL8d s;sf] s[lt xf] < g]N;g d08]nf
 $* ;|i6fsf] lgaGw ;d]l6Psf] s[ltsf] gfd s] xf] < df]G6fh
 :j= hubLz l3ld/]sf] kl5Nnf] pkGof; s'g xf] < ‘;s;
 ‘df]x gfds s[ltsf] n]vs sf] x'g\ < ljsnrGb| cfrfo{
 ‘kfs{ / ‘kfgLsf] yf]kf gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < hof /fO{
 ‘cGtd{gsf] ofqf s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < hubLz l3ld/]
 hubLz l3ld/]sf] ‘cGtd{gsf] ofqf n] slxn] dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] xf] < @)^$ ;fndf
 ‘lnnfd, ‘;fljtL, ‘cGtd{gsf] ofqf, ‘;s; h:tf s[ltsf ;|:6f sf] x'g\ < hubL; l3ld/]
 ‘pnf/, ‘n', ‘3fdls/L sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < gog/fh kGt
 ‘PDa';df ^ jif{ k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < bfdf]b/ Gof}kfg]
 ‘The Gurkha’s Daughter’ syf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ef/t l;lSsd, ufGtf]ssf k|Hjn k/fh'nL
 ‘d[To'hGo dxfsfJo sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < efg'eQm kf]v/]n
 ‘d[To'hGo dxfsfJo s[ltn] slxn] dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] xf] < lj=;+=@)$& ;fnsf]
 of] jif{sf] -@)&)_ cGt/f{li6«io g]kfn afªdo k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 < zfGtf rf}w/L
 ‘sdn/Lb]lv ;ef;b\;Dd k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < zfGtf rf}w/L
 ‘n]vssL :jf:gL pkGof;sL n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < k|ult /fO{
 ‘k|of]uzfnfM g]kfnL ;+qmd0fdf lbNnL b/jf/ / dfcf]jfbL k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < sflGtk'/sf
k|wfg;Dkfbs ;'wL/ zdf{
 ‘d}n] b]v]sf] g]kfn gfds k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ < xs{ u'?ª
 ‘k|]dsf askq gfds sljtf ;+u|xsf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < zzL yfkf kl08t
 ‘kmf]l;n gfds syf;+u|x sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < s'df/ gu/sf]6L
 ‘qf;df O{Zj/ gfds sljtf ;+u|x sf n]vs sf] x\g < 7fs'/ a]njf;]
 gog/fh kf08]sf] kl5Nnf] pkGof; s'g xf] < ‘3fdls/L
 gog/fh kf08]n] ahf/df NofPsf] d'Vo tLg pkGof; s'g s'g x'g\ < ‘pnf/, ‘n' / ‘3fdls/L
20
 ‘xtf/ 5 xhf/ 5}g lgaGw ;+u|x s;sf] xf] < leid pk|]tLsf]
 ‘wf]jL3f6 PS;k|]; lgaGw s;sf] xf] < /f];g z]/rgsf]
 PkLh] cAb'n snfd -ld;fon Dofg_ n] n]v]sf] cfTdsyfsf] gfd s] xf] < ‘ljª\; ckm kmfo/
 ‘dnfof PS;k|]; gfds pkGof; s:sf] xf] < cv08 e08f/Lsf]
 ‘SofG6f]Gd]G6 syfsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < lbn ;fxgL
 ‘;do eg]sf] ;do xf] eGg] sljtf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ljho alhdo
 ‘kl/aGwsf !% jif{ sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < uf]ljGb d}gfnL
 ‘b u"? ckm ne s[ltsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < ;d|f6 pkfWofo
 ‘kf]6{/ af gfds sljtf sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < 5d u'?ª
 ‘d}n] b]v]sf] lxKkL lgaGw ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < z]v/ v/]n
 ‘cd]l/sf Û cf] cd]l/sf-ofqf ;+:d/0f_ sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < lx/0o ef]hk'/]
 ‘lxpF k"mnsf] d':sfgdf a]nfot ofqf lgaGw s;sf] xf] < b]jL k|;fb ;'j]bL
 ‘sf7df08f} uLt gfds pkGof; s;sf] xf] < 6+s rf}nfufO{
 ‘b nf:6 df]gfs{ 8s'd]G6«L s;sf] xf] < /d]z v8\sfsf]
 ‘6'Ns' pkGof;sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < xf]d/fh cfrfo{
 ‘/Qms'08 / ljifk'?if pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < s[i0f clj/nsf]
 ‘vn+ufdf xdnf sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < /fwf kf}8]n
 ‘eLif0f lbgx? sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < gljg lh/]n
 ‘l;+luª km/ lk|m8d sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < cfgL 5f]O+ uf]Ndf
 ‘do'/ 6fOD; sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < gf/fo0f jfUn]
 ‘HofS;g xfO6 sf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\  dx]z ljqmd zfx
 ‘lgj{:q dg syf;+u|xsf syfsf/ sf] x'g\ < dl0f nf]xgL
 ‘kftfn j[QfGt ofqf ;+:d/0f sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < s[i0f sF8]n
 ‘lgnf] t[i0ff syf;+u|x s;sf] xf] <  ljBf ;fksf]6f
 ‘b ;'lk|d x\o'dg pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < /d]z kf}8]n
 ‘ljb|f]xLsf] ;kgf pkGof; sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < cf]dk|sfz lg/f}nf
 ‘j]kQf pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < an axfb'/ 3tL{du/
 ‘d[To'd]nf gfds syf s;sf] xf] < /fh'afa' >]i7sf]
 ‘;s; pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < hulb; l3ld/]
 afa'n] n]v]/ 5f]/fn] k'/f u/]sf] ljZj k|l;4 s[lt s'g xf] < sfbDa/L
 xl/j+z cfrfo{sf] cfTdsyfsf] gfd s] xf] < lrgf x/fPsf] dfG5]
 ‘tf]bf pkGof;sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < pdf ;'j]bL
 ‘rf}lj; l/n lgaGw s;sf] xf] < e"lkgsf]
 ‘kl/jt{gsf] ef]s bz{gsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\  uf]ljGb kf}8]n
 ‘lgnf] t[i0ff sf syfsf/ sf] x'g\ <  ljBf ;fksf]6f
 ‘uf]vf{–lnDa'jfg–vDa'jfg k':tssf n]vs sf] x'g\ <  a}/fuL sfOFnf / k|f=8f= gf]jnlszf]/ /fO{
 ‘HofS;g xfO6 syf;+u|x s;sf] xf] < dx]zljqmd zfx
 ‘ci6wfoL s;af6 n]lvPsf s[lt xf] < kfl0fgL
 ‘gfªf] dfG5] gfds pkGof; s;sf] xf] < cg'kd /f];Lsf]
 ‘s'df/L cfdf gfds pkGof; s;sf] s[lt xf] < cg'kd /f];Lsf]
 ‘gfkmfsf] hLGbuL sf n]vssf] x'g\ < bLk]Gb| /f]sfof
21
 ‘l;8\gLsf] ;]/f]km]/f] gfds lgaGwsf lgaGwsf/ sf] x'g\ < snfw/ sfk\mn]
 ‘rqmAo"xdf rGb|;'o{ sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ;'/]z/fh clwsf/L
 ‘pu]{gsf] 3f]8f pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < o'u kf7s
 ‘bldgL eL/ pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < /fhg d'sf?ª
 ‘;d/ ne pkGof;sf] pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < ;'ljg e§/fO{
 ‘;'sd{ pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < sdn l/hfn
 ‘v]nf}gf gfds /rgsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < /fh]Gb| yfkf
 uf]ljGb jt{dfgsf] s[lt ‘xl/of] ;fOsn gfds lgaGwsf lgaGwsf/ sf] x'\g\ < uf]ljGb jt{dfg
 ‘bL uf]vf{h 86/ syf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < k|HHjn k/fh'nL
 ‘kxf8 dl;t} ofqf u5{ eGg] sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < x]dg ofqL
 ‘eftsf] ;kgf syfsf syfsf/ sf] x'g\ < d~h' sfFr'nL
 ;g\ @)!@ sf] gf]a]n ;flxTo k'/:sf/ kfpg] df] ofgn] n]v]sf] pkGof; sf] gfd s] xf] < k|mf]U;
 ‘k|ltljDa / kl/jt{g gfds lgaGwsf lgaGwsf/ sf] x'g\ < uf]ljGb km'ofn
 ‘h+un gfds lgaGwsf lgaGwsf/ sf] x'g\ < aflg/f lu/L
 ‘b[li6ljxLg ;Qf gfds sfJosf /rgfsf/sf] x'g\ < k'0o l3ld/]
 ‘;f]x| ;femx? lgjGw ;+u|xsf lgaGwsf/ sf] x'g\ < uf]ljGb jt{dfg
 o'j/fh gofF3/] 4f/f n]lvPsf] pkGof; ‘xl/of] /fxbfgL gfds pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < o'j/fh
gofF3/]
 ‘tfk gfds pkGof; s;sf] xf] < zf/bf zdf{
 ‘cf]k]g ;]qm]6 sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < s]=kL= 9'+ufgf
 ‘Psk6s 6f]lsof] lgaGwsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < eLid pk|]tL
 ‘;ªf]/ syfsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < /d]z /~hg
 ‘x\of/L kf]6/ gfds /rgfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < a]nfotL n]lvsf h]=s]= /f]lnª
 ‘b Sofh'n Eofs]G;L sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < h]=s]= /f]lnª
 ‘/fi6«slj v08sfJosf] /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < o'jf slj bLk]Gb| clwsf/L
 ‘8fOgf];/ hLpFbf] 5 eGg] Jo+Uo /rgfsf] /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < ljdn lgef
 ;"o{ ;'j]bL4f/f /rgf ePsf] pkGof;sf] gfd s] xf] < lbzfxLg ofqf
 ‘la;] gurL{sf] aofg gfds sljtfsf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g\ < >d0f d'sf?ª
 ‘;'s/ftsf] 8fo/L gfds pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < 8f=uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{
 ‘tLg ;Qf gfds pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < emds e§/fO{
 ‘jf/ P08 lk; sf n]vs lnof] 6fN;6fo x'g\ eg] ‘6fOd kmf]/ lk; sf n]vssf] x'g\ < ldvfon uf]ef{rf]e
 c/aL efiffdf cg'jflbt klxnf] g]kfnL ;flxTo s'g xf] < ‘p;sf] nf]Ug] / lj/fnf] gfds pkGof;
 ‘p;sf] nf]Ug] / lj/fnf] gfds pkGof;sL n]lvsf sf] x'g\ <  OlGb/f k|;fO{
 ‘l;kfxLsL :jf:gL syf;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < dx]zljqmd zfx
 ‘k|f/De pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < b]jk|;fb lqkf7L
 8f= /fdbofn /fs]zn] d}lynL efiff n]v]sf] ofqf ;+:d/0f sf] gfd s] xf] < ‘xd/ xjfO{ e|d0f
 ‘;fFr]sf] ;Demgf ;+:d/0f ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < lgdf]{xL Jof;
 …Oltxf; /Rg] ;do / …6f}jfsf sf}jfx? gfds s[ltsf] n]vs sf] x'g\ < k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL
 kmqmFbf] sf]lknf pkGof;sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < uLtf s]z/L
 ‘a:tLsf lrTsf/x? syf;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < gj/fh kf}8]n
 ‘lgofqf klZrdfx?sf] b]zdf gfds s[ltsf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < uLtf /]UdL
22
 ‘sf7df08f} PSs}n] sf7df08f}nfO{ wfGg ;Sb}g eGg] sljtf ;+u|xsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < s[i0fe"if0f an
 ‘lgotL rqm gfds pkGof;sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < hn]Zj/L >]i7
 ‘km"ndfof gfds pkGof;sf pkGof;sf/ sf] x'g\ < vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf
 ‘n' gfds pkGof;sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < g}g/fh kf08]
 ‘Stolen Images of Nepal sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < n}gl;+x afªb]n
 ‘Land ownership in Nepal’ sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < dx]zrGb| /]UdL
 ‘People and problem sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < OlGb/f ufGwL
 ‘3grSsf sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ;l~hj pk|]tL
 ‘g];gn :6]6 Og b jfON8g]; eGg] s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < nf]s/fh a/fn
 ‘xfd|f] eQmk'/ gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < ds/ >]i7
 ‘vfg k'uf];\ lbg k'uf];\ sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < /ljGb| ldq
 ‘Twenty Letters to a Friend’ gfds s[ltsf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < :e]6nfgf clnoe]of
 ef/tsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x?n] cfk\mgL 5f]/L OlGb/f ufGwLnfO{ n]v]sf] kqsf] ;+sng ePsf]
ljZj k|l;4 k':tssf] gfd s] xf] < Glimpses of the World's History
 ‘hLjg ;+3if{sf knx? sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < d~h' yfkf
 ‘/]lu:tfg 8fo/L sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < b]j]Gb| e§/fO{
 ‘uG; ckm b u'vf{h sf n]vs -cd]l/sL_ sf] x'g\ < hf]xg jfN6;{
 ‘hLjg sfF8f sL k"mn gfds s[lt -cfTdsnf_ sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < emdss'df/L l3ld/]
 g]kfnsf jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn uf]7fn]sf s'ltx? s'g s'g x'g\ < ck{0ff -pkGof;_,
sy}syf, syf ;+u|x, RofltPsfkbf{, bf]if s;}nfO{ 5}g
 ;g\ !((! sf] gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/ ljh]tf tyf Dofgdf/sf] g]zgn lnu km/ 8]df]qmof;LsL g]t[ cfª ;fª
;'sLn] g]kfnsf] af/]df n]v]sf] k':tssf] gfd s] xf] <  Lets Visit to Nepal
 My Land and My People s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < bnfO{ nfdf -t]lGhË UofT;f]_
 Foget Nepal sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < dGh">L yfkf
 ‘e"FOkm"nsf] b]z sf n]lvsf sf] x'g\ < zf/bf zdf{

k'/:sf/
/fli6«o sljtf dxf]T;j, @)&*

cfof]hsM g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ^$ cf} jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df

k|yd sljtfM ef]hk'/sL sljtf /fO{ sf] sljtf …b]zsf] gS;fÚ
slxn] b]lvM @)@@ ;fnaf6

cGt/f{li6«o a's/ k'/:sf/, @)@!

kfpg] 8]lj8 l8of]k -k|mfG;_
s[lt At Night all Blood in Black
of] k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf ;g\ @))% df ePsf] lyof]
x/]s jif{ k|bfg ul/G5 .
c+u|]hL efiffdf cg'jfb ePsf] s[ltnfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 .
a]nfotdf k|sflzt ePsf] s[ltnfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 .
o;sf] /f;L %) xhf/ kfp08

k':knfn /fli6«o k'/:sf/, @)&&

 k|To]s jif{ k|bfg ul/g]
23
 /f;L ! nfv ?k}ofF
 k|bfg ug]{ ;+:s[lt, ko{6g dGqfno
 kl5Nnf] k6s k|fKt ug]{ df]xgrGb| clwsf/L, k|f=8f= s[i0fk|;fb kf]v/]n, kljqf 3tL{
 @)^* ;fndf :yfkgf ul/Psf]

k[YjL k|1f k'/:sf/

 $÷$ jif{df k|bfg ul/g]
 /f;L $ nfv ?k}ofF
 k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
 kl5Nnf] k6s k|fKt ug]{ ;Todf]xg hf]zL
 o; cl3 tf/fgfy zdf{

/f]dg Dofuf;];] k'/:sf/

 Plzofsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ dflgg]
 :yfkgf ;g\ !(%& df
 lkmlnlkG;sf k"j{/fi6«klt /f]dg Dofuf;];]sf] :d[ltdf :yflkt
 ;g\ !(%* b]lv k|bfg ug{ yflnPsf]
 k|To]s jif{ Dofuf;];]sf] hGdlbg cui6 #! df k|bfg ul/g]
 kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL dx]zrGb| /]UdL -;g\ !(&&_,
 bf];|f] g]kfnL ef/tbQ sf]O/fnf -;g\ @))@_,
 8f=;Gb's ?Ot -;g\ @))^_,
 dxfjL/ k'g -;g\ @))&_ /
 ;g\ @)!# df zlQm ;d"x
 ;g\ @)!( sf] nflu ef/tsf /ljz s'df/n] kfPsf
 /f;L %),))) 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
CNN Hero Award
 cd]l/sfsf] k|l;4 ;dfrf/ ;+:yf Cable News Network n] k|bfg ug]{
 :yfkgf ;g\ @))& df
 k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf -;g\ @)!) df kfPsL_
 bf];|f] g]kfnL k'ikf a:g]t -afnaflnsfsf] lzIff / ;+/If0f vflt/ k|f/lDes afnljsf;
s]Gb| vf]nL ;f] sfo{df vl6/x]sL a:g]tnfO{ ;g\ @)!@ sf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf]_
 ;g\ @)!% sf] nflu cd]l/sL gful/s DofuL 8f]ognfO{ -pgn] ;'v]{tdf cgfy
afnaflnsfsf] cWoogsf] nflu sf]lknf EofnL ;]jf ;dfh gfds :s"n vf]nL
cWofkgdf nflu/x]sL_
 ;g\ @)!^ sf] of] k'/:sf/ sf]nlDaofsf Jeison Aristizabal nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
 ;g\ @)!^ sf] CNN Superhero Award eg] g]kfnsL k'ikf a:g]tnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
 ;g\ @)!& sf] nflu cd]l/sfsL Amy Wright nfO{
 ;g\ @)!* sf] nflu k]?sf 8S6/ Ricardo Pun Chong
 kl5Nnf] k6s -;g\ @)!( sf] nflu_ Olyof]lkofnL dlxnf Freweini Mebrahtu nfO{
k|bfg ul/Psf]
Hero Acting to End Modern De Slavery Award
 cd]l/sfsf] ljb]z dGqfnon] k|bfg ug]{
 kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL rl/dfof tfdfª -;g\ @)!! sf] nflu_ zlQm ;d"xdf cfa4 pgL
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssL x'g\
 ;g\ @)!$ sf] nflu kfpg] 6]s gf/fo0f s'Fj/ -GofofwLz k]zfdf cfa4 s'Fj/ of]
k'/:sf/ kfpg] bf];|f] g]kfnL_
24
  ;g\ @)!^ df of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] g]kfnL ls/0f ah|frfo{ -k|x/L ;]jfdf /x]sL, dlxnf
a]rlavg sfo{sf] lj?4df sfo{ u/]sf]_
 ;g\ @)!* sf] nflu ;'lgtf bg'jf/nfO{ -dfgj a]rljvgsf] lj?4df cleofg
rnfPsf] sf/0f_
dbg k'/:sf/
 @)!@ ;fn c;f]h !) ut] /fgL hubDafsf] k|of;df :yfkgf ePsf]
 ;flxTo, lj1fg / ;dfhzf:qsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf JolQmnfO{
k|To]s jif{ k|bfg ul/g]
 lj=;+=@)!# ;fnaf6 k|bfg ug{ yflnPsf]
 /f;L k|f/Dedf $ xhf/ /x]sf], lj=;+=@)^@ ;fnaf6 @ nfv / @)&% ;fnaf6 $
nfv ?k}ofF
 ;j{k|ydM kfpg] JolQmTjx?df ;Todf]xg hf]zL, lrQ/~hg g]kfnL / an/fd hf]zL
 ;Todf]xg hf]zLnfO{ xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[lt s[ltsf] nflu, lrQ/~hg g]kfnLnfO{ hg/n
eLd;]g yfkf s[ltsf] nflu / an/fd hf]zLnfO{ clwsljej l:y/ ljB't pTkfbs
s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf]
 # k6s of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] JolQmdf ;Todf]xg hf]zL -lj=;+=@)!#, @)!& / @)@*_
lj=;+=@)!# ;fnsf] nflu xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[lt s[ltsf] nflu, lj=;+=@)!& ;fnsf] nflu
g]kfnL /fli6«o d'b|f s[ltsf] nflu / lj=;+=@)@* ;fnsf] nflu s0ff{nL nf]s ;+:s[lt
sf] nflu
 hf]zLnfO{ g]kfnsf afªdo ztfAbL k'?if egL lrlgg]
 k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] dlxnf kfl/hft -lj=;+=@)@@ df lzlz/sf] k"mn gfds s[ltsf]
nflu
 bf];|f] dlxnf emdss'df/L l3ld/] -@)^& ;fnsf] nflu_ hLjg sfF8f sL k"mn gfds
s[ltsf] nflu
 t];|f] dlxnf /fwf kf}8]n -lj=;+=@)&) ;fnsf]_
 rf}yf] dlxnf lgnd sfsL{ …lgxfl/sfÚ -@)&$ sf] nflu ‘of]udfof’ s[ltsf] nflu_
 @)&% ;fnsf] nflu of]u]z /fhsf] …/0fxf/Ú s[ltnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
 kl5Nnf] k6s @)&^ ;fnsf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ rGb| k|sfz aflgofsf] dxf/fgL
s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
 of] k'/:sf/nfO{ g]kfnsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ klg elgG5 .
;femf k'/:sf/
 lj=;+=@)@^ ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf]
 /f;L k|f/Dedf ! xhf/ xfn ?=%!,))) /x]sf]
 ;j{k|yd e"lk z]/rgnfO{ æ3'Dg] d]rdflysf] cGwf] dfG5]Æ gfdsf] s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg
ul/Psf]
 @)^( ;fnsf] nflu 7fs'/ a]njf;]nfO{ pgsf] ‘qf;df O{Zj/’ s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg
ul/Psf]
 @)&# ;fnsf] nflu bf]xfsf] ;Lwf p8fg s[ltsf] nflu ho 5fª5f /fO{nfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf]
hubDaf>L k'/:sf/
 lj=;+=@)$% ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf]
 /f;L k|f/Dedf ?=%),))) /x]sf], lj=;+=@)^@ ;fnb]lv @ nfv / xfn $ nfv ?k}ofF
/x]sf]
 lj=;+=@)$% ;fndf gf/fo0fk|;fb u'?jfrfo{nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
 @)&% ;fnsf] nflu a}/fuL sfO{FnfnfO{ / @)&^ ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ zflGt 76fnnfO{
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6«o zflGt k'/:sf/M
25
  lj=;+=@)%( ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf]
 k'/:sf/ lbg] lg0f{o lj=;++=@)%% ;fndf ;DkGg k|yd ljZj af}4 ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf]
 n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if4f/f :yflkt of] k'/:sf/ k|To]s %÷% jif{df k|bfg ul/g]
 /f;L ?=%),))) cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf]
 klxnf] k6s @)^* h]i7 # ut] dgfOsf] a'4 hoGtLsf] cj;/df hfkfgsf
lx/f]l;dfsf d]o/ tfbf tf];L clsjf / gfuf;fsLsf d]o/ 6dL O;f tfpmnfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf] -ljZje/ clx+;f / zflGtsf nflu lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf nflu ;Ddflgt
ul/Psf_
k|wfgdGqL /fli6«o k|ltef k'/:sf/, @)&^
kfpg]M 8f= ;Gb's ?Ot
k|bfg ug]{M g]kfn ;/sf/
slxn]M ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] lbg c;f]h # ut]
/f;LM % nfv ?k}ofF
x]d axfb'/ dNn k'/:sf/, @)&^
kfpg]M s'ndfg l3l;ª / 8f=;Gb's ?Ot
:yfkgfM @)%( ;fndf
/f;LM @ nfv ?k}ofF
slxn] slxn] x/]s jif{ @ hgfnfO{
dbg e08f/L /fli6«o k'/:sf/, @)&^

k|bfg ug]{M dbg e08f/L kmfp08];g

k|fKt ug]{M k|f=8f=;'af]w zdf{
/f;LM ! nfv ?k}ofF
slxn]M k|To]s jif{ e08f/Lsf] hGdhoGtL c;f/ !$ ut]
pQd zflGt k'/:sf/, @)&^
kfpg]M ONof e§/fO{ -s[lt blIf0ffofg lgaGwsf] nflu_
cl3Nnf] k6s lbgfgfy zdf{nfO{ pgsf] s[lt afx|v/Lsf] af]6 d'gL s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg
ul/Psf]
/f;LM %) xhf/ ?k}ofF /f;L
o'uslj l;l4r/0f k'/:sf/, @)&^

kfpg]M 8f=w|'jrGb| uf}td

/f;LM ! nfv
kB>L ;flxTo k'/:sf/, @)&&
kfpg]M ;+lhj pk|]tL
/f;LM @ nfv ?k}ofF
k|bfg ug]{M v]dnfn–xl/snf nfld5fg] k|lti7fg lrtjgn] x/]s jif{
kB>L ;fwgf ;Ddfg, @)&&
kfpg]M ;flxTosf/ tyf /fhgLlt1 df]bgfy k|l>t -ljjfb ePsf]
/f;LM @ nfv ?k}ofF

8f= l8NnL/d0f /]UdL zflGt k'/:sf/, @)&$

slt ljwfM @ ljwf -/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
@)&$ ;fnsf] nflu /fli6«o tkm{M xl//fd hf]zL -/f;L ! nfv ?k}ofF_
@)&$ ;fnsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«oM o'g]:sf] -;Ddfg kq_
/fi6«klt s[ifs k'/:sf/, @)&%
k|bfg ug]{M g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif dGqfno
kfpg]M uf]/vfsf ufO{kfns /fh]Gb|/fh kGt
/f;LM @ nfv ?k}ofF
slxn]af6M @)&@ ;fnaf6 lbg z'? ePsf]
afns[i0f ;d k'/:sf/,@)&^
26
 kfpg]M tf/fgfy zdf{
/f;LM ! nfv ?k}ofF
k|bfg ug]{M lqd"lt{ lgs]tg
cflbslj efg'eQm k'/:sf/, @)&^
kfpg]M ;flxTosf/ d's'Gb z/0f pkfWofo
/f;LM ! nfv #) xhf/ ?k}ofF
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn k'/:sf/, @)&%
kfpg] >:6fM slj u0f]z ljifd
/f;LM ! nfv ?k}ofF
s;n] k|bfg ug]{M lqd"lt{ lgs]tg
;g\ @)@) df k|bfg ul/Psf gf]a]n k'/:sf/x?
-!_ lrlsT;fzf:q tkm{
of] k'/:sf/ # hgfnfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\
a]nfotsf Michael Houghton
cd]l/sfsf Charles Rice
cd]l/sfs} Harvey J Alter
x]kf6fOl6; ;L efO{/;sf] vf]hL u/] afkt of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
-@_ ef}ltszf:q
of] k'/:sf/ # hgfnfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\
a]nfotsf Roger Penrose
hd{gLsf Reinhard Genzel
cd]l/sfsf Andrea Ghez
Anfs xf]n / ;fk]Ifjfbsf] l;4fGtsf] cGt/;DaGw kQf nufP afkt /f]h/ / /]gxf8{nfO{ / Uofn]S;L af/] cWoog u/]
jfkt 3]hnfO{ of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
-#_ /;fogzf:q tkm{sf] k'/:sf/
of] jif{sf] /;fogzf:q tkm{sf] k'/:sf/ b]xfosf @ hgfnfO{
cd]l/sL gful/s Jennifer A. Daudna
k|mfG;sL Emmanuelle Charpentiew
of] k'/:sf/ pgLx?n] h]g]l6s l;h/sf] ljsf; u/] afkt k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
-$_ ;flxTo tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/
cd]l/sL slj Louise Gluck nfO{ sfAofTds cfjfh dfkm{t JolQmut cl:tTjnfO{ ;'Gb/ 9+un] ;j{JofkL agfpg
v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ zflGt tkm{sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/
of] jif{sf] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ /fi6« ;+3Lo vfB sfo{qmd -WFP_ nfO{ ef]sd/L lgoGq0fsf] nflu of]ubfg u/] afkt
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-^_ cy{zf:q tkm{sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/
of] jif{sf] cy{zf:q tkm{sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lgDg @ cd]l/sL gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/of]M
-!_ Paul Milgrom
-@_ Robert B. Wilson
lnnfdL l;4fGtdf ;'wf/ tyf lnnfdL k|f?ksf] cfljisf/ u/] jfkt
w]/} k6s gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] ;+:yf s'g xf] < ICRC -# k6s_

27
 ;fdfGo 1fg v08
!=! a|Xdf08 ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
!=!=! ;f}o{d08n M ;"o{, u|x, pku|x, lzz'u|x, pNsf, w'ds]t'÷k'R5]«tf/fx?
!=!=@ k[YjL M kl/ro, pTklt / ult .
;f]d/fh sfˆn]
pkGofoflwjQmf
pRr ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no, kf6g
;f}o{d08n -Solar System_M ;"o{nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ cfk\mgf] cIfdf Pp6} lbzfdf 3'Dg] ljleGg u|x, pku|x,
pNsf, nfdk'R5|], lk08 cflbsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;f}o{d08n elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;f}o{kl/jf/ klg elgG5 . ;f}o{kl/jf/sf]
s]Gb|df ;"o{ /x]sf] x'G5 . of] k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] tf/f xf] . ;"o{sf] jhg ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf ;a} lk08x?sf]
s"n of]ueGbf &$) u'0ff a9L 5 .
a|Xdf08 -Cosmos_M tf/f, u|x, pku|x tyf gIfqx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ a|Xdf08 elgG5 . a|xdf08sf] pTklt / o;sf]
;~rfng k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fgnfO{ ;[li6zf:q -Cosmology_ elgG5 . j]bdf …g a|xf08sf] z'? x'G5 g t
o;sf] cGTo x'G5Ú egL n]lvPsf] 5 .
gIfqM gIfq rGb|ky;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk cfsfzdf /x]sf tf/f ;d"xnfO{ ;d]t gIfq eGg] rng /x]sf] 5
Hof]ltifLo u0fgf k4ltdf @& gIfqsf] rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . @& gIfqdf klxnf] clZjgL xf] eg] clGtd /]jtL xf] .
;"o{ -Sun_
 ;f}o{d08nsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / k|d'v tf/f -lk08_ ;"o{ xf] .
 ;f}o{d08nsf] em08} (( Ü ef/ ;"o{df kb{5 .
 ;"o{sf] Jof; !#,$*,$$^ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] cfsfzu+ufsf] kl/qmdf ub{5 / o;n] kl/qmddf ug]{ sIfnfO{ tf/fk'~hLo s]Gb| -Uoflnli6s ;]G6/_
elgG5 . ;"o{n] o; ;]G6/sf] kl/qmdf ug{ @% s/f]8 jif{ nufpb5 .
 @% s/f]8 jif{nfO{ g} a|Xdf08 jif{ elgG5 .
 k[YjLdf @% s/f]8 jif{ x'Fbf ;"o{df ! jif{ x'G5 .
 ;"o{ / tf/fk'~hLo s]Gb| aLrsf] b'/L #) xhf/ k|sfz jif{ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] cfsif{0f zlQm k[YjLeGbf @* u'0ff a9L ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
 of] k[YjLeGbf !)( u'0ff 7"nf] /x]sf] 5 .
 ;"o{nfO{ cfk\mgf] cIfdf kl/qmdf ug{ @% lbg % 306f nfUb5 .
 t;y{ k[YjLdf @% lbg % 306f x'Fbf ;"o{df ! lbg x'G5 .
 ;"o{ k[YjLaf6 !$ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ -( s/f]8 #) nfv dfOn_ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] ult # nfv lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ! jif{df kf/ ug]{ b'/LnfO{ k|sfz jif{
elgG5 . ;"o{n] ! jif{df (% vj{ lsnf]ld6/ b'/L kf/ ub{5 .
 o;sf] k|sfz kfgLdf #)) lkm6 ulx/fO{;Dd hfg ;S5 .
 o;sf] k|sfz k[YjLdf cfOk'Ug * ldg]6 @) ;]s]08 nfUb5 .
 ;"o{sf] aflx/L efudf tfkqmd sl/j !),))) km/]gxfO6 5 eg] s]Gb|sf] tfkqmd #%,)),))) km/]gxfO6 /x]sf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;"o{df ;a}eGbf a9L xfO8«f]hg Uof; &) Ü lxlnod @* Ü / @ Ü d]6n /x]sf] 5 .
28
  o;nfO{ x]g{ k|of]u ul/g] oGq Helescope xf] .
 ;"o{df Nuclear Fusion Process af6 phf{ pTkfbg x'g] qmddf p7\g] HjfnfnfO{ ;f}o{ Hjfnf elgG5 .
 ;f}o{ Hjfnf $ nfv lsnf]ld6/ dfly;Dd p7\g] ub{5 .
 sl/j $÷% jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;"o{df /x]sf] Uof;sf] d':nfsf] s]xL c+z k[YjLdf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf]
k6s dfr{ *, @)!@ df ;f}ophf{sf] s]xL c+z k[YjL;Dd cfOk'u]sf] lyof] .
 ;"o{sf] ;txsf] dWoefudf Psk|sf/sf] wAaf b]lvG5 To;nfO{ Umbra -;3g 5fofF_ elgG5 eg] ;"o{sf]
;txdf b]lvg] rlDsnf] 3]/fnfO{ Penumbra -lj/n 5fofF_ elgG5 .
 ;"o{ k[YjLeGbf # nfv ## xhf/ u'0ff ux|f}+ /x]sf] 5 .
 ;"o{af6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] tf/f Alpha Centauri xf] .
 ;"o{af6 bf];|f] glhssf] tf/f Proxima Century xf] .
 jif{sf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] lbg h'g @!, 5f]6f] lbg l8;]Da/ @@ xf] .
u|x -Planet_
 ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{, cfˆgf] cIfdf 3'Dg] / ;"o{sf] k|sfzaf6 rlDsg] lk08nfO{ u|x elgG5 .
 ;g\ @))^ sf] cu:6 @# / @$ df cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf] @^ cf} dxf;efsf] r]s u0ftGqsf]
/fhwfgL k|fudf ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] od u|xnfO{ u|xsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fPsf] sf/0f xfn u|xx?sf] ;+Vof * dfq
/x]sf] 5 .
 ;Dd]ngn] od u|xnfO{ u|x gdfgL km'Rr] u|x -dwarf_ dfq dfg]sf] 5 .
 ;+3n] od u|xnfO{ u|xsf] ;"rLaf6 cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;]K6]Da/ !, ;g\ @))^ df x6fPsf] xf] .
 Terrestrial Planets -r§fgo'Qm u|x_÷Inner Planet -;"o{af6 glhssf u|x_ M a'w, z'qm, k[YjL, d+un x'g\
 Gas Gaints -Uof;Lo u|x_÷Outer Planet -;"o{af6 6f9fsf u|x_ M a[x:klt, zlg, c?0f / a?0f
 ;f}o{d08nsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x u]gLld8 -a[x:klt_ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] pku|x ln8f -a[x:klt_ xf] .
 ;g\ !%$# eGbf klxnf k[YjLnfO{ s]Gb| agfO{ ;"o{ / cGo u|xx?n] o;sf] kl/qmdf ub{5g\ eGg] ljZjf;
ul/GYof] eg] ;g\ !%$# df kf]Nof08sf j}1flgs lgsf]n; sklg{s;n] ;"o{nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ k[YjL nufot
cGo u|x, pku|xx?n] o;sf] kl/qmdf ub{5g\ eGg] tYo ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 gofF tYo kQf nfUof] .
 lbg / /ft a/fa/ x'g] lbg dfr{ @! / ;]K6]Da/ @# tfl/v xf] .
 ;KtClif tf/f ;d"xnfO{ c+u|hL efiffdf u|]6 ljo/ elgG5 .
 ;"o{, u|x, pku|xx? nufot ;Dk"0f{ tf/fd08nnfO{ cfsf;Lo lk08 elgG5 .
 u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] sf/0f oL ;a} cfsf;Lo lk08x? cfsf;df cl8Psf x'G5g\ .
cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3 -International Astronomical Union or IAU_
 cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(!(, h'nfO{ @* df
 cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3n] s] sfd ub{5 < ;"o{, u|x, pku|x, lzz'u|x, pNsflk08, nfdk'R5«] cflb
af/]df cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ub{5 .
 cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf] sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < k|mfG;sf] k]l/;df
 cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf jt{dfg cWoIf sf] x'g\ < Ewine Van Dishoeck [Nitherlands]
 IAU sf jt{dfg cWoIfsf] sfo{sfn slxn]af6 z'? ePsf] xf] < ;g\ @)!* af6
 cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf cWoIfsf] sfo{sfn slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < $÷$ jif{
 cGt/f{li6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf ;b:o ;+Vof b]z slt /x]sf] 5 < *@
a'w' -Mercury_
 ;a}eGbf ;fgf] / ;"o{af6 ;a}eGbf glhsdf ePsf] u|x . o;nfO{ ljxfgsf] tf/f -Morning Star_ klg elgG5
 of] ;"o{af6 % s/f]8 &^ nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] Jof; $,*$& lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ *&=( lbg nfUb5 .
 ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] jif{ ePsf] u|x ;d]t oxL xf] .
 o;nfO{ cfˆgf] cIfdf kl/qmdf ug{ %*=( lbg nfUb5 .
 ;"o{sf] kl/e|d0f ult $* lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] s'g} pku|x /x]sf] 5}g eg] o;df
jfo'd08n ;d]t /x]sf] 5}g .
29
  of] u|xsf] ;"o{tkm{sf] efudf $))) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd /xG5 eg] ;"o{sf] tfkqmd ;f]em} gkg]{ efudf @&#
l8u|L;Dd tfkqmd /xG5 .
 of] u|xsf] Psftkm{ lr;f] / csf]{ tkm{ tftf] /x]sf] x'G5 .
 k"jL{ bz{g cg';f/ of] u|xnfO{ j[x:kltsf] kTgL / tf/fsf k'qsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
 of] u|xdf k'u]sf] klxnf] ofg dl/g/ !) xf] . o;nfO{ gf;fn] ;g\ !(&# gf]e]Da/ # tfl/vdf k7fPsf] lyof] .
 of] u|x bf];|f] tftf] u|x xf] .
z'qm -Venus_
 ;"o{af6 bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] u|x z'qm xf] . of] u|x k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhsdf /x]sf] 5 .
 of] ;"o{af6 !) s/f]8 &% nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] Jof; !@,#@) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ cfˆgf cIfdf 3'Dg @$#=)@ lbg / ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ @@$=&) lbg nfUb5 .
 o;sf] kl/e|d0f ult k|lt ;]s]08 #% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;GWofsf] tf/f klg elgG5 .
 o;sf] s'g} pku|x /x]sf] 5}g . z'qm u|xdf @@% lbgsf] Psjif{ x'G5 .
 k[YjLaf6 cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] klxnf] u|x klg z'qm xf] . oxfF a9L dfqfdf sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8 5 .
 of] u|xdf tfkqmd $)) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 .
 /x:odo u|x, rlDsnf] tf/f, k[YjLsf] h'DNofxf / alxgL u|x ;d]t egL lrlgG5 .
 Goddess Of Beauty And Love Planet ;d]t o;} u|xnfO{ elgG5 .
 ;a}eGbf nfdf] lbg ePsf] u|x tyf jif{eGbf lbg nfdf] ePsf] u|x ;d]t oxL xf] .
 o;} u|xnfO{ Hottest Planet ;d]t elgG5 .
 of] u|xdf k'Ug] klxnf] ofg dl/g/ @ xf] . o;nfO{ gf;fn] ;g\ !(^@ df k7fPsf] lyof] .
k[YjL -Earth_
 ;"o{af6 t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] u|x . of] ;"o{af6 !$ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ -( s/f]8 #) nfv dfOn_ 6f9f
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] If]qkmn %! s/f]8 ju{ lsnf]ld6/ -!( s/f]8 &) nfv ju{ dfOn_ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] /ª lgnf] /x]sf] 5 eg] cGtl/Ifaf6 o;nfO{ x]bf{ lgnf] / xl/of] b]lvG5 .
 e"dWo/]vLo Jof; !@,&%^ lsnf]ld6/ / w|'jLo Jof; !@,&!$ lsnf]ld6/, cf}ift Jof; !@,&#% lsnf]ld6/
/x]sf] 5 of] cfk\mgf] sIfdf 66½° sf]0fdf 9Ns]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLnfO{ ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug{ #^% lbg % 306f, $* ldg]6, $^ ;]s]08 nfUb5 .
 o;n] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ af6f]nfO{ k[YjLsf] sIf -Orbid of Earth_ elgG5 eg] kl/qmdf ul//x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ k[YjLsf] kl/e|d0f -Revolution of Earth_ elgG5 .
 o;sf] ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/e|d0f ug]{ ult #) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5
 k[YjLnfO{ cfk\mgf] cIfdf 3'Dg @# 306f, %^ ldg]6, $ ;]s]08 nfUb5 . of] ;donfO{ ;f}o{ lbg elgG5 .
 o;n] cfkm\gf] cIfdf 3'Dg] af6f]nfO{ k[YjLsf] cIf -Axies of Earth_ elgG5 eg] cfk\mgf] cIfdf 3'ld/x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ k[YjLsf] kl/qmd0f -Rotation of Earth_ elgG5 .
 of] Ps dfq k|f0fL cfjf; u[xsf] ?kdf /x]sf] u|x xf] .
 k"jL{o bz{g cg';f/ lji0f'sf @ kTgLdf Ps nIdL / csf]{ k[YjLnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
 of] cfheGbf $ ca{ %) s/f]8 jif{ klxn] pTklt ePsf] dflgG5 .
 o;df ^ s/f]8 %) nfv jif{ klxn] Pp6f Go'df]/ gfds lzz'u|x 7f]lSsbf 8fogf];/ eGg] hLjsf] nf]k ePsf]
dflgG5 .
d+un -Mars_
 /f]dg o'4 b]jtf df;{sf] gfddf o; u|xsf] gfd /flvPsf] xf] .
 b'/Lsf] lx;fjdf d+unu|x ;"o{af6 rf}yf] :yfgdf kb{5 .
 of] ;"o{af6 @@ s/f]8 ^$ nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ ^*& lbg nfUb5 .
 o;n] cfk\mgf] sIfdf Ps k6s rSs/ nufpg @$ 306f #& ldg]6 @@ ;]s]08 nufpF5 .
 o;sf] kl/e|d0f ult @$ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 . Jof; ^,&^! lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ /ftf] u|x ;d]t elgG5 eg] o;sf kmf]jf]; / l8df]; u/L @ pku|xx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 of] If]qkmnsf] lx;fjdf k[YjLeGbf em08} cfwf /x]sf] 5 .
 d+unu|xsf] Psjif{ k[YjLsf] @ jif{ hlt x'G5 . lbp;f] d+unu|xsf] tfkqmd k[YjLsf] a/fa/ x'G5 .
30
  /flqsf] ;dodf o;sf] tfkqmd dfOg; #* l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 /xG5 .
 d+unu|xdf jfo'd08n ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .
 /flqsf] ;dodf /ftf] b]lvg] u|x d+un xf] . o;nfO{ /ftf] u|x;d]t elgG5 .
 of] u|xdf k'u]sf] klxnf] ofg efOlsª ! xf] . gf;f4f/f k7fOPsf] of] ofg ;g\ !(&^ df k'u]sf] lyof] .
 of] u|xdf ePsf] cg';Gwfg adf]lhd kfgL /x]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 .
 of] tYo kQf nufpg] a}1flgsdf g]kfnL d"nsf n'h]Gb| cf]emf ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .
 of] u|x xfn ;a}eGbf a9L vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg ePsf] u|x xf] eg] of] u|xdf ef/tn] d+unofg gfds ofg
k7fPsf] 5 . of] ofg ;g\ @)!# sf] gf]e]Da/ % df k|:yfg u/]sf]df pQm ofg ;g\ @)!$ sf] ;]K6]Da/ @$ df
ToxfF k'u]sf] lyof] .
 of] u|xdf dfgj a:tLsf] of]hgf agfpg] sDkgL Mars 1 xf] . lgb/Nof08sf] of] sDklgn] ;g\ @)!! df g}
d+un u|xdf a;f]af;sf] of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] . of] sDklgn] ;g\ @)@$ ;Dddf $ hgf k'?if / $ hgf
dlxnfnfO{ ToxfF k7fpg] of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . h;df g]kfnaf6 ;ld/ Gof}kfg]sf] kmd{ k/]sf]df kl5 pgsf]
lgj]bg c:jLs[t ePsf] 5 .
 Hjfnfd'vLsf] kxf8 w]/} ePsf] u|x eg]/ ;d]t of] u|xnfO{ lrlgG5 .
 of] u|xdf k|j]z ug]{ b]z÷;+:yfx? cd]l/sf, ?;, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / ef/t x'g\ .
a[x:klt -Jupiter_
 /f]dg b]jtfx?sf] /fhf h'lk6/sf] gfddf o;sf] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] .
 of] If]qkmnsf] lx;fjdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] u|x xf] . of] u|xsf] ahg cGo & u|xx?sf] Psd':6 jhgeGbf klg a9L
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ u|xx?sf] /fhf -King Planet_ klg elgG5 . b'/Lsf] lx;fjdf ;"o{af6 kfFrf} :yfgdf /x]sf] u|x
xf] . of] ;"o{af6 && s/f]8 *) nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug{ !! jif{ !) dlxgf nfUb5 .
 o;n] cfk\mgf] cIfdf ! rSs/ nufpg ( 306f %% ldg]6 #) ;]s]08 nufpF5 . of] u|xdf ( 306f %% ldg]6sf] ! lbg
x'G5 .
 ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] lbg ePsf] u|x klg oxL xf] .
 o;sf] kl/e|d0f ult !# lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 . Jof; !,$@,^*& lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5
 o;sf] pku|x &( j6f /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x u]lgld8 xf] . of] ;f}o{d08nsf] ( cf}+ 7"nf] lk08 xf] . o;sf]
Jof; %@^! lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ;a}eGbf ;fgf] pku|x ;d]t oxL u|xsf] pku|x xf] . h;sf] gfd ln8f xf] .
 o;u|xsf] jfo'd08ndf ;a}eGbf a9L xf]O8«f]hg / To;kl5 lxlnod, ldy]g, cdf]lgof cflb Uof; kfOG5 .
 of] u|xnfO{ King of God, God of Sky / God of lightening eg]/ lrlgG5 .
 of] u|xdf k'u]sf] klxnf] ofg gf;fn] k7fPsf] kfOg/ ! xf] .
 Uof; lk08 eg]/ lrlgg] u|x klg oxL xf] .
 of] u|xdf ljzfn /ftf] wDaf /x]sf] 5 .
zlg -Saturn_
 If]qkmnsf] lx;fjdf bf];|f] 7"nf] u|x xf] . b'/Lsf] lx;fjn] ;"o{af6 5}7f} :yfgdf /x]sf] u|x .
 of] ;"o{af6 ! cj{ $! s/f]8 &* nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ Psk6s kl/qmdf ug{ sl/j @( jif{ ^ dlxgf nfUb5 .
 o;sf] kl/e|d0f ult !) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] cfk\mgf] cIfdf kl/qmdf ug{ !) 306f #) ldg]6 nufpF5 .
 o;sf] Jof; !,!$,@#( lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf *@ j6f pku|xx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 pku|xx?dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x 6fO6g -cw{Jof; @%&% lsnf]ld6/_ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] pku|x kmf]j] xf] .
 kmf]a] pku|x cfk\mgf] u|xsf] ljk/Lt lb;fdf 3'Dg] ub{5 .
 kx]Fnf] /+u ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kx]Fnf] u|x ;d]t elgG5 .
 o; u|xsf] jfo'd08ndf cdf]lgof / ldy]g UofF; kfOG5 .
 of] u|x jfo'd08nLo 3]/fn] 3]l/Psf] 5 . of] 3]/fnfO{ lrqdf x]bf{ cfsif{s b]lvG5 .
 o;sf] tfkqmd dfOg; !%# l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 /x]sf] x'G5 .
 of] u|xnfO{ Uoflnlnof] Uoflnlnn] kQf nufPsf] x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ !^)( df 6]ln:sf]k kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
31
  of] u|xsf] pku|x Titan ;f}o{d08nsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] pku|x xf] .
 cfsif{s cf}7L h:tf] cfsf/sf] b]lvg] of] u|xnfO{ ;'Gb/L u|x ;d]t elgG5 .
 ;fy} oxL u|xnfO{ String of Pearls elgG5 .
 ;a}eGbf sd 3gTj ePsf]n] of] u|x kfgLdf t}l/g] Ifdtf ePsf] u|x eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 of] u|xdf k'Ug] klxnf] ofg kfOlgo/ @ xf] . of] ofg ;g\ !(&( df ToxfF k'u]sf]] lyof] .
c?0f -Uranus_
 of] u|x If]qkmnsf] lx;fjdf t];|f] 7"nf] u|x xf] . b'/Lsf] lx;fjdf of] u|x ;"o{af6 ;ftf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
 of] ;"o{af6 @ ca{ *% s/f]8 @* nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 of] u|xnfO{ ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ Psk6s kl/qmdf ug{ *$ jif{ nfUb5 .
 o;sf] kl/e|d0f ult ^=$ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] cfk\mgf] cIfdf kl/qmdf ug{ !& 306f !$ ldg]6 @$ ;]s]08 nufpF5 .
 o;sf] Jof; %$,*@) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] /Ë xl/of] 5 .
 of] u|xdf ;"o{ klZrdaf6 pbfpF5 . o;sf @& j6f pku|xx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 h;dWo] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] pku|x Titania xf] .
 of] u|x ;g\ !&*! df ;/ ljlnod x/ugn] kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
 o; u|xsf] jfo'd08ndf xfO8«f]hg *% k|ltzt, x]lnod !@ k|ltzt / ldy]g # k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 o; u|xsf] tfkqmd dfOg; !*$ l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 /x]sf] x'G5 .
 o;nfO{ c;kmn tf/fsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 o;}nfO{ zgLsf] lktf / j[x:kltsf] xh'/af egL lrlgG5 .
 of] u|xdf k'Ug] klxnf] ofg Voyager 2 xf] . gf;fn] k7fPsf] of] ofg ;g\ !(*^ sf] hgj/L @$ df ToxfF k'u]sf] lyof]
.
 of] u|xdf ;"o{ klZrdaf6 pbfpF5 .
j?0f -Neptune_
 b'/Lsf] lx;fjn] of] u|x ;"o{af6 ;a}eGbf 6f9f cyjf cf7f}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
 of] ;"o{af6 $ ca{ $^ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug{ sl/j !^% jif{ nufpF5 .
 o;sf] kl/e|d0f ult %=^ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] cfk\mgf] cIfdf Psk6s kl/qmdf ug{ !^ 306f ^ ldg]6 #^ ;]s]08 nufpF5 .
 o;sf] Jof; $(,&$* lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] /ª xNsf kx]Fnf] x'G5 .
 o;sf] pku|x ;+Vof !$ /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] pku|x Triton xf] .
 o; u|xdf xfO8«f]hg -*% k|ltzt_ lxlnod -!# k|ltzt_ / ldy]g -# k|ltzt_ kfOG5 .
 o;sf] tfkqmd dfOg; @#%=@ l8u|L ;]lN;o; /x]sf] x'G5 .
 o;nfO{ ;g\ !*$^ df hd{g vuf]nzf:qL hf]xg uf n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
 ;a}eGbf lr;f] u|x / hnb]jtfsf] ?kdf lrlgg] u|x xf] .
 of] u|xdf k'Ug] klxnf] ofg ef]oh/ @ xf] . gf;faf6 k7fPsf] of] ofg ;g\ !(*( df ToxfF k'u]sf] lyof] .

pku|x-Satellites_
 cfk\mgf] u|xsf] ;fy} ;"o{sf] ;d]t kl/qmdf ug]{ ;f}o{d08nsf ;b:o tyf cfsf;Lo lk08nfO{ pku|x elgG5 .
 @)% sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] of] pku|xx? klg @ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . k|fs[lts pku|x / s[ltd pku|x .
 ;f}od08nsf pku|xx? k|fs[lts pku|x x'g\ -h:t} k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts pku|x rGb|df xf]_ dflg;x?n] lgdf{0f
u/]sf pku|xx? s[ltd pku|x x'g\ .
 klxnf] dfgj lgld{t pku|x :k'tlgs –! xf] . of] pku|xnfO{ ;f]leot ;+3n] ;g\ !(%& cS6f]j/ $ df
cGtl/Ifdf k7fPsf] lyof] .

32
  cGtl/Ifdf k'Ug] klxnf] hgfj/ …nfO{sfÚ gfds s's'/ xf] . of] hgfj/ :k'tlgs @ gfds pku|x dfkm{t
;f]leot ;+3n] g} ;g\ !(%& gf]e]Da/ @ df k7fPsf] lyof] .
 klxnf] cGtl/If ofqL o'/L uful/g x'g\ .
 klxnf] dlxnf cGtl/If ofqL e]n]lG6gf t]/]:sfef x'g\ .
 u|xx?sf] h:t} pku|xsf] klg cfk\mgf] rlDsg] Ifdtf x'Fb}g . logLx? ;"o{sf] k|sfzaf6 rlGsg] ub{5g\ .
 pku|x u|xsf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] x'G5 .
 clwsfFz pku|xx?n] Tolx lbzfdf kl/qmdf ub{5g\ h'g lbzfdf u|xn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ub{5 .
 a'w / z'qm u|xsf] s'g} pku|x 5}g eg] k[YjLsf] ! pku|x /x]sf] . h;sf] gfd rGb|df xf] .
rGb|df -Moon_
 k[YjLsf] Psdfq pku|x rGb|df xf] hf] k[YjLaf6 #,*$,$)) lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 rGb|dfaf6 k[YjLdf k|sfz cfOk'Ug ! ldg]6 # ;]s]08 nfUb5 .
 rGb|dfsf] Jof; #,$%( lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] vfN8f]nfO{ qm]6/ elgG5 .
 rGb|dfn] k[YjLsf] Ps k6s kl/qmdf ug{ @& lbg * 306f nfUb5 .
 k|fs[lts pku|xdf ;j}eGbf vf]h ePsf] pku|x klg rGb|df g} xf] .
 cf};Lb]lv k"l0f{df;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ rGb|df; elgG5 .
 rGb|df; 29½ lbgsf] x'G5 .
 rGb|dfsf] ;txdf k'Ug] klxnf] cGtl/If ofg n'gf @ xf] . of] ofg ;g\ !(%( ;]K6]Da/ !@ df k'u]sf] lyof] .
 rGb|dfdf kfOnf /fVg] klxnf] JolQm lgncfd{ :6«ª x'g\ eg] bf];|f] kfOnf /fVg] JolQm ah P8ljg cflN8ªg x'g\ .
logLx? ;g\ !(^( sf] h'nfO{{ @) df kfOnf /fv]sf lyP . logLx? Pkf]nf] !! gfds ofgaf6 ToxfF k'u]sf lyP . of]
ofgsf kfOn6 dfOsn sf]lnG; lyP . t/ oL kfOn6n] kfOnf /fv]gg\ .
 of] pku|xdf xfn;Dd !@ hgfn] kfOnf /fv]sf 5g\ . oL kfOnf /fVg] ;a} hgf cd]l/sL gful/s x'g\ . kl5Nnf] JolQm
eg] Eugen Andreu Cernun x'g\ . pgL ;g\ !(&@ l8;]Da/ !$ df ToxfF k'u]sf lyP .
 rGb|dfsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kxf8 8fkm{n lks xf] .
 cfsf;df /x]sf tf/fx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ tf/fd08n elgG5 . tf/fx?sf] o:tf] ;d"x ** j6f /x]sf x'G5g\ .
 ;"o{ / cGo tf/fx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ cfsf; u+uf elgG5 . ;f}o{d08n cfsf; u+ufsf] Ps ;b:o dfq xf]
lzz' u|xx? -Asteroids_
 d+un u|x / a[x:klt u|xsf] e|d0f sIfaLr /xL ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug]{ ;–;fgf lk08x?nfO{ lzz' u|x elgG5
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzz' u|xsf] Jof; sl/j *)) lsnf]ld6/ 5 eg] ;fgf lzz' u|xx? !=^ lsnf]ld6/ b]lv #=@ lsnf]ld6/
;Dd Jof; ePsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzz' u|x Ceres xf] .
 k|foh;f] lzz'u|xx?sf] cfsf/ lglZrt 5}g . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzz' u|xx?sf] cfsf/ eg] uf]nfsf/ 5 .
 ;Dk"0f{ lzz' u|xx?sf] lk08 k[YjLsf] t'ngfdf s]xL c+zdfq x'G5 .
 ;g\ @)!# sf] k]ma|'c/L !% df k[YjLaf6 @& xhf/ ^)) lsnf]ld6/ 6f9faf6 Ps lzz'u|x u'lh|Psf] lyof] .
 @)!@ l8P !$ gfd lbPsf] of] If'b| lzz'u|xsf] ult @* xhf/ !)) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt306f cyf{t &=*@
lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]G8 /x]sf] lyof] .
 $% ld6/ Jof; ePsf] of] If'b| u|xnfO{ klxnf] k6s :k]gL vuf]nzf:qLx?n] b]v]sf lyP .
pNsfx? -Meteors_
 /flt ;kmf cfsfzdf tf/fx? v;] h:tf] b]lvg] k|sfzsf] w;f]{nfO{ pNsf elgG5 .
 cfsfzdf Pp6f lbzfaf6 csf]{ lbzfdf tf/f l56f] v;] h:tf] b]lvg] ePsf]n] lognfO{ c+u|hLdf Shooting
Star jf Falling Star klg elgG5 .
 cToGt 7"nf] / rlDsnf] pNsfkftnfO{ Fire Ball klg elgG5 .
 t]lhnf] k|sfzsf] pTklt pNsf lk08df ePsf k/df0f' / xfjfdf ePsf c0f'x?sf] aLrdf ePsf] 6s/fjn]
pTkGg ePsf] xf] .
 o:tf] pNsfsf] tf}n s]xL u|fdb]lv s}of}+ 6g;Ddsf] x'g;S5 .
 ;g\ @)!# sf] km]a|'c/L !% df ?;sf] o'/fn kj{tsf] r]NofljG; If]qdf pNsf lkG8 v:bf !@ eGbf a9L 3fOt]
ePsf lyP .
 of] pNsflkG8sf] ahg !) 6g lyof] eg] o;n] ^ ld6/ ulx/f] vf8n agfPsf] lyof] .
w'ds]t'÷tf/fx?÷k'R5|«]tf/fx? -Comets_
33
 ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ c08fsf/ sIfdf 3'ld/xg] s'rf] cfsf/sf cfsfzLo lk08nfO{ w'ds]t' elgG5 .
 slxn]sfxL cfsfzdf nfdf] k'R5/ 5f]8\b} ljnfP/ hfg] rlDsnf lk08nfO{ k'R5«]tf/f elgG5 .
 w'ds]t'x? x/]s #÷# jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;"o{sf] glhs eP/ hfg] ub{5g\ .
 w'ds]t'sf] vf]hL ug]{ j}1flgs P8d08 x]nL
 6]Dkn 66n gfds w'ds]t'nfO{ ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ slt jif{ nfU5 < ## jif{
 6]Dkn 66n gfds w'ds]t' klxnf] k6s slxn] b]vf k/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !((* sf] gf]e]Da/ !& df
 k'R5«]tf/fsf] jgfj6 s:tf] /x]sf] x'G5 < Uof;Lo j/kmsf] 8Nnf
 x]nL k'R5«]tf/f klxnf] k6s slxn] b]lvPsf] lyof] < O;fk"j{ @$)
 x]nL k'R5«]tf/fnfO{ ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ slt ;do nfU5 < &^ jif{
 Love joy w'|ds]t' slxn] b]vf k/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ @)!! Dff
 tfk, k|sfz / cN6«fefOn]6 ls/0f / cGo ljls/0fx? pTkfbg ug]{ a|x\df08Lo lk08x?nfO{ tf/f elgG5 .
 ;fdfGotof tf/fx? Uof; -vf;u/L xfO8«f]hg_ / KnfHdfaf6 ag]sf] x'G5g\ .
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tf/f UY Scuti xf] .
 ;KtCifL tf/f ;d"xnfO{ c+u|]hLdf Great Bear elgG5 .
 pQ/L w|'jsf] dfly lgZrn / c6n ?kdf b]lvg] tf/f w|'atf/f -Polans_ xf] .
 l56f]l56f] 3'ld/xg] Pj+ /]l8of] t/+u lbg] tf/fnfO{ s] elgG5 < kN;f/
 k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf rlDsnf] b]lvg] tf/fnfO{ s] elG5 < Sirius
 Sirius sf] csf]{ gfd s] xf] < Dog Star -of] k[YjLaf6 *=^ k|sfz jif{ 6f9f /x]sf]_
 ;"o{af6 ;a}eGbf glhs /x]sf] tf/f s'g xf] < Alpha Centauri
 ;"o{af6 bf];|f] glhsdf /x]sf] tf/f s'g xf] < Proxima Centauri
 cfsfzdf /x]sf tf/fx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ s] elgG5 < tf/fd08n
 cfsfzdf s] slt tf/fd08n /x]sf x'G5g\ < ** j6f
 tf/f, Uof; / w'nf] cflb u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] sf/0f Ps cfk;df 6fl;P/ /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
tf/fk'~h -Galaxy_
 xfn;Dd kQf nfu]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tf/fk'~h s'g xf] < IC1101
 a|x\df08df slt tf/fk'~h /x]sf] dflgG5 < sl/a ! va{
 pQ/L w|'jsf] dfly lgZrn / c6nx?df b]lvg] tf/f s'g xf] < w|'jtf/f
 /flt ;kmf cfsfzdf pHofnf] rxlsnf] b]lvg] a:t'nfO{ w'ds]t'÷k'R5|«]tf/fx? elgG5 .
 logLx? ;'of]{boeGbf s]xL cl3 k"jL{ cfsfzdf jf ;"of{:t kl5 klZrdL cfsfzdf b]lvG5g\ . logLx? s]xL
lbgkl5 6f9f 6f9f x'Fb} qmdzM ljlng x'G5g\ .
 ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k'R5«]tf/fsf] k'R5/ *) s/f]8 lsnf]ld6/;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 .
 s]xL d'Vo k'R5|«]tf/fx? x]nL k'R5|«]tf/f, 6]Dkn 66n, PGs], :jf:dfog jf:dfog, j]Gj]6, ;'d]s/ n]dL, ^& kL x'g\
.
 oL nfdk'R5|] tf/fx? dWo] ‘^& kL’ df klxnf] k6s ofg k'u]sf] 5 . ToxfF k'u]sf] ofg lkmnf xf] . of] ofgnfO{
o'/f]k]nL cGtl/If s]Gb| -O;f_ n] ;g\ @))$ df k7fPsf] lyof] . pQm ofg ToxfF ;g\ @)!$ df em08} !) jif{df
k'u]sf] lyof] .
 nfdk'R5|] tf/fx? dWo] ;'d]s/ n]dL ;g\ !((# df klxnf] kN6 b]lvPsf] xf] eg] h'nfO{ !(($ df 3'Db} hfbfF
a[X:klt u|xdf 7f]lSsO{ rsgfr'/ ePsf] lyof] .
 w'ds]t' x/]s #÷# jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;"o{sf] glhs eP/ hfG5 . ;f}o{d08ndf o:tf] w'ds]t' s/Lj ! nfv /x]sf 5g\ .
 w'ds]t'sf] vf]hL ug]{ a}1flgs P8d08 x]nL x'g\ .
 /s]6sf lktf u]xf8{n] ljZjdf klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(@^, dfr{ !* df o;sf] k/LIf0f u/] .
 klxnf] cGtl/If s]Gb| :ofn'6–! xf] . of] ;f]leot ;+3n] :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] . klxnf] dlxnf cGtl/If ofqL
e]n]lG6gf t]/]:sf]ef -;f]leot ;+3_ x'g\ .
34
  d+un u|xdf kfOnf 6]Sg] klxnf] ofg efOlsª–! -h'nfO{ !), !(&^_ xf] . of] gf;fn] k7fPsf] xf]
 cGtl/Ifdf k|j]z ug]{ /fi6«x? k|ydb]lv qmdzM ;f]leot ;+3, cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, hfkfg, rLg / ef/t x'g \
.
 k|yd cGtl/If ko{6s 8]lg; l66f] -cd]l/sf, ;g\ @))!_ x'g\ .
 k|yd dlxnf cGtl/If ko{6s O/fgL d"nsL cd]l/sL gful/s cg';]x cG;f/L -;g\ @))^_ x'g\ .
 rGb|dfdf ofg k'¥ofpg] /fi6«x? M ?;, cd]l/sf, rLg x''g\ .
 clws jif{ eGgfn] #^^ lbg ePsf] jif{nfO{ hgfpb5 .
 c+u]h|L kfqf] cg';f/ k|To]sf rf/ jif{df x'g] lbgnfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ Feb. dlxgf @( lbg x'g] ub{5 .
 clws jif{sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] JolQm h'lno; l;h/ x'g\ .
 ;Dat\ eg]sf] jif{ xf] h'g ;F:s[tdf ;Dat\ % k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . tL rGb|, ;f}o{, gIfq, ;fjg, afx{:kTo
 ;f}o{ ;Dat\ #^% lbg xG5 eg] rGb| ;Dat\ #%$ lbg x'G5 .
 ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] ;Dat\ slnut ;Dat\ xf] . o;nfO{ o'lwli7/ ;Dat\ klg elgG5 .
 eujfg a'4sf] gfdaf6 rnfOPsf] ;Dat\ a'4 ;Dat\ xf] eg] ef/tsf] dWo k|b]zsf] dfnjf If]qsf /fhf
ljqmdflbTosf] gfdaf6 rnfOPsf] ;Dat\ ljqmd ;Dat\ xf] .
 ljqmd ;Dat\ a'4 ;Dat\ eGbf $)@ jif{ h]7f] 5 eg] g]kfn ;Dat\ eGbf (#^ jif{, ;s ;Dat\ eGbf
!#% jif{ / O{:jL ;Djt\ eGbf %& jif{ h]7f] /x]sf] 5 .
k[YjLsf]
agf]6
pTklQ cfheGbf ;f9] rf/ ca{ jif{ klxn] ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
k[YjLsf] pTklt ;f}o{d08naf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] ljrf/ /fVg] lj4fg akmg x'g\ .
;f}o{d08nsf] pTklt Ps ljzfn Pj+ Uofl;o lgxfl/sfaf6 ePsf] / To;}af6 k[YjLsf] pTklt ePsf] xf] eGg] lj4fg
nKn; x'g\ .
 o;sf] s"n If]qkmn %! s/f]8 ju{ lsnf]ld6/ -!( s/f]8 &) nfv ju{ dfOn_ /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjL cfˆgf] cIfdf ^^=% l8u|Ln] 9Ns]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] e"dWo/]vLo Jof; w|'aLo Jof;eGbf s]xL a9L km's]sf] 5 . e"dWo/]vLo Jof; !@,&%^ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf]
5 eg] w|'aLo Jof; !@,&!$ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf]n] e"dWo/]vLo Jof; w|'aLo Jof;eGbf $@ lsnf]ld6/ a9L /x]sf]
5 . o;sf] cf}ift Jof; !@,&#% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf 5 .
 o;sf] kl/lw $),))) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . hldgsf] efu @(=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] kfgLsf] efu &)=*
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 of] ;"o{af6 !$ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ -( s/f]8 #) nfv dfOn_ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 kelvin sf cg';f/ k[YjLsf] k|To]s ! lsnf]ld6/ ulx/fO{df #) ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd a9\b5 .
 k[YjLsf] ue{sf] tfkqmd !),))) ;]lG6u|]8 /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ o; efudf s'g} klg r§fg 7f]; ?kdf g/xg ;Sg] x'G5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf (^) lsnf]ld6/ dfly;Dd jfo'd08n km}lnPsf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf gfO6«f]hg UofF; s/Lj &* k|ltzt, clS;hg @! k|ltzt / cfu{g )=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5
 jfo'd08nsf] ;a}eGbf uX|f} UofF; sfj{gcS;fO8 xf] . xn'sf UofF; xfO8«f]hg xf] .
 lbg / /ft a/fa/ x'g] lbgnfO{ ;Dkft -equinox _ elgG5 . h'g lbg @! Dffr{ / @# ;]K6]Da/df kb{5 .
 Ps cf}+;L b]vL csf]{ cf}+;L ;DDfsf] lbgnfO{ rGb|df; elgG5, h'g ;f9] @( lbgsf] x'G5 .
 k[YjLsf] pTktL tftf] Uof;sf] 8Nnf]af6 eof] egL g]a'n/ l;4fGt -nebular hypothesis_ k|ltkfbg ug]{
a}1flgs ODofg'on sfG6 x'g\ .
 k[YjLsf] pTktL w'dL/x]sf] w'Df|s]t' ;"o{;+u 7f]lSsP kl5 AFg]sf 6's|fx? lrl;P/ ePsf] xf] egL old
planetesimal hypothesis lbg] a}1flgs hh{ akmg x'g\ .
 k[YjLsf] pTktL ;"o{ j/Lk/L 3'Dg] Hjf/ef6faf6 ePsf] xf] egL tidal hypothesis k|ltkflbt ug]{ a}1flgs
lhG; / h]km|L x'g\ .
 ;'o{ / k[YjLsf] b'/L !$ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
35
  k[YjL eGbf rGb|dfsf] u'?Tj k|j]u ^ u'0ffn] sdL 5 .
 Kf[YjLsf] cf};t 3gTj 5514 kg/m3 5 .
 k[YjLdf ;a}eGbf a9L kfOg] wft' cfNd'lgod xf] .
 k[YjLsf] blIf0fL uf]nf4{nfO{ hn uf]nf4{ elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] cfGtl/s agf}6nfO{ # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ :ynd08n, dWod08n / s]Gb|d08n
 jfx\otx -:ynd08n_ df l;lnsf -Silica_ / -Almunium_ sf] k|wfgtf x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ SIAL tx klg elgG5 .
o;sf] leqL tx a];fN6 wft'af6 ag]sf] 5 .
 jfx\o txsf] df]6fO{ dxf4LkLo efudf ^) lsnf]ld6/ / dxf;fu/Lo efudf @) lsnf]ld6/ b]lv )
lsnf]ld6/;Dd /xG5 . :ynd08nn] k[YjLsf] !^ k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . :ynd08nsf] tfkqmd $) l8u|L
;]lG6u|]8 b]lv *)) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] cf}ift 3gTj @=&% u|fdb]lv @=( u|fdk|lt 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 :ynd08n -jfx\o tx_ b]lv d'lg / s]Gb|d08naf6 dflysf] k[YjLsf] aLrsf] efunfO{ dWod08n elgG5 .
o;sf] df]6fO{ ^) lsnf]ld6/ b]lv @()) lsnf]ld6/;Dd /x]sf] 5 . o; efudf Silica / Magnesium
wft'sf] k|wfgtf ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ Sima txsf] gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 o; txsf] 3gTj cf}iftdf #=! b]lv %=) u|fd k|lt 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] ^* k|ltzt efu
cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf leqL efunfO{ s]Gb|d08n elgG5 . o; txdf Nickel / Ferium sf] k|wfgtf x'g]x'Fbf o;nfO{
NIFE -lgkm]_ gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 o;efusf] df]6fO{ @()) lsnf]ld6/ b]lv ^#&! lsnf]ld6/ ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
 o;txsf] 3gTj %=! b]lv !! u|fd k|lt 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] k[YjLsf] !^ k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] cf}ift 3gTj %=%!& u|fd 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjL uf]nf] 5 eg]/ ;a}eGbf klxnf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ JolQm kfOyfuf]/; x'g\ .
 ;du| k[YjLsf] agf]6nfO{ % efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M jfo'd08n, hnd08n, :ynd08n, dWod08n / s]Gb|d08n
 k|To]s lbg k[YjL ;"o{sf] ;fd'Gg] eP/ cfˆgf] cIfdf klZrdaf6 k"j{lt/ 3'Dg] ultnfO{ kl/ed|0f elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] kl/e|d0faf6 ;[lht c;/x? – lbg / /ft x'g', k"j{sf] ;do l56f] / klZrdsf] ;do l9nf] x'g', w'a|Lo v08
y]lRrg' / e"–dWo/]vLo v08 km'Sg', ;"o{, rGb|df / tf/f k"j{df pbfO{ klZrddf c:tfpg' .

2 g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf

 g]kfnsf] s"n If]qkmn !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=dL=-%^,*@& ju{ dfOn xf] .
 ;'uf}nL ;lGw eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] If]qkmn @,)$,(!& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] lyof] .
 ;'uf}nL ;lGw dfr{ #, !*!^ df ePsf] lyof] . xfnsf] e"efu o;} ;lGwn] sfod ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf] If]qkmnnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ 36gf gofF d'n's g]kfnnfO{ lkmtf{sf] cj:yf klg xf] .
 g]kfn Plzof dxfb]zsf] pQ/L uf]nf4{df cjl:yt Ps e"kl/j]li7t d'n's xf] .
 o;n] ljZjsf] s"n e"efusf] )=)# Ü, Plzofsf] )=# Ü / blIf0f Plzofsf] sl/j # Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 g]kfn @^ l8u|L @@ ldg]6b]lv #) l8u|L @& ldg]6 pQ/L cIff+; / *) l8u|L $ ldg]6b]lv ** l8u|L !@ ldg]6
k"jL{ b]zfGt/ aLrdf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] k"j{, klZrd / blIf0f ;Ldfgf ef/tsf] % j6f k|fGtx¿ -pQ/f~rn, pQ/k|b]z, ljxf/, l;lSsd /
klZrd a+u_ kb{5g\ eg] pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t k|b]z ltAat kb{5 .
 o;sf] k"j{–klZrd nDafO{ **% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] pQ/–blIf0f rf}8fO{ cf};t !(# lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
rf}8fO{ a9Ldf @$! lsnf]ld6/ / 36Ldf !$% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
36
 g]kfnsf] ef/t;Fusf] l;dfgf !^() lsnf]ld6/ / rLg;Fusf] l;dfgf !@#^ lsnf]ld6/ hf]l8Psf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgf @(@^ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfnnfO{ sf6]/ uPsf] *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/
dflgPsf] 5 -nfu" ldlt @)$@ ;fn a}zfv ! ut]af6 xf]_
 g]kfnsf] ;do lu|gjLrsf] ;doeGbf % 306f $% ldg]6 rnfv /x]sf] 5 .
 sf7df08f} @& l8u|L $@ ldg]6 pQ/L cIff+; / *% l8u|L !( ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/df cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 .
 sf7df08f} pkTosf ;d'b| ;txb]lv !#!) ld6/ prfO{df cjl:yt 5 .
 ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL b]x/fb'g, pQ/k|b]zsf] nvgpm, ljxf/sf] k6gf, l;lSsdsf] ufGtf]s /
klZrd a+usf] sf]nsf]Qf /fhwfgL /x]sf 5g\ . ef/tdf /x]sf] ljleGg @( k|fGtdWo] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df
;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fHo /fh:yfg -If]qkmn–#,$@,@#( ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|b]z uf]jf -#,&)@ ju{
lsnf]ld6/_ xf]
 g]kfn ef/teGbf @@ u'gf / rLgeGbf ^% u'gf / ?;eGbf !%& u'gf ;fgf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] ef/t / rLgkl5 ;a}eGbf glhs kg]{ d'n's a+unfb]z xf] . of] d'n's g]kfneGbf @& lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f
/x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfn / e'6fgaLrsf] b'/L #@ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnaf6 ;d'Gb|;Ddsf] b'/L !!@& lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 5, -a+ufnsf] vf8L, lxGbdxf;fu/_
 g]kfnsf] pQ/L ljGb' x'Dnfsf] rfª\nf, blIf0f ljGb' emfkfsf] nf]bfj/L, k"jL{ ljGb' tfKn]h'ª / klZrdL ljGb'
s~rgk'/sf] bf]wf/f xf] .
 rLg / ef/t b'j} b]znfO{ 5'g] lhNnf @ j6f tfKn]h'ª / bfh'{nf x'g\ .
 rLg / ef/t b'a} b]znfO{ 5'g] :yfgLo lgsfo @ j6f /x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f bfr{'nfsf] AofF; ufpFkflnsf / csf]{
tfKn]h'ªsf] kmtfn'ªdf ufpFkflnsf x'g\ .
 rLgnfO{ dfq 5'g] lhNnf !# j6f .
 ef/tnfO{ dfq 5'g] lhNnf @% j6f .
 rLg / ef/t b'j}nfO{ g5'g] lhNnf #& j6f .
 leqL dw]zsf] lhNnfx¿ k'j{b]lv klZrdM– pbok'/, l;Gw'nL, dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf
k"j{_, bfª / ;'v]{t x'g\ . pl;d lrg bf;'
 If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df leqL dw]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf bfª / ;fgf] lhNnf gjnk'/ xf] .
 leqL dw]zsf lhNnfx?df ;a}eGbf k"jL{ efudf /x]sf] lhNnf pbok'/ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf klZrdsf] lhNnf ;'v]{t
xf] eg] dWo g]kfndf /x]sf] leqL dw]zsf] lhNnf lrtjg xf] .
 w]/} lhNnf;Fu ;Ldfgf hf]l8Psf] lhNnf Ml;Gw'nL -!)_, dsjfgk'/ -(_
 sd lhNnf;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] lhNnfx? emfkf, s~rgk'/ / bfr'{nf x'g \ . logLx?n] l5d]sL @÷@
lhNnfx?nfO{ 5'G5g\ .
 ;a}eGbf prfO{df /x]sf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd x'Dnfsf] l;ldsf]6 xf] .
 pQ/ lxdfnob]lv blIf0fdf dxfef/t;Dd km}lnPsf] lhNnf wflbª xf] .
 Hjfnfd'vLsf] lrGx ePsf] lhNnf b}n]v xf] .
 efh' kf]v/L eQmk'/df /x]sf] 5 .
 clkgfDkf ;+/If0fIf]q bfr'{nf lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 dx]Gb| /fhdfu{n] g5'g] t/fO{sf] lhNnf k;f{ xf] .
 dx]Gb| /fhdfu{n] 5'g] kxf8L lhNnf c3f{vfFrL / dsjfgk'/ xf] .
 lxdfnkf/Lsf] lhNnf dgfª / d':tfª xf] .
 ;'v]{tsf] k'/fgf] gfd bf]efgrf}/ xf] .
 uxgfkf]v/L sf7df08f} xf8LufpFdf kb{5 .
 %@ s'6L &@ s'08sf] ;x/ egL hgsk'/nfO{ lrlgG5 .
 e'ts'jf ?kGb]xL lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 g]kfnsf ;aeGbf a9L ljdfg:yn ePsf] lhNnf ;f]n'v'Da' xf] .
 skmL v]tLsf] k|l;4 lhNnf u'NdL xf] .
37
 cn}rL v]tLsf] nflu k|l;4 lhNnf tfKn]h'ª xf] . To;kl5 ;+v'jf;ef / Onfd kb{5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] >Ln+sf eGgfn] sf]zL 6Kk'nfO{ hgfpF5 .
 sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] If]qkmn ^$@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 kf]v/f pkTosfsf] !@$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ / bfª b]pv]/L pkTosfsf] If]qkmn sl/a !))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf]
5 . bfª b]pv]/L pkTosfnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pkTosfsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .
 sf7df08f}af6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] lxdfn l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] h'un lxdfn xf] . o;} lxdfnnfO{ e}/a 6fs'/f
eGg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf cf/f]x0fsf] nflu v'nf ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] lxdfn ;d]t oxL xf] .
 ;aeGbf 7"nf] lhNnf 8f]Nkf xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn &**( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . ;aeGbf ;fgf] lhNnf eQmk'/
xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn !!( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
% 7"nf lhNnfx? -If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df_
lhNnf If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ lhNnf If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_
8f]Nkf &**( x'Dnf %^%%
tfKn]h'ª #^$^ uf]/vf #^!)
d':tfª #%&#
% ;fgf lhNnfx? -If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df_
lhNnf If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ lhNnf If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_
eQmk'/ !!( nlntk'/ #*%
sf7df08f} #(% kj{t $($
t]x|y'd ^&(

 v8\u;dz]/4f/f lgld{t tfhdxn kfNkfdf /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+=!(%$ df lgdf{0f ePsf] of] tfhdxnnfO{ ef/tsf]
cfu|fsf] tfhdxn;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 .
 ljZjs} ulx/f] uN5L DofUbL lhNnfdf kg]{ sfnLu08sL gbLn] agfPsf] cGwuN5L xf] .
 cGwuN5L ^(^& ld6/ ulx/fO{df /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfn gfds ufpF hfkfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ g]kfnu~hdf x'g] ub{5 .
 uf]/vf gfds :yfg k|mfG;df /x]sf] 5 .
 emf]n'Ë] k'nsf] lhNnf egL afun'ªnfO{ lrlgG5 .
 ljZjdfglrqdf g]kfnsf] gS;f;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] gS;f ePsf] b]z kf]r'{un xf] .
 sf7df08f}sf rf/ e~Hofªx? k"j{df ;fFuf, klZrddf jf0f, pQ/df kf6L / blIf0fdf rGb|flu/L x'g\ .
 g]kfn If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ljZjs} (# cf} :yfgdf / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df $* cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
 e"kl/j]li7t tkm{ If]qkmndf @@ cf} / hg;+Vof tkm{ % cf} 7"nf] b]z xf] .
 ;fs{ If]qdf g]kfn If]qkmndf rf}yf] :yfg / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/ kfFFrf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs gofF gS;f @)&& h]7 & ut] hf/L ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L
of] gS;fdf lnk'n]s, sfnfkfgL / lnlDkofw'/f ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+;bn] @)&& h]i7 #! df
kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . of] gofF gS;fnfO{ lg;fg 5fkdf /fVgsf] nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&&
c;f/ $ df ePsf] lyof] .
:yfg / b'/L
:yfg b'/L -lsnf]ld6/_
;'?ª dfu{ -sf7df08f}–x]6f}8f hf]8\g]_ %* lsnf]ld6/ -# ls=ld= dfq ;'?ª_
b'|t dfu{ -nlntk'/sf] vf]sgfb]lv af/fsf] lghu9;Dd_ &@=% lsnf]ld6/ -kl5Nnf]_
dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn dfu{_ !&&^ ls=ld= -gfkL ljefusf] !&%^_
k]6«f]lnod kfOknfOg -cdn]vu~h–/S;f}n_ ^*=(^ lsnf]ld6/ -klxn] $! ls=ld=_,
g]kfn tkm{ #^=@* ls=ld= / ef/t
tkm{ #@=^* ls=ld=_
d]nDrL–sf7df08f} $@ lsnf]ld6/
d]nDrL–sf7df08f} ;'?Ë dfu{ @&=% lsnf]ld6/
38
 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0ffwLg rf}8f ;8s -sf]6]Zj/–sn+sL_ !)=#( lsnf]ld6/
ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ -d]rL dxfsfnL_ ($% lsnf]ld6/
b u|]6 lxdfnog 6«]n !&)) lsnf]ld6/
dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ !)@&=^& lsnf]ld6/
sf]l7of3fF6 kSsL k'n !)!% ld= -g]kfns} nfdf] kSsL k'n_
cUnf] emf]n'Ë] k'n -s'idf–an]jf_ !%^ ld6/
nfdf] ,, ,, -rfFbgL bf]wf/f_ !$%@=(^ ld6/
/f]k j] -sf7df08f}–x]6f}8f_ $@ lsnf]ld6/
lgdf{0ffwLg yfgsf]6–gfu9'Ëf ;'?ª dfu{ -hfOsfsf] ;xof]udf_ @=% lsnf]ld6/
ljleGg :yfgsf] prfO{x?
:yfg prfO{ -ld6/_ lhNnf
d';x/lgof %( wg'iff g]kfns} xf]rf] efu
hn]Zj/ ^! dxf]Q/L xf]rf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
O6x/L &! ;'g;/L dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] xf]rf] efu
lj/f6gu/ ljdfg:yn &@ df]/ª ;a}eGbf xf]rf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ljdfg:yn
dfgx'Fsf]6 !!)) tgx'F
dgsfdgf dlGb/ !@(* uf]/vf
e]8]F6f/ !$@) wgs'6f
>Lgu/ !$(@ kfNkf
k~rd"n l;?af/L !&)) :ofª\hf
af/kfs !(!) uf]/vf
3fGb|'s @))) sf:sL
3n]ufFp @!)) ndh'ª
dfOkf]v/L @!@! Onfd
:ju{4f/L @!@% Ko'7fg
ssgL @!^) g'jfsf]6
gu/sf]6 @!&% eQmk'/
x]nDa' @@*% l;Gw'kfNrf]s
bfdg @#@@ dsjfgk'/
rGb|flu/L s]ansf/ @%@) sf7df08f}
k'mnrf]sL @&^% nlntk'/
l;ldsf]6 @($^ x'Dnf cUnf] :yfgsf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
/f/f tfn @(() d'u' g]kfns} 7"nf] tfn
gfDr] ahf/ #$$) ;f]n'v'Da' ;u/dfyfsf] k|j]z4f/
d'lQmgfy #&$( d':tfª
kfyLe/f #&($ tfKn]h'ª
sfnL~rf]s eujtL #*$@ bf]nvf
uf];fO{s'08 $#^) /;'jf
s]hLg ;f/f n]s %))@ dgfª
ODhf lxdtfn %)!) ;f]n'v'Da'
lnk'n]s %)&@ bfr'{nf
sfnfkTy/ a}7s:yn %@$@ ;f]n'v'Da'
;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ %#%^ ,,
yf]/fªkf; %$!^ dgfª
sfnfkTy/ kxf8 %%$@ ,,
d[To' If]q &%)) ljleGg lhNnf
 pkTosfsf] k'/fgf] ;x/ eQmk'/ xf] .
 tfNrf ljdfg:yn d'u'df, an]jf afun'ª /x]sf] 5 eg] l;d|f}gu9 af/f lhNnfdf kb{5 .
39
  n'Snf ljdfg:ynnfO{ t]lGhª lxnf/L ljdfg:yn egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;a}eGbf xf]rf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ljdfg:yn lj/f6gu/ ljdfg:yn xf] .
 g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf rNg] tftf] xfjf …n'Ú ef/tsf] yf/ d?e"ldaf6 cfpF5 .
 g]kfnsf] :jLh/Nof08 egL bf]nvfsf] hL/LnfO{ hgfpF5 .
 h'gf/sf] nflu g]kfnsf] k|l;4 :yfg l;Gw'nL xf] .
 e'd]Zj/ u'kmf a}t8L lhNnfdf kb{5 / of] u'kmf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] u'kmf xf] .
k|b]z / k|b]zdf /x]sf lhNnfx?
k|b]z g+=! tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, ;+v'jf;ef, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª,
;f]n'v'Da',cf]vn9'+uf, pbok'/, emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/L u/L !$ lhNnf
k|b]z g+=@ ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f / k;f{ u/L * lhNnf
afudtL bf]nvf, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª,
lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, eQmk'/, nlntk'/ / sf7df08f} u/L !# lhNnfx?
u08sL uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, dgfª, d':tfª, kj{t, :ofª\hf, DofUbL, afun'ª /
gjnk/f;L -ab{3fF6 ;':tf k"j{_ u/L !! lhNnf
n'lDagL gjnk/f;L -ab{3fF6 ;':tf klZrd_, ?kGb]xL, slkna:t', kfNkf, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL,
?s'd -k"jL{ efu_, /f]Nkf, Ko'7fg, bfª, afFs] / alb{of u/L !@ lhNnf
s0ff{nL ?s'd -klZrd efu_, ;Nofg, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, d'u', x'Dnf, sfnLsf]6, hfh/sf]6,
b}n]v / ;'v]{t u/L !) lhNnf
;'b"/ klZrd afh'/f, aemfª, 8f]6L, c5fd, bfr'{nf, a}t8L, 8F8]nw'/f, s~rgk'/ / s}nfnL u/L (
lhNnf
 g]kfndf If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z xf] eg] ;fgf] k|b]z g+=@ xf] .
 hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] k|b]z afudtL k|b]z xf] eg] ;fgf] s0ff{nL k|b]z xf] .
 w]/} ;fIf/tf ePsf] k|b]z afudtL xf] eg] sd ;fIf/tf ePsf] k|b]z @ xf] .
 rLgnfO{ 5'g] k|b]zx? M !, afudtL, u08sL, s0ff{nL / ;'b"/ klZrd u/L % j6f /x]sf 5g\ eg] ef/tnfO{ 5'g]
k|b]zx? M !, @, afudtL, u08sL, n'lDagL / ;'b"/ klZrd u/L ^ j6f k|b]zx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 b'a} b]znfO{ 5'g] k|b]zx? M !, afudtL, u08sL / ;'b"/ klZrd u/L $ j6f k|b]zx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 rLgnfO{ dfq 5'g] k|b]z s0ff{nL xf] eg] ef/tnfO{ dfq 5'g] k|b]z @ / n'lDagL xf] .

w/ftnLo :j?k÷ef}uf]lns cj:yf÷ef}uf]lns agfj6

-s_ lxdfnL k|b]zM– g]kfnsf] pQ/L efudf k"j{df d]rLb]lv klZrddf dxfsfnL;Dd ;d'b| ;txaf6 ##%) ld6/b]lv
*,*$*=*^ ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df km}lnPsf] e"efunfO{ lxdfnL k|b]z elgG5 . em08} @% b]lv %)
lsnf]ld6/;Dd rf}8fO{df km}lnPsf] of] k|b]zdf @! lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ . oxL k|b]zdf ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/
;u/dfyf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf /x]sf *,))) eGbf a9L prfO{sf !$ lxdfndWo] * j6f lxdfn oxL
k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 .
lxdfnL k|b]zsf] >]0fL ljefhg
-s_ d'Vo lxdfnoM– %,))) ld6/b]lv *,*$*=*^ ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df /x]sf *,))) ld6/ / ;f] eGbf a9L prfO{sf
ljZjsf * lxdfnx? o;} >]0fLdf kb{5g\ .
-v_ leqL lxdfnM– @$)) ld6/b]lv %,))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df /x]sf lxdfnL pkTosfx? h:t} v'Da', 8f]Nkf, d'u',
yfsvf]nf, s]?ª cflb o;} >]0fLdf kb{5g\ .
-u_ ;LdfGt lxdfnM– d'Vo lxdfnsf] pQ/ / ltAatL ;Ldfsf] blIf0fdf /x]sf] #) lsnf]ld6/b]lv $% lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf]
rf}8fO{df /x]sf dem\of}nf prfO{sf u'/fF;, d':tfª, r08L, gfnf+s/ cflb lxdfnL If]q o;}>]0fLdf kb{5g\ .
 %))) ld6/sf] prfO{dfly ;w}+ lxpF kg]{x'Fbf of] prfO{nfO{ :yfoL lxd/]vf elgG5 . z]kf{, ysfnL, ef]6], dgfª]
cflb hfltsf] dflg;x¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf $Ü v]tLof]Uo e"ld /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] lxd/]vfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] efu uf]/vfsf] ?kLgfnf -$%)) dL6/_ xf] .
 of] k|b]zn] b]zsf] s"n If]qkmndf @%=%% cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] k|b]zn] b]zsf] s"n hg;+Vofdf !)=$!% :yfg cf]u6\b5 .
 oxfF !^( :yfgLo tx /x]sf 5g\ eg] k|ltlglw;efsf] nflu @$ / k|b]z;efsf] nflu $* lgjf{rg If]q /x]sf 5g\ .
40
  o; k|b]zdf /x]sf @! lhNnfx?M tfKn]h'ª, ;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, /fd]5fk, wflbª, uf]/vf,
d':tfª, dgfª, k"jL{ ?s'd, DofUbL, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, sfnLsf]6, x'Dnf, d'u', afh'/f aemfª / bfr'{nf x'g\ .
 kl5Nnf] k6s lxdfnL If]qdf ylkPsf lhNnfx? wflbª, /fd]5fk, uf]/vf, k"jL{ ?s'd / DofUbL x'g\ .
 DofUbLnfO{ @)&% kmfNu'0f !( df lxdfnL k|b]zdf ylkPsf] xf] .
 lxdfnL k|b]zsf] 7"nf] lhNnf 8f]Nkf xf] eg] ;fgf] lhNnf k"jL{ ?s'd xf] .
-v_ kxf8L k|b]zM–
g]kfnsf] lxdfnL / t/fO{ k|b]zsf] aLrdf ;d'b|L ;txaf6 sl/j ^!) ld6/ prfO{b]lv ##%) ld6/sf]
prfO{;Dd k"j{df d]rLb]lv klZrddf dxfsfnL;Dd km}lnPsf] e"efu kxf8L k|b]z xf] . afx'g, If]qL, g]jf/, du/, tfdfª,
u'?ª, /fO{, lnDa" cflb hfthfltsf dflg; a;f]jf; ug]{ o; k|b]zdf #% j6f lhNnfx¿ kb{5g\ . of] k|b]zdf v]tLof]Uo
e"ld @^Ü /x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]zn] b]zsf] s"n If]qkmndf %&=% k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6\b5 . oxfF #(=#@ k|ltzt hg;+Vof
/x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]zdf :yfgLo tx #)* /x]sf] 5 . oxfF k|ltlglw;efsf] nflu ^# / k|b]z;efsf] nflu !@^ lgjf{rg
If]q /x]sf] 5 .
kxf8sf] >]0fL ljefhg
-s_ r'/] kj{t >]0fLM– ^!) ld6/b]lv !*&@ ld6/ prfO{;Dd /x]sf] kj{tdfnfnfO{ r'/] kj{tdfnf elgG5 . k"j{df xf]rf]
t/ klZrdtkm{ s|dzM clUnb} uPsf] r'/] kj{tsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] efu !*&@ ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] s}nfnLsf] ufjf{ xf] .
r'/] kj{t >]0fLn] !@=&* k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
-v_ dxfef/t kj{tM– r'/] kj{tb]lv dflyNnf] efudf k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf] !%)) ld6/b]lv ##%)
ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{ ePsf] kj{tnfO{ dxfef/t kj{t elgG5 . o;df km'nrf]sL -@&^%dL=_, lzjk'/L, bfdg -@#@)dL=_,
:ju{4f/L -@,!@%dL=_ z}n'ª 8fF8f -#%))dL=_ cflb oxfFsf k|d'v lzv/ x'g\ . dxfef/t kj{tdfnfsf] ;a}eGbf pRr
:yfg bf]nvfsf] ;}n'ª xf] . of] kj{t klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ clUnb} uPsf] 5 . o;} kj{tnfO{ g]kfnsf] xfjfvf]/L ;d]t
cyjf Hill Station of Nepal elgG5 .
-u_ dWoe"ld M– dxfef/t kj{t pQ/ lxdfno kj{tsf] blIf0fdf /x]sf] 7"nf 6f/, pkTosf o;df kb{5g\ . sf7df08f},
kf]v/f, lqz'nL, t'lDnª6f/, ;'s]6f/, kfFrvfn cflb o;} >]0fLdf kb{5g .
 kxf8L k|b]zdf /x]sf #% lhNnfx?M kfFry/, Onfd, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'Ëf, l;Gw'nL,
pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, tgx'F, sf:sL, u'NdL, kfNkf, ndh'ª, :ofª\hf, c3f{vfFrL, kj{t, afun'ª, /f]Nkf, ?s'd
klZrd, Ko'7fg, ;Nofg, ;'v]{t, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, c5fd, 8f]6L, a}t8L, 88]nw'/f, g'jfsf]6, sfe|]knf~rf]s,
sf7df08f}, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/ x'g\ .
 kxf8L k|b]zsf] 7"nf] lhNnf l;Gw'nL xf] eg] ;fgf] lhNnf] eQmk'/ xf] .
-u_ t/fO{ k|b]zM–
;d'b| ;txaf6 %( ld6/b]lv ^!) ld6/sf] prfO{df cjl:yt k"j{df d]rLb]lv klZrddf dxfsfnL;Dd
km}lnPsf] ;dy/ e"efunfO{ t/fO{ k|b]z elgG5 . of] k|b]znfO{ cGgsf] e08f/ eg]/ lrlgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf]
e"efu wg'iffsf] d';x/lgof -%(dL=_ oxL k|b]zdf kb{5 . o; k|b]zdf yf?, /fhj+zL, ;tf/, emfFu8, lwdfn cflb
hfthfltsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]zdf @! lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zn] b]zsf] s"n s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] sl/j
%#Ü efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o; k|b]zsf] >]0fL ljefhg
-s_ vf; t/fO{ M– ;a}eGbf blIf0fL efudf blIf0ftkm{ xf]lrb} uPsf] ef/t;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] e"efu vf; t/fO{ xf] .
o;n] b]zn] s"n e"efusf] $Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 @)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . pQ/
blIf0f–rf}8fO{ @% b]lv #) lsnf]ld6/;Dd /x]sf] o; >]0fLsf] e"efunfO{ cGgsf] e08f/ dflgG5 .
-v_ efj/ k|b]zM– vf; t/fO{b]lv pQ/ r'/] kj{tsf] blIf0fsf] #)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df km}lnPsf] e"efu efj/ k|b]z
xf] . of] pQ/ blIf0f !) b]lv !% lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] rf}8fO{df /x]sf] 5 . rf/sf];] emf8L / dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ o;}>]0fLdf
kb{5 . o;n] b]zsf] s"n e"efusf] $=%Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
-u_ leqL dw]zM– r'/] kj{tdfnfsf] pQ/ dxfef/t kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fdf /x]sf] ;dy/ e"efunfO{ leqLdw]z jf b'g
If]q elgG5 . o; If]qn] b]zsf] s"n e"efusf] *=%Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 t/fO k|b]zn] b]zsf] s"n e"efudf !& k|ltzt cf]u6\b5 .
 oxfFsf] hg;+Vof %)=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 of] k|b]zdf :yfgLo tx @&^ sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] 5 .
 t/fO{ k|b]zdf k|ltlglw;ef tkm{ &* / k|b]z;ef tkm{ !%^ lgjf{rg If]q /x]sf] 5 .
 of] k|b]zdf /x]sf @! lhNnfx?M emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, k;f{, af/f,
lrtjg, gjnk'/, k/f;L, ?kGb]xL, slkna:t', afFs], alb{of, bfª, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ x'g\ .
41
  t/fO{sf] 7"nf] lhNnf s}nfnL xf] eg] ;fgf] lhNnf k/f;L xf] .
xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg
g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL prfO{sf] cfwf/df pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Dd k[ys /x]sf] 5 . xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfnfO{ d'VotM
w/ftn -hldg_ sf] :j?k, prfO{, cIff+;, ;d'b|;Ddsf] b'/L, jfo'sf] rfk cflbn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 .
xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ lgDg % efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M–
-s_ pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL
-v_ Gofgf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL
-u_ 708f ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL
-3_ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL /
-ª_ lxdfnL xfjfkfgL
-s_ pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgLM– o;k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL t/fO{, efj/, b'g, leqLdw]z / r'/] kxf8sf] !@)) ld6/;Dd
kfOG5 . o;nfO{ cw{pi0f / pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL klg eGg] ul/G5 . udL{ofddf oxfFsf] tfkqmd #* l8u|L b]lv $@
l8u|L;Dd k'Ub5 eg] hf8f]ofddf !% l8u|Lb]lv % l8u|L;Dd cf]n{G5 . jiff{ofddf lxGbdxf;fu/sf] a+ufnsf] vf8Laf6
cfpg] dg;'gL xfjfn] o;If]qdf @)) ldlnld6/ eGbf a9L jiff{ u/fpFb5 . o;If]qdf x'g] pi0f / z'is xfjfkfgLn]
dfgj :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ g;s]tf klg of] xfjfkfgL s[lif sfo{ / ?vaf]6lj?jfsf] nflu pkof]uL dflgG5
. lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, jL/u~h, g]kfnu~h, dx]Gb|gu/ nufot ;x/x? o;} xfjfkfgLdf kb{5g\ .
-v_ Gofgf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgLM– r'/] kxf8 / dxfef/t kj{tsf] !@)) ld6/b]lv @!)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df
o;k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF u|Liddf Gofgf] / lxpFbdf 708f x'G5 . udL{ ofddf tfkqmd @$ l8u|Lb]lv #)
l8u|L;Dd k'Ub5 eg] hf8f] ofddf lxpFbdf % l8u|Lb]lv ) l8u|L;Dd cf]n{G5 . dg;'gL xfjf blIf0ftkm{af6 axg] x'Fbf
blIf0fIf]qdf @%) ldlnld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 eg] pQ/tkm{ !@% ldlnld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 . o;If]qdf kg]{ kf]v/fsf]
n'Dn]df ;aeGbf a9L jiff{ x'G5 . sf7df08f}, wgs'6f e]F8]6f/, jf/kfs h:tf :yfgx? o;} xfjfkfgL If]qdf kb{5g\ .
-u_ 708f ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgLM– dxfef/t >[+vnfsf] @!)) ld6/b]lv ##%) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df o;k|sf/sf]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF u|Liddf Gofgf] x'G5 eg] lxpFbdf Hofb} hf8f] x'G5 / lbg klg 5f]6f] x'G5 . oxfFsf] tfkqmd
u|Liddf !% l8u|Lb]lv @) l8u|L;Dd k'Ub5 eg] lxpFbdf ) l8u|L;Dd cf]ln{G5 . oxfF jiff{df !)) ldlnld6/;Dd kfgL
kb{5 eg] lxpFbdf lxpF jif{G5 . Go"g jiff{ / Go"g tfkqmdsf] sf/0f oxfF v]tLkftL cToGt} sd x'G5 . oxfFsf] hLjg
si6s/ eP klg :jf:Yosf b[li6n] o;k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ /fd|f] g} dflgG5 . 3n]ufFp, dfOkf]v/L, bfdg, gu/sf]6,
l;ldsf]6 h:tf If]qx? o;} xfjfkfgL If]qdf kb{5g\ .
-3_ n]sfnL xfjfkfgLM– ##%) ld6/b]lv %))) ld6/;Ddsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] z'is / 708f xfjfkfgLnfO{ n]sfnL
xfjfkfgL elgG5 . oxfFsf] tfkqmd r}q, a}zfv / h]i7df !) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6af6 !% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6;Dd k'Ub5 eg] cGo
;dodf lxdfÍeGbf sd x'G5 . oxfF %) ldlnld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 . lxpFbdf cToGt lr;f] xfjf rNg] of] If]qdf 7"nf
kmfF6x? x'g]x'Fbf kz'kfngsf] nflu of] If]q pkof]uL dflgG5 eg] ko{6sLo ultljlw ;~rfngsf] nflu pko'Qm dflgG5 .
gfDr]ahf/, d'lQmgfy, kfyLe/f h:tf :yfg o;} xfjfkfgL If]qdf kb{5g\ .
-ª_ lxdfnL xfjfkfgLM– %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] If]qdf kfpg] xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL xfjfkfgL elgG5 . oxfF jiff{sf]
?kdf ;w}F lxdkft g} eO/xG5 . oxfFsf] tfdqmd ) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd x'G5 . oxfF dWofGXdf hf]8n] lxpF;lxtsf]
x'/L rNb5 . of] If]qdf ;w}F e/L lxpF kl//xg] x'Fbf jg:kltsf] ?kdf n]p, e\mofp e]l6G5 . of] k|b]znfO{ lzt d?e"ld
klg elgG5 . yf]/fªkf;, ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/lzjL/, sfnfkTy/ kxf8 o;} xfjfkfgL If]qdf kb{5g\ .
k|fs[lts ;Dkbf -vlgh kbfy{_
g]kfn k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ d'n's xf] . oxfF kfOg] vlgh ;Dkbfsf] plrt pkof]u x'g] xf] eg] g]kfnsf]
ul/jL lgjf/0f ug]{ sfddf ;fy{stf kfpg] lyof] . vlgh kbfy{ eGgfn] hldgd'lg /x]sf] ax'd"No kbfy{ eGg] a'lemG5 .
d'VotM g]kfndf lgDgadf]lhdsf] vlgh kbfy{ kfOG5
vlgh kbfy{ vlgh kbfy{ kfpg] lhNnf÷:yfg
kmnfd km'nrf]sL, 7f];], gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{_ sf] wf}jfbL eGg] :yfg, lrtjg,
s'n]vfgL, e};], Ko"7fg, aemfª, 8f]6L, kmlk{ª cflb
tfdf tgx'Fsf] a'4vf]nf -aGbLk'/_, tfdfvfgL, l;;fvfgL, s'n]vfgL, DofUbL, wgs'6f,
afx|lj;], cf]vn9'+uf, lr;fkfgL cflb
l;;f dfkmf{ -d':tfª_, km'nrf]sL, afUn'ª, /;'jf, u0f]z lxdfn, a}t8L cflb .
ce|v Hofld/], ;'Gb/Lhn, ef]hk'/, r}gk'/, ndh'ª, aemfª, l;Gw'nLu9L, uf];fO{s'08 cflb
r'g9'+uf e}+;] bf]efg -x]6f}8f_, uf]bfj/L, kfNkf, rf]ef/, ;'v]{t, vf]6fª, bfª, c3f{vfFrL, Ko'7fg,
pbok'/ cflb .
42
 h:tf u0f]z lxdfn, km'nrf]sL, dfh/]vf]nf, gfDrf cflb .
g'gvfgL d':tfªsf] yfsvf]nf
k]6«f]lnod g]kfnu~h, b}n]v, d'lQmgfy, jL/u~h, hn]Zj/, hgsk'/, lj/f6gu/, df]/ªsf]
afx'gL / ;'g;/Lsf] a/fxIf]q
;'g sfnLu08sL, a'9Lu08sL, ;'gsf]zL / l/p vf]nfsf] au/x?
;f]8f ;Nofg, 8f]6L
u]? l;Gw'kfNrf]s
dfj{n uf]bfj/L Pj+ dxfef/t kj{tsf ljleGg :yfg
l;w]g"g, jL/g"g /;'jfsf] :ofk|m'a]F;L
dfUg];fO6 bf]nvfsf] vl/9'+uf, pbok'/sf] sDk'3f6
ldy]g UofF; sf7df08f} pkTosfsf tLg j6} lhNnfx? sf7df08f}, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/
rfFbL lr;fkfgL u9L, afUn'ª, k'mnrf]sL
sf]Onf bfª, ;Nofg, rf}tf/f, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, rt/f, sf7df08f} pkTosf
:n]6 aGbLk'/, afudtL, n'lDagL, u08sL, hgsk'/ cflb .
lgs]n vf]slnª, gfDkf, 6'ªyfª, ef]n]{ cflb
vl/ l;Gw'kfNrf]s, vf]6fª, ef]hk'/
uGws lr;fkfgLu9L, uf];fO{s'08, a/fxIf]q
o'/]lgod d':tfª, dsjfgk'/, rd]lnof gbLsf] lsgf/ -bfr{'nf_

 k[YjLdf kfpg] wft'x?sf] ;"rLdf ;'g &# cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 .

 lkQn tfdf / h:tf wft' ldnL ag]sf x'G5 .
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]udf NofOPsf] k|d'v vlgh kbfy{df r'g9'+uf, DofUg];fO6, :n]6 / ;L;f x'g\ .
 g]kfnsf] rd]lnof gbL lsgf/df o'/]lgod kfOPsf] 5 .
 u0f]z lxdfndf ;L;fvfgLsf] k|r'/tf kfOPsf] 5 .
 bf]nvfdf Jofj;flos ?kdf DofUg];fO6 -vl/9'+uf_ sf] pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 .
 vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefusf cg';f/ g]kfndf ^# k|sf/sf vlgh kbfy{ kbfy{ kfOPsf 5g\ . h;df @! lsl;dsf
wft' vlgh, @# lsl;dsf cf}Bf]lus vlgh, ^ lsl;dsf /Tg vlgh, ( lsl;dsf lgdf{0fhGo vlgh / $
lsl;dsf Ogwg vlgh /x]sf 5g\ .
df6f]
k|fs[[lts tyf h}ljs tTjx?sf] ;ld>0faf6 aGg] df6f] s[lif nufotsf] sfo{df pkof]uL x'G5 . hLjsf]
cl:tTjsf] nflu xfjf, kfgL, tfk hlts} dxTjk"0f{ tTj df6f] klg Ps xf] . g]kfnsf] hnjfo', w/ftn / jg:kltdf
ljljwtf ePh:t} oxfFsf] df6f]df klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . df]6fdf]6L ?kdf g]kfnsf] df6f]nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd juL{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5M–
-s_ kfFuf] df6f]M– gbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f] / jfn'jfdf emf/kft s'lxP/ ag]sf] df6f] kfFuf] df6f] xf] . o;k|sf/sf] df6f] t/fO{
k|b]z / a]F;L tyf ljz]iftM k"jL{ t/fO{df kfOG5 . jfn'jf / lrD6] df6f] a/fa/ ePsf] o;k|sf/sf] df6f]df r'g,
km:kmf]/; / kf]6f; cflb vlghtTjsf] ld>0f x'G5 . To;}n] o;k|sf/sf] df6f]nfO{ wfg pTkfbgsf] nflu ;a}eGbf pQd
dflgG5 . of] df6f]df ljz]iftM wfg, ;gkf6, ux'F, pv', ;'tL{, bnxg afnL Hofb} ;lk|G5 .
-v_ anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f]M– efj/ k|b]z, leqL dw]z, b'g If]q / r'/] kxf8sf] tNnf] efudf o;k|sf/sf] df6f] kfOG5 .
of] df6f] gbL4f/f hDdf ePsf / kxf8af6 em/L hDdf ePsf afn'jf, sÍ8–kTy/h:tf kbfy{ ldnL aGb5 .
v]tLkftLsf] nflu ;a}eGbf sd pAhfp x'g] jf k|foM pAhfp g} gx'g] df6f] anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f] xf] . h}ljs kbfy{ sd
x'g] of] df6f]df kfgL cl8b}g . of] df6f] jgh+unsf] nflu ljz]iftM ;fn, l;;f} h:tf ?v ;k|gsf] nflu / skf;
v]tLsf] nflu of] df6f] pkof]uL dflgG5
-u_ /ftf] k'm;|f] df6f]M– dxfef/tsf] 7f8f le/x?df 6'lqmPsf r§fgdf ;8]sf emf/kft ldn]/ ag]sf] df6f] /ftf] k'm;|f]
df6f] xf] . o; df6f]df h}ljs kbfy{ / kmnfdsf] dfqf sdx'g] x'Fbf o;sf] /+u /ftf], k'm;|f] jf kx]Fnf] x'G5 . of] df6f]df
r"g, gfO6«f]hg / km:kmf]/; h:tf vlgh tTj sd x'G5 / df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ ;d]t sd x'G5 . o:tf] df6f]df kmnk"mn
v]tL, lrof, cn}+rL, skmL, cb'jf, ds}, sf]bf]sf] v]tLsf] nflu pkof]uL dflgG5 . of] df6f] dxfef/t kj{t / To;sf]
cf;kf;sf] If]qdf kfOG5 .

43
-3_ tn}of df6f]M– w]/} ;do;Dd kfgL hd]sf] pkTosf, kmfF6 / tfndf kfgL ;'s]/ jf kfgL aflxl/P/ ag]sf] pa{/
df6f]nfO{ tn}of df6f] elgG5 . s[lifsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu ;a}eGbf pQd dflgg] of] df6f]sf] /+u sfnf] x'G5 . df6f]sf]
ulx/fO{ a9L x'gsf ;fy} h}ljs kbfy{sf] dfqf klg a9L x'g]x'Fbf of] df6f]df wfg, ux'F, ;fukftsf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 .
o:tf] df6f]df sd jiff{df klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7df08f} pkTosfdf o:t} df6f] kfOG5 .
-ª_ lxdfnL df6f]M– lxdgbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f], s+s8, kTy/ / afn'jf ldnL ag]sf] df6f] lxdfnL df6f] xf] . of] df6f]
lxdfnLIf]qdf ljz]iftM leqL lxdfnL / pRr lxdfnsf] km]bLdf kfOG5 . h}ljs kbfy{ / df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ ;d]t sd x'g] /
xfjfkfgL 708f / z'is x'g] x'Fbf of] df6f]df pj{/f zlQm Go"g x'G5 . hf}, kmfk/, h8La'6L / :ofp v]tLsf] nflu of] df6f]
pko'Qm /x]sf] 5 .
 df6f]sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu g]kfndf lj=;+=@))@ b]lv ;+:yfut k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
 g]kfndf jg ljefun] j[If / 3fF; /f]k0f tyf r]s8\ofd cflbsf] Joj:yfaf6 e"–;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{ lj=;+=@)@#
af6 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
 g]kfn d';'/f] bfn pTkfbgdf ljZjs} % cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] Sofg8f, bf];|f] ef/t, t];|f] ci6«]lnof, rf}yf]
6sL{ / kfFrf} g]kfn /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfn cn}+rL pTkfbgdf ljZjd} klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] w]/} pTkfbg x'g] lhNnf tfKn]h'ª xf] . cn}+rLnfO{
vf]N;Lsf] sfnf] ;'g egL lrlgG5 .
 cb'jf pTkfbgdf g]kfn ljZjs} t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . cb'jf w]/} pTkfbg x'g] b]z ef/t /x]sf] 5 . cb'jf
pTkfbgdf k|l;4 :yfg ;Nofgsf] dfng]6f xf] .
 wfg pTkfbgdf g]kfn ljZjs} !* cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
 wfg pTkfbg w]/} x'g] lhNnfx? qmdzM emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L x'g\ .
 g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] afnL a9Laf6 sdsf] qmdzM wfg, ds}+, ux'F, sf]bf] / kmfk/ x'g\ .
 lrof ljsf; If]q 3f]lift ePsf % lhNnfx? Onfd, emfkf, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd / kfFry/ x'g\ .
 g]kfndf j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmd lj=;+=@))@ ;fnaf6 z'? ul/Psf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf #))) ld6/eGbf dfly @&=%Ü e"–efu /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] s"n e"efusf] !&=(&Ü e"efudf v]tL nufOG5 .
 g]kfndf v]tL of]Uo e"ld w]/}af6 sd ePsf] lhNnf qmdzM df]/ª, emfkf, ;nf{xL, l;/xf / ;'g;/L xf] .
 v]tL of]Uo e"ld sdaf6 a9L ePsf] qmdzM lhNnf dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, /;'jf / x'Dnf xf] .
 g]kfndf v]tL of]Uo e"ldsf] ^^Ü e"efudf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf /x]sf] 5 .
 #^Ü e"efudf afx|} dlxgf l;+rfO{ pknAw /x]sf] 5 .
 s[lif u0fgf @)!* af6 z'? ePsf] xf] .
 @)^* ;fndf ePsf] s[lif u0fgf 5}6f} u0fgf xf] .
 Ps OGr df6f] aGg sl/j $)) jif{ nfUb5 .
 df6f]sf] k|s[lt k|foM r§fg, xfjfkfgL / jg:kltdf e/ kb{5 .
@)!* kxf8 tyf lxdfn
 g]kfn pRr lxd>[+vnf / kj{tdfnfx?n] ;lhPsf] b]z xf] . oxfF @* j6f lxd>[+vnfdf !#!) lxdr'r'/fx? /x]sf
5g\ . ^))) ld6/eGbf cUnf lxdr'r'/fsf] ;+Vof @%) eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf -
k|b]z g+= ! df_ dfq xf]Og sL *))) ld6/ cUnf !$ j6f ljZjsf lxdr'r'/fdWo] * j6f g]kfnd} kb{5g\ .
 d] @(, !(%# -@)!) h]i7 !^_ sf lbg Go"lhNof08sf P8d08 lxnf/L / g]kfnsf t]l~hË gf]u]{ z]kf{n] klxnf]
k6s ;u/dfyfdf kfOnf 6]s]sf lyP . pQm P]ltxfl;s lbgsf] ;Demgfdf xfdL k|To]s jif{ d] @( tfl/vsf] lbg
;u/dfyf lbj; dgfpFb5f} . ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/df r'd]sf] ^) jif{ k'u]sf] cj;/df @)&) h]7 !@ ut] b]lv !%
ut];Dd lx/s dxf]T;j dgfOof] . ;u/dfyfdf klxnf] k6s kfOnf 6]Sg] g]kfnL gful/s t]l~hË gf]u]{ z]kf{n]
kl5af6 ef/tsf] gful/stf lnO{ ef/tLo gful/s ag] / pgsf] lgwg ;g\ !(*^ df bflh{lnª ePsf] lyof] .
csf{ cf/f]xL P8d08 lxnf/Ln] klg ;g\ @))*, hgj/L !! df b]xTofu u/]sf lyP . lxnf/L ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnL
gful/stf kfpg] klxnf] JolQm klg x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ @))# df pQm dfgfy{ gful/stf kfPsf lyP .
 Go'lhNof08sf k"j{lqms]6/ P8d kf/f]/Ln] d] @!, @)!! df ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df r9]sf lyP .
 n]n]k ( tfKn]h'ª lgjf;L 5\o"l/d z]kf{n] lj=;+=@)^*, h]i7 ( -d] @#, ;g\ @)!!_ df ;u/dfyf Ps} l;hgdf !!
lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s r9]/ Ps} l;hgdf b'O{k6s ;u/dfyf r9\g] klxnf] dlxnf kj{tf/f]xL x'g\ .

44
 Ps} l;hgdf b'O{ k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ / lzv/df @! 306f ljgf clS;hg ljtfO{ ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod
ug]{ klxnf] JolQm afa'l5l/Ë z]kf{ -lgwg @)%* df_ x'g\ .
 * xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf ljZjsf !$ lxdfn -;Dk"0f{ lxdfn_ cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL ldª\df z]kf{ x'g\ . pgn]
d] @), @)!!-lj=;+=@)^*.)@.)^_ df *,%*^ ld6/sf] s~rgh+3f lxdfn cf/f]x0f u/]kZrft\ o;k|sf/sf]
sLlt{dfg /fVg ;kmn ePsf x'g\ . pgn] o; cleofgsf] z'?jft ;g\ @))) df dgf:n' -*,!^# dL=_ lxdfnsf]
cf/f]x0faf6 u/]sf lyP .
 * xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf ;Dk"0f{ lxdfn cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] JolQm /fOgxf]N8 d];g/ x'g\ . ;j{k|yd PSn}
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] JolQm ;d]t log} x'g\ . logn] ;g\ !(*) d] !( df of] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
 ;u/dfyf lzv/df r8\g] cGwfJolQm cd]l/sfsf Pl/s jfOgd]o/ x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ @))! d] @% df r9]sf lyP .
 ;u/dfyf r9\g] klxnf] ckfË JolQm cd]l/sL k|f]= 6d lx\j6\ofs/ x'g\ .
 %(!! ld6/ cUnf] l;:g] lxdfn -?s'd k"j{_ df /x]sf] 5 .
 t]lGhª–lxnf/L Pe/]i6 Dof/fyd ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf prfO{df x'g] v]nsf] gfd xf] . of] v]n ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/
lzlj/ -%#%^ ld6/_ b]lv ;u/dfyfsf] k|j]z4f/ gfDr] ahf/ -#$$) ld6/_ ;Ddsf] cfof]hgf x'G5 .
 ;g\ @)!# d] !( df ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df k'Ug] h'DNofxf lbbL alxgL gG;L / tf;L ef/tsf x'g\ .
 s[ltd v'§fsf] ;xfotfn] ;u/dfyf r9]/ ljZj sLlt{dfg agfpg] dlxnf ef/tsL c?l0fdf l;Gxf x'g \ . pgn] d]
@!, @)!# sf] lbg pQm sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sL lyOg\ .
 ljZj ;fOsn ofqL k':s/ zfxn] $^ lbg nufP/ b u|]6 lxdfno 6]«nsf] ofqf @)&).@.!# df k"/f u/]sf lyP .
pgsf] of] ofqf @)^(.!@.@% ut] bfr'{nfaf6 z'? ePsf] lyof] eg] Onfddf ofqf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
 b'a} xft gePsf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;'bz{g uf}tdn] @)&).@.^ ut] -d] @), @)!#_ df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sf
lyP . /fd]5fk lgjf;L uf}td ^ jif{b]lv Sofg8fdf a:b} cfPsf 5g\ .
 lg;f clwsf/L -gflosf_ n] @)&) h]7 & df ;u/dfyfsf] cf/f]x0f u/]sL lyOg\ .
 stf/L /fhs'df/ z]v df]xDdb lag cAb'Nnfxn] d] @@, @)!# df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sf lyP . logL klxnf]
stf/L gful/s dfq geO{ ljZjs} /fhs'df/x?s} tkm{af6 klxnf] cf/f]x0fstf{ x'g\ .
 ;fpbL c/]ljofsL dlxnf /fNs df]x/sn] d] !*, @)!# df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/L ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf]
;fpbL c/ljofsL dlxnf ag]sL l5g\ .
 /fd/f];g If]q c5fddf /x]sf] 5 .
 ;u/dfyf ;a}eGbf a9L k6s r9\g] dlxnf nfSkf z]kf{ x'g\ -* k6s_ . cf7f} k6ssf] cf/f]x0f logn] @)!& d]
!# -@)&$ a}zfv #)_ df u/]sL lyOg\ .
 ;u/dfyf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] v'Da' kf;fª Nxfd' ufpFkflnsf jf8{ g+= $ df v'Dh'ª eGg] :yfgdf kb{5 .
 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] k|oTg ;g\ !(@! af6 ePsf] lyof] .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/]sf 5g\ . hDdf !% hgf sd{rf/L
cf/f]x0f cleofgdf /x]sfdf ( hgf cf/f]xL h]i7 )$, @)^* -d] !*, @)!!_ df ;kmntf xft kfg{ ;kmn eP .
pQm cf/f]x0f k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf tTsfnLg ;lrj lnnfdl0f kf}8]nsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] lyof] . cf/f]x0fsf] nflu
hDdf # s/f]8 5'6\ofPsf] lyof] . ;kmn cf/f]xLdf lvdnfn uf}td, ;Gts'df/ dxh{g, t'N;L/fd e08f/L, ;'lj/
>]i7, x/L 9sfn, ;'/y kf]v|]n, xl/k|;fb u'/fufO{, kbdaxfb'/ e08f/L / 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7 /xg'ePsf] lyof] .
lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sf/0fdf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ kj{tLo ko{6g, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
c;/af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg', lxdfnL If]qsf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] .
 @! cf}+ k6s ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f ug]{ cfkf z]kf{nfO{ ;'k/ z]kf{sf] pkgfdaf6 lrlgG5 .
 ;u/dfyfdf w]/} k6s kfOnf /fvL ljZj lslt{dfg ug]{ sfdLl/tf z]kf{ x'g\ . pgn] @)&* a}zfv @$ ut] @% cf}
k6s kfOnf /fv]sf lyP . pgn] klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(($ df klxnf] k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sf lyP .
 ;u/dfyfsf] cflwsfl/s prfO{ gfKg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 6f]nL @)&^ h]7 * ut] -@)!( d] @@_ lzv/df r'd]sf]
lyof] . lzv/ r'Dg]x? lvdnfn uf}td, /ljg sfsL{ u/L % hgfn] lzv/df sl/j #) ldg]6 a;L :of6]nfO6af6
cfPsf ;+s]t /]s8{ u/]sf lyP .
 g]kfn / rLgsf] ;+o'Qm k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 ;u/dfyfsf] gofF prfO{sf] dfkg @)&& d+l;/ @# df ul/Psf] lyof] .
gofF prfO{ **$*=*^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfndf /x]sf * xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf] lxdfnx? dWo] klxnf] k6s cf/f]x0f ul/Psf] lxdfn cGgk"0f{ lxdfn xf]
. k|mfG;]nL cf/f]xL df}l/; xhf]{u / n'O; n]r]gnn] !(%) h'g # df pQm lxdfn -*,)(! ld=_ cf/f]x0f u/]sf lyP
45
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ !($( af6 lxdfn cf/f]x0f ug{ v'nf u/]sf] xf] .
 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] a+unfb]zL dlxnf lg;ft d'h'dbf/ x'g\ . pgn] d] @&, ;g\ @)!@ df ;u/dfyf
cf/f]x0f u/]sL x'g\ .
 g]kfnL dlxnfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf sd pd]/;d"xdf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ lgdf 5]DhL z]kf{ x'g\ . pgn] !^ jif{sf]
pd]/df d] !(, ;g\ @)!@ df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sL lyOg\ . lgdf ;f]n'v'Da' lgaf;L x'g\ .
 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf kfsf] pd]/sf] dlxnf hfkfgsL jftfgfd] x'g\ . pgn] &# jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\
@)!@ sf] d] !( df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sL lyOg\ .
 uf];fO{s'08sf] prfO{ $,#^) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ulx/fO{ !*=# ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 bfdg dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 ;u/dfyfkl5 g]kfndf kg]{ bf];|f] cUnf] lxdfn s~rgh+3f xf] .
 kl5Nnf] k6s c/f]x0fsf] nflu v'nf ePsf] lxdfn h'un xf] . o;sf] prfO{ ^!%! ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 of] lxdfndf @)&& r}q @^ df cf/f]x0f ePsf] lyof] .
 sf7df08f}af6 ;a}eGbf glhs kg]{ lxdfn h'un xf] .
 h'un lxdfnsf] csf]{ gfd e}/j 6fp/f xf] .
 h'un lxdfn l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 of] lxdfn h'un lxd>[+vnfdf kb{5 .
 g'Da'/ lxdfn ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 ;u/dfyfsf] k|j]z 4f/ #$$) ld6/ prfO{sf] gfDr] ahf/nfO{ dflgG5 .
 ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf a9L prfO{df /x]sf] ltlnrf] tfn -dgfª_ ;d'b| ;txb]lv $,(!( ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf] bf];|f] cUnf] lxdlzv/ dfp06 s] 6' -kfls:tfg_ xf] .
 uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfn /f]Njflnª lxd>[+vnfdf kb{5 .
 rfN; KjfOG6 eg]/ g]kfnsf] wgs'6fsf] e]8]6f/nfO{ lrlgG5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;j{k|yd ;"of]{bo x'g] 7fpF Onfdsf] cGt' 8fF8f xf] .
 lsn/ dfp06]g eg]/ lrlgg] lxdfn dgf:n' xf] .
 l;+xnLnf kj{t tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 Mount Everest nfO{ ;g\ !(%^ df ;u/dfyf egL gfdfs/0f ug]{ JolQm afa'/fd cfrfo{ x'g\ .
 ;g\ !(%^ eGbf cuf8L ;u/dfyfnfO{ !% cf} r'nL elgGYof] .
 !% cf} r'nL egL gfdfs/0f ug]{ JolQm ef/tsf /fwfgfy l;+s+b/ x'g\ .
 o; cuf8L ;u/dfyfnfO{ dfOsn su{n] t];|f] w|'j egL eg]sf lyP .
 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd bn la|l6; bn lyof] .
 ;g\ !*%@ df kQf nfu]sf] ;u/dfyfnfO{ ;g\ !*^% df ;e]{o/ hg/n hh{ Pe/]i6sf ;Ddfgdf dfp06 Pe/]i6
gfdfs/0f ul/of] .
 o; cl3 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ lhDaf]/f]hf] -Osj]8/, ^,#!) ld6/_ nfO{ dflgGYof] .
 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{ x'g\ . logLn] @)%) ;fn a}zfv !) ut]df pQm
lzv/ r9]sL lyOg\\ . pgL ;u/dfyf r9\g] !& cf}+ dlxnf ;d]t x'g\ .
 ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] v'Da' lxd>[+vnfdf kg]{ &%(! ld6/ cUnf] lks #* nfO{ ;/sf/n] @)$* kf}if @# ut]sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ zflGt lzv/ gfdfs/0f u/L kj{tf/f]x0fsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;a}eGbf a9L pd]/df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x/0f ug]{ JolQm hfkfgsf *! jif{sf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf a[4
JolQm -*! jif{_ hfkfgsf o'lr/f] ldp/f x'g\ . pgL d] @#, @)!# df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sf x'g\ .
 ;a}eGbf a9L pd]/df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ qmddf lgwg x'g] ldg axfb'/ z]/rg x'g\ . pgsf] *^ jif{sf]
pd]/df ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzjL/df @)&$ a}zfv @# df ePsf] lyof] .
 @)@) ;fn kmfu'g % b]lv df5fk'R5|] lxdfn cf/f]x0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] aGb u/]sf] xf] .
 rfa's e~hfª tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] JolQm g]kfnsf gful/s lyP .
 ;u/dfyf & ju{ ld6/df km}lnPsf] 5 .
 bLk]Gb| zLv/ Onfd lhNnfdf kb{5 .
46
 k|ydk6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ dlxnf hfkfgsf] Junko Tabei x'g\ .
 logn] !^ d], !(&% df ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/]sf lyP .
 Everest Mummy egL lrlgg] logsf] @)!^ cS6'a/ @) df lgwg ePsf] lyof] .
 O6fnLsf /fOgxf]N8 d]:g/ / cli6«ofsf kj{tf/f]xL lk6/ XofAn/n] clS;hg k|of]u gu/L klxnf] k6s ;u/dfyf
r9]sf lyP . logLx?n] ( d] ;g\ !(&* df cf/f]x0f ;kmn u/]sf lyP .
 df]gL d'n]klt / k]dfbf]h]{ z]kf{ ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df ljjfx ug]{ hf]8L ePsf 5g\ . pQm ljjfx @)^@ h]i7 !^
df u/]sf lyP .
 l6+s/ Jofkfl/s gfsf bfr{'nf lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 ef/t / rLgn] Jofkfl/s gfsf vf]Ng] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] lnk"n]s gfsf bfr'{nf lhNnfdf kb{5
 xfn g]kfnsf $!% lxdfn cf/f]x0fsf] nflu v'nf /x]sf] 5 .
 kl5Nnf] k6s c/f]x0fsf] nflu v'nf ePsf] lxdfn h'un xf] . o;sf] prfO{ ^!%! ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 sd ;dodf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ dlxnf xªsªn] Chang Yi Hung x'g\ . pgn] @)@! d] @# -@)&* h]7 (_
df @% 306f %) ldg]6df cf/f]x0f u/]sL lyOg\ .
 sd ;dodf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ JolQm g]kfnsf k]Daf bf]h]{ z]kf{ x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ @))$ df * 306f !)
ldg]6df cf/f]x0f u/]sf lyP .
 sd pd]/df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ JolQm g]kfnsf ;f]gfd z]kf{ x'g\ . pgn] @)@! d] @# -@)&* h]7 (_
cf/f]x0f ubf{ pgsf] pd]/ !^ jif{ /x]sf] lyof] .

*))) ld6/ eGbf cUnf g]kfndf /x]sf lxdfn

lxdfnsf] gfd prfO{ -ld6/_ lxd>[+vnf lhNnf
;u/dfyf **$*=*^ v'Da'÷dxfn+u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'
s~rgh+3f *%*^ s~rgh+3f` tfKn]h'ª
Nxf]T;] *%!^ v'Da' ÷dxfn+u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'
dsfn' *$^# s'Des0f{ ;+v'jf;ef
rf]o" *@)! v'Da'÷dxfn+u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'
wjnflu/L *!^& wjnflu/L DofUbL
dgf:n' *!^# dgl;/L uf]/vf
cGgk"0f{ *)(! cGgk"0f{ sf:sL

*))) ld6/ eGbf sd prfO{df /x]sf g]kfnsf rlr{t lxdfnx?

lxdfnsf] gfd prfO{ -ld6/_ lxd>[+vnf lhNnf

8f]d &$$@ s~rgh+uf tfKn]h'ª
lk/fld0f ,, ,,
g'K;] &*%% v'Da' ÷dxfn+u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'
k'df]/L &!$% v'Da' ÷dxfn+u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'
nf]a'h] ^!!( v'Da' ÷dxfn+u'/
;fh]{ -zflGt lks_ &%(! V'Da'÷dxfn+u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'
cdfbAnd ^*!@ v'Da' ÷dxfn+u'/ ,,
gf}nvf v'Da' ÷dxfn+u'/
uf}/Lz+s/ &!#$ /f]Njflnª bf]nvf
af}4 ^^&( dgl;/L uf]/vf
lxpFr'nL ^$$! cGgk"0f{ sf:sL
df5fk'R5|] ^((^ ,, sf:sL
lgnlu/L lgnlu/L d':tfª
uGwj{ cGgk"0f{
47
 e[s'6L ^##$ bfdf]b/ DofUbL
lk;fª ^)(! ,,
d's'6 r'/]g d's'6 r'/]g d':tfª
c/lgsf] 8f]Nkf
dfgfkfyL ^#*) wf}nflu/L d':tfª
lqk'/f ^%&# sf~hL/f]jf 8f]Nkf
sfufdf/f %(^) ,, ,,
;}kfn &)#! u'/fF; aemfª
h]7L ax'/fgL ^*%) ,, ,,
ckL &!#@ ,, bfr'{nf
AofF; ,,

ljleGg lxdfn÷8fF8fsf pkgfdx?

lxdfn pkgfd
df5fk'R5|] s'df/L lxdfn
cdfbAnd n]l8h lks÷6]lSgsn dfpG6]g
cGt'8fF8f lbk]Gb| lzv/
dxfef/t kj{t lxn :6];g ckm g]kfn÷xfjfvf]/L
uf}/L z+s/ kfyLe/f lxdfn÷kljq kxf8
s'Des0f{ h'Gg' lxdfn
r'/] kj{t lzjflns kj{t
h'un lxdfn e}/j 6fs'/f
s~rgh+uf lxdfn g]kfn lxdfn÷% r'nLsf] lxdfn÷pRr lxd;|f]t ePsf]
dsfn' pRr sfnf] lxdfn
dgf:n' lxdfn lsn/ dfpG6]g
wf}nflu/L lxdfn ;]tf] lxdfn ÷^ r'nLsf] lxdfn
Nxf]T;] lxdfn blIf0f r'r'/f
e]8]6f/ rfN; KjfOG6

 ljZjsf] bf];|f] cUnf] lxdlzv/ dfp06 s] 6' kfls:tfg kb{5 eg] of] prfO{ ;d'b| ;txaf6 *,^!! ld6/ /x]sf] 5
eg] of] sf/fsf]/d lxd>+[vnfdf kb{5 . u8ljg cl:6g gfdn] ;d]t lrlgg] of] lzv/nfO{ pb'{ efiffdf nDaf
kxf8 elgG5

klxnf] k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ % dlxnfx?

-s_ h'Gsf] tfj]O{ –hfkfg –!(&% sf] d] !^
-v_ kmfGtf]ª –rLg –!(&% d] @&
-u_ afGbf ?lSslnh –kf]Nof08 –!(&* cS6f]a/ !^
-3_ x]lgnf]/ :sdf; –hd{gL –!(&(
-ª_ a]lrGb|L kfn –ef/t –!(*$ d] @#

g]kfn / rLg aLrsf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s gfsfx?

gfsf lhNnf gfsf lhNnf
of/L x'Dnf lsdfyf+sf ;+v'jf;ef
l6+s/ bfr'{nf cf]nfªr'ªu\ f]nf tfKn]h'ª
/;'jfu9L /;'jf s'tL ÷s]?ª /;'jf
lburf{ bf]nvf sf]bf/L÷tftf]kfgL l;Gw'kfNrf]s
lxN;f x'Dnf nfs]{e~Hofª uf]/vf
nf]dfGyfª÷sf]/nf d':tfª g]a'ª d':tfª
48
 k|d'v 3fF6L tyf e~Hofª
lhNnf 3fF6L÷e~Hofª
tfKn]h'ª l6ktfn %)(% ld=_, Rofa's -%(&(ld=_, vfªnf] -%)%$_, lemª;fª -
^!!$ ld=_, cf]nfªrf]ªuf]nf -%)(% ld=_
;+v'jf;ef lsdfyf+sf, kf]k6L, pDa]s, l5/drf]ef -$#*& ld=_
;f]n'v'Da' gfªkf, gfªvf
bf]nvf 7fªnf, lburf{, nfdfau/
l;Gw'kfNrf]s sf]bf/L
/;'jf /;'jfu9L
uf]/vf nfs]{, Uofnf, d}nf6;}r'ª
d':tfª sf]/nf, 5f6f]ª, rfªr'dL
8f]Nkf cfl/d
d'u' gfDhf
aemfª p/fO{
x'Dnf Rofªnf, of/L, lxN;f
bfr{'nf l6+s/
hn;|f]t
;fdfGo cy{df hn;|f]t eGgfn] gbLgfnf, tfn, lxdgbL vf]nf cflbsf] ;du| kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . hn;|f]tsf]
If]qdf ljZjd} a|flhnkl5 bf];|f] / Plzofsf] klxnf] :yfg cf]u6\g] g]kfn hn;Dkbfsf] nflu wgL b]z xf] oxfF ;fgf
7"nf u/L em08} ^,))) gbLgfnfx? 5g\ . !! ls=dL=eGbf nfdf gbL sl/j !)) j6f 5g\ . g]kfnsf gbLgfnfx?sf]
s"n nDafO{ nueu $%,))) ls=ld=/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;DefJo hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf *#,))) d]ufjf6 -* s/f]8 #) nfv lsnf]jf6_ ePtf klg cfly{s
tyf k|fljlws ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df pTkfbg Ifdtf $@,))) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . –gf]6M– hn;|f]t lj1 :j=xl/dfg
>]i7n] cfk\mgf] lkPr8Lsf] zf]wsf] qmddf g]kfnsf gbLgfnfx?sf] s"n ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf *#,))) d]ufjf6 ePsf]
bfjL u/]af6 clxn];Dd of] tYof+snfO{ dfGb} cfPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5_ lgh xl/dfgsf] @)&$ a}zfv !$ df lgwg
ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf #=( Ü e"efu gbL, vf]nfgfnf / To;sf] j/Lk/Lsf] afn'jf If]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 ef]6df d"n ePsf gbLx?df ;'gsf]zL, tfdfsf]zL, tdf]/, c?0f, s0ff{nL / u08sL x'g\ .
 g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ gbLx?sf] hne08f/ Ifdtf @ nfv @ xhf/ ldlnog So'ljs ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tn] ljZjsf] hn;|f]tsf] @=@& Ü efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 a]qfjtL gbL /;'jf jf g'jfsf]6sf] aLr efuaf6 aUb5 .
 g]kfnsf k|d'v tLg gbLx? sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL ef/tsf] u+uf gbLdf uO{ ldNb5 .
 g]kfnsf] pQ/u+uf eg]/ lrlgg] gbL ;fgf] e]/L xf] .
 g]kfnsf] pQ/jflxgL eg]/ lrlgg] gbL sd{gfzf gbL xf] . of] gbL nlntk'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfndf Pp6} gfdn] b'j}tkm{ aUg] gbL /fKtL xf] .
 g]kfnaf6 k|To]s jif{ @$ s/f]8 3gld6/ df6f] au]/ hfb}5 h;n] a+ufnsf] vf8Ldf Go"df]/ gfds 6fk' agfPsf] 5
 cf]nfªr'ª\uf]nf 3fF6Laf6 g]kfndf k|j]z ug]{ Psdfq gbL tdf]/ xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr prfO{af6 aUg] gbL c?0f xf] . of] gbL @&,^() lkm6 prfO{;Dd eP/ aUb5 .
 o;nfO{ ltAatL efiffdf k'mªr' gbLsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 o;sf] kf}/fl0fs gfd dxfk|ef xf] .
 lnv' gbLnfO{ csf]{ j?jf gbLsf] gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 bf];|f] :t/sf] gbL ltgfpnfO{ ltnf]Qdf gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
g]kfnsf gbLx?nfO{ lgDg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M–
-s_ klxnf]:t/sf] gbLM– lxdfnsf] lxpF kUnL lxdfnaf6 pTklt ePsf sf]zL, u08sL, s0ff{nL / dxfsfnL gbL
klxnf]:t/sf gbLx? x'g\ .
49
-v_ bf];|f]:t/sf] gbL M– dxfef/t kj{taf6 pTklt eO{ lg/Gt/ alu/xg] gbL bf];|f]:t/sf gbL x'g\ . o;:t/sf
gbLx?df afUdtL, d]rL, sGsfO{, lqh'uf, sdnf, jf0fu+uf, ltgfp, /fKtL cflb gbL kb{5g\ .
-u_ t];|f]:t/sf gbL M– r'/] kxf8af6 pTklt eO{ lxpFbdf ;fx|} ;fgf] jf ;'Sg] t/ jiff{df cToGt 7"nf] ?k lng] gbL
o;:t/sf] gbLdf kb{5 . of] :t/sf gbLaf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf] ;DefJotf /xb}g eg] l;+rfOsf] nflu eg] of] pko'Qm
x'G5 . o:tf gbLx?df l;l;{of, ;'g;/L, a"9Lvf]nf, /t'jf, /ftf], ltnfj] kb5g\ .
gbLsf] kl/ro
sf]zLk|b]z M– g]kfnsf] k"j{df s~rgh+3fb]lv klZrddf nfd6fª lxdfn;Dd km}lnPsf] of] gbL g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]
gbL xf] . h;sf] hnk|jfx Ifdtf !%^$ So'ljs ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 o; gbLdf @@,))) d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg x'G5 .
 o;n] jfn'jf cf];fg]{ /]s8{df ljZjsf] bf];|f] gbLsf] >]o kfPsf] 5 . jfn'jf cf];fg]{ ljZjs} klxnf] gbL rLgsf]
x\jfªxf] gbL xf] .
 sf]zL gbLsf ;xfos gbLdf tdf]/, c?0f, ;'gsf]zL, b'wsf]zL, tfdfsf]zL, lnv' / Ogb|fjtL x'g\ . ;Ktsf]zL gbLsf
;xfos gbLdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] gbL c?0f xf] eg] ;fgf] gbL lnv' xf] .
 o;sf] s"n nDafO{ &@) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] o;nfO{ ef/tdf bfdf]b/ gbL egL lrlgG5 ;fy} o;nfO{ ljxf/sf]
b'Mv egL lrlgG5 .
 o;n] s/Lj ##,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q l;l~rt ug]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 . of] gbL klZrd tkm{ ;b}{ uPsf] 5 .
 of] gbLsf] afFw kl5Nnf] k6s @)^% efb| @ ut] eTs]sf] lyof] .
 of] gbL ljxf/sf] s/;]nf eGg] :yfgdf uO{ u+ufdf ldl;G5 .
;Ktu08sLM– of] gbL k"j{df nfd6fª lxdfnb]lv klZrddf wf}nflu/L lxdfn;Dd km}lnPsf] of] gbL g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf
ulx/f] gbL dflgG5 . o;sf] hnk|jfx Ifdtf !&!# So'ljs ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf ;xfos gbLx?df lqz'nL, sfnLu08sL, a"9Lu08sL, dfbL, ;]tL, b/f}bL / d:of{ªbL kb{5g\ . o;sf] s"n
nDafO{ ##* lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] ljB't Ifdtf @!,))) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ t/fO{df k'u]kl5 gf/fo0fL gbL egL lrlgG5 .
 dfbLnfO{ sf}df/L :j?kf, ;]tLnfO{ j}i0fjL :j?kf / sfnL u08nLnfO{ u+uf :j?kf gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 o;sf gbLx?df ;a}eGbf 7"Nff] gbL sfnLu08sL xf] eg] ;fgf] gbL lqz'nL xf] .
 ;Ktu08sL gbLsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL d:of{ª\bL xf] .
 ;Ktu08sLn] sl/j @^,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q l;l~rt ug]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 .
 of] gbLsf] ;xfos gbL ;]tLdf @)^( h]7 @# df af9L cfpbf sDtLdf %* hgfsf] lgwg ePsf] lyof] .
;Kts0ff{nL M– of] gbL k"j{df wf}nflu/L lxdfnb]lv klZrddf Jof; lxdfn;Dd o;sf] k|efjIf]q dflgG5 . o;sf]
nDafO{ %)& lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf #@,))) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 .
 hnk|jfx Ifdtf !#!^ So'ljs ld6/ k|lt;]s]08 /x]sf] of] gbLsf ;xfos gbLx?df x'Dnf s0ff{nL, d'u' s0ff{nL,
;fgf] e]/L, 7"nf] e]/L, ;]tL, a"9Lu+uf, ltnf x'g\ .
 of] gbL ef/tdf k'u]kl5 3f3/f gfdaf6 lrlgG5 .
 o;sf] kf}/fl0fs gfd k~r]Zj/L xf] .
 dxfsfnL gbLnfO{ ef/tdf k'u]kl5 zf/bf elgG5 .
 d]rLnfO{ dxfgGbf, sGsfO{nfO{ ljl/ª, aaO{nfO{ ;/o" gfdn] ef/tdf lrlgG5 .
 sf];L, s0ff{nL / gf/fo0fL gbLdf kfOg] 8lNkmgnfO{ g]kfndf ;f]+; gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 o; gbLn] $(,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q l;l~rt ug]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 .
gbLsf pb\ud :ynx?
gbL pb\ud :yn gbL pb\ud :yn
c?0f ltAat afudtL afu4f/
tdf]/ ltAat tfdfsf]zL ltAat
;fgf]e]/L wf}nflu/L lxdfn a'9Lu08sL u0f]z lxdfn -wflbª_
sdnf gbL l;Gw'nLu9L OGb|fjtL h'un lxdfn-l;Gw'kfNrf]s_
lnv' /f]Njflnª lxdfn dxfsfnL clk lxdfn -bfr'{nf_
ltgfp r'/] kj{t d'u' s0ff{nL n2fv lxdfn
b'wsf]zL b'ws'08 -;f]n'v'Da'_ 7"nf] e]/L sf~hL/f]jf lxdfn
50
 ;'gsf]zL ltAat lqz'nL uf];fO{s'08
a'9Lu+uf hub'Nnf tfn -8f]Nkf_ sGsfO{ dxfef/t kj{t
lji0f'dlt ;kglty{ b/f}bL a'4 lxdfn
d:of{ª\bL bfdf]b/ lxdfn-d':tfª_ sfnLu08sL d':tfª n]s
;]tL ;}kfn lxdfn -aemfª_ d]rL nfnLvs{
af0fu+uf r'/] kj{t lemd|'s uf}d'vL
X'Dnf s0ff{nL ltAat k"jL{ /fKtL lzjflns kj{t
;]tL cGgk"0f{ dfbL cGgk"0f{

gbL / kf}/fl0fs gfd

gbL kf}/fl0fs gfd
c?0f dxfk|ef
lnv' x]du+uf
lqz'nL wd{wf/f
a'9Lu08sL ozf]wf/f
b/f}+bL ljZjwf/f
d:of{ªbL lztk|ef
dfbL /Tgwf/f
;]tL u08sL ;'j0f ;l/tf
sfnL u08sL s[i0f u08sL
s0ff{nL k~r]Zj/L
xg'dGt] xg'dlt
wf]jL vf]nf ?b|dlt
gVv'vf]nf k|efjlt
6's'rf OR5'dlt
dgf]x/f dl0fdlt
erfv';L eb|dlt
lemd?s wdf{jlt
r]k] rDkfjlt
/fKtL clr/fjlt
jf0fu+uf efuL/yL
tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx?
lhNnf
km]jftfn, a]ugfz, ?kftfn, lbk'ª tfn, d}bLtfn, a'9'jf tfn, :ofv'{, vf:6] sf:sL
tfn / zflGts'08
/f/f -dx]Gb|_ tfn, C0fdf]If bx, 5fofgfy bx / kflkgL bx d'u'
u8'jf tfn, tdf]/3}nf, gGbefph", s;/f, e'h'/f, aL;xhf/, ;f]x|xhf/ tfn lrtjg
gGbg tfn, ;TojtL tfn, ;'s] tfn kfNkf
ltlnrf] tfn, 7"nflu lxdtfn, s]lhg ;f/f n]s dgfª
kmf]S;'08f] tfn, l/Ud, hub'Nnf tfn, k'yf 8f]Nkf
;'df{tfn -;'df{;/f]j/_ aemfª
sfldgL bx af/f
s'le08] bx ;Nofg
b'w kfv/L, -b'ws'08_ gf/bs'08 cf]vn9'+uf
afx| s'g] tfn, rl/ª] bx, bfª
vKt8 tfn, ;'g bx 8f]6L
51
 ;fNkf kf]v/L, sfn kf]v/L, af/fxL kf]v/L ef]hk'/
kfFrkf]v/L, tf/f v;]sf] kf]v/L, gf/fo0f kf]v/L, a}nfxf kf]v/L l;Gw'kfNrf]s
bfdf]b/ s'08 d':tfª
3f]8f3f]8L tfn s}nfnL
6f}bx, sdnkf]v/L, gfukf]v/L, /fgLkf]v/L, kfgL kf]v/L, s6'jfn bx sf7df08f}
a'na'n], l;d|Lbx, d'/nL bx ;'v]{t
lemnldnf tfn,a]tsf]6] bx, aGbf tfn, /fgL tfn s~rgk'/
u+uf;fu/, 1fgs'08, wg'iff;fu/, /fd;fu/, /Tg;fu/ wg'iff
u+ufhd'gf s'08 wflbª
lrªlnª kf]v/L t]x|y'd
uh]8L ?kGb]xL
l;Hd] tfn, hnhn] kf]v/L tfKn]h'ª
/f}tfkf]v/L, hf]uL bx pbok'/
r'nL kf]v/L df]/ª
a~hf/L, 3l8cjf{ tfn, 5ks}of kf]v/L, a}3LdfO{ kf]v/L k;f{
a/fx tfn vf]6fª
;efkf]v/L, l;4kf]v/L, u'kmfkf]v/L ;+v'jf;ef
a9}of tfn alb{of
OGb| ;/f]a/ -g]kfndf dfgj lgld{t ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn_ dsjfgk'/
7f8f bx c3f{vfFrL
hulbzk'/, hflv/f slkna:t'
e"O{km'§f tfn, ?b| tfn, hnkf tfn Affun'ª
sN5'dg, ?Gr] Uff]/vf
Hff]/kf]v/L kfFry/
dfOkf]v/L Onfd
OGb|kf]v/L, b]pkf]v/L ndh'ª
kmf]S;'08f], l/Ud tfn, hub'Nnf tfn 8f]]Nkf
:ofk'{ ?s'd klZrd
sdn, ?lSd0fL, ?s'dsf]6 ?s'd k"jL{
efh' kf]v/L eQmk'/
Uff];fO{s'08, ;/:jtL s'08, u0f]z s'08, gfu s'08 /;'jf

 ljZjs} ;aeGbf prfO{df /x]sf] tfn dgfªl:yt ltlnhf] tfn -;d'b| ;txaf6 of] $,(!( ld6/ prfO{_ egL
dfGb} cfOPsf]df kl5Nnf] k6s dgfª lhNnfdf d} /x]sf] s]lhg ;f/f n]s -%))@ ld=_ nfO{ cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf]
tfnsf] ?kdf dfGg yflnPsf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] tfn /f/f tfn xf] . o;nfO{ dx]Gb| tfn gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 . o;sf] nDafO{ *
lsnf]ld6/, rf}8fO{ !=% lsnf]ld6/ / ulx/fO{ !^& ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] d'u' lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . . of] tfn ;d'b|
;txaf6 @(() ld6/ prfO{ /x]sf] 5 . of] tfn l;:g] lxdfnsf] sfvdf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 .
 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kg]{ kmf]S;'08f] tfn g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf ulx/f] tfn xf] . o;sf] ulx/fO{ ^%) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
nDafO{ $=* lsnf]ld6/, rf}8fO{ !=^ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] of] tfn ;d'b|;txaf6 #()) ld6/sf] prfO{df cjl:yt
/x]sf] 5 o;sf] cfsf/ Y /x]sf] 5 . of] tfn sfl~h/f]jf lxdfnsf] sfvdf /x]sf] 5 . of] tfnsf s'g} klg hLj
gkfOg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ lghL{j tfn klg elgG5 . l/Ud ufpFdf kg]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ l/Ud tfn klg elgG5 .
of] tfnsf] kfgLaf6 ;'lnu9 em/gfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lxdtfn R5f]/f]Nkf lxdtfn ;d'b| ;txb]lv $,%*) ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] of] tfn bf]nvf
lhNnfdf kb{5 . o;sf] nDafO{ # lsnf]ld6/, rf}8fO{ )=% lsnf]ld6/ / ulx/fO{ !)) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;

52
 tfndf sl/j * s/f]8 3gld6/ kfgL /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ljikmf]6g x'g] vt/faf6 arfpg ;fO/g h8fg
ul/Psf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lxdgbL nfd6fª lxdgbL xf] . o;sf] nDafO{ !* lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] lxdgbL v'Da' lxdgbL xf] . o;sf] nDafO{ #@ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 kf]+s/ lxdgbL dgfª lhNnf / Rofa's lxdgbL tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 afUdtL gbLsf] nDafO{ !^# lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ODhf lxdtfn vf]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . of] tfndf /x]sf] kfgL g]kfnL ;]gfn] aflx/ lgsfNg ;kmn ePsf]
sf/0f o;sf] ljikmf]6 x'g] hf]lvg sd ePsf] 5 . of] lxdtfn g]kfnsf lxdtfn dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L prfO{df
/x]sf] lxdtfn xf] . of] ;d'Gb ;txaf6 %)!) ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf k|d'v em/gfx?

em/gfsf] gfd lhNnf
x\oft'ª em/gf -#^% ld6/, g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] em/gf egL klxn] lrlgYof]_ t]x|y'd

l6knftf em/gf, Onfd 8fF8f em/gf-!*( ld6/_, d]jfvf]nfsf] em/gf, k'mªkm'ª] tfKn]h'ª
kf]snL em/gf -(!=$$ ld6/_, /ftfdf6] em/gf -!))=(% ld6/_ lrv'jf{ em/gf cf]vn9'+uf
cf]8f/L vf]nfsf] em/gf -!%^ ld6/_, v'jf em/gf -&! ld6/_ pbok'/
u'D5fyfn, tLgwfO{ vf]nfsf] em/gf, e}/js'08 em/gf l;Gw'kfNrf]s
lbk|'ª em/gf vf]6fª
;x;|wf/f em/gf, k'/gwf/f em/gf bfª
;f]tfvf]nfsf] em/gf, tLnv'jf em/gf c3f{vfFrL
5x/], a}s'07 kfNkf
?K;] em/gf, efn] af:g] em/gf DofUbL
u+uf–hd'gf em/gf, vx/] vf]nfsf] em/gf wflbª
r]k] gbLsf] em/gf dgfª
;]tL gbLsf] em/gf aemfª
k'mªukm'ªu em/gf g'jfsf]6
;'lnu9 em/gf kfpnL_ !^* ld6/ cUnf]_ g]kfndf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] -#^!# 8f]Nkf
ld6/_
Kfrfn em/gf -g]kfndf nfdf] em/gf_ #*! ld6/ nfdf] sfnLsf]6
kftfn] 5fuf] sf:sL
hf]/kfgL, e]n5]8g em/gf 8f]6L
åf/L vf]nfsf] em/gf b}n]v

 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf @)$@ ;fn efb| ! ut] ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf lj=;+=!(^* ;fndf ljh'nL c8\8fsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] eg] lj=;+=
@)!( ;fndf of] g]kfn ljB't skf]{/]zgdf kl/0ft eof] .
 !(^* ;fn h]i7 ( ut] -g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lah'nL an]sf] lbg_ a]nfot ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf]
%)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] kmlk{ª kfj/ xfp; g]kfnsf] k|yd hnljB't cfof]hgf xf] eg] Plzofsf] bf];|f]
hnljB't s]Gb| xf] . of] cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf cfpFbf k|wfgdGqL rGb| ;dz]/ / /fhf lqe'jg lyP . oxL
cfof]hgf :yndf ljB't ;+u|xfno /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfndf lah'nL an]sf] lbgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL @)^* ;fn h]7 ( ut]af6 phf{ lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf] bf];|f] hnljB't s]Gb| ^$) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] ;'Gb/Lhn hnljB't cfof]hgf xf] . of] cfof]hgf g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfkm} ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . of] lj=;+=!((@ ;fndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf lgDgcg';f/ 5M–
53
-s_ s0ff{nL gbLaf6 – #@,))) d]ufjf6
-v_ sf]zL gbLaf6 – @@,))) d]ufjf6
-u_ u08sL gbLaf6 – @!,))) d]ufjf6
-3_ cGo gbLaf6 – *,))) d]ufjf6
*#,))) d]ufjf6
/fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If tyf ;+/If0f If]q ;DaGwL ;fdfGo Joj:yf
-s_ /fli6«o lgs'~h
jGohGt', kz'k+IfL, sL6ktª\u, b'n{e ?v la?jfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g u/L kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod u/L h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] pko'Qm :t/ sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] 5'6\ofOPsf] lglZrt e"efunfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h elgG5 . g]kfndf
jGohGt', jg:klt, h8La'6L cflbsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ljleGg /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If / ;+/If0f If]qx?sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf xfn !@ j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h, ! j6f jGohGt' cf/If, ! lzsf/ cf/If / & j6f ;+/If0f If]qx? /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~hx?

qmd ;+Vof Gffd If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_ :yfkgf -lj=;+=_ lhNnf ljz]iftf
! z]–kmf]S;'08f #%%% @)$) 8f]Nkf / d'u' g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf], of]
lgs'~h If]qdf
z]–kmf]S;'08f
tfn kb{5 eg]
sflGh/f]jf
lxdfnsf]
dgf]/d
b[Zofjnf]sg
klg b]Vg
;lsG5 . o;
lgs'~hdf
lgnf] e]F8f,
s:t'/L, d[u,
lxdlrt'jf
cflb hgfj/
kfOG5g\ .

@= Nffd6fª !&!) @)#@ l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /]8kf08fsf] /

/;'jf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
g'jfsf]6 nflu k|l;4, of]
lgs'~h lxdfnL
If]qdf :yflkt
klxnf] / g]kfnsf]
bf];|f] 7"nf] lgs'~h
xf] .
#= dsfn' a?0f !%)) @)$( ;+v'jf;ef /
;f]n'v'Da'
$= ;u/dfyf !!$* @)#@ ;f]n'v'Da' ljZjs} ;a}eGbf
cUnf] :yfgdf
/x]sf] lgs'~h ;fy}
54
 ljZj ;Dkbf
;"rLdf ;"rLs[t
g]kfnsf] klxnf]
;Dkbf, o;nfO{
;g\ !(&( df
;"rLs[t ul/Psf]
lyof]
%= alb{of (^* @)$% Alb{of t/fO{sf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] / s[i0f;f/sf]
nflu k|l;4,
s0ff{nL gbLsf] k"jL{
efudf cjl:yt 5
.
^= lrtjg (%@=^# @)#) lrtjg, g]kfnsf] klxnf] /
dsjfgk'/, af3sf] ;fy}
k;f{ / u}8fsf] nflu ;d]t
gjnk/f;L k|l;4, ;g\ !*&@
df :yfkgf ePsf]
ljZjs} klxnf]
/fli6«o lgs'~h
onf]:6f]g g];gn
kfs{ eGbf of]
lgs'~h !)! jif{
sfG5f] /x]sf] ;fy}
of] lgs'~hnfO{ ;g\
!(*$ df ljZj
;Dkbf ;'rLdf
;"rLs[t ul/Psf]
&= k;f{ ^@&=#& @)&$ k;f{, af/f / g]kfnsf] sfG5f]
dsjfgk'/ lgs'~h,
o;nfO{
cf/Ifsf] ?kdf
ljqmd ;Dat\
@)$! ;fndf
:yfkgf
ul/Psf] lyof] .
of] lgs'~h
leq xfQL,
af3, d[u,
n+u"/, h+unL
la/fnf], h+unL
s's'/, lrQn
cflb kfOG5g\
.

*= afFs] %%) @)^& afFs], ;Nofg of] /fli6«o

55
 / bfª lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf
ug]{ k|:tfj ljqmd
;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn
d+l;/ !( ut]
ePsf] sfnfkTy/
dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]
lyof] . of] /fli6«o
lgs'~h :yfkgfsf]
d'Vo sf/0f af3sf]
;+/If0f ug'{ /x]sf]
5.

(= z'SnfkmfF6f #)% @)&# S~rgk'/ Affx|l;+xfsf] nflu

k|l;4, of]
lgs'~hsf]
:yfkgf
cf/Ifsf] ?kdf
ljqmd ;Dat\
@)#! df
ePsf] xf] .
o; lgs'~h
leq afx|l;+u]
d[ux?,
lgnufO{, kf6]
af3, efn',
lrQn, u}8f
cflb
hgfj/x?
kfOG5g\ .

!)= vKt8 @@% @)$@ Afh'/f, aemfª, vKt8 afafsf]

8f]6L / c5fd cf>d /x]sf]
!!= lzjk'/L– !%( @)%* sf7df08f}, /fhwfgL;Fu
gfufh{'g g'jfsf]6 / hf]l8Psf], oxfF
l;Gw'kfNrf]s af3, efn',
d[u, aFb]n,
h+unL lj/fnf],
n+u'/ nufot
ljleGg
hLjhGt'
kfOG5g\ .

!@= /f/f !)^ @)#@ d'u' / h"Dnf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf

;fgf], oxL lgs'~h
If]qleq g]kfnsf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn
56
 /f/f tfn ;d]t
/x]sf] 5 . oxfF
lxdfnL efn',
s:t'/L d[u,
lrt'jf, 3f]/n,
aFb]n cflb
jGohGt' cflb
kfOG5g\ .

jGohGt' cf/If
-!_ sf]zL 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If
;'g;/L lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] cf/Ifn] !&% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] cf/If cgf{sf] nflu k|Voft
/x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)#@ ;fndf ePsf] xf] . oxfF cgf{, 3l8ofn uf]xL kfOG5g\ . g]kfndf
xfn cgf{sf] ;+Vof $#@ /x]sf] 5 . of] cf/IfnfO{ ;g\ !(*& df /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] xf] -klxnf]
;"rLs[t :yn_ . of] cf/If r/fx?sf] :ju{:yn ;d]t xf] .
lzsf/ cf/If
-!_ 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If
o; cf/Ifn] afUn'ª\, DofUbL / ?s'd lhNnfsf] s]xL e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)$!
;fndf ePsf] xf] . o;n] !#@% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; cf/Ifdf lglZrt z'Ns lt/L lzsf/ ug{
kfOG5 . oxfF lrt'jf, 3f]/n, lxdfnL yf/, sfnf] lxdfnL efn', aFb]n cflb kfOG5g\ .
;+/If0f If]qx?
-!_ cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q
sf:sL, d':tfª, dgfª, ndh'ª / DofUbL lhNnfsf] s]xL efunfO{ ;d]6L ljqmd ;Dat\ @)$( ;fndf :yfkgf
ePsf] of] lgs'~hn] &^@( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] ;+/If0f If]q g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+/If0f If]q xf]
-@_ dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q
o; ;+/If0fIf]qn] uf]/vf / dgfª lhNnfdf km}lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)%% ePsf] xf] eg]
o;n] !^^# ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF lxpF lrt'jf, s:t'/L d[u, gfp/ emf/nsf ;fy} ljleGg
k|sf/sf r/fr'?ËLx? kfOG5g\ .
-#_ s~rgh+3f ;+/If0f If]q
tfKn]h'ª\ lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)%$ ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . o; If]qn]
@)#% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF lxdlrt'jf, Ajf;f], s:t'/L d[u, rl/af3, sfnf] efn' xfa|] , afFb/
:ofn cflb hgfj/ kfOG5g\ .
-$_ dsfn' a/0f ;+/If0f If]q
;+v'jf;ef / ;f]n'v'Da lhNnfsf] *)# ju{ lsnf]ld6/= If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] of] ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ljqmd
;Dat\ @)$* d+l;/ @ ut] ePsf] xf] .
-%_ km'nrf]sL tyf rGb|flu/L ;+/If0f If]q
sf7df08f} lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ;g\ @))@ df g]kfnn] kj{tLo jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg]
;Gbe{df of] ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . of] ^$$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/df km}lnPsf] 5 .
-^_ gfuf{h'g ;+/If0f If]q
sf7df08f}df !^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qdf km}lnPsf] of] ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)^& df ePsf] xf] .
-&_ uf]s0f{ ;kmf/L ;+/If0f If]q
sf7df08f}d} /x]sf] of] ;+/If0f If]q !^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/df km|}lnPsf] 5 . :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)^& df ePsf] xf] .

hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! adf]lhd b'n{e jGohGt' tyf jg:kltsf] ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf /fHon]
ug'{kg]{ pNn]v /fHosf] gLlt cGtu{t /x]sf] 5 .

57
 ?v lj?jf, 3fF;kft, h8La'6Lx?sf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{ g} jg:klt elgG5 . To;}u/L hgfj/, kz'k+IfL, sL6ktË,
;l/;[kx?sf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{ hLjhGt' elgG5 . hLjsf] cl:tTj /Iffsf] nflu oL hLjhGt' / jg:kltsf] ;Gt'lnt
cj:yf /xg' lgtfGt cfjZos dflgG5 .
g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo agf]6 / jgh+unsf] cj:Yffsf] cfwf/df oxfFsf] jg:kltnfO{ % ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5
-s_ pi0f k|b]zLo ;bfjxf/ h+un M– o;k|sf/sf] jg:klt t/fO{, efj/, b'g, r'/] kj{tsf] !@)) ld6/ prfO{;Dd
kfOG5 . oxfF udL{ tyf kfgL cTolws x'g]x'Fbf oxfFsf] ?vx? cUnf, df]6f x'G5g\ . of] If]q jg:kltsf] ;+/If0fsf] pko'Qm
:yfg dflgG5 . k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd km}lnPsf] of] jg:klt If]qnfO{ klxn] rf/sf];] emf8L elgGYof] . oxfF
;fn, l;;f}, vo/, l;dn cflb ?vx? kfOG5g\ . o; h+undf xftL, af3, efn', d[u, u}8f cflb hgfj/ kfOG5g\ .
-v_ ;dlztf]i0f ktem/ h+unM– ;d'b| ;txb]lv !@)! b]lv @!)) ld6/;Ddsf] r'/] kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu /
dxfef/t kj{tdfnfsf] tNnf] efudf o;k|sf/sf] jg:klt kfOG5 . o; h+undf lj?jfx? ;3g?kdf kfpg'sf ;fy}
?vx? cUnf / df]6f ;d]t x'G5g\ . dflyNnf] efudf lr;f] / t';f/f]sf] sf/0f clwsf+z kftkltË/ emg]{ x'Fbf of] jg
>[+vnfnfO{ ktem/ elgPsf] xf] . o; h+undf ;fn, ;Nnf, b]jbf?, rfFk, s6';, cf]v/, u'/fF;, lkkn, lrnfpg], j/,
afF;, l;dn, plQ;, k\mnfF; cflb kfOG5g\ .
-u_ ;dlztf]i0f sf]0fwf/L h+unM– dxfef/t kj{tsf] dflyNnf] efub]lv lxdfno kj{tsf] tNnf] efu;Ddsf] @!))
ld6/b]lv ##%) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df kfOg] h+un ;dlztf]i0f sf]0fwf/L xf] . oxfF jif{e/L lr;f] eO/xg] / lxpFbdf
lxpF;d]t kg]{ x'Fbf ?v / ?vsf kftx? sf]0fh:t} r'Rrf] k/]sf x'G5g\ . oxfFsf] df6f] ;]lknf] x'g]x'Fbf oxfFsf] h+un
;bfjxf/ x'G5 .
-3_ n]sfnL jg:klt jf 3fF;] d}bfgM– of] jg:klt If]q ##%) ld6/b]lv %))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df kfOG5 . oxfF sd
tfkqmd / sd jiff{ x'g] x'Fbf 7"nf / cUnf ?vx? kfOb}gg\ . sl/j #^)) ld6/;Dd s]xL emf8L h:tf ?vx? kfOG5g\
Tof] eGbf dfly n]sfnL 3fF;sf kmfF6x? kfOG5g\ h;nfO{ n]sfnL jg:klt jf 3fF;] d}bfg elgG5 .
-ª_ 6'08«f jg:klt M– %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] prfO{df lxdfnosf vf]rx?df kfOg] sfO{, n]pmnfO{ o;k|sf/sf]
jg:kltdf dflgG5 . oxfF jif{e/L g} lxpF kl//xg] x'Fbf oxfF dfly pNn]lvt jg:klt afx]s cGo jg:klt kfOb}g .
 g]kfndf !*)) k|hfltsf] wfg v]tL ul/G5 .
 g]kfndf cn}rL v]tLsf] nflu b'O{ k|Voft lhNnf tfKn]h'ª xf] eg] To;kl5 ;+v'jf;ef / Onfd x'g\ .
 ;'Gtnfsf] nflu k|l;4 :yfg wgs'6fsf] l5Gtfª / vf]s' eGg] 7fpF xf] .
 :ofpsf] nflu k|l;4 :yfg ;f]n'v'Da', l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] x]nDa', dgfª, d':tfª / h'Dnf xf] .
 Ps l;+Ë] u}8fsf] nflu lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'Gh k|Voft dflgG5 .
 lj/fnf]n] u'lnof :jfb yfxf kfpb}g .
 ljZjd} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] nfnLu'/fF; If]q Onfd lhNnfsf] a'wjf/] xf] .
 /ftf] u'/fF;nfO{ nfnLu'/fF; elgG5 eg] ;]tf] u'/fF;nfO{ lrdfn elgG5 .
 g]kfnsf ^$% k|sf/sf -k|hflt_ sf k'tnL kfOG5g\ .
 g]kfndf c?0f pkTosfdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|hfltsf r/f, k'tnL / df5f kfOG5 .
 g]kfnsf sl/j ^,))) gbLgfnfdf !*% k|hfltsf df5f kfOG5 .
 g]kfndf !&% k|hfltsf ax'd"No h8La'6L ;'gfv/L kfOG5 . o:tf ;'gfv/L ljZjdf %))) k|hfltsf /x]sf 5g\
r}qb]lv ebf} dlxgf;Dd k'mNg] ;'gfv/L g]kfndf klxnf] kN6 ;g\ !*@) df sf]nsf]Qfsf jg:kltlj1 gfyflnon
jflnrn] sf7df08f} glhs}sf] lzjk'/L h+undf km]nf kf/]sf lyP .
 g]kfndf !@ k|hfltsf s5'jf kfOG5 .
 ljZjdf kfOg] @# k|hfltsf lu4 dWo] g]kfndf ( k|hfltsf lu4 kfOG5g\ .
 ;k{ *( k|hfltsf kfOG5g\ . oL dWo] !* k|hfltsf ;k{ ljiffn' /x]sf 5g\ .
 xfn g]kfndf #)# sf] ;+Vofdf s[i0f;f/ kfOPsf] 5 .
 g]kfndf ;g\ @)!* df $$! sf] ;+Vofdf cgf{ /x]sf]df ;g\ @)@! sf] u0fgf adf]lhd -sf]/f]gfsf] sf/0f ;g\
@)@) sf] u0fgf gePsf]_ $(* ;+Vofdf cgf{ kfOPsf] 5 .
 g]kfn, ef/t, e'6fg, sDaf]l8of / yfONof08 u/L % b]zdf cgf{ kfOPsf] 5 .
 cgf{ u0fgf @÷@ jif{df x'g] ub{5 .
 cfsfzaf6 k/]sf] kfgL vfP/ afRg] k|f0fL sfsfs'n xf] .

58
 g]kfndf **& k|hfltsf r/fx? kfOG5g\ . sf]zL 6Kk' aGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ r/fx?sf] :j0f{:yn egL lrlgG5
lsgsL o; cf/Ifdf ;fOj]l/ofaf6 r/f cfO{ df};dcg';f/ a:g] ub{5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] w]/} ;+Vofdf r/fx? a:g] :yfg eg] c?0f pkTosf xf] .
 uf}td a'4sf] cflzif kfPsf] r/f egL lrlgg] r/f ;f/; xf] .
 ;'g]sf] e/df af6f] kQf nufpg] k+IfL rd]/f] xf] .
 g]kfnsf ;aeGbf 7"nf] /fli6«o lgs'Gh z]–kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h xf] .
 t/fO{sf] h+unnfO{ emf]/f elgG5 eg] n]ssf] h+unnfO{ kfn elgG5 .
 skmL v]tLsf] nflu k|l;4 :yfg u'NdL xf] .
 xfn g]kfndf &%@ u}8f /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!% df ePsf] u0fgfdf ^$% sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] lyof] . t;y{ kl5Nnf]
u0fgf adf]lhd g]kfndf u}+8f !)& sf] ;+Vofdf a9]sf] 5 .
 kl5Nnf] u0fgf adf]lhd lrtjgdf ^($, alb{ofdf #*, z'SnfkmfF6fdf !& / k;f{df # sf] ;+Vofdf u}+8f /x]sf] 5 .
 u}8f u0fgf %÷% jif{df x'g] ub{5 .
 xfn g]kfndf @#% af3 /x]sf 5g\ .
 ;a}eGbf w]/} af3 kfOg] :yfg lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h xf] .
 xfn ;+/lIft If]q @#=#! Ü k'u]sf] -#$,#!@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ k'u]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf !@ /fli6«o lgs'~h -z'Snf
aGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ @)&# kf}if & ut] / k;f{ aGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ @)&$ h]7 @) df lgs'~hdf kl/jt{g u/]
kZrft\_, ! aGohGt' cf/If, ! lzsf/ cf/If / & ;+/lIft If]q /x]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;+/lIft If]q uf}/Lz+s/ /
clkgfDkf ;+/lIft /x]sf 5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] s"n e"efudf @=%Ü e"efu l;d;f/ If]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 g]kfndf s"n e"efusf] #(=^Ü e"efu jg;Dkbfn] 9fs]sf], #(=^Ü If]qdWo] @(Ü e"efu jgh+unn] / !)=^Ü
e"efu a'6\ofg jf emf8L k|s[ltsf] ?vn] 9fs]sf] 5 egL pNn]v ePsf]df jg ;e]{If0f @)!^ adf]lhd xfn b]zsf]
s"n e"efusf] $$=&$Ü e"efu If]q jg;Dkbfn] 9fs]sf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 . $)=#^Ü e"efu 3gf h+unn] / $=#*Ü
e"efu a'6\ofg Pj+ emf8L k|s[ltsf] ?vn] 9fs]sf] 5 . w]/} jg If]q dWokxf8L If]qdf #&=*)Ü 9fs]sf] 5
 xfn g]kfndf k|lt x]S6/ $#) ?vx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 To;}u/L g]kfndf $$# k|hfltsf ?vx? /x]sf] dflgG5 .
 g]kfnsf ;aeGbf 7"nf] /fli6«o lgs'Gh z]–kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h xf] .
 r'/] If]q #^ lhNnfdf km}lnPsf] 5 eg] o;n] !@=&* Ü e"efu ;d]6]sf]5 .
 ;a} r/fsf] gSsn ug{ ;Sg] r/f sfF8] Eofs'/ xf] .
 slxNo} kft gemg]{ ?v vh'/ xf] .
 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] 5fsf{ ef]6 / t/fkj:tL ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] a:tL xf] .
 !@,&!# kmL6 prfO{df ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] 7fpFdf wfg v]tL x'G5 . h'DnL df;L{ gfd /x]sf] pQm wfg
g]kfnsf] h'Dnf lhNnfdf kmNg] ub{5 .
/fd;f/ ;lGw
 cf]l;nf] Pj+ kfgLn] leh]sf] bnbn] hldgnfO{ l;d;f/ elgG5 .
 o;sf] dxTjnfO{ lnP/ ljZjdf o;sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu w]/} k|of; x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f clgjfo{ /x]sf] dx;'; u/L ;g\ !(&! df O/fgsf]
/fd;f/df ;lGw ePsf] lyof] .
 /fd;f/df ;lGw ePsf]n] pQm ;lGwnfO{ /fd;f/ ;lGw gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 g]kfnn] pQm ;lGwnfO{ ;g\ !(*& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] .
 ljZj /fd;f/ ;lGwdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf] klxnf] :yfg sf]zL 6Kk' aGohGt' cf/If xf] .
 pQm :yfgnfO{ ;g\ !(*& d} ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] lyof] .
 xfn;Dd g]kfnsf !) l;d;f/ If]qnfO{ ljZj /fd;f/ ;lGwdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] :yfg sf:sL lhNnfdf /x]sf ( tfnx? x'g\ .
 tL ( tfnnfO{ ;du|df Pp6} :yfg Pj+ l;d;f/sf] ?kdf lnO{ To;nfO{ !) cf} :yfgsf] ?kdf dfGotf kfPsf] 5 .
 sf:sL lhNnfsf ( tfnnfO{ -hf] g]kfnsf] !) cf} :yfg_ ;g\ @)!^ sf] k]ma|'c/L @ -@)&@ df3 !(_ df ;"rLs[t
ul/Psf] lyof] .
59
 /fd;f/ ;lGwdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf l;d;f/x?
:yfg lhNnf ldlt
-!_ sf]zL 6Kk' aGohGt' cf/If ;'g;/L !(*& l8;]Da/ !@
-@_ 3f]8f3f]8L tfn s}nfnL @))# cu:t !#
-#_ hubLzk'/ tfn slknj:t' @))# cu:t !#
-$_ aL;xhf/L tfn lrtjg @))# cu:t !#
-%_ uf];fO{s'08 /;'jf @))& ;]K6]Da/ @#
-^_ uf]Sof] / To;sf] jl/kl/sf] If]q ;f]n'v'Da' @))& ;]K6]Da/ @#
-&_ /f/f tfn d'u' @))& ;]K6]Da/ @#
-*_ z]–kmf]S;'08f] 8f]Nkf @))& ;]K6]Da/ @#
-(_ dfOkf]v/L Onfd @))* cS6f]a/ @*
-!)_ sf:sL lhNnfdf /x]sf ( tfn sf:sL @)!^ km]a|'c/L @

;+/lIft jGohGt'x?
k+IfLx?
g]kfndf ( j6f k+IfLx? -r/fx?_ ;+/lIft /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M
-!_ sfnf] ;f/; -@_ ;]tf] ;f/; -#_ ;f/; -$_ rL/ -%_ 8fFkm]
-^_ d'gfn -&_ v/do'/ -*_ ;fgf] v/do'/ -(_ /fhwg]z
3;{g] lhjhGt'
g]kfndf lgDg # k|hfltsf hLjhGt'nfO{ ;+/lIft ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ clh+u/ -@_ 3l8ofn -#_ ;'guf]xf]/f]
:tgwf/L hGt'
g]kfndf lgDg @& k|sf/sf :tgwf/L hGt'nfO{ ;+/lIft ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ cf;fdL /ftf] afFb/ -@_ ;fns -rfOlgh_ -#_ ;fns Ol08g_ -$_ v}/f] Jof;f] -%_ v}/f] efn'
-^_ /ftf] kf08f -&_ kf6] l;n' -*_ w;]{ x'F8f/ -(_ r/L af3 -!)_ WjfF;] lrt'jf
-!!_ ln+s; -!@_ af3 -!#_ lxpF lrt'jf -!$_ ;f]; -!%_ h+unL xfQL
-!^_ u}F8f -!&_ s:t'/L d[u -!*_ afx| l;+u] -!(_ uf}/L ufO{ -@)_ h+unL rf}/L –ofs_
-@!_ cgf{ -@@_ rf}sf -@#_ s[i0f;f/ -@$_ rL? -@%_ gfkg
-@^_ lxl:k8 v/fof] -@&_ k'8\s]a b]n

 lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kfOg] lhjhGt'x?df Ps l;+u] u}8f, kf6] af3, uf}/L ufO{, efn', lrt'jf, /t'jf, lrtn,
nu'gf, h/fof], rf}l;+u], d[u, afFb/, 3l8ofn, uf]xL, du/uf]xL, :jF;, clhªu/, cgf{ / ljleGg k|hftLsf
r/fr'?ËLx? kfOG5g\ .
 ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~hdf s:t'/L d[u, lxdfnL efn', yf/, 3f]/n, emf/nsf ;fy} 8fFkm] lrlnd], sflnh, lxds'v'/f,
nfnr'Rr] cflb kfOG5g\ .
 nfd6fª /fli6«o lgs'~hdf /ftf] kf08f, lxdefn', /ftf] tyf n+u"/, afFb/ cflb kfOG5g\ .
 afx|l;+u] alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kfOG5 .

/fhdfu{x?
!= dx]Gb| /fhdfu{M @)!( ;fn a}zfv ! ut] tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|4f/f gjnk/f;Lsf] u}8fsf]6df pb\3f6g ul/Psf] of]
/fhdfu{ k"j{df sfs8le§fb]lv klZrddf u8\8frf}sL;Dd u/L !)@&=^& lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{df km}lnPsf] 5 . o;n]
kxf8sf @ -c3f{vfFrL / dsjfgk'/_ / t/fO{sf !( lhNnfnfO{ 5'G5 . o; /fhdfu{sf] ;a}eGbf prfO{sf] efu
afFs]sf] k'idf SofDk -(%) ld6/_ / ulx/fO{sf] efu ;'g;/Lsf] O6x/L -&! ld6/_ xf] . of] /fhdfu{ Plzog xfO{ j]
?6 gDa/ A–2 xf] . of] /fhdfu{ ef/t, a]nfot, ?; / Pl8jLsf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
@= lqe'jg /fhkyM ljqmd ;Dat\ )!# ;fndf ef/tLo ;}lgs ld;gn] lgdf{0f sfo{;DkGg u/]sf] of] /fhdfu{sf] nDafO{
!(! lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /fhdfu{ xf] eg] o;nfO{ jfO/f]8;d]t eg]/ lrlgG5 .
o;sf] lgdf{0fdf ef/tLo ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . sf7df08f}–jL/u~h;Dd km}lnPsf] of] /fhdfu{sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] efu
dsjfgk'/sf] l;de~Hofª /x]sf] 5 . of] Plzog xfO{ j] ?6 gDa/ A–5 xf] .
60
#= c/lgsf] nf]sdfu{M sf7df08f}b]lv sf]bf/L;Dd !!$ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ /x]sf] of] /fhdfu{ rLgsf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f
ePsf] xf] . of] ljqmd ;Dat\ @)@) df z'? eO{ ljqmd ;Dat\ @)@$ df ;DkGg ePsf] of] /fhdfu{ Plzog xfO{
j] sf] ?6 gDa/ A–5 df kb{5 . o;nfO{ sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ ;d]t eg]/ lrlgG5 .
$= l;4fy{ /fhdfu{M ef/t ;/sf/af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] of] /fhdfu{sf] nDafO{ !*$ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . kf]v/fb]lv
;'gf}nL;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . ef/tsf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] of] /fhdfu{sf] Plzog xfOj] ?6 gDa/ A–48 xf] .
%=k[YjL /fhdfu{M rLg ;/sf/sf]] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] of] /fhdfu{sf] s"n nDafO{ !&$ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
gf}la;]af6 kf]v/f;Dd km}lnPsf] of] /fhdfu{ Plzog xfOj]sf] ?6 gDa/ A–41 xf] .
^= sf7df08f} rqmkyM rLgsf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] of] kysf] nDafO{ @&=@ /x]sf] 5 .
&= sf]zL nf]sdfu{M w/fg–vfFbjf/L dfu{nfO{ sf]zL nf]sdfu{ elgG5 . !#^ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ /x]sf] of] nf]sdfu{sf]
lgdf{0f g]kfn ;/sf/ cfkm}n] u/]sf] xf] .
*= d]rL nf]sdfu{M rf/cfnL, Onfd, lkmbLd / tfKn]h'ª;Dd km}lnPsf] of] dfu{sf] nDafO{ @$! lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5
. g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] /fhdfu{sf] sf/0f pQm :yfgdf oftfoftsf] ;'udtf ePsf] 5 .
(= jLkL dfu{M ag]kf–l;Gw'nL–abL{jf; ;Ddsf] !^) lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ . of] dfu{ hfkfgn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ @)&@
c;f/ !* df x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 .
!)= dbge08f/L dfu{M w/fg–wgs'6f;Dd km}lnPsf] of] dfu{sf] s"n nDafO{ %@ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] dfu{
a]nfotsf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
!!= s0ff{nL nf]sdfu{M ;'v]{t–h'Dnf v08df kg]{ of] dfu{ @#@ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
!@= ;u/dfyf nf]sdfu{M ldr}{of–;Nn]/L v08sf] @)) lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] of] dfu{sf] lgdf{0f g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] .
!#= elQm /fhdfu{M lj/f6gu/–w/fg v08sf] $! lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] of] dfu{sf] lgdf{0f g]kfn ;/sf/ cfkm}n] u/]sf]
!$= /Tg nf]sdfu{M g]kfnu~h–;'v]{t v08sf] () lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] of] dfu{ klg g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] .
!%= jL/gf/fo0f dfemL dfu{M l3gf3f6b]lv lj/f6rf]s;Dd hf]8\g] @@ lsnf]ld6/ sf] dfu{ .
!^= r]kfª dfu{M lrtjgsf] e08f/f–nf]y/–wflbªsf] dn]v' ;8snfO{ r]kfª dfu{ elgG5 .
!&= /~h'dfu{ -/f]kj]_ M sf7df08f}–x]6f}8f v08sf] of] dfu{sf] nDafO{ $@ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sL ;xof]udf
@)@) ;fn d+l;/ ! af6 ;~rfng ePsf] of] /f]kj] xfn aGb /x]sf] 5 .
!*= aneb| dfu{M lj/f6gu/–hf]uagLnfO{ hf]8\g] of] dfu{sf] nDafO{ * lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
!(= 6«nL a;;]jfM rLgsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt . lqk'/]Zj/– ;"o{ljgfos v08sf] !@=(* lsnf]ld6/ nDjfO{ .
@)= lqb]jL dfu{M of] s]z/dxn–7d]nrf]s hf]8\g] dfu{ xf] .
@!= /]ndfu{M hgsk'/–hogu/ /]ndfu{, nDafO{ %! lsnf]ld6/ .
@@= e"lkz]/rg dfu{M DofUbLsf] a]gLahf/ / d':tfªsf] hf]d;f]d v08sf] ^% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] of] dfu{ g]kfn
;/sf/ cfkm}n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] .
@#= nfdf];fFu' lh/LM nfdf];fFu'lh/L v08sf] !)% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{, :jL; ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
@$= eLdbQ kGtdfu{M wgu9L–88]Nw'/f v08sf] !#% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{, lgdf{0f cd]l/sL ;xof]udf ePsf] xf] .
@%= /fd/fhfk|;fb l;+x /fhdfu{M gf/fo0f3f6–d'lUng v08sf] #^ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] /fhdfu{ .
@^= kf;fªNxfd' dfu{M sf7df08f}–w'Gr] v08sf] !!&=! lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
@&= u+ufnfn dfu{M rfjlxn–;fFv' v08sf] !@=&* lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
@*= gf/fo0fuf]kfn dfu{M dxf/fhu~h–a'9flgns07sf] $=(* lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
@(= nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f dfu{M nlntk'/sf] ;ftbf]jf6f]–l6sfe}/j v08sf] !@ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#)= hgsdfu{M hgsk'/–9Ns]a/ v08sf] !( lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] dfu{ .
#!= ljBfklt dfu{M hgsk'/–hn]Zj/ v08sf] !* lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#@= k'iknfn dfu{M nfdf];fF3' /fd]5fk v08sf] !#) lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
##= /fdnId0f dfu{M ?kgL–/fhlj/fh v08sf] !! lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#$= /Tgs'df/ jfGtjf dfu{M Onfdsf] lkmSsn–kz'kltgu/ v08sf] !)=&^ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#%= gf/bd'lgy'n'ª dfu{M lxn]–ef]hk'/ v08sf] &) lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#^= efg'eQm cfrfo{ dfu{M 8'd|]–a];L;x/ v08sf] $@=&& lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#&= bz/yrGb dfu{M :ofpn]-88]Nw'/f_–a}t8L-em'nf3f6_ v08sf] !)% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#*= 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{dfu{M ;'gjn –k/f;L v08sf] *=(% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
#(= cd/l;+x yfkfdfu{M cfFa'v}/]gL–uf]/vf v08sf] @$=^( lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
$)= sfn'kfF8] dfu{M dn]v'–wflbªv08sf] ^% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
61
$!= hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xdfu{M vf]8\k–] aemfª v08sf] !!) lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
$@= l;l4r/0f dfu{M s6f/L–cf\vn9'+uf v08sf] #% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
$#= uf}tda'4 dfu{M n'lDagL–tf}lnxjf v08sf] !& lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
$$= /fd]Zj/ dfu{M xg'dfggu/–kmQ]k'/ v08 .
$%= sf]6]Zj/–sn+sL lj:tfl/t ;8sv08sf] nDafO{ !)=#( lsnf]ld6/ .
$^= dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn dfu{_M k"j{df kfFry/ lhNnfaf6 klZrddf a}t8L;Ddsf] !&&^ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{
$&= b u|]6 lxdfnog 6]«nM k"j{df tfKn]h'ªaf6 klZrddf bfr'{nf ;Ddsf] !&)) lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{ .
$*= yL/ad of]u]Gb|dfg dfu{M kf]v/f–afun'ª ;8nv08 -&# ls=ld=_
 /]zdL dfu{ -l;Ns/f]8_ 6sL{sf] cG6fsfofb]lv rLg;Dd /];dL -l;Ns_ sk8f lgof{tdf k|of]u x'g] af6f] l;Ns /f]8
xf] . of] af6f]sf] k|of]u k|frLgsfndf w]/} x'Gyof] . s/Lj ^,%)) ls=dL= nfdf] of] af6f]sf] k|of]u dflg; pmF6 /
3f]8fsf] k|of]u ul/Gyof] .
 lgdf{0fflwg sf7df08f} aflx/L rqmkysf] nDafO{ &!=!) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] rqmky rLg ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f
ug]{ cfZjf;g k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] kSsL k'nsf] nDafO{ !)!% ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . alb{of lhNnfdf /xsf] of] k'n s0ff{nL gbL
dfly lgld{t /x]sf] 5 .
hg;+Vof ;DaGwL
 g]kfndf hgu0fgf lng] k|rngsf] z'?jft ljqmd ;Dat\ !(^* ;fnaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ljqmd ;Dat\ !(^*
;fnsf] hgu0fgf ;]G;; uf]Zjf/f gfds ;+:yfn] lnPsf] lyof] . xfn hgu0fgf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] lnb} cfPsf]
5 . k|yd hgu0fgf x'Fbf rGb|;dz]/ hj/f k|wfgdGqL lyP .
u0fgf ;fn hg;+Vof jflif{s j[l4b/
ljqmd ;Dat\ !(^* %^,#*,&$( ––––––––
,, !(&& %%,&#,&** –!=!&
,, !(*& %%,#@,%&$ –)=&$
,, !((* ^#,*#,^$( !=)^
,, @))(–@)!! *$,&#,$&* @=#)
,, @)!* ($,!@,((^ !=#@
,, @)@* !,!%,%%,(*# @=)&
,, @)#* !,%),@@,*#( @=#^
,, @)$* !,*$,(!,)(& @=!
,, @)%* @,#!,%!,$@# @=@$
,, @)^* @,^$,($,%)$ !=#%
 klxnf] hgu0fgfsf] t'ngfdf () jif{sf] cjlwdf -@)%*_ hg;+Vof em08} $ u'0ff a9L /x]sf] 5 .
ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ hg;+Vof -ljqmd ;Dat\ @)^*_
If]q hg;+Vof k|ltzt
lxdfnL If]q !&,*!,(&@ ^=&#
kxf8L !,!#,($,))& $#
t/fO{ !,##,!*,&)% %)=@&
 ljqmd ;Dat\ @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfadf]lhd cf}ift hg3gTj !%& k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf]df ljqmd ;Dat\
@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfadf]lhd cf}ift hg3gTj !*) k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] lyof] .
 P3f/f}+ hgu0fgfsf] z'?jft @)^* ;fn h]i7 !–!* ut];Dd 3/kl/jf/sf] ;"rL lng] sfo{af6 ePsf] lyof] eg]
clGtd hgu0fgf -cf}krfl/s hgu0fgf lng] sfd_ @)^* ;fn c;f/ # ut] z'? eO{ !# ut];Dd /x]sf] lyof] .
 gf/f æsf]xL g5'6f}+, sf]xL gbf]xf]l/of}+, cS;/ a;f]jf; u/]s} :yfgaf6 cfk\mgf] ljj/0f n]vfcf}+Æ /x]sf] lyof]
 P3f/f}+ hgu0fgfdf %) k|Zg ;f]lwPsf 5g\ lyP . of] hgu0fgf z'?jftsf] !)) cf} jif{sf] u0fgf xf] . o; u0fgfdf
*,))) ;'k/Lj]Ifs / #$,))) u0fs vl6Psf lyP .
 !! cf}+ hgu0fgfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] c;f/ * ut]nfO{ /fli6«o hgu0fgf lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfof] .
 t/ of] lbj;df hgu0fgfdf ;fd]n sd{rf/Ln] eg] ljbf kfPgg\ .
 !! cf} /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bg @)^(.*.!! df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
 ;f] adf]lhd !) jif{eGbf sd pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof ! nfv #* xhf/ !% /x]sf] 5 .
62
 hgu0fgfadf]lhd % jif{eGbf dflysf] ;fIf/tf ^%=(Ü /x]sf] 5 . k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &%=!Ü / dlxnfsf] %&=$ Ü
/x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf ePsf] lhNnf sf7df08f} *^=#Ü / ;a}eGbf sd /f}tx6 $!=& Ü /x]sf] 5 .
 P;Pn;L eGbf dflysf] tx pQL0f{ ug]{x? !)=@ Ü /x]sf 5g\ .
 hg;+Vof j[l4b/ !=#% Ü , @)%* ;fndf @=@%Ü /x]sf] lyof] .
 xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof @)#* ;fnsf] j[l4b/ @=#^Ü xf] .
 g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ %)$ k'u]sf] 5 .
 k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof ! s/f]8 @* nfv $( xhf/ $! -$*=%)Ü _, dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof ! s/f]8 #^ nfv $% xhf/
$^# -%!=%)Ü _ /x]sf] 5 .
 bzsdf a9]sf] hg;+Vof ##,$#,)*! /x]sf] 5 .
 n}lu+s cg'kft ($=!^ /x]sf] 5 . hg3gTj !*) k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/, ;a}eGbf a9L hg3gTj sf7df08f}sf] $,$!^
k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªsf] k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ # hgf /x]sf] 5 . dgfªsf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/ –
#=*# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . kl/jf/ ;+Vof %$,@&,#)@ . k|ltkl/jf/ cf}ift $=** hgf ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ .
 sf7df08f}sf] hg;V+of !&,$$,@$), -sf7df08f}sf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/ $=&*Ü /x]sf]_ zx/L hg;+Vof $%,@#,*@),
u|fld0f hg;+Vof @,!(,&),^*$, sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] hg;+Vof @%,!&,)@# /x]sf] 5 .
 hg;+Vof pRr ePsf % ;x/ M sf7df08f} !),)#,@*%, kf]v/f @,^$,((!, nlntk'/ @,@^,&@*, lj/f6gu/
@,)$,($( / e/tk'/ !,$&,&&& /x]sf] 5 .
 vfgf ksfpg] sf7 bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ ^$Ü, PnkL Uof;sf] k|of]u ug]{ @!=)#Ü, ljh'nL aQL k|of]u ug]{
kl/jf/ ^&=@^Ü, 6]lnlehg k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ #^=$%Ü, df]jfOn kmf]g k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ ;+Vof ^$=^#Ü, zf}rfno
;'ljwfaf6 al~rt kl/jf/ #*=!&Ü, dlxnfsf] gfddf 3/ hUuf /fv]sf] kl/jf/ !(=&! Ü, ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLsf]
;+Vof !( nfv @! xhf/ $($, dlxnf kl/jf/ d"nL /x]sf] kl/jf/ @%=&#Ü, ckf+utf ePsf] hg;+Vof !=($Ü,
 dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof k'?ifsf] eGbf & nfv (^ xhf/ $@@ /x]sf] 5 .
 !% jif{eGbf dfly / %( jif{ pd]/;Ddsf] hg;+Vof %^=(^Ü /x]sf], !$ jif{eGbf d'lgsf] hg;+Vof $#=(! Ü / ^)
jif{eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vof *=!#Ü /x]sf] 5 .
 ^) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vof xfn @ nfv !^ xhf/ !&) hgf /x]sf] 5 .
 o;}u/L hg;+Vof a9]df cfufdL %@ jif{df hg;+Vof bf]Jj/ x'g] ljefun] hgfPsf] 5 .
;aeGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf % lhNnfx?
lhNnf hg;+Vof
dgfª ^%#*
d':tfª !#,$%@
8f]Nkf #^,&))
/;'jf $#,#))
x'Dnf %),*%*
;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf % lhNnfx?
lhNnf hg;+Vof
sf7df08f} !&,$$,@@)
df]/ª (,^%,#&)
?kGb]xL *,*),!(^
emfkf *,!@,^%)
s}nfnL &,&%,&)(
 ljZj hg;+Vof lbj; h'nfO{ !! -;g\ !(*& b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] .
 ;g\ @)!! cS6'j/ #! df & cj{sf] ;+Vof k'u]sf] lyof] .
 klxnf] j}1flgs hgu0fgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)!* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf xf] .
 JolQmut 36gf hGd, ljjfx, a;fO{;/fO{, d[To' cflb btf{ sfo{qmdsf] z'?jft @)#$÷!÷! ut]af6 ePsf] xf] .
 kfFrf} /fli6«o hgu0fgf -ljqmd ;Dat\ @))(–@)!!_ # jif{ ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] .
 hgu0fgf / s[lif u0fgf !)÷!) jif{df ul/G5 eg] cf}Bf]lus u0fgf %÷% jif{df ug]{ ul/G5 .
:yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg, @)&$ df a9L / sd dtbftf ePsf % lhNnfx?
a9L dtbftf ePsf % lhNnfx? sd dtbftf ePsf % lhNnfx?
63
 df]/ª %,^#,*&) dgfª %,)(%
sf7df08f} %,%(,$)) d':tfª *,@^#
?kGb]xL $,%*,^!^ 8f]Nkf !^,&)#
;'g;/L $,@!,!%( x'Dnf @$,%^@
s}nfnL $,)#,@*) d'u' @&,$#%

3. ljZjsf] e"uf]n

 e"uf]n eGgfn] k[YjL, o;sf] agfj6 / kl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eGg] a'lemG5 .

 ;fdfGotofM e"uf]nnfO{ @ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h;df dfgj e"uf]n / ef}lts e"uf]n kb{5 .
 dfgj e"uf]ndf dflg;x?sf] cfxf/, ljxf/, Jojxf/ / ;+:sf/ tyf jftfj/0f;DaGwL s'/fx? kb{5g\ .
 ef}lts e"uf]ndf ;f}o{d08nsf] pTklt, gIfq, k[YjL, ;"o{ / rGb|dfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw, k[YjLdf ePsf] jg, df6f],
jfo', kfgL, r§fg, vlgh, hnjfo', hLjhGt' ;DaGwL s'/fsf] cWoog ul/G5 .
 e"uf]n zAbsf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd O/]6:ylghn] u/]sf x'g\ .
 e"uf]n zAb u|Ls efiffsf] Geografein af6 lnOPsf] xf] . h;sf] cy{ k[YjLsf] j0f{g eGg] a'lemG5 .
 dfgj e"uf]nsf] ljsf; !( cf}+ ztfAbLaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 .
 jt{dfg dfgj e"uf]nsf lktf hd{gLsf lj4fg Friedrich Ratzel nfO{ dflgG5 .
dxfb]z
 k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf hldgn] 9fs]sf] efunfO{ dxfb]z elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] s"n If]qkmn %! s/f]8 ju{ lsnf]ld6/ -!( s/f]8 &) nfv ju{ dfOn_ /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] @(=@Ü e"efu hldg –dxfb]z_ n] cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 dxfb]zx?sf] s"n If]qkmn !$ s/f]8 *( nfv *& xhf/ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLdf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ hldgsf] efunfO{ & dxfb]zdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

64
  If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf]b]lv ;fgf];Dd dxfb]zx? qmdzM Plzof, clk|msf, pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f
cd]l/sf, cG6fs{l6sf, o"/f]k / ci6]«lnof /x]sf 5g\ .
Plzof dxfb]z
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dxfb]z xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn $,#(,((,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] s"n :ynLo efusf] @(=(Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]zsf] k"j{df k|zfGt dxf;fu/, klZrddf o"/f]k dxfb]z, pQ/df ;'d]? / blIf0fdf lxGb dxf;fu/ kb{5
 of] dxfb]z !) l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+;b]lv &* l8u|L pQ/L cIff+;;Dd / @% l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv !&) l8u|L
klZrd b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 o;sf] k"j{–klZrd nDjfO{ (,^)) lsnf]ld6/ / pQ/–blIf0f rf}8fO{ *,^)) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 -of] dxfb]znfO{
ljifdtfsf] dxfb]z eg]/;d]t lrlgG5 . lsgsL oxf w/ftnLo :j?kdf leGgtf -ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] efu
;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] prfO{ @(,)@* lkm6 / ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"efu Oh/fonsf] d[t;fu/sf] lsgf/ xf]
h;sf] ulx/fO{ ;d'b| ;txaf6 #(@ ld6/_ /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L hf8f] x'g] :yfg ?;sf] ;fOj]l/ofl:yt evf]{of]gf:s -–#$ l8u|L_ o;} dxfb]zdf kb{5 .
 ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] of] dxfb]zdf ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] ^)=%Ü hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjsf] cUnf] / km/flsnf] kfld/sf] k7f/ h'g ltAatdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] prfO{ cf}iftdf %))) ld6/ /x]sf] 5
o;n] @ nfv ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|fol4k c/j k|fol4k xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn #@ nfv %) xhf/ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L jiff{ x'g] 7fpF ef/tsf] r]/fk'GhLl:yt dfl;d/fd xf] . oxfF jflif{s ?kdf ;/b/ !!,$)%
ld=ld= ;Dd jiff{ x'G5 . ljZjdf ;a}eGbf sd kfgL kg]{ 7fFp yf/ -ef/tsf] /fh:yfg_ / uf]jL d?e"ld -rLg /
d+uf]lnof_ xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] uN5L -3fF6L_ g]kfnsf] sfnLu08sLsf] 3fF6L xf] . o;sf] ulx/fO{ ^,(^& ld6/ /x]sf] 5
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] pkTosf c?0f pkTosf xf] . ;+v'jf;efdf /x]sf] of] pkTosf *,#(! ld6/ ulx/fO{df
/x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjs} ;a}eGbf nfdf] kvf{n rLgsf] u|]6jfn -^,@)) dfOn_ xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] dfgjlgld{t gx/ The Grand Canel xf] . of] rLgsf] j]Olhªdf kb{5 .
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof rLgdf /x]sf] 5 . To;kZrft ef/tdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;+Vof
ePsf] zx/ 6f]lsof] xf] .
 Plzof / clk|msf dxfb]zsf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;fu/ nfn;fu/ xf] .
 Plzof / pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ;Ldfgfdf /x]sf] ;fu/ a]l/ª ;fu/ xf] .
 ef}ule{s ?kdf ;a}eGbf sfG5f] dxfb]z Plzof dxfb]z xf] .
 Plzofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z rLg xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn (%,&@,()) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
b]z dflNbE; -@(* ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ xf] .
 zflGt pkTosf ef/tsf] s]/nfdf kb{5 .
 Plzof dxfb]zsf e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sx?–g]kfn, tfhls:tfg, nfcf];, e'6fg, ckmuflg:tfg, d+uf]lnof, lslu{:tfg,
cfd]{lgof, ch/a}hfg, shfs:tfg, t's{d]lg:tfg / pHj]ls:tfg u/L !@ d'n'sx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sx? dWo] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d'n's sfhs:tfg xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn @&,!&,#)) ju{
lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . bf];|f] 7"nf] e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« d+uf]lnof xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn !%,^%,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/
/x]sf] 5 . oL b'a} b]zx? o;} dxfb]zdf /x]sf 5g\ .
 Pl;ofsf !@ e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sdf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] cfd]{lgof xf] . ;a}eGbf e"sDkLo hf]lvddf /x]sf] b]z ;d]t
oxL xf] .
 lqmlZrog wdf{anDaLx?sf] clws a;f]af; ePsf] c/a /fi6« n]agg /x]sf] 5 .
clk|msf dxfb]z
 cWof/f] dxfb]z, bf];|f] 7"nf] dxfb]z, If]qkmn @,(&,*%,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ . s"n :ynLo e"efusf] @)=#%Ü
e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]znfO{ ;+;f/sf] lrl8ofvfgf elgG5 eg] sNsL hftsf] b'n{e r/f;d]t o;} dxfb]zdf kfOG5 .
 k"j{–klZrd rf}8fO{ ;/b/ &,$$) lsnf]ld6/ . pQ/–blIf0f nDafO{ *))) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
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  of] dxfb]z #& l8u|L pQ/L cIff+;b]lv #% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+; / @) l8u|L klZrd b]zfGt/b]lv %) l8u|L k"jL{
b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 clk|msf dxfb]znfO{ e"dWo/]vfn] aLr efudf sf6]sf] 5 . o;sf] k"j{df nfn;fu/, klZrddf cfGw|dxf;fu/,
blIf0fdf s'd]? dxf;fu/ / pQ/df e"dWo;fu/ kb{5 .
 clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf e"efu n]s c;fn -lha'6L_ xf] . of] ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 !%^ ld6/ ulx/f] /x]sf] 5
 o; dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ lnlaofdf x'g] ub{5 eg] hf8f] x'g] b]z eg] df]/Ssf] xf] .
 dfgj ;Eotfsf] z'?jft o;} dxfb]zaf6 ePsf] xf] eg] k|frLg / cfw'lgs ;Eotf kfOg] dxfb]z ;d]t oxL xf] .
 ld>sf] lk/fld8 OlhK6df kb{5 .
 clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ljifodf ;g\ !*%^ df 8]le8 lnleª :6f]gn] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L u/fPsf x'g\ .
 ljljwtfsf] dxfb]zsf] ?kdf lrlgg] of] dxfb]zdf g} dbfuf:s/ 6fk" /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjsf ;a}eGbf a9L lx/f / ;'g pTkfbg x'g] dxfb]z klg oxL xf] .
 lx/fsf] nflu lsDa/vfg xf] eg] ;'gsf] nflu hf]xfG;ju{ d'Vo :yfg dflgG5g\ .
 of] dxfb]zsf k|d'v zx/x? s]k6fpg, sfo/f], g}/f]jL, n';fsf, cflb;cjfjf, x/f/] cflb x'g\ .
 of] dxfb]zdf kg]{ Olyof]lkofnfO{ skmLsf] 3/ elgG5 .
 o; dxfb]zdf kg]{ e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof !^ /x]sf] 5 .
 !^ e"kl/j]li7tdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] rf8 /x]sf] 5 eg] ;fgf] :jflhNof08 -o;sf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ O:jl6gL -
Eswatini_ /x]sf] 5 .
 clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z cNh]l/of -@#,*!,&$! ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ -klxn] ;'8fg /x]sf] lyof] . of] b]z
6'lqmPkl5 cNh]l/of 7"nf] x'g k'u]sf] xf]_ xf] eg] ;fgf] /fi6« l;;]N; -$%% ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxfb]zdf b]zx?sf] ;+Vof %$ /x]sf] 5 . %$ cf}+ /fi6« blIf0f ;'8fg xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn ^,!(,&$% ju{
lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] /fhwfgL h'jf, /fi6«klt ;fNefsL/ x'g\ . ;'8fgdf ;g\ @)!! hgj/L (–!% ;Dd
ePsf] hgdt ;+u|xdf ToxfFsf] (*=*#Ü hgtfn] blIf0fL ;'8fgnfO{ 6'qmfpg] kIfdf dtbfg u/]sf lyP .
 pRr ;d:ynL tyf lr;f] xfjfkfgL ljxLg Pj+ tftf] dxfb]z ;d]t egL o;} dxfb]znfO{ lrlgG5 .
pQ/ cd]l/sf
 t];|f] 7"nf] dxfb]zsf] ?kdf of] dxfb]zsf] If]qkmn @,$#,@),))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 / o;n] ljZjsf] s"n
:yn efudf !^=@Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z !) l8u|L pQ/b]lv *) l8u|L pQ/L cIff+; tyf @) l8u|L klZrd b]zfGt/b]lv !^) l8u|L klZrdL
b]zfGt/aLr km}lnPsf] 5 .
 k"j{–klZrd rf}8fO{ $,*)) lsnf]ld6/ . pQ/–blIf0f nDjfO{ &,@)) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z pQ/lt/ km's]sf] / blIf0ftkm{ ;fFu'l/Psf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z Plzof, clk|msf / o"/f]kaf6 klZrddf k/]sf]n] o;nfO{ klZrdL uf]nf4{sf] dxfb]z klg elgG5 .
 gofF ;+;f/sf] pkgfdn] lrlgg] of] dxfb]zsf] k"j{df cfGw| dxf;fu/, klZrddf k|zfGt dxf;fu/, pQ/df ;'d]?
dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf kfgfdf gx/ kb{5 .
 pQ/ cd]l/sf / blIf0f cd]l/sfnfO{ kfgfdf gx/n] 5'6\ofpb5 .
 pQ/ cd]l/sf O6fnL lgjf;L lqmi6f]km/ sf]nDa;n] ;g\ !$(@ df kQf nufPsf lyP .
 sf]nDa;n] pQ/ cd]l/sf kQf nufpg] l;nl;nfdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfgL hxfhsf] gfd ;]G6 Dofl/of xf] .
 of] dxfb]zsf] gfd cd]l/uf] lj:k'SsL gfds ;fx;L ofqLsf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] .
 o; dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 708f x'g] :yfg u|LgNof08 xf] eg] udL{ :yfg 8]y EofnL, %^=&° -Soflnkmf]lg{of_ xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] aGb/ufxf Go"of]s{ zx/nfO{ dflgG5 .
 o; dxfb]zdf kg]{ k|d'v zx/x? Go"of]s{, jfl;ª6g l8=l;=, ;gk|mflG;:sf], l;sfuf], d]lS;sf], dlG6«on cflb x'g\ .
 pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] lztf]i0f 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ k|]o/L elgG5 .
 ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ x'g] :yfg Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] 8]yEofnL o;} dxfb]zdf /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxfb]zdf s'g} /fi6« klg e"kl/j]li7t /x]sf 5}gg\ .
 pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z Sofg8f -((,&^,!*^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ xf] eg] ;fgf] /fi6« -;]G6 ls6\; P08
g]le; -@^@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ xf] .
 Sofg8fnfO{ nLnLx?sf] e"ld eGg] ul/G5 . Sofg8fsf] /fhwfgL c6f]jf xf] .
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blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]z
 rf}yf] 7"nf] dxfb]z . pQ/ cd]l/sf h:t} of] dxfb]z klg pQ/lt/ km's]sf] / blIf0ftkm{ ;fu'Fl/Psf] 5 eg] o;sf]
If]qkmn !,&&,(*,%)) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] s"n :ynLo e"efusf] !!=(Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z !@ l8u|L pQ/L cIff+;b]lv %^ l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+;;Dd / #% l8u|L klZrdL b]zfGt/b]lv *) l8u|L
klZrdL b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 pQ/–blIf0f nDafO{ &,$$@ lsnf]ld6/ / k"j{–klZrd rf}8fO{ %,@@! lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxfb]zsf] k"j{ / pQ/df cfGw| dxf;fu/, klZrddf k|zfGt dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf s'd]? dxf;fu/ -
cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L skmL pTkfbg, hn;|f]t / h+unsf] wgL b]z a|flhn xf] . oxfFsf] On]S6«f]af; hnljB't
sDkgL blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sDkgL xf] . a|flhnsf] /fhwfgL a|fl;lnof xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfdfvfgL rLnLdf /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxfb]zsf e"kl/j]li7t @ d'n'sx?– af]lnleof / kf/fUj] xf] .
 oL b'O{ e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sdf 7"nf] af]lnleof xf] eg] ;fgf] kf/fUj] xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf prfO{df /x]sf] /fhwfgL af]lnleofsf] /fhwfgL nfkfh xf] .
 h'g ;d'b|;txb]lv #,^%* ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] 5 .
 To;}u/L af]lnleof g} To:tf] /fi6« xf] h;sf b'O{ /fhwfgL /x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f nfkfh / csf]{ ;'qm] .
 of] dxfb]zsf] ;j}eGbf udL{ x'g] 7fpF klg ch]{lG6gfsf] ;le{PG6f] nfO{ g} dflgg] x'Fbf blIf0f cd]l/sfnfO{ ljifd
xfjfkfgL ePsf] b]z dflgG5 .
 of] dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6« a|flhn xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn *%,$&,$)$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« l6«lgbfb P08 6f]afuf] xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn %,!@$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 k|d'v zx/x?– l/of] b h]g]l/of], nfkfh, ;fNef8f]/ cflb x'g\ .
 o; dxfb]znfO{ k+IfLx?sf] dxfb]z elgG5 .
cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z
 % cf} 7"nf] dxfb]z, of] blIf0f w'|aLo If]qdf jl/kl/ km}lnPsf] 5 .
 If]qkmn ! s/f]8 #) nfv ju{ lsnf]ld6/, o;n] s"n :ynLo e"efusf] (Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z ^^ l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+;b]lv () blIf0fL blIf0fL cIff+;;Dd / !!$ l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv !%# k"jL{
b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 o; dxfb]zsf] lxpFbdf bf]Aa/ If]qkmn x'G5 . k|foM jif{e/L g} lxpF hld/xg] dxfb]z .
 cToGt lr;f]sf] sf/0f oxfF dfgj a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5}g . ;+;f/sf] s"n lxpFdf ()Ü lxpF o;} dxfb]zdf /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]zsf] s"n :ynLo efusf] (*∞ efu lxpFn] g} 9fs]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] @∞ efu df6f] / r§fgn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ lxpF rfb/ tyf b]z ljxLg dxfb]z klg elgG5 .
 of] dxfb]zsf] rf/}lt/af6 s'd]? dxf;fu/n] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]znfO{ lr;f] dxfb]z ;d]t elgG5 .
 To;}u/L of] dxfb]znfO{ k[YjLsf] cGtl/If ;d]t egL lrlgG5 .
 p8\g g;Sg] t/ ;'Gb/ lsjL hftsf] kG5L / ;d'GbL t6Lo If]qdf kfOg] Jx]n df5fsf] nflu k|l;4 dxfb]z vlgh
kbfy{sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf af]s]sf] dxfb]z .
 cfufdL %) jif{;Dd o; dxfb]zdf /x]sf] vlgh kbfy{sf] pTvgg / k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] u/L gofF cGt/f{li6«o
k|fjwfgdf ;g\ !((!, h'g @# df x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] .
 o; dxfb]zdf 3';]sf @ ;d'Gb| j]8]n / /f]; x'g\ .
 j]8]n k|zfGt dxf;fu/df kb{5 eg] /f]; cfGw| dxf;fu/df kb{5 .
 xf]rf] e"efu a]G6n] ;a Unfl;on 6]«Gr xf] . of] ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 @%$ ld6/ xf]rf] /x]sf] 5 .
 cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zdf k'Ug] klxnf] g]kfnL e'jgl;+x ljZjsdf{ x'g\ . ef/tLo ;}lgssf] k]zf cufn]sf ljZjsdf{
;g\ !(*^ df sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ToxfF k'u]sf lyP .
o"/f]k dxfb]z
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  5}7f} 7"nf] dxfb]z . o;sf] If]qkmn !,)$,(*,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] s"n :ynLo e"efusf] &Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] k"j{–klZrd nDafO{ ^,$)) lsnf]ld6/ / pQ/blIf0f rf}8fO{ $,*)) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z #^ l8u|L pQ/L cIff+;b]lv &! l8u|L pQ/L cIff+;;Dd / @) l8u|L klZrdL b]zfGt/b]lv ^% l8u|L
klZrdL b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 k"j{df Plzof dxfb]z, klZrddf cfGw| dxf;fu/, pQ/df ;'d]? dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf e"dWo;fu/ kb{5 .
 of] dxfb]z k|fo4Lksf] dxfb]z xf] eg] of] dxfb]z leq w]/} k|fo4Lksf b]zx? ePsf] x'bf o;nfO{ k|fo4Lksf] klg
k|fo4Lk elgG5 .
 o; dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z -If]qkmn_ ?; xf] .
 o;sf] s"n If]qkmn !,&),&%,))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z o"/f]k xf] .
 of] dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf udL{ x'g] b]z :k]g xf] eg] hf8f] x'g] b]z ?; /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]zdf !* /fi6«x? e"kl/j]li7t /x]sf 5g\ . h;df of] dxfb]z ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e"kl/j]li7t b]z a]nf?; /
;fgf] Eofl6sg l;6L xf] .
 Eofl6sg l;6L ljZjs} ;a}eGbf ;fgf] / ljZjd} ;a}eGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf] d'n's xf] . h;sf] If]qkmn )=$$
ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
ci6]«lnof dxfb]z
 ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z . If]qkmn &^,*^,**) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ . k"j{–klZrd nDafO{ #,()) lsnf]ld6/ /
pQ/blIf0f rf}8fO{ #,!%) lsnf]ld6/ . o;n] sl/j %Ü e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]zsf] k"/} efu blIf0f uf]nf4df km}lnPsf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]z !) l8u|L blIf0f cIff+;b]lv $) l8u|L blIf0f cIff+;;Dd / !!$ l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv !%# l8u|L
k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 o;sf] k"j{df k|zfGt dxf;fu/, klZrd / pQ/df lxGb dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf s'd]? dxf;fu/ kb{5 .
 sªuf?sf] dxfb]z egL lrlgG5 . :yfoL gbLx? 5}gg\ . oxfF kftfn s'jfx? kfOG5g\ .
 o;nfO{ 6fk'sf] dxfb]z eg]/ klg lrlgG5 .
 PSnf] dxfb]z / Pp6} b]z Pp6} dxfb]z eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 lalrqtfsf] dxfb]z egL lrlgg] of] dxfb]znfO{ k[YjLsf] clGtd ljGb" egL lrlgG5 .
 o; dxfb]zsf] sl/j cfwf efu d?e"ldn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 e]8fkfng / pmg pTkfbgdf ci6«]lnof ;+;f/df g} cu|:yfgdf kb{5 .
 o; dxfb]zsf] af/]df lj:t[t cWoog ;g\ !&&( df a]nfotL ofqL h]D; s'sn] u/]sf lyP .
 of] dxfb]z /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] Pp6} ePtf klg ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0fn] oxfF !# b]zx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 of] dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;x/ l;8\gL xf] .
 of] dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z ci6«]lnof -&^,*@,#)) ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ xf] eg] ;fgf] b]z gfp/ xf] .
 ci6«]lnofsf] /fhwfgL Sofgj]/f xf] .
ljZjsf % 7"nf % ;fgf /fi6«x?
!=?; !,&),&%,)))ju{ lsnf]ld6/ !=Eofl6sg l;6L )=$$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/
@=Sofg8f ((,&^,!*^ ,, @=df]gfsf] !=% ,,
#=cd]l/sf (*,@^,^&% ,, #=gfp/ @!=#) ,,
$=rLg (%,&@,()) ,, $=t'efn' @$ ,,
%= a|flhn *%,$&,$)$ ,, %=;fg dfl/gf] ^@ ,,

ljZjsf % 7"nf] e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x? ljZjsf % ;fgf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?

b]z If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_ dxfb]z b]z If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_ dxfb]z
sfhfls:tfg @&,!&,#)) Plzof Eofl6sg l;6L )=$$ o'/f]k
d+uf]lnof !%,^%,))) ,, ;fgdfl/gf] ^@ ,,
rf8 !@,*$,))) clk|msf lnr]i6fOg !^) ,,
68
gfOh/ !@,^&,))) ,, cG8f]/f $^* ,,
dfnL !@,$),))) ,, nUhDju{ @%*^ ,,

ljZjd} w]/} hg3gTj ePsf b]zx? ljZjd} sd hg3gTj ePsf b]zx?

b]z hg3gTj -hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld=_ b]z hg3gTj -hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld=_
df]gfsf] !^,(@# hgf df]/f]Ssf] !=# hgf
l;+ufk'/ &!$* ,, d+uf]lnof !=& hgf
Eofl6sg l;6L !*&& ,, u'ogf @=! ,,

hg;+Vofdf 7"nf b]zx? If]qkmndf 7'nf b]zx?

-!_ rLg -@_ ef/t -#_ cd]l/sf -$_ O08f]g]l;of -!_ ?; -@_ Sofg8f -#_ cd]l/sf -$_ rLg -%_ a|flhn -^_
-%_ a|flhn -^_ kfls:tfg -&_ gfOh]l/of-*_ a+unfb]z ci6]«lnof -&_ ef/t -*_ ch]l{ G6gf -(_ sfhfls:tfg
-(_ ?; -!)_ hfkfg

 kfgfdf gx/n] s'g s'g dxfb]znfO{ 5'§fpb5 < pQ/ / blIf0f cd]l/sf
 kfgfdf gx/sf] nDafO{ slt lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 < *@ lsnf]ld6/
 kfgfdf gx/ s'g b]zdf /x]sf] 5 < kfgfdf
 kfgfdf b]zsf] l5d]sL b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < sf]:6fl/sf / sf]nlDaof
 :j]h gx/n] s'g s'g dxfb]znfO{ 5'§fpb5 < clk|msf / Plzof
 :j]h gx/sf] nDafO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < !@) dfOnf
 :j]h gx/ s'g s'g b]zsf] aLrdf /x]sf] 5 < Oh/fon / OlhK6
 8]s gx/n] s'g s'g dxfb]znfO{ 5'6\ofpb5 < blIf0f cd]l/sf / cG6fs{l6sf
dxf;fu/
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf kfgLn] 9fs]sf] ljzfn hnd08nsf] efu dxf;fu/ xf] . k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] &)=*Ü
efu hnd08nn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf @@ s/f]8 3g ldn kfgL /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] s"n kfgLsf] efudWo] *(Ü efu dxf;fu/n]
9fs]sf] 5 . afFsL !!Ü efu gbL, lxdgbL, tfn, tn}of / ;fu/n] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 pQ/L uf]nf4{df hn;tx / :yn;tx sl/j a/fj/ /x]sf] 5 eg] blIf0f uf]nf4{df :yn ;txsf] t'ngfdf !%
u'0ff a9L hn;tx /x]sf] 5 .
 ;d'b|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] oGqnfO{ km]bdf]ld6/ elgG5 . ! k]mbdf] a/fa/ ^ lkm6 x'G5 .
 dxf;fu/ % j6f /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ k|zfGt, cfGw|, lxGb, s'd]? / ;'d]? dxf;fu/ .
 k[YjLsf] s"n ;txsf] #^,)),)),))) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q kfgLn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
 dxf;fu/ ;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ zf:q Oceanography elgG5 .

dxf;fu/ ;DaGwL cj:yf

dxf;fu/ kfgLsf] dfqf If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_ cf}ift ulx/fO{ ;a}eGbf ulx/f] efu cfsf/
k|zfGt $%=%Ü !^ s/f]8 %& nfv $#)) ld= Dfl/ofgf 6]«Gr
cfGw| @#Ü * s/f]8 @$ nfv #&)) ld= k'6f]{l/sf] l4k s
lxGb @)=%Ü & s/f]8 #% nfv #()) ld= hfef l4k U
s'd]? &Ü @ s/f]8 @$ nfv @$)) ld= kQf gnfu]sf] O
;'d]? $Ü ! s/f]8 %! nfv !##) ld= df]nf] l4k O
dxf;fu/ / To;sf] ljz]iftf
dxf;fu/ ljz]iftf
69
k|zfGt  jif{sf] ! Ogrn] v'lDr/x]sf],
 :k]gsf kml8{g]G8 d]ungn] gfd /fv]sf,
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / ulx/f] dxf;fu/,
 zfGt / ;f}Do dxf;fu/,
 o;n] k[YjLsf] ! ltxfO{ efu cf]u6]sf] 5,
 o;sf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] :yfg dfl/ofgf 6]«Gr xf] .
 of] 6]«Gr lkmlnlkG;sf] glhs /x]sf] 5 .
 h;sf] ulx/fO{ ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 !!,&&^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dfl/ofgf k[YjLdf ;a}eGbf ulx/f] ;d'Gb|sf] lkFw xf] .
 of] dxf;fu/ pQ/ / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] klZrdL efudf
 Plzof / ci6«]lnofsf] k"jL{ / pQ/efudf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxf;fu/df ldNg] k|d'v gbLx?df Xjfªxf], cd'/, ofGh], Snf]/f8f], o'sg cflb x'g\
 ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxf;fu/ ;'d]? dxf;fu/sf] t'ngfdf k|zfGt dxf;fu/ ;f9] !! u'0ff
7"nf] /x]sf] 5 .

cfGw|  of] dxf;fu/ pQ/ cd]l/sf / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] k"j{ tyf clk|msf / o"/f]ksf]
klZrddf kb{5 o;sf] pQ/df ;'d]? dxf;fu/ / blIf0fdf s'd]? dxf;fu/ kb{5 .
 of] dxf;fu/ k|To]s jif{ ! Ogrsf] b/n] km}lnb} uPsf] 5 .
 of] dxf;fu/ pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0f w|'j;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 of] dxf;fu/ k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] cfwf efu x'g cfpF5 .
 o;sf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] efu k'6f]{l/sf l4ksf] ulx/fO{ (,@)) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxf;fu/df ldl;g] k|d'v gbLx?df /fOg, ;]g]un, gfOh/, sËf], ldl;l;kL,
cd]hg cflb kb{5g\ .
 k|frLg u|Lsaf;Lx?n] clk|msf dxfb]zdf kg]{ P6n; kj{tnfO{ k[YjLsf] clGtd laGb'
dfGby]
 o;nfO{ jfl0fHo dxf;fu/sf] ;fy} Jo:t dxf;fu/ ;d]t klg elgG5 .

lxGb  of] Plzof, clk|msf / ci6]«lnof dxfb]zsf] aLrdf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 .

 of] dxf;fu/sf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] efu hfef 6«]Gr xf] . of] O08f]g]l;ofsf] glhs /x]sf]
5 . h;sf] ulx/fO{ &,$%) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o; dxf;fu/df ldl;g] k|d'v gbLx?df u+uf, a|DXk'q, O/fjbL, l;Gw, l6lu|h, o'k|m]6;
cflb x'g\ .
 o;nfO{ t]nsf] dxf;fu/ / dg;'gL xfjfkfgLsf] dxf;fu/ klg elgG5 .
 g]kfnaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] dxf;fu/ ;d]t oxL xf] .

s'd]?  of] If]qkmnsf] lx;fjn] rf}yf] 7"nf] dxf;fu/ xf] .

 of] cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf] rf/}lt/ blIf0f w|'jsf] cf;kf;df km}lnPsf] 5 .
 o;nfO{ blIf0f w|'aLo dxf;fu/sf] gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 o;nfO{ lr;f] kfgLsf] dxf;fu/ gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 . of] k|zfGt dxf;fu/ /
cfGw| dxf;fu/;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .
 w]/} lr;f]sf sf/0f xfn;Dd o;sf] ulx/f] efu kQf nfu]sf] 5}g .
 o;n] cfGw| / k|zfGt dxf;fu/nfO{ hf]8\g] ub{5 .

70
 ;'d]?  of] dxf;fu/ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxf;fu/ xf] .
 of] pQ/ w|'jsf] glhs ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ pQ/L w|'aLo dxf;fu/ elgG5 .
 o;sf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] efu df]nf] 4Lk xf] . o;sf] ulx/fO{ %,^)* ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxf;fu/ w|'jsf] glhs /x]sf]n] o;sf] kfgL cToGt lr;f] /x]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{
lr;f] kfgLsf] dxf;fu/ ;d]t elgG5 .

ljZjsf !) 7"nf ;d'b|÷;fu/

!= ;fpy rfOgf ;fu/ @(,&$,^)) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ !@)) ld6/ ulx/fO{
@=Sof/]ljog ;fu/ @&,%#,))) ,, @$)) ,, ,,
#= e"dWo ;fu/ @%,)#,))) ,, !$*% ,, ,,
$=a]l/ª ;fu/ @@,^*,!*) ,, !$)) ,, ,,
%=d]lS;sf] vf8L !%,$@,(*% ,, !%)) ,, ,,
^=;L ckm cf]vf]T;s !%,@&,%&) ,, *$) ,, ,,
&=k"jL{ rfOgf ;fu/ !@,$(,!%) ,, !*) ,, ,,
*= x8\;g j] !@,#@,#)) ,, !@) ,, ,,
(=;L ckm hfkfg !),)&,%)) ,, !#&) ,, ,,
!)= s[i0f ;fu/ $,^!,(*) ,, !!)) ,, ,,
cIff+;
 k[YjLsf] cWoogfy{ e"dWo/]vf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g]u/L k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf lvlrPsf sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ cIff+; /]vf
elgG5 .
 ljleGg :yfgx?sf] cjl:ylt, b'/L tyf xfjfkfgL cflb af/] cIff+;sf] ;xfotfn] cWoog ul/G5 .
 cIff+; /]vfx? !÷! l8u|Lsf] km/sdf x'G5g\ . logLx? pQ/L uf]nf4{df () j6f / blIf0fL uf]nf4{df () j6f u/L
hDdf !*) j6f lvlrG5g\ .
 pQ/L uf]nf4{sf] cfIff+; /]vfnfO{ pQ/L cIff+; / blIf0fL uf]nf4{sf] cIff+; /]vfnfO{ blIf0fL cIff+; elgG5 .
 cIff+; l8u|L, ldg]6 / ;]s]08sf] OsfO{df gflkG5 .
 cIff+;df ^)Æ -;]s]08_ sf] !Ú -ldg]6_ x'G5 eg] ^)Ú -ldg]6_ sf] !° -l8u|L_ x'G5 .
 cIff+; )° b]lv ()° ;Ddsf x'G5g\ . e"dWo/]vf )° sf] cIff+; /]vf xf] .
 ;a}eGbf nfdf] cIff+; /]vf e"dWo/]vf xf] .
 23½° -;f9] t]O; l8u|L_ pQ/L cIff+; /]vfnfO{ ss{6 /]vf elgG5 eg] 23½ -;f9] t]O; l8u|L_ blIf0fL cIff+;
/]vfnfO{ ds/ /]vf elgG5 .
 $) l8u|L b]lv ^) l8u|L;Ddsf] blIf0fL cIffF; /]vfnfO{ uh{|g]jfnf rfln;f elgG5 .
 @%° af6 #%° cIff+; If]qnfO{ 3f]8] cIff+; elgG5 ;fy} of] cIff+; If]qdf jfo'sf] rfk w]/} x'g] x'Fbf of] If]qnfO{
pRr jfo' rfk k]6L ;d]t elgG5 .
 66½° pQ/L cIff+; /]vfnfO{ ;'d]? j[t elgG5 .
 66½° blIf0fL cIff+; /]vfnfO{ s'd]? j[t elgG5 . of] s'd]? j[tsf] efu cToGt lr;f] /x]sf] / of] If]qdf
cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z /x]sf]]n] oxfF dfgj j:tLsf] cj:yf g/x]sf] / b]zsf] u'Ghfo; g/x]sf] .
 e"dWo/]vfaf6 %° pQ/ / %° blIf0f cIff+; If]qnfO{ Duldroms Line elgG5 . of] /]vfdf jfo'sf] rfk sd
ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ Go"g jfo' rfk k]6L elgG5 .
 cIff+; /]vfx? k"0f{ j[tfsf/sf x'G5g\ .
 !° cIff+;sf] km/sdf ;/b/ !!! lsnf]ld6/ km/s kb{5 .
 e"dWo/]vfdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz l;wf kb{5 . sd cIff+;If]q eGbf a9L cIff+; If]qdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz 58\s] kb}{hfG5
 To;}n] )° sf] e"dWo/]vfdf ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ / To;sf] pQ/ tyf blIf0ftkm{ qmdzM udL{ sd x'Fb} w|'jLo If]qdf
cToGt 708f x'G5 .
 k[YjLnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug]{u/L k[YjLsf] dWoefuaf6 k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf lvlrPsf sfNklgs /]vfnfO{
e"dWo/]vf elgG5 .
b]zfGt/
71
  k[YjLsf] cWoogfy{ a]nfotsf] lu|gljrnfO{ cfwf/dfgL pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w|'j;Dd lvlrPsf sfNklgs
/]vfnfO{ k|wfgdWofGX /]vf elgG5 .
 k|wfgdWofGX /]vf )° b]zfGt/ /]vf xf] .
 k|wfgdWofGX /]vfnfO{ cfwf/dfgL To;sf] k"j{ / klZrd pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w|'j;Dd lvlrPsf sfNklgs
/]vfnfO{ b]zfGt/ /]vf elgG5 .
 k|wfgdWofGX /]vfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf To;sf] k"j{sf] efunfO{ k"jL{ uf]nf4{ / klZrdsf] efunfO{ klZrdL uf]nf4{
elgG5
 b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ ;]s]08, ldg]6 / l8u|Ldf gflkG5 . ^)Æ -;]s]08_ sf] !Ú -ldg]6_ x'G5 eg] ^)Ú -ldg]6_ sf] !° -
l8u|L_ x'G5 .
 b]zfGt/ /]vfx? !÷! l8u|Lsf] km/sdf k"jL{ uf]nf4{df !*) / klZrdL uf]nf4{df !*) j6f u/L hDdf #^) j6f
dflgPsf 5g\ .
 b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] ;xof]un] :yfgLo ;do kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
 !° b]zfGt/sf] km/sdf $ ldg]6 ;do km/s kb{5 .
 !%° b]zfGt/ a/fa/ ! 306f ;do km/s kb{5 .
 dWofGX /]vf k"j{sf] ;do l56f] / klZrdsf] ;do l9nf] x'G5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ltyL/]vf
 !*)° sf] b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltyL/]vf elgG5 . of] /]vfnfO{ kf/ ug]{ ljlQs} af/, ltyL / ut] km/s
x'g cfp5 . ;dosf] Ps?ktf xf];\ egL of] /]vf afËf] l6Ëf] lvlrPsf] x'G5 . of] /]vf k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] dWo
efuaf6 lvlrPsf] 5 eg] of] /]vfdf kg]{ b]zx? ;dfcf], lkmhL, Go'lhNof08, lsl/af6L, ?;, cfO;Nof08 nufot
b]z x'g\ .
e"dWo/]vfdf /x]sf b]zx?M a|flhn, OSj]8/, sf]nlDaof, ;fcf] 6D; P08 lk|G;]k, Uofaf]g, s]Gof,
o'uf08f, u0ftGq s+uf], k|hftflGqs u0ftGq s+uf], ;f]dflnof,
O08f]g]l;of, dflNbE;, lsl/af6L
k|wfgdWofGx /]vfdf /x]sf b]zx?M a]nfot, k|mfG;, :k]g, cNh]l/of, dfnL, a'ls{gf kmf;f], 3fgf, 6f]uf]
3fgfsf] /fhwfgL cfs|f of] nfOgdf kb{5 .
k|wfgdWofGx /]vf / e"dWo/]vfn] sf6]sf] :yfg cfGw|f dxf;fu/df
/x]sf] lugLsf] vf8L xf] . of] vf8L clk|msf dxfb]zsf] klZrddf /x]sf]
5.
ss{6 /]vfdf /x]sf b]zx?M d]lS;sf], axdf;, ;fpbL c/]ljof, a+unfb]z, DofGdf/, ef/t, rLg,
cf]dfg, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, tfOjfg, OlhK6, lnlaof, dfnL,
cNh]l/of, df}l/6flgof / gfOh/
ds/ /]vfdf /x]sf b]zx?M ci6«]lnof, blIf0f clk|msf, a|flhn, kf/fUj], lrnL, ch]{lG6gf,
dfbfuf:s/, df]hflDas, af]T:jfgf, 6f]Fuf, / lkmhL
;'d]? j[tdf /x]sf b]zx?M ?;, gj]{, :jL8]g, lkmgNof08, lu|gNof08, cfO;Nof08, Sofg8f,
cd]l/sfsf] cnf:sf
s'd]? j[tdf /x]sf b]zx?M of] j[tsf] efu cToGt lr;f] /x]sf] / of] If]qdf cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z
/x]sf]]n] oxfF dfgj j:tLsf] cj:yf g/x]sf] / b]zsf] u'Ghfo; g/x]sf]
;do
 b]zfGt/sf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 .
 s'g} Ps b]zfGt/sf] :yfgLo ;donfO{ Pp6f b]ze/L dflgG5 eg] To;nfO{ k|dfl0fs ;do dflgG5 .
 a]nfotl:yt lu|gljrnfO{ -) l8u|L b]zfGt/ /]vf_ cfwf/ dfgL ;g\ !**$ df cGt/f{li6«o ;dosf] lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] xf] .
 lu|gljrsf] ldg6fOdeGbf g]kfnsf] ;do % 306f $% ldg]6 rnfv /x]sf] 5 .
 @)$@ ;fn a}zfv ! af6 nfu" x'g]u/L uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfnnfO{ sf6]/ uPsf] *^° !%Ú sf] k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do ef/tsf] eGbf !% ldg]6 l56f] eg] cd]l/sfsf] k|dfl0fs ;doeGbf !) 306f $% ldg]6
l56f] /x]sf] 5 .
72
  To;}u/L e'6fgsf] ;do g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;doeGbf !% ldg]6, hfkfgsf] # 306f !% ldg]6 l56f] /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do ckmuflg:tfgsf] eGbf ! 306f !% ldg]6, dflNbE;sf] eGbf $% ldg]6, >Ln+sfsf] eGbf
!% ldg]6 / kfls:tfgsf] eGbf $% ldg]6 rnfv 5 eg] a+Ufnfb]zsf] eGbf !% ldg]6 l9nf] /x]sf] 5 .
kj{t >[+vnf
ljleGg kj{t >[+vnf / ltgsf] cjl:ytL
kj{t >[+vnf dxfb]z b]z ljz]iftf
lxdfno Plzof DofGdf/b]lv ckmuflg:tfg ;Dd ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / cUnf]
kj{t / ljZjsf !)( pRr
lxdfndWo] (^ lxdfn o;} kj{t
>[+vnf /x]sf 5g\ .
k'mhL-Hjfnfd'vLaf6 ,, Hffkfg ljZjdf w]/}n] kmf]6f lvr]sf], lrq
ag]sf]_ sf]/]sf] / cf/f]x0f u/]sf],
hfkfgsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kj{t -
#&&^ ld6/_
P8D; ,, >Ln+sf tLg wdf{anDaLx? lxGb', af}4 /
d'l:ndsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|
kfld/ ,, Tfflhls:tfg, rLg / ckmuflg:tfg
;'d]? ,, ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 lxGb" b]jL b]jtfx?sf] jf;:yfg
ePsf] kj{t
ljGWofrn ,, Eff/tsf] pQ/ k|b]z, dWok|b]z, lxGb" Clif d'lgx?sf] jf;:yfg
u'h/ft / ljxf/ ePsf]
s}nfz ,, rLg lzjsf] jf;:yfg ePsf] dflgG5
ab|Lgfy ,, ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 z+v/frfo{n] jf; u/]sf] lzjdlGb/
ab|Lgfywfd /x]sf]
ss]lzo; Pl;of / /l;of, hlh{of/ ch/a}hfg
o'/f]k
lbofo' ,, rLg / hfkfg aLrsf] ljjflbt 6fk'
P6\n; clk|msf df]/f]Ssf], 6\o'lgl;of / cNh]l/of clk|msfsf] d'Vo kj{t
;fOgfO ,, OlhK6 O;fO wd{;Fu ;DalGwt / of]
kj{tsf] af/]df afOandf pNn]v
/x]sf]
/sL pQ/ cd]l/sf / Sofg8f pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] d'Vo kj{t
cd]l/sf
cNa6{ ,, Sofg8f
cf]nlDks ,, cd]l/sf
Pl08h blIf0f sf]nlDaof, e]g]h'onf, Osj]8/, k]?, ljZjs} ;a}eGbf nfdf] -&@))
cd]l/sf af]lnleof, ch]{lG6gf / lrnL;Dd lsnf]ld6/_ / ax'd"No kj{t egL
;'q ABCKP e]O lrlgPsf]
cfNk; o'/f]k k|mfG;, :jLh/Nof08, cli6«of, O6fnL
o'/fn ,, ?; o'/f]k / PlzofnfO{ hf]8\g]
h'/f ,, k|mfG; / :jLh/Nof08
Pk]gfOg lxN; ,, O6fnL
ag]{h cfNk; ,, :jLh/\Nof08
Anofs dfpG6]g ,, a]nfot
aNsfg ,, a'Nu]l/of
Dffp06 cf/f/ft ,, 6sL{
u|]6 l8efOl8ª /]~h ci6«]lnof ci6«]lnof ci6«]lnof dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
kj{t
73
 sfl8{n]/f kj{t k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] k"jL{ efu /
lxGb dxf;fu/df km}lnPsf] of]
;d'Gb|d'lgsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kj{t
xf] h;sf] cf}ift prfO{ ;d'Gb|sf]
lkFwaf6 *))) lkm6 /x]sf]

& j6} dxfb]zsf cUnf lzv/x?

dxfb]z lzv/ prfO{ -ld6/_ b]z
Plzof ;u/dfyf **$* g]kfn
clk|msf lslnd~h/f] %*(% tfGhflgof
pQ/ cd]l/sf ldlsGn] cnf:sf ^!($ cd]l/sf
blIf0f cd]l/sf Dffp06 cf]sfGsfu'jf ^(^@ ch{]lG6gf
cG6fs{l6sf leG;g d]l;km $*(@
o'/f]k Dffp06 Pna|'h %^## ?;
ci6«]lnof sf]:sLo':sf] @$$# Go' ;fpy j]N;
e"sDk
k[YjLsf] w/ftn xlNnP/ sfDg'nfO{ e"sDk elgG5 . of] 7f8f] / t];f]{ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 . cyjf k[YjLsf] w/ftn
tndfly jf bfofFafFof xNn]/ sfDg] lqmofnfO{ e"sDk elgG5 .
 tndfly x'g] sDkgnfO{ 7f8f] e"sDk / bfofFafFof x'g] sDkgnfO{ t];f]{ e"sDk elgG5 .
 e"sDk # sf/0fn] hfg] ub{5 . tL x'g\ Hjfnfd'lvsf] ljikmf]6, r§fgsf] 3if{0f / cf0fljs k/LIf0faf6 e"sDk hfg]
ub{5 .
 k[YjLleq /x]sf] DofUdf -wft'x?sf] tftf] n]bf]_ k[YjLsf] ;txaflx/ lg:sg'nfO{ Hjfnfd'lv ljikmf]6 elgG5 .
 Hjfnfd'lv ljikmf]6af6 x'g] sDkgsf] c;/ ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
 k[YjL leq /x]sf] r§fgx?sf] xnrnaf6 x'g] sDkgnfO{ e"rfn elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf /x]sf] kfgL k[YjLleq k'u]sf] v08df leq/x]sf] tftf] DofUdfsf] sf/0f kfgL jfkmdf kl/0ft x'G5,
7"nf] dfqfdf jfkm ag]kl5 To;n] cfk\mgf] cj:yf lng yfNb5 / otfptL xNng yfNb5 h;sf] sf/0f sDkg
pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . To;nfO{ xfdL e"sDk uPsf] eGb5f} .
 e"sDk ljz]if u/L kj{t >]0fL j/k/ w]/} hfg] ub{5 .
 g]kfn e"sDkLo hf]lvddf ljZjs} !! cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] eg] sf7df08f} ;x/ klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5
 g]kfn Ol08og Kn]6 / ltAatLog Kn]6sf] aLrdf /x]sf] 5 .
 Ol08og r§fg ltAatLo r§fgleq jif{sf] @ ;]lG6ld6/n] 3'l;/x]sf] dflgG5 .
 e"sDksf] b]z hfkfg xf] eg] oxfF e"sDkLo r§fg jif{sf] * ;]lG6ld6/sf] ultdf rnfodfg ePsf] dflgG5 .
 e"sDksf] lta|tf, pTklt ePsf] :yfg, j]u, km}nfj6 cflb gfKg] oGqnfO{ l;:df]u|fkm elgG5 .
 e"sDksf] dfkg ug{ Magnitude / Intensity sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
 e"sDksf] Magnitude gfKg] :s]nnfO{ Richter Scale elgG5 .
 e"sDksf] Magnitude dfkg ljlw ;j{k|yd ;g\ !(#% df cd]l/sL a}1flgs Charles Francis Richter n]
kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
 e"sDk pTkGg x'g] k[YjLsf] leqL s]Gb|nfO[ Hypocenter elgG5 .
 Hypocenter af6 pKkGg ePsf] sDkg l;Fw} cfOk'Ug] k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s]Gb|nfO{ Epicenter elgG5
 &=! b]lv *=& /]S6/ :s]n;Ddsf] e"sDknfO{ ljgf;sf/L e"sDk dflgG5 .
 ljZjdf cfh;Dds} 7"nf] e"sDk lrnLdf ;g\ !(^) sf] d] @@ df (=% /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof]
 xfh;Dds} ljgf;sf/L e"sDk xfO6Ldf ;g\ @)!) hgj/L !@ df uPsf] &=# /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDknfO{ dflgG5 .
of] e"sDksf] sf/0f @ nfv @& xhf/ eGbf a9Lsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)%% ;fnb]lv k|To]s jif{ df3 @ ut]nfO{ e"sDkLo ;'/Iff lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg
yflnPsf] xf] . @)&) ;fndf dgfOPsf] e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj;sf] gf/f g;f]wL gaf]nL cfp5 e"sDkLo ljkb\ hfuf}
h'6f}+ arfpg ;[li6sf] ;Dkbf /x]sf] lyof] eg] @)&! ;fndf dgfOPsf] !& cf} e"sDkLo ;'/Iff lbj;sf] gf/f
…g;f]r]sf] a]nf cfp5 x} e"Orfnf] k"j{ tof/Ldf h'6\g] xfdL ;a}sf] kfnfÚ] eGg] /x]sf], @)&@ df3 @ ut] dgfOPsf]
74
 !* cf} e"sDkLo ;'/Iff lbj;sf] gf/f …a}zfv !@ df uOxfNof] e"OrfFnf], ;'/lIft k'glg{df0fdf h'6\g] xfd|f] kfnf]Ú
eGg] /x]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf !(() ;fnkl5sf] -*@ jif{_ 7"nf] e"sDk @)&@ a}zfv !@ df uf]/vfsf] af/kfsnfO{ s]Gb| agfO{ &=^
/]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] .
 af/kfs e"sDk kZrft\ uPsf 7"nf 7"nf k/fsDkg a}zfv !# ut]sf] ^=( /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk / a}zfv @( df
uPsf] ^=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk xf] .
 af/kfs s]Gb|ljGb'df e"sDk :d[lt kfs{sf] lznfGof; /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Laf6 @)&# a}zfv !@ ut] ePsf]
lyof] .
Hjfnfd'vL
 k[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 DofUdf -kUn]sf] r§fg, UofF;, cfuf], v/fgL, w'jfF_ k[YjLsf] sdhf]/ ;txnfO{ kmf]/L aflx/
lg:sg] k|lqmofnfO{ Hjfnfd'lv elgG5 .
 DofUdf k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf lg:s]kl5 o;nfO{ nfef elgG5 .
 DofUdf lg:s]sf] 7fFpnfO{ qm]6/ elgG5 . DofUdf cfpg] af6f]nfO{ gnL elgG5 .
 Hjfnfd'lv ;lqmo, d[t / ;'if'Kt u/L # k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
 lg/Gt/ ?kdf DofUdf aflx/ lgl:s/xg] Hjfnfd'lvnfO{ ;lqmo Hjfnfd'lv elgG5 . klxn] ;lqmo /x]sf] t/ xfn
k"0f{?kdf lglqmo /x]sf] Hjfnfd'lvnfO{ d[t Hjfnfd'lv elgG5 . !),))) jif{;Dd ljikmf]6g gePsf] t/ eljiodf
ljikmf]6gsf] ;Defjgf ePsf] Hjfnfd'lvnfO{ ;'if'Kt Hjfnfd'lv elgG5 .
 ljZjsf ;lqmo Hjfnfd'vLx?df cd]l/sfsf] df}gfnf]jf kxf8 -ljZjs} 7'nf] Hjfnfd'vL kxf8_, cd]l/sfs} ;]G6
x]n]G;, Ujf6fdfnfsf] ;fGtf Dofl/of, ch]{lG6gfsf] cfGtf] kmf]nf x'g\ .
 ;'if'Kt Hjfnfd'vLsf] ?kdf ljZjdf lrlgPsf Hjfnfd'vLx?df O6fnLsf] lj;'leP; Hjfnfd'lv / sfsf6f]jf
Hjfnfd'vL x'g\ .
 d[t Hjfnfd'vLsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf Hjfnfd'vLdf g]kfnsf] b}n]vsf] b'Nn', DofGdf/sf] kf]kf, hfkfgsf] km'hL,
clk|msfsf] lslnd~h/f], O6fnLsf] sf]c;'Ntfg Hjfnfd'vL x'g\ .
 Pl;ofdf Hjfnfd'vLaf6 ;a}eGbf k|efljt d'n's O08f]g]l;of xf] eg] bf];|f] k|efljt hfkfg xf] .
gbL
 w/ftndf aUg] kfgLsf] lgoldt k|jfxnfO{ gbL elgG5 . gbL pTklt x'g] 7fpFnfO{ d'xfg / cGTo x'g] 7fpFnfO{
d'v elgG5 . d'Vo gbL;Fu ldNg] gbLnfO{ ;xfos gbL elgG5 eg] 7"nf] gbLaf6 5'l§P/ uPsf] gbLnfO{ zfvf
gbL elgG5
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL cd]hg gbL xf] . of] blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zdf kb{5 . o;sf] nDafO{ ^,@(^
lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] a|flhndf kb{5 .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL gfOn gbL xf] . o;sf] nDafO{ ^,^() lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] OlhK6df kb{5 . of]
gbL leS6f]l/of tfnaf6 lg:s]/ e"dWo;fu/df v:5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] z'?jft o;} gbLsf] lsgf/df ePsf]
dflgG5 .
 Plzof dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL rLgsf] ofGh] gbL xf] .
 Plzof dxfb]zsf] k|d'v gbLx? cd'/, Xjfªxf], ofGh], l;Gw, u+uf, a|DXk'q, l6lu|h d]sª cflb x'g\ .
 of] dxfb]zsf] d]sª gbL rLgaf6 z'? eO{ DofGdf/, yfONof08, nfcf];, leotgfd / SofDaf]l8of eO{ aUb5 /
cGttM blIf0f rfOgf ;fu/df uO{ ldNb5 . -;'q -lelryfnfsDof_
 u+uf gbL lji0f'sf] kbaf6 lg:s]sf] cyf{t lji0f'kbL eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 clk|msf dxfb]zsf] k|d'v gbLx?df gfOn, s+uf], gfOh/ cflb x'g\ . e"dWo;fu/nfO{ sf6\g] Psdfq gbL s+uf] xf] .
 pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] k|d'v gbLx?df ldl;l;kL, ld;f}/L, sf]nf]/f8f], cf]lxof] cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
 pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] / 7"nf] gbL ldl;l;kL gbL xf] .
 ?;df /x]sf] $,%)^ lsnf]ld6/ nDafO{sf] P]lg;L gbL o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL dflgG5 .
 To;}u/L ?;d} /x]sf] ef]Nuf gbL o"/f]ksf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL xf] .
 Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ gbL /fOg gbL ;d]t o'/f]ks} gbL xf] . hd{gL o;} gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] 5 .
 of] dxfb]zdf ( /fi6« eP/ axg] 8]Go"j gbL /x]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o gbL eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 of] gbL cli6«of, a'Nu]l/of, s|f]Pl;of, hd{gL, x+u/L, ?dflgof, ;lj{of, :nf]eflsof / o'qm]gnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] of]
gbL cGTodf s[i0f;fu/df uO{ ldNb5 . ;'q ABCGHRS²U
75
  ci6«]lnof dxfb]zsf] d'Vo gbL d/] 8fln{ª xf] . o;sf] nDafO{ $,#%@ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of] Go" ;fpy j]N;df
kb{5 .
gbL lsgf/fdf cjl:yt zx/x?
cjl:yt ;x/ gbL cjl:yt ;x/ gbL
Go"of]s{ x8\;g d:sf] d;sdf
n08g 6]D; 6f]lsof] ;'ldbf
k6gf u+uf u'xf6L a|Xdk'q
jfl;ª6g l8;L kf]6f]dfs /ªu'g O/fjbL
sf7df08f} jfudtL s/fFrL l;Gw
aln{g :k|L nfxf}/ /fjL
/f]d 6fOa/ hd{gL /fOg
sf]nDaf] s]nfgL
lxdgbL
lxdIf]qdf lg/Gt/?kdf y'lk|g] lxpFsf] rfksf] sf/0f tNnf] txsf] lxpF lrKn]/ gbLsf] ?kdf axg] k|lqmofnfO{ lxdgbL
elgG5 . lxdgbL d'VotM # k|sf/sf] x'G5 . –s_ a]F;L lxdgbL –v_ dxfl4kLo lxdgbL / -u_ km]bL lxdgbL
 g]kfnsf ;a}eGbf nfdf] lxdgbL v'Da' lxdgbL xf] . o;sf] nDafO{ #@ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
lxdgbL nfd6fª lxdgbL xf] . o;sf] nDafO{ !* lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf nfdf] lxdgbL NofDa6{ Un]l;o/ cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zdf /x]sf] 5 . of] $)) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf]
/x]sf] 5 eg] rf}8fO{ $) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 k'mËL lxdgbL uf]/vfdf kb{5 eg] rfa's lxdgbL tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 kf]+s/ lxdgbL dgfª lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 .
 a]l/ª lxdgbL pQ/ cd]l/sfdf kb{5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lxdtfn R5f]–/f]Nkf lxdtfn xf] . bf]nvf lhNnfdf cjl:yt of] lxdtfn ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6
$%*) ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf ;jf{lws prfO{df /x]sf] lxdtfn Odhf lxdtfn xf] . ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] tfn ;d'Gb|L
;txaf6 %)!) ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] 5 .
dxfb]zdf /x]sf 7"nf] lxdgbLx?
!= Plzof – l;ofr]g –ef/t / kfls:tfg_ @=clk|msf – lslnd~h/f]
#=pQ/ cd]l/sf – Havard Glacier -cd]l/sf_ $=blIf0f cd]l/sf – Perito Moreno -ch]{lG6gf_
%=cG6fs{l6sf – NofDa6{ Unfl;o/ ^=o'/f]k – Vatnajokull
&=ci6]«lnof – x8{ cfONof08
tfn
 rf/}lt/af6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf] kfgLsf] efunfO{ tfn elgG5 .
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn Sofl:kog tfn xf] . of] ?; / O/fgaLrdf kb{5 . o;sf] If]qkmn !,$#,@$$ ju{
lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] a}sfn tfn xf] . of] ?;sf] ;fOa]l/ofdf kb{5 . o;sf] ulx/fO{ !,($) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
of] tfnnfO{ Plzofsf] lgnf] d'6' ;d]t elgG5 .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf prfO{df /x]sf] tfn ltlnrf] tfn xf] . of] $,(!( ld6/ prfO{df cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 . of]
g]kfnsf] dgfª lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 .
 ;fs{df 7"nf] tfn lrNsf tfn xf] . ef/tdf /x]sf] tfnsf] If]qkmn (!^ ju{lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjs} cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] tfn egL lulgh a'sdf /]s8{ ePsf] tfn l6l6sfsf tfn xf] . of] #*!) ld6/
prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . of] tfn k]? / af]lnleofdf /x]sf] 5 .
 Oh/fonsf] glhsdf /x]sf] d[t;fu/df dflg; 8'Ab}g eg] of] tfn g"lgnf] tfnsf] gfdn] ljZjd} k|l;4 /x]sf] 5
. hf]8{g gbL d[t;fu/af6 z'? x'G5 eg] df5f gkfOg] gbL klg hf]8{g g} xf] . o; gbLdf 5fofF b]lvb}g .
 ef/tdf /x]sf] nf]g/ tfn w'ds]t' k[YjL;Fu 7Ss/ vfO{ ag]sf] tfn xf] . of] tfnsf] ulx/fO{ !&) dL6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn leS6f]l/of tfn xf] . of] tfn s]Gof, tfGhflgof / o'ufG8fdf /x]sf] 5 .
cNa6{ tfn / dbfuf:s/ 6fk" klg oxL dxfb]zdf kb{5
76
  ljZjsf] tfhf kfgLsf] tfn eg]/ ;'k]l/o/ tfnnfO{ lrlgG5 . of] tfn Sofg8fdf kb{5 . o;sf] If]qkmn *@,#%)
ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . pQ/ cd]l/sfdf /x]sf % tfnsf] ;d"xnfO{ -;'k]l/o/, ldlrug, cf]G6]l/of], x\o'/g /
O/L_ dxfg tfn elgG5 .
 blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn df/fsfOjf tfn -!#,#)) ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ xf] .
 cfO/f tfn ci6]«lnof dxfb]zdf kb{5 . of] dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] :yfg ;d]t oxL tfn xf] eg] o;sf]
ulx/fO{ ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 !^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
hnjfo'
 k[YjLsf] cwf]{i0f pRr rfk k]6Laf6 e"dWo/]vLo Go"g rfk k]6Ltkm{ axg] jfo'nfO{ Jofkfl/s jfo' elgG5 .
 @%° pQ/L cIff+;b]lv #%° pQ/L cIff+;;Dd tyf @%° blIf0fL cIff+;b]lv #%° blIf0fL cIff+;;Ddsf] :ynnfO{
cwf]{i0f pRr rfk k]6L elgG5 .
 e"dWo/]vfb]lv %° pQ/L cIff+;;Dd tyf e"dWo/]vfb]lv %° blIf0fL cIff+;;Ddsf] :ynnfO{ e"dWo/]vLo Go"g rfk
k]6L elgG5 .
 Jofkfl/s jfo'sf] ult k|lt306f !^ b]lv @$ lsnf]ld6/;Dd /xG5 .
 dg;'gL jfo' eGgfn] Ct' tyf df};d cg';f/ lglZrt ;dofjlw leqdfq jxg] cfjlws jfo' eGg] a'lemG5
 dg;'g zAb c/jL efiffsf] df}l;d zAbaf6 lnOPsf] xf] .
w|'j
 k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] dflyNnf] efu pQ/L w|'j xf] eg] blIf0fL efu
blIf0fL w|'j xf] . w|'jLo If]qdf b]zfGt/ /]vfx? Ps} :yfgdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
 oL w|jLo If]qdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz 58\s] kg]{ ePsf]n] oxfF cToGt hf8f] x'G5 / of] If]q lxpFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 .
 k[YjL k|To]s lbg ;"o{sf] ;fd'Gg] eP/ cfk\mgf] cIfsf klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 3'ld/x]sf] x''G5 . o;n] k|lt306f !^))
lsnf]ld6/sf] ultdf 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5 . of] 3'Dg] ultnfO{ kl/e|d0f elgG5 eg] ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ultnfO{
kl/qmd0f elgG5 .
 pQ/L w|'j kQf nufpg] JolQm cd]l/sfsf /j6{ k]/L x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ !()( df of] w|'j kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
 blIf0fL w|'j kQf nufpg] JolQm gj]{sf /f]N8 PdG8;]g x''g\ . pgn] ;g\ !(!! df of] w|'j kQf nufPsf x'g\
d?e"ld
 kfgL gePsf] ;'Vvf hldgnfO{ d?e"ld elgG5 . of] ;fdfGotofM @ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . Pp6f afn'jfo'Qm d?e"ld /
csf]{ r§fgL d?e"ld .
 Pl;ofsf] 7"nf] d?e"ld uf]jL xf] eg] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] 7"nf] d?e"ld yf/ xf] .
 lr;f] d?e"ld egL uf]jLnfO{ lrlgG5 eg] tftf] d?e"ld egL ;xf/fnfO{ lrlgG5 .
 g]kfndf d':tfª lhNnfnfO{ d?e"ldsf] lhNnf eg]/ lrlgG5 .
 lxdfnL xfjfkfgLnfO{ lzt d?e"ld egL lrlgG5 .
 g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf ef/tsf] yf/ d?e"ldaf6 cfPsf] tftf] xfjf n' rN5 .
 :k]gsf] Dofl8«8df d?e"ld Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng ;g\ @))&, ;]K6]Da/ #–$ df ePsf] lyof] .
 blIf0f cd]l/sL dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld kf6f]uf]lgog d?e"ld xf] . of] ch]{lG6gfdf kb{5 .
ljZjsf k|d'v d?e"ldx?
gfd If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ cjl:ytL
;x/f *$,)),))) pQ/ clk|msfsf] !@ /fi6«;Fu hf]l8Psf]
ci6«]lnog !%,%),))) ci6«]lnof
c/]ljog !#,)),))) ;fpbL c/]ljof, odg
uf]jL !),$),))) d+uf]lnof, rLg
Kff6f]uf]lgog %,&@,**# blIf0f cd]l/sf -ch]{lG6gf_
sfnfxf/L %,@),))) af]T:jfgf
u|]6 leS6f]l/of #,$*,&%) ci6«]lnof
tSnf dfsfg #,@),))) rLg
;f]gf]/f #,!),))) cd]l/sf
gfldj #,!),))) gfldljof
77
 sf/fs'd @,&),))) t's{d]lg:tfg
yf/ @,^),))) ef/t, kfls:tfg
;f]dfnL @,^),))) ;f]dflnof
Uf|]6 al;g @,)(,))) cd]l/sf / Sofg8f
cf6fsfdf !,*),))) pQ/L lrnL
Soflhn s'd !,*),))) pHj]ls:tfg, shfv:tfg
bzt Pn't %@,))) k"jL{ O/fg
df]hfdL #%,))) cd]l/sf
8f]l;{6f] 8] @^,))) pQ/ k"jL{ k]?
;]r/f
ljZjsf k|d'v em/gfx?
em/gfsf] gfd nDafO{ b]z
PGh]n (&( e]g]h'onf
6'u]nf ($* blIf0f clk|msf
s]6]/f; nf; 6]; x]dfgf; (!$ k]?
cf]nf]k]gf ()) cd]l/sf
Sof6f/f6f of]lAanf *(^ k]?
leg'kmf];]g *^) gj]{
jfnfO{ kmf];]g *%) gj]{
k'sf cf]s' *$) cd]l/sf
h]D; a|'; *$) Sofg8f
a|fpg kmN; *#^ Go'lhNof08
ld6]Djfv *@) :jLh/Nof08
/fDg]kmf];]g *!* gj]{
s'lGrsfn kmN; -ef/tsf] nfdf]_ $%% ef/t

h}ljs ljljwtfdf wgL b]zx? qmdzM a|flhn, sf]nlDaof, OSj]8/, d]lS;sf], k]?, e]g]h'onf, cd]l/sf
k[YjLsf] agf]6
 pTklQ cfheGbf ;f9] rf/ ca{ jif{ klxn] ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] pTklt ;f}o{d08naf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] ljrf/ /fVg] lj4fg akmg x'g\ .
 ;f}o{d08nsf] pTklt Ps ljzfn Pj+ Uofl;o lgxfl/sfaf6 ePsf] / To;}af6 k[YjLsf] pTklt ePsf] xf] eGg] lj4fg
nKn; x'g\ .
 o;sf] s"n If]qkmn %! s/f]8 ju{ lsnf]ld6/ -!( s/f]8 &) nfv ju{ dfOn_ /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjL cfˆgf] cIfdf ^^=% l8u|Ln] 9Ns]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] e"dWo/]vLo Jof; w|'aLo Jof;eGbf s]xL a9L km's]sf] 5 . e"dWo/]vLo Jof; !@,&%^ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5
eg] w|'aLo Jof; !@,&!$ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf]n] e"dWo/]vLo Jof; w|'aLo Jof;eGbf $@ lsnf]ld6/ a9L /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf] cf}ift Jof; !@,&#% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf 5 .
 o;sf] kl/lw $),))) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . hldgsf] efu @(=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] kfgLsf] efu &)=*
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 of] ;"o{af6 !$ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ -( s/f]8 #) nfv dfOn_ 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] k|To]s ! lsnf]ld6/ ulx/fO{df #) ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd a9\b5 .
 k[YjLsf] ue{sf] tfkqmd !),))) ;]lG6u|]8 /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ o; efudf s'g} klg r§fg 7f]; ?kdf g/xg ;Sg]
x'G5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf (^) lsnf]ld6/ dfly;Dd jfo'd08n km}lnPsf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf gfO6«f]hg UofF; s/Lj &* k|ltzt, clS;hg @! k|ltzt / cfu{g )=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 jfo'd08nsf] ;a}eGbf uX|f} UofF; sfj{gcS;fO8 xf] . xn'sf UofF; xfO8«f]hg xf] .
 lbg / /ft a/fa/ x'g] lbgnfO{ ;dkft -equinox _ elgG5 . h'g lbg @! Dffr{ / @# ;]K6]Da/df kb{5 .
78
 Ps cf}+;L b]vL csf]{ cf}+;L ;DDfsf] lbgnfO{ rGb|df; elgG5 ,h'g ;f9] @( lbgsf] x'G5 .
 K[fYjLsf] pTktL tftf] Uof;sf] 8Nnf]af6 eof] egL g]a'n/ l;4fGt -nebular hypothesis_ k|ltkfbg ug]{
a}1flgs Odofg'on sfG6 x'g\ .
 K[fYjLsf] pTktL w'dL/x]sf] w'Df|s]t' ;"o{;+u 7f]lSsP kl5 Afg]sf 6's|fx? lrl;P/ ePsf] xf] egL old
planetesimal hypothesis lbg] a}1flgs hh{ akmg x'g\ .
 k[YjLsf] pTktL ;"o{ j/Lk/L 3'Dg] Hjf/ef6faf ePsf] xf] egL tidal hypothesis k|ltkflbt ug]{ a}1flgs lhG;
/ h]km|L x'g\ .
 ;'o{ / k[YjLsf] b'/L !$ s/f]8 ** nfv lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
 k[YjL eGbf rGb|dfsf] u'?Tj k|j]u ^ u'0ffn] sdL 5 .
 Kf[YjLsf] cf};t 3gTj 5514 kg/m3 5 .
 k[YjLdf ;a}eGbf a9L kfOg] wft' cfNd'lgod xf] .
 k[YjLsf] blIf0fL uf]nf4{nfO{ hn uf]nf4{ elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] cfGtl/s agf}6nfO{ # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ :ynd08n, dWod08n / s]Gb|d08n
 jfx\otx -:ynd08n_ df l;lnsf -Silica_ / -Almunium_ sf] k|wfgtf x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ SIAL tx klg elgG5 .
o;sf] leqL tx a];fN6 wft'af6 ag]sf] 5 .
 jfx\o txsf] df]6fO{ dxf4LkLo efudf ^) lsnf]ld6/ / dxf;fu/Lo efudf @) lsnf]ld6/ b]lv ) lsnf]ld6/;Dd
/xG5 . :ynd08nn] k[YjLsf] !^ k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . :ynd08nsf] tfkqmd $) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 b]lv *))
l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] cf}ift 3gTj @=&% u|fdb]lv @=( u|fdk|lt 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 :ynd08n -jfx\o tx_ b]lv d'lg / s]Gb|d08naf6 dflysf] k[YjLsf] aLrsf] efunfO{ dWod08n elgG5 . o;sf]
df]6fO{ ^) lsnf]ld6/ b]lv @()) lsnf]ld6/;Dd /x]sf] 5 . o; efudf Silica / Magnesium wft'sf] k|wfgtf ePsf]
x'Fbf o;nfO{ Sima txsf] gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 o; txsf] 3gTj cf}iftdf #=! b]lv %=) u|fd k|lt 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] ^* k|ltzt efu
cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf leqL efunfO{ s]Gb|d08n elgG5 . o; txdf Nickel / Ferium sf] k|wfgtf x'g]x'Fbf o;nfO{
NIFE -lgkm]_ gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 o;efusf] df]6fO{ @()) lsnf]ld6/ b]lv ^#&! lsnf]ld6/ ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
 o;txsf] 3gTj %=! b]lv !! u|fd k|lt 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 o;n] k[YjLsf] !^ k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] cf}ift 3gTj %=%!& u|fd 3g ;]lG6ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjL uf]nf] 5 eg]/ ;a}eGbf klxnf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ JolQm kfOyfuf]/; x'g\ .
 ;du| k[YjLsf] agf]6nfO{ % efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M jfo'd08n, hnd08n, :ynd08n, dWod08n /
s]Gb|d08n
 k|To]s lbg k[YjL ;"o{sf] ;fd'Gg] eP/ cfˆgf] cIfdf klZrdaf6 k"j{lt/ 3'Dg] ultnfO{ kl/qmd0f elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] kl/qmd0faf6 ;[lht c;/x? – lbg / /ft x'g', k"j{sf] ;do l56f] / klZrdsf] ;do l9nf] x'g', w'a|Lo
v08 y]lRrg' / e"–dWo/]vLo v08 km'Sg', ;"o{, rGb|df / tf/f k"j{df pbfO{ klZrddf c:tfpg' .
ef}uf]lns pkgfd / b]z tyf ;x/
ef}uf]lns pkgfd b]z÷;x/ ef}uf]lns pkgfd b]z÷;x/
k"j{sf] u|]6lj|6]g Hfkfg dlGb/sf] ;x/ sf7df08f}
gfOn gbLsf] a/bfg OlhK6 x/fPsf] ;x/ k]?
n8fs"sf] b]z÷zflGtsf] b]z g]kfn s+uf?sf] e"ld ci6«]lnof
lrgLsf] efF8f] So'jf cd/ ;lxbsf] ;x/ /f]d
kfgL d'lgsf] b]z xNof08 P8\;sf] ;x/ d'DaO{
ef/tsf] au}Frf a}ªnf]/ hf]uLsf] ;x/ sf]nsf]Qf
k[YjLsf] dfgjLo e"dWo/]vf lxdfno kj{t jlh{t ;x/ Nxf;f
Em/gfsf] ;x/ Sj]6f] ;]tf] ;x/ a]nu|]8

79
r6\ofªsf] b]z e'6fg k]k/ 6fOu/ ef/t
o'/f]ksf] lj/fdL 6sL{ ;k{sf] b]z a|flhn
nLnLx?sf] b]z Sofg8f hf]uLsf] /fHo sf]l/of
ahf/sf] ;x/ sfo/f] e"dWo;fu/sf] ;fFrf] lha|fN6/
rfFbLsf] ;x/ clNho;{ df]tLsf] 6fk' ax/fOg
xgLd'gsf] ;x/ x]lN;GsL d?e"ldsf] lx/f lnlaof
k[YjLsf] 5fgf] kfld/sf] k7f/ ljxf/sf] b'Mv sf]zL gbL
a+ufnsf] b'Mv bfdf]b/ gbL dWo/ftdf ;"o{ b]lvg] b]z gj]{
;"of]{bosf] b]z Hfkfg rLgsf] b'Mv x\jfªxf] gbL
blIf0fsf] lj|6]g Go"lhNof08 zfGt k|ft sfnsf] b]z blIf0f sf]l/of
;]tf] xfQLsf] b]z yfONof08 xhf/f} xfQLsf] b]z nfcf];
kljq e"ld h]?;]nd xhf/f} tfnsf] b]z lkmNof08
ef/tsf] d]Gr]:6/ d'DaO{ 5fofbf/ ?vsf] b]z Sofg8f
P8\;sf] dxfb]z clk|msf s]ssf] b]z :s6Nof08
Pl;ofsf] :jLh/\Nof08 g]kfn÷sfl:d/ ;'gf}nf] pgsf] b]z ci6«]lnof
;"of{:tsf] b]z a]nfot k"mnsf] ;x/ ˆnf]/]G; gu/
k"j{sf] e]lg; yfONof08sf] a}+ss k'8\sfsf] b]z lgb/Nof08
o'/f]ksf] v]nd}bfg :jLh/\Nof08 /+uLg skf; pAhfpg] b]z /l;of
kfFr gbLsf] ;x/ k+hfa Oª\Nof08sf] au}rf s]G6
;ft kxf8sf] ;x/ /f]d ;'gf}nf 9f]sfsf] ;x/ ;g\ k|mflG;:sf]
o'/f]ksf] sf/vfgf a]lNhod u'nfaL ;x/ hok'/
ef/tsf] :jLh/\Nof08 bflh{lnª :j0f{dlGb/sf] ;x/ cd[t;/
aiff{bsf]÷x'/L atf;sf] ;x/ l;sfuf] pQ/sf] e]lg; :6sxf]d
;fd|fHo ;x/ Go'of]s{ k"j{sf] df]tL l;+ufk'/
o'/f]ksf] sNsL a]lNhod blIf0fsL /fgL d]naf]g{, l;8\gL
/f]dsf] o'4e"ld a]lNhod dfj{N;sf] b]z O6fnL
;'gf}nf Kofuf]8fsf] e"ld DofGdf/ k"j{sf] :s6Nof08 l;nf]ª

cGt/f{li6«o l;df/]vfx?
Mc Mohan Line la|l6; k|ltlglw Sir Mc Mohan n] ;g\ !(!$ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ef/t / rLg aLrsf]
l;df/]vf
17 Parelliel pQ/ / blIf0f leotgfd aLrsf] l;df/]vf -tL b]zx? aLr PsLs/0f eO{;s]sf]n] xfn
of] /]vfsf] cl:tTj 5}g_
24 Parelliel ef/t / kfls:tfg aLrsf] l;df/]vf h'g /]vf kfls:tfgaf6 dfu ul/Psf] t/ ef/tn]
c:jLsf/ u/]sf]
38 Parelliel pQ/ / blIf0f sf]l/of aLrsf] l;df/]vf
49 Parelliel Sofg8f / cd]l/sf aLrsf] l;df/];f
Durand Line ;g\ !*(^ df ef/t / ckmuflg:tfg aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] /]vf
Hinderberg Line ;g\ !(!& df hd{gL / kf]Nof08 aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] l;df/]vf
Red Clief Line ;g\ !($& df ef/t / kfls:tfg aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] l;df/]vf
Line of Death e"dWo;fu/sf] blIf0f / lnlaofb]lv pQ/df l;b|sf] vf8L h;nfO{ lnlaofn] cfˆgf]
bfjL ub{5 eg] cd]l/sfn] o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o hn l;df If]q dfGb5 . Line of Death
egL gfdfs/0f ug]{ JolQm lnlaofsf /fi6«klt s0f]{n u2fkmL x'g\ .
Mannerheim Line ?; / lkmgNof08 aLrsf] sl/a !#)) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] of] l;df/]vf
Brandenburg Gate k"jL{ / klZrd hd{gL aLrsf] l;df/]vf –xfn of] cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]_
Seigfried line hd{gL / k|mfG; aLrsf] l;df/]vf
Maginot Line bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] ;do hd{gLsf] ;Defljt cfqmd0faf6 aRg k|mfG;n]
:jLh/\Nof08b]lv a]lNhod ;Dd agfPsf] lsNnf
80
 Order Neisse Line bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft\ k"jL{ hd{gL / kf]Nof08 aLrsf] l;df/]vf

ljZjsf] Oltxf;
ljZjsf] k|d'v P]ltxfl;s 36gfx?M DofUgfsf6f{, uf}/jdo qmflGt, cf}Bf]lus qmflGt, k|mfG;sf] /fHo
qmflGt, cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd, ?;L÷cS6f]j/ qmflGt, k|yd / l4tLo ljZjo'4 tyf ef/tLo
:jtGqtf ;+u|fd
DofUgfsf6f{M a]nfotL gful/sx?sf] :jtGqtfsf] k|yd a8fkq xf] . of]] dfgj clwsf/, sfg"gsf] zf;g / JolQmut
:jtGqtfsf] ;DaGwL ljZjsf] k|yd lnlvt b:tfj]h xf] .
 DofUgfsf6f{ s'g efiffaf6 lnOPsf] zAb xf] < Latin
 Latin efiffdf DofUgfsf6f{sf] cy{ s] x'G5 < dxfclwsf/ kq
 DofUgfsf6f{ a]nfotsf slt sfg"gsf] ;+u|x lyof] < #& j6f sfg"gsf]
 DofUgfsf6f{ sxfFsf hgtfn] k|fKt u/]sf] b:tfj]h xf] < a]nfotsf hgtfn]
 DofUgfsf6f{ s'g s'g kIf aLrsf] ;+3if{af6 k|fKt ePsf] b:tfj]h xf] < /fhf / kfb/L -wd{u"?_
 DofUgfsf6f{ hf/L ug]{ a]nfotL /fhf sf] lyP < hf]g låtLo
 DofUgfsf6f{ slxn] hf/L ePsf] lyof] < !@!%, h'g !% df
 DofUgfsf6f{df x:tfIf/ sxfF ePsf] lyof] < n08gaf6 !( dfOn 6f9f /lgd]8 eGg] :yfgdf
 hf]g l4tLosf] lgwg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !@!^ cS6f]a/ !(
 a]nfotL /fhf hf]g l4tLosf] lgwg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !@!^ df
 hf]g l4tLosf] lgwg kZrft\ a]nfotdf sf] /fhf eP < hf]g l4tLosf 5f]/f x]g/L t[tLo
 DofUgfsf6f{df slt wf/fx? /x]sf lyP < ^# wf/fx?
 DofUgfsf6f{df slt zAb /x]sf lyP < $(@@ zAb
 DofUgfsf6f{df ;g\ !@@% df s'g /fhfn] cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L k'gM hf/L u/]sf lyP < /fhf x]g/L t[tLo
 DofUgfsf6f{sf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ sf] lyP < Jof/f]g kfb/Lx?
 DofUgfsf6f{sf] d:of}bf n]Vg] d'Vo JolQm sf] lyP < Archbishop Stephen Langton
DofUgfsf6f{sf dxTjk'0f{ wf/fx?
 wf/f @*, #) / #! wf/fdf j}olQms ;Dkltsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] j0f{g ul/Psf],
 wf/f ! df rr{sf] :jfottf ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
 wf/f #*, #( / $) df JolQmut :jtGqtf / clwsf/sf] j0f{g ul/Psf],
 wf/f #( df sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmofsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :yflkt ul/Psf],
 wf/f $) df xfdL -/fhf_ n] s;}nfO{ klg clwsf/ / Gofo a]Rg] 5}gf}, Gofo k|bfg ug]{ sfddf klg l9nfO{ ug]{ 5}gf}
/ Gofo lbg Ogsf/ klg ug]{ 5}gf} eGg] s'/f pNn]v /x]sf]
 DofUgfsf6f{sf] kl/0ffd :j?k k|rngdf cfPsf] l/6 s'g xf] < aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f
 DofDgfsf6f{sf slt j6f k|lt xfn klg ;'/lIft /x]sf 5g\ < $ k|lt
 DofUgfsf6f{sf $ k|lt sxfF sxfF /x]sf 5g\ < b'O{j6f n08gl:yt la|l6z nfOa|]/Ldf, Pp6f Salisbury
Cathedral / csf]{ Lincon Cathedral df
DofUgfsf6f{sf d'Vo k|fjwfgx?
81
 /fhfn] ;+;bsf] clwj]zg lgoldt ?kdf af]nfpg' kg]{,
 P]g, sfg"g kfl/t ug]{ clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{ dfq x'g],
 ;+;bsf] :jLs[lt ljgf s'g} k|sf/sf] s/ p7fpg gkfOg],
 /fhsLo ;]gfsf] nflu rflxg] cfly{s Joj:yf ;+;bsf] :jLs[ltaf6 dfq lgwf{/0f x'g],
 sfg"g / sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof lagf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] jf b]z lgsfnf ug{ gkfOg],
 sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] eGbf a9L ;hfo gul/g],
 n08g tyf cGo zx/x?df k|yf ;~rfng ug{ kfpg' kg]{ ;fy} rr{nfO{ :jfottf k|bfg ul/g],
 Gofo lbgdf l9nfO{ jf Ogsf/ gul/g], s;}nfO{ d[To'b08 glbOg],
 hyfefjL ;hfo lj?4sf] clwsf/ tyf :jtGq / lgikIf k'k{Ifsf] clwsf/
uf}/jdo qmflGt
 of] qmflGt a]nfotdf ;g\ !^** df ePsf] lyof] . a]nfotsf /fhfx? :6'c6{ a+zsf lyP .
 a]nfotsf hgtfn] :6'c6{ a+zLo /fhfx? lj?4 u/]sf] qmflGt g} uf}/jdo qmflGt xf] .
 of] qmflGtsf] ;dodf ToxfFsf /fhf h]D; l4tLo lyP .
 :6'c6{ a+zLo /fhfeGbf cuf8L 6\o'8/ a+zsf] zf;g rn]sf] lyof] .
 uf}/jdo qmflGtnfO{ /QmxLg qmflGt klg elgG5 .
 uf}/jdo qmflGtn] /fhtGqfTds a+z kl/jt{g u/L /fhtGqfTds Joj:yf sfod ePsf] lyof] .
 of] qmflGtsf] kmn:j?k ToxfF lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] ;§f Ps pbf/ / ;+a}wflgs /fhg]t[Tjsf] :yfkgf eof] .
 of] qmflGt wd{ lg/k]If lyof] .
 of] qmflGtn] Sofyf]lnsx?nfO{ afx]s cGo wdf{anDaLx?nfO{ wfld{s :jtGqtf k|bfg u¥of] .
 of] qmflGtnfO{ /QmxLg, wd{lg/k]If / pbf/ qmflGtsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 .
 qmflGt kZrft\ Sofyf]lns wd{nfO{ :jtGqtf lbOPg .
 uf}/jdo qmflGtsf] h8 g} /fhf h]D; l4tLo / ;+;b tyf hgtf cyf{t k|f]6]:6]G6 wdf{anDaLx? aLrsf] cGt/
;+3if{ xf] .
 qmflGtsf] qmddf /fhf h]D; l4tLo efu]/ k|mfG;df z/0f lng k'u] .
 qmflGt kZrft\ /fhfsL 5f]/L d]/L / k|f]6]:6]G6 wdf{anDaLsf] ;+o'Qm zf;g sfod eof] .
 /fhf h]D; l4tLon] k|f]6]:6]G6x?nfO{ t;f{pg xf]G;nf]lxy eGg] 7fpFdf #),))) ;]gf /fv]sf lyP .
 /fhfn] Sofyf]lns wd{sf] k|;f/sf] nflu cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnodf k|fygf sIfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf lyP
 qmflGt kZrft\ ljlnodsf] /fHo/f]x0f eof] . logL /fhfsf 5f]/L HjfO{ gftfsf x'g\ .
qmflGtsf sf/0fx? / kl/0ffdx?
sf/0fx? kl/0ffdx?
/fhfn] Sofyf]lns wd{afx]s cGo wd{nfO{ pk]Iff ug'{ /fhf ;+j}wflgs ?kdf /xg] k'u] Pj+ ;+j}wflgs
/fhtGqsf] :yfkgf
Sofyf]lns ;]gfsf] :yfkgf j}b]lzs ;DaGwdf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g
z}lIfs If]q / ljZjljBfnodf /fhfsf] x:tIf]k ;+;bsf] ;jf]{Rrtf :yflkt x'g'
h]D; l4tLosf] 5f]/f hlGdg'
;+;bsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhfsf] x:tIf]k /xg'
:yfoL ;]gf a9fpg'
Cfo/Nof08 / :s6Nof08df /fhfsf] lg/+s'z zf;g
/xg'
/fhfsf] k|mfG;;Fusf] ldqtf
/fhfn] cft+s k}mnfpg'

 …eljiodf ;+;f/df % hgf dfq /fhfx? x'g]5g\, rf/hgf v]Ng] tf;sf kQfx?df / Pshgf a]nfotdfÚ eGg] egfO{ s;sf]
xf] < OlhK6sf /fhf kmf?v
cf}Bf]lus qmflGt
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pBf]udf ePsf] gofFkg tyf kl/jt{gnfO{ cf}Bf]lus qmflGt elgG5
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] csf]{ gfd s] xf] < oflGqs qmflGt
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt s'g b]zaf6 z'? ePsf] lyof] < a]nfotaf6
82
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&^) b]lv ;g\ !*$) ;Dd
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt s'g ztfAbLdf ePsf] lyof] < !* cf} ztfAbLsf] dWob]lv !( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] dWo;Dd
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] nfdf] ;do lnPsf]n] o;nfO{ qmflGt eGg' x'Fb}g eGg] lj4fg sf] lyP < Arnold Toynbee
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] cfwf/ s] sf] cfljisf/nfO{ dflgG5 < jfik OlGhgsf] cfljisfsf/
 jfik OlGhgsf] cfljisf/ s;n] / slxn] u/]sf lyP < ;g\ !&^( df h]D; jf6
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] z'?jft s'g If]qaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 < sk8f pTkfbg
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk"j{ a]nfotdf s:tf] pBf]usf] af]njfnf /x]sf] lyof] < 3/]n' pBf]usf]
h]D;jf6n] jfikn] rNg] oGq agfP h;sf] sf/0f oftfoftsf] If]qdf / pTkfbgdf kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds
kl/jt{g b]vfk¥of] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs nufot dfgjsf] r]tgfsf]:t/df klg kl/jt{g cfof] . o:tf] qmflGtsf] c;/
cd]l/sf nufot o"/f]k / k"/} ljZjdf /x\of] .
 hf]gs] n] Flying Shuttle -l56f] sk8f a'Gg] d]l;g_ sf] :yfkgf slxn] u/] < ;g\ !&$# df
 xf/lu|08fn] spinning 83 fug -l56f] ;'t sfTg] d]l;g_ sf] :yfkgf slxn] u/] < ;g\ !&^& df
 jfik zlQm4f/f ;g\ !*!$ df /]nsf] OlGhg rnfpg] sfd s;n] u/]sf lyP < hh{ l:6km]G;g
 a]nfotdf s] s:tf vlgh kbfy{sf] k|r'/tf lyof] < kmnfd / sf]Onf
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt kZrft\ ag]sf] tLg ju{ s] s] lyP < k"FhLklt, dWod ju{ / dhb'/ ju{
 j}1flgs v]tL k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft ug{ -v]t hf]Tg], aLpm v;fpg] sfd_ h]y|f]t'nn] ;g\ !&)! df cfljisf/ u/]sf]
d]l;gsf] gfd s] xf] < l8«n
 ;nudsf] v]tL u/]/ pTkfbg a9fpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < 6fpg ;]8
 kz'kfng ug]{ tl/sfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < /a6{j]n
 kfgLaf6 rNg] sk8f a'Gg] d]l;g Mule sf cfljisf/s sf] x'g\ < :ofd'on qmDK6Lg
 s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu la|l6; ;/sf/n] s[lif ljefusf] :yfkgf slxn] uof]{ < ;g\ !&(# df
 ;g\ !&^( df ;/ l/rf8{ cfs{/fO6n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] hnzlQmaf6 rNg] rvf{sf] gfd s] xf] < Water Frame
 cfw'lgs ˆofS6«L k4ltsf lktf egL s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < Sir Richard Arkwright
 OnL lj6gLn] skf;af6 u]8f 5'§ofpg] s6g lhgsf] cfljisf/ slxn] u/] < ;g\ !&(# df
 P8d08 sf6{/fO6n] hnzlQm4f/f rNg] Powerloom -sk8f agfpg] d]l;g_ sf] cfljisf/ slxn] u/] < ;g\
!&*%
 vfgLdf sfd ug]{ dhb'/sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;g\ !*!% df ;]km\6L n}Dksf] cfljisf/ ug]{ sf] x'g\ < xDk|mL 8]eL
 cf}Bf]lus qmflGt x'g' eGbf cuf8L a]nfotdf k|d'v k]zf s] /x]sf] lyof] < s[lif
 sfuhsf] cfljisf/ s'g d'n'saf6 ePsf] xf] < rLg
cf}Bf]lus qmflGt sf/0f / kl/0ffd
sf/0f kl/0ffd
a]nfotdf ljleGg lsl;dsf cflj:sf/ x'g' Jofkf/ Joj;fodf a[l4
lj|6]gsf] ef}uf]lns l:yltn] ;fy lbg' 3/]n' pBf]usf] ;dfKtL / snsf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf
a]nfotdf kof{Kt k"FhL pknAw /xg' a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4
la|6]gsf] pklgj]lzs gLlt / ahf/ ;'ljwf snsf/vfgf :yfkgf x'g yfn]
a]nfotdf a}+lsª k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft x'g' ;dfhdf gofF ju{sf] pbo x'g'
a]nfotdf zflGt / pko'Qm ;/sf/L gLlt hg;+Vofdf a[l4
a]nfotdf s[lifdf ;'wf/ x'g' ;dfhjfbL efjgfsf] pbo
kF"hLjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljhf/f]k0f
a]nfotdfly k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGtsf] k|efj zx/x?sf] ljsf;, dhb'/ ;+u7gsf] ljsf; cflb

 k'ghf{u/0fsf] z'?jft s'g b]zaf6 ePsf] lyof] < O6fnL

k|mfG;sf] /fHo qmflGt
 k|mfG;sf] /fHo qmflGtsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / eft[Tj
83
 k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGtn] s:tf] zf;gsf] cGTo u¥of] < lg/ªs'z /fhtGqsf]
 k|mfG;sf] /fHoqmflGt slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&*( df
 n'O{ /fhfx? s'g j+zsf lyP < a'jf]{g a+z
 n'O{ !$ cf} sf] kfnfdf k]l/;b]lv !@ ls=dL= 6f9f e;f{Ondf agfPsf] b/af/nfO{ s] elgGYof] < el;{lnh b/af/
 pQm b/af/sf] lgdf{0f vr{ slt lyof] < #) s/f]8 8n/
 lzzfn] ag]sf] pQm b/af/df /fhfsf ;]js slt lyP < !^)) hgf
 el;{lnh b/jf/df /fgLsf bf;L slt /x]sf lyP < %)) hgf
 b/jf/sf] tj]nfdf slt 3f]8fx? /x]sf lyP < !()) 3f]8fx?
 n'O{ !% cf} slt jif{sf] pd]/df /fhf ePsf lyP < % jif{sf] pd]/df
 k|mfG;n] slxn]b]lv slxn] ;Dd & jif{ ljleGg b]z;Fu o'4 r8]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !&%^ b]lv !&^# ;Dd
 & jif]{ o'4df k|mfG; s'g /fi6«af6 k/flht ePsf] lyof] < lj|6]g;Fu
 n'O{ !% cf}sf] d[To' slxn] ePsf] lyof] < !&&$ df
 n'O{ !^ cf}sL /fgLsf] gfd s] xf] < d]/L PG6f]Og]6
 k|mfG;sf] /fHo qmflGttfsf /fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg u7g ePsf] ;+:yfsf] gfd s] xf] < :6]6\; hg/n
 pQm :6]6\; hg/n a}7s slt k|sf/sf] lyof] < # k|sf/sf] –ejgsf] cfwf/df_
 klxnf] ejgdf sf] a:y] / ltgLx?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] lyof] < kfb/L, logLx?sf] ;+Vof #)* hgf
 bf];|f] ejgdf sf] a:y] / ltgLx?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] lyof] < s'nLgx?, logLx?sf] ;+Vof @%* hgf
 t];|f] ejgdf sf] a:y] / ltgLx?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] lyof] < ;j{;fwf/0f, ;+Vof ^@! hgf
 :6]6\; hg/nsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof s:tf] k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] lyof] < a}7ssf] lg0f{o ;b:o ;+:ofsf] ax'dtsf] cfwf/df geO{
ejg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df x'g]
 hg/n a}7s af]nfpg /fhfnfO{ bjfj k/]kl5 n'O{ !^ cf} n] slxn] a}7s !&% jif{kl5 af]nfPsf lyP < ;g\ !&** df
 n'O{ rf}wf}sf] zf;gsfn slxn];Dd /x\of] < ;g\ !^$#–!&!% ;Dd
 n'O{ !$ cf}+ sf gflt sf] lyP < n'O{ !^ cf}+
 n'O{ !^ cf} slt jif{sf] pd]/df /fhf eP < @) jif{sf] pd]/df
 n'O{ !^ cf}sL /fgL d]/L OG6f]g]6 s'g b]zsL /fhs'df/L lyOg\ < cli6«ofsL
 d]/L OG6f]Og]6sL cfdfsf] gfd s] xf] < ;fd|f1L d]l/of y]/];f
 n'O{ !^ cf}=sL kTgLnfO{ k|mfG;]nLn] s'g pkgfd lbPsf lyP < Madam Deficiet
 n'O{ !^ cf}+ sf] /fhk|;fb sxf lyof] < el;{lnhdf
 ;g\ !&** df n'O{ !^ cf}n] af]nfPsf] :6]6\; hg/n a}7sdf s] lg0f{o eof] < t];|f] ejgsf] ;b:of ;+Vof
bf]Aa/ agfpg] lg0f{o ul/of] . ;g\ !&*( df lgjf{rg eof] . lgjf{lrt ;b:on] a}7ssf] lg0f{o ejg;+Vofsf]
cfwf/df xf]Og sL ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df x'g'kg]{ dfu u/] .
 t];|f] ejgsf] ;b:on] slxn] cfk"mnfO{ National Assembly sf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/] < !& h'g, !&*( df
 t];|f] ejgsf ;b:on] slxn] National Assembly sf] a}7s af]nfP < h'g @), !&*( -/fhfn] dfGotf glbO{
ejgdf tfNrf nufPsf] sf/0f 6]lg;sf]6{sf] v'Nnf rf}/df a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] lyof]_
 k|mfG;df ljb|f]x a9\g yfn]kl5 National Assembly nfO{ /fhfn] slxn] dfGotf k|bfg u/L ax'dtsf] lg0f{o dfGo
x'g] 3f]if0ff u/] < h'g @&, !&*( df
 qmflGttfsf /fhfn] x6fPsf dGqLsf] gfd s] lyof] < cy{dGqL g]s/ -!! h'nfO{ !&*( df_
 tTsfnLg cj:yfdf lg/ªs'z /fhtGqsf] k|ltssf] ?kdf /x]sf] lsNnfnfO{ s] elgGYof] <  j]l:6nsf] lsNnf
 pQm lsNnf slxn] Wj:t eof] < !$ h'nfO{, !&*( df
 lsNnf Wj:t kfg]]{ qmddf slthgfn] Hofg u'dfP < @)) hgfn]
 National Assembly -/fli6«o kl/ifb\_ n] slxn] kfb/L, ;fdGt / s'nLg ju{sf] ;j} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] cGTo ePsf]
3f]if0ff u¥of] < cui6 $, !&*( df
 National Assembly n] dfgj clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq slxn] hf/L u¥of] < @& cui6, !&*( df
84
 /fhtGq lj/f]wL ;d"xn] e;f{On b/af/df /x]sf] /fhf, /fgL, o'j/fh nufotsf JolQmnfO{ slxn] l3;fb}{ k]l/; NofP
< cS6'j/ %, !&*( df
 qmflGtsf] b}/fgdf /fhf / /fgLnfO{ k]l/;af6 efUb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf slxn] k|mfG;]n] hgtfn] ;dft]/ aGbL agfPsf
lyP < @) h'g, !&(! df
 /fhf n'O{ !^ cf} / pgsL /fgL d]/L PG6f]g]6nfO{ d[To'b08 slxn] lbOof] <  !&(# hgj/L @! df /fhfnfO{ /
!&(# cS6'j/ !^ df /fgL d]/L PG6f]g]6nfO{
 n'O{ !^ cf}+n] kmfF;Ldf r9\g'cl3 s] eg]sf lyP < d]/f] /ut k|mfG;sf] ;d[l4sf] sf/0f agf];\, /fi6« rL/:yfoL
agf];\
 n'O{ !^ cf}sf] kfnfdf /fhfn] ljgf ;"rgf gful/snfO{ kqmg s] cfb]z hf/L uy]{ < Lettre De Cachet -nt/]
b sf;]_ -ljgf cleof]udf lu/km\tf/ ug]{ clwsf/_
 k|mfG;df kfb/L ju{nfO{ s] elgGYof] < k|yd :6]6
 k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGttfsf Toxf kfb/Lsf] ;+Vof slt lyof] < sl/j ! nfv #) xhf/
 To;;dodf hgtfn] rr{nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ s/nfO{ s] elgGYof] < Tithe s/
 k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGtdf af}l4s ju{sf] e"ldsf lgefpg] lj4fgx? sf] sf] lyP < dG6]:So" -!^*(–!&%%_,
ef]Nt]o/ -!^($–!&&*_, ?;f]-!&!@–!&&*_ / lbb/f]-!&!#–!&*$_
 dG6]:So"n] ;g\ !&$* df zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf n]v]sf] k':tssf] gfd s] lyof] < the spirit of law
 /fHosf tLg c+ux?aLrsf] sfo{:jtGqtf / cx:tIf]k;DaGwL l;4fGtsf] gfd s] xf] < zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt
 ef]Nt]o/n] k|mfG;sf] /fHoJoj:yf, rr{n] u/]sf] zf]if0f / ;fdflhs s'k|yfk|lt JoªofTds n]v4f/f lj/f]w u/]sf lyP
k|mfG;sf] /fHoqmflGtdf cd]l/sL :jtGqtf -!&&^_, a]nfotsf] uf}/jdo qmflGt -!^**_ / pbf/ k|hftGqk|ltsf] hgnx/sf]
k|efj k/]sf] lyof] .
 To;;dodf Toxf gfktf}nsf] nflu s'g k|0ffnL k|rngdf lyof] < d]l6«s k|0ffnL
 k|mfG;sf] /fHoqmflGtsf] ;dodf tTsfnLg zf;s g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{n] ;+u|x u/]sf] sfg"gsf] ;+u|xnfO{ s] elgG5 <
g]kf]lnog sf]8
 g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{n] s'g ;flxTosf/sf] k|;+zf ub}{ pgsf] cefjdf /fHoqmflGt c;Dej lyof] eg]sf lyP < ?;f]
 g]kf]lnogsf] d[To slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !*@!, ;]G6 x]n]gfl4kdf
 k|mfG;sf] /fHo qmflGt slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&*( df
 ;g\ !&*( df k|mfG;df ePsf] qmflGt s;sf lj?4 ePsf] lyof] < lg/ªs'z /fhtGqsf lj?4
 k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGt x'Fbf ToxfF sf] /fhf lyP < n'O{ !^ cf}+
 dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df cfw'lgs o'usf] z'?jft slxn]af6 ePsf] dflgG5 < k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGtaf6
 …d g} /fHo x'FÚ eGg] k|mfG;]nL /fhf sf] x'g\ < n'O{ !$ cf}+
 n'O{ rf}wf}+sf] d[To' slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&!% df
 k|mfG;]nL qmflGttfsf ToxfF sltj6f sfg"g k|rngdf /x]sf lyP < sl/j #()
 k|mfG;sf] Sofyf]lns ;Dk|bfosf] O;fO{ wd{sf u'? / k'/f]lxtnfO{ s] elgGYof] < kfb/L
k|mfG;sf] /fHoqmflGtsf sf/0f / kl/0ffdx?
sf/0f kl/0ffd
lg/ªs'z /fhtGq / c;Ifd zf;s ;fdGtL /fHoJoj:yfsf] cGTo
/fhkl/jf/sf] ef]uljnf;L hLjg rr{sf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] cGTo
s]lGb|s[t zf;g Joj:yf ltys/ vf/]h ePsf] .
/fhfn] dgkl/ nufpg] :jtGqtfk"j{s /fhgLltdf efu lng kfpg]
/fHo kl/ifb\df /fhfsf s[kfkfqsf] dfq lgo'lQm x'g] pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ kfpg]
cj:yf
;dfh kfb/L, s'nLg / ;j{;fwf/0f u/L # ju{df s[ifssf] hldgdf cflwkTo sfod ePsf] .
ljeflht
s'nLg / kfb/L ju{nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePsf]
Sofyf]]lns wdf{anDaLsf] ;+/If0f / k|f]6]:6]G6 hgtfsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;xeflutf x'g uPsf]
wdf{anDaLnfO{ lg?T;flxt t'NofOPsf]
85
 n]vs tyf ;flxTsf/4f/f hgtfdf r]tgfsf] hfu'lt hgtfnfO{ dlG;o/ egL af]nfpg yflnof] .
s[ifsn] cfk\mgf] cfDbfgLsf] *) k|ltzt rr{nfO{ gofF Sofn]08/ k|of]u z'? x'g yfNof] .
a'emfpg' kg]{
/fHosf]ifdf /fhkl/jf/sf] af]njfnf /fHosf] tkm{af6 lzIff lbg yflnPsf], g]kf]lnPg sf]8sf]
k|of]u z'?, dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u z'?

 /fhf n'O{ !$ cf}n] s'g wd{sf] wfld{s :jtGqtfnfO{ x/0f u/]sf lyP < k|f]6]:6]06 wd{
 æe|i6 rr{nfO{ gi6 ul/b]pmÆ egL hgtfdf qmflGtsf] hfu[86 fug]{ sf] x'g\ < ef]Nt]o/
 ‘dfG5]nfO{ p;n] lbPsf] pQ/ x]/]/ eGbf p;n] u/]sf] k|Zgsf cfwf/df d"Nof+sg u/’ eGg] egfO{ s;sf] xf] <
ef]Nt]o/sf]
 k|mfG;]nL qmflGtnfO{ ;xof]u k'of{pg] $ lj4fgx?sf] x'g\ < ef]Nt]o/, dG6]:So", ?;f] / lbb]/f]
 ?;f]n] n]v]sf] k|l;4 k':tssf] gfd s] lyof] < The Sociol Contract -!&^@_
 dflg; :jtGq?kdf hGdG5 t/ p ;j{q cfk"mnfO{ aGwgdf kfpF5 egL pNn]v ug]{ sf] x'g\ < ?;f]
 pgn] /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf /fhfsf] b}jL l;4fGtdf xf]Og sL hgtfsf] OR5fdf /xG5 eg] .
 lbb]/f]n] n]v]sf k':tssf] gfd s] lyof] < ljZjsf]if -!&^)_
 lbb/f]sf] pQm k'":tsdf s] n]lvPsf] lyof] < rr{sf] e|i6tf, ljs[lt af/]
 w]/} d';fn] zf;g ug'{eGbf Pp6} l;+xn] zf;g ug'{ 7Ls xf] eGg] egfO{ s;sf] xf] < ef]Nt]o/
 lbOPsf] pQ/ eGbf ;f]lwPsf] k|ZgnfO{ dxTj lbg' eGg] egfO{ s;sf] xf] < ef]Nt]o/
 qmflGtsf] ;dodf ls;fgn] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] slt k|ltzt s/ /fHonfO{ a'emfpg' kb{Yof] < *) k|ltzt
k|yd ljZjo'4
 k|yd ljZjo'4 slxn]b]lv slxn];Dd rn]sf] lyof] < !(!$ h'nfO{ @* b]lv !(!* gf]e]Da/ !! ;Dd
 of] ljZjo'4 slt lbg rn]sf] lyof] < !%^! lbg -$ jif{ # dlxgf / !! lbg_
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] /fhgLlts xf]8df ;j}eGbf cu|:yfgdf s'g /fi6« xf] < a]nfot
 k|yd ljZjo'4df slt /fi6«x?n] efu lnPsf lyP < #@ /fi6«x?n]
 k|yd ljZjo'4df a]nfotsf] kIfdf k|ToIf ?kdf efu lng] s"n @* /fi6«x? lyP eg] hd{gL kIfdf s"n slt
/fi6«x? lyP < $ /fi6«x?
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf Allies Power df s'g s'g /fi6«x? lyP < a]nfot, k|mfG;, ?;, O6nL, a]lNhod, rLg,
hfkfg, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
 k|yd ljZjo'4df Axies Power df s'g s'g /fi6«x? lyP < hd{gL, cli6«of, xªu]/L / 6sL{
 ;g\ !*&) df s'g /fHonfO{ x/fO{ hd{gLsf rfG;n/ ljidfs{n] hd{gLsf] PsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ k"/f u/]sf lyP <
k|mfG;
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] tTsfnLg sf/0f s] /x]sf] lyof] < cli6«ofsf o'j/fh cfs{8\o's k|mfGh kml8{g]G8 / /fhs'df/L
;f]lkmofnfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof ug'{
 cfs{8\o's kml8{gf08 / ;f]lkmofnfO{ sxfF / slxn] uf]nL xflgPsf] lyof] < af]l:gofsf] ;/fPef] df, ;g\ !(!$
h'g @*
 cfs{8\o's kml8{gf08 / ;f]lkmofnfO{ af]l:gofsf] ;/fPef]df s;n] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf] lyof] < lk|G;]k gfds
aGb'swf/L
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] z'?jft s;/L ePsf] lyof] < o'j/fh tyf o'j/f1Lsf] xTofkZrft\ cli6«ofn] xTofsf] ;Dk"0f{
bf]if ;lj{ofnfO{ nufpb} h'nfO{ @@ df !@ ;'qLo dfuF ;lj{of;dIf k|:t't ub}{ tL dfFu k"/f ug{ $* 306fsf] ;do
k|bfg u¥of] / ;lj{ofn] tL ;a} dfFu k"/f ug{ g;Sg] eg]kl5 cli6«ofn] ;le{of lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/L cfqmd0f
z'? u¥of]
 k|yd ljZjo'4df ;j{;fwf/0f sltsf] ;+Vofdf Hofg uPsf] lyof] < sl/j *% nfv
 k|yd ljZjo'4df sltsf] ;+Vofdf ;}lgsn] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP < sl/j ! s/f]8 #) nfv

86
 k|yd ljZjo'4df ePsf] s"n vr{ slt xf] < $) ca{ kfp08
 hd{gLsf] tkm{af6 slt ;}lgsn] efu lnPsf lyP < @ s/f]8
 ldq/fi6sf] tkm{af6 slt ;}lgsn] efu lnPsf lyP < $ s/f]8
 hd{gL / cli6«ofaLr slxn] uf]Ko ;lGw ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !*&% df
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf a]nfot / hfkfgaLr uf]Ko ;lGw slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !()@ df
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf a]nfot / k|mfG;aLr uf]Ko ;lGw slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !()$ df
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf j]nfot / ?;aLr uf]Ko ;lGw slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !()& df
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] cfwf/o'4sf] ?kdf s'g o'4nfO{ lnOG5 < afNsg k|fol4ksf] o'4 -;g\ !(!@–!#_
 k|yd ljZjo'4df efu lnP/ klg s'g} Iflt gJoxf]/]sf] /fi6« s'g xf] < cd]l/sf
 s'g ljZjo'4af6 cd]l/sL 8n/n] ljZjJofkL dfGotf kfpg yfn]sf] xf] < k|yd ljZjo'4
 k|yd ljZjo'4 kZrft\ ul7t ljZj ;+:yfsf] gfd s] xf] < /fi6«;+3 -;g\ !(@) hgj/L !) df :yfkgf_
 k|yd ljZjo'4df g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt /fi6« s'g lyof] < hd{gL
 k|yd ljZjo'4 kZrft\ zlQmdf cfpg] b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < hfkfg / cd]l/sf
 k|yd ljZjtfsf hd{gLsf /fhf sf] lyP < s}h/ ljlnod l4tLo -o'4tfsf efu]/ xNof08 k'u]sf_
 k|yd ljZjtfsf cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt sf] lyP < lj8«f] ljN;g
 /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf x'Fbf ;+3df slt /fi6« ;b:o lyP < @& /fi6«
 ;+3sf] :yfkgf;DaGwL k|:tfj /fVg] tTsfnLg cd]l/sL /fi6«klt sf] lyP < lj8«f] ljN;g
 /fi6«;+3sf] ljwfgdf slt wf/fx? /x]sf lyP < @^ wf/f
 /fi6«;+3sf] :yfoL ;b:odf s'g s'g /fi6«x? /x]sf lyP < hfkfg, k|mfG;, O6fnL / OªNof08
 k|yd ljZjo'4df a]nfotnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] slt ;]gf k7fPsf lyP < !^,%$$
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf g]kfndf /fhf sf] /x]sf lyP < lqe'jg
 k|yd ljZjo'4df g]kfnn] a]nfot ;/sf/nfO{ slt cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] < !) nfv :6ln{ª kfp08
 k|yd ljZjo'4df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g]t[87 fug]{ sf] lyP < aa/;dz]/
 k|yd ljZjo'4df n8]afkt leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg] g]kfnLx? sf] sf] lyP < s'njL/ yfkf / s0f{axfb'/ yfkf
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] cGTo s'g 36gfaf6 ePsf] lyof] < el;{lnh ;lGw
 klxnf] ljZjo'4 slxn] cGTo ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(!* gf]e]Da/ !! df
 el;{lnh ;lGw slt jif{sf] nflu ul/Psf] lyof] < @) jif{sf] nflu
 el;{lnh ;lGwn] s'g b]znfO{ ckdfg u/]sf] dflgPsf] lyof] < hd{gL
 k|yd ljZjo'4sf] /fhgLlts xf]8afhLdf cuf8L /x]sf] b]z s'g lyof] < a]nfot
k|yd ljZjo'4sf sf/0f / kl/0ffd
sf/0f kl/0ffd
?; / k|mfG;, k|mfG; / OªNof08, OªNof08, k|mfG; / o'/f]kdf PstGqLo / /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfsf] cGTo
?;sf aLr u'Kt ;lGw
ljleGg b]zx? aLr z:qf:qdf a[l4 ?;df ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] z'qkft
ljleGg b]zx? aLr ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf
ljleGg /fi6« ;}Go zlQm lj:tf/df *% k|ltztn] vr{ cd]l/sf / hfkfg gofF zlQmsf] ?kdf pbo
a[l4 ug'{
cli6«of /fhs'df/ / /fhs'df/LnfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof cfk;L ljjfb zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ efjgfsf]
lj:tf/
cli6«of4f/f ;lj{of pk/ cfqmd0f hgwgsf] Iflt, j:t'sf] d"Nodf a[l4, dhb'/ ju{ bogLo
cj:yf

bf];|f] ljZjo'4
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] k|f/De slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;]K6]Da/ !, !(#(

87
 s;n] s'g b]znfO{ cfqmd0f u/] kl5 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] z'?jft ePsf] lyof] < hd{gLn] kf]Nof08dfly cfqmd0f
u/]af6
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] bf}/fgdf slt ;j{;fwf/0fsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] < sl/a ! s/f]8
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] qmddf slt ;}lgsn] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP < sl/a ! s/f]8 $^ nfv
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] qmddf la|6]gn] hd{gLnfO{ slxn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] lyof] < ;]K6]Da/ # df
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf O6fnL / hd{gLsf zf;s sf] sf] lyP < qmdzM O6fnLsf] zf;s d';f]lngL / hd{gsf]
zf;s lx6n/
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt sf] /x]sf lyP < Pkm 8An' ?hj]N6
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4 cGTosf] ;dodf cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt sf] /x]sf lyP < x\of/L P; 6«'Dofg
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf cd]l/sfn] hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;dfdf slxn] c0f' ad v;fn]sf] lyof] <cui6 ^, !($% df
 ;g\ !($% cu:6 ^ df hfkfgsf] lx/fl;df cd]l/sfn] v;fn]sf] c0f' adsf] gfd s] /x]sf] lyof] < Little Boy
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf cd]l/sfn] hfkfgsf] gfuf;fsLdf slxn] c0f' ad v;fn]sf] lyof] < !($% cui6 (
 ;g\ !($% cu:6 ( df hfkfgsf] gfuf;fsLdf cd]l/sfn] v;fn]sf] c0f' adsf] gfd s] /x]sf] lyof] < Fat
Man
 hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf ePsf] c0f' ad k|xf/df k/L Hofg u'dfpg]sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] lyof] < 
sl/a ! nfv ^) xhf/
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df slt vr{ ePsf] lyof] < sl/j !!(@ vj{ cd]l/sL 8n/
 ;fDojfb lj/f]wL ;}lgs u7aGwg pQ/ P6nflG6s ;}lgs ;+u7g g]6f]sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\
!($( clk|n $ df
 g]6f]sf] g]t[Tj s'g /fi6«n] u/]sf] lyof] < cd]l/sf
 g]6f]nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ?;sf] g]t[Tjdf jf;f{ gfds ;+u7gsf] u7g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(%%, d] !$ df
 jf;f{ KofS6 gfds ;}lgs ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj s;n] u/]sf] lyof] < ?;
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] qmddf ag]sf ;}lgs u7aGwg s'g s'g /x]sf lyP < Allies Power / Axies Power
 Allies Power df /x]sf b]zx? s'g s'g /x]sf] lyP < k|mfG;, kf]Nof08, r]s, o'uf]:nfleof, ?dflgof, cd]l/sf,
a]nfot, ?; nufot
 Allies Power sf] lj?4 hd{gL, O6fnL, hfkfgsf] ;xeflutf ag]sf] csf]{ ;}lgs u7aGWg s] elgGYof] < w'/L
zlQm –Axis power_
 lx6n/ hd{gLsf] rfG;n/ slxn] ePsf lyP < ;g\ !(## df
 lx6n/ hd{gLsf] rfG;n/ / /fi6«klt slxn] ePsf lyP < ;g\ !(#$ df
 hfkfgn] rLgsf] dGr'l/of dfly slxn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !(#! df
 hfkfgn] cd]l/sf ;dIf slxn] cfTd;dk{0f slxn] u/]sf] lyof] < cu:t !$, !($% df
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] cGTo s'g 36gfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 < hfkfgn] cd]l/sf ;dIf cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] 36gfaf6
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] cGTo slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !($% cu:6 !$
 @@ clk|n, !($% df s'g rlr{t g]tfnfO{ ToxfFsf hgtfn] kmfF;L lbPsf lyP < O6fnLsf zf;s d';f]lngL
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] bf}/fgdf O6fnLn] cd]l/sf ;dIf slxn] cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !($# ;]K6]Da/ * df
 ;g\ !($% d] & df s;n] cd]l/sf ;dIf cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] lyof] < hd{gLn]
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dfKtL kZrft\ ul7t cGt/f{{li6«o ;+:yf s'g xf] < ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 -:yfkgf cS6f]a/ @$,
!($%_
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL sf] /x]sf lyP < h'4zdz]/
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df g]kfnn] s;nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] < a]nfotnfO{
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df g]kfnn] a]nfotsf] ;xof]usf] nflu slt ;]gf k7fPsf] lyof] < sl/a ! nfv
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj stf{ sf] sf] /x]sf] lyP < Ps/fh ;dz]/ / a|Xd ;dz]/
88
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg] g]kfnLx? sf] sf] /x]sf lyP < -!_ ;'j]bf/ nfnaxfb'/ yfkf -@_ xaNbf/ uh]
3n] -#_ l;kfxL uGh' nfdf -$_ l;kfxL cudl;+x /fO{ -%_ l;kfxL nId0f u'?ª -^_ l;kfxL t'naxfb'/ k'g -&_ z]/axfb'/
yfkf -*_ sdfg u'?ª –ydg u'?ª –(_ g]qaxfb'/ yfkf -!)_ l;kfxL efg'eQm u'?ª
 kl5Nnf] k6s leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg] g]kfnL /fd axfb'/ lnDa" x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ !(^% df of] pkflw kfPsf x'g\
 xfn;Dd !# g]kfnLn] pkflw kfPsf 5g\ .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf sf/0f / kl/0ffd
sf/0fx? kl/0ffd
hfkfgsf] ;fd|fHojfbL gLlt leotgfd, rLg, d+uf]lnof, pQ/ sf]l/of, So'jf cflb d'n'sdf
;fDojfbL ;/sf/sf] u7g
k|mfG;4f/f hd{gL;Fu Ifltk"lt{ c;"n ug]{ gLlt ckf/ wghgsf] Iflt
d';f]lngLsf] ;fd|fHojfbL gLlt k|mfG;, lj|6]g, xNof08 / kf]r'{unsf] Pl;ofl:yt ;fd|fHo ;dfKt
hd{gLdf lx6n/sf] pbo ef/t, DofGdf/, >Ln+sf nufot d'n's la|6]gsf] ;fd|fHoaf6 d'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] c;kmntf lzt o'4sf] k|f/De
hd{gL lj?4sf] e;f{On ;lGw hd{gL k"jL{ / klZrdL hd{gLdf ljeflht
/fli6«otf efjgf ljsf; tfgf;fxL zf;gsf] ktg

?;L qmflGt
?;sf lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqsf] lj?4 ToxfFsf hgtfn] u/]sf] qmflGt g} ?;L qmflGt xf] .
!_ ?;L qmflGtnfO{ s] s] gfdn] lrlgG5 < af]N;]les qmflGt, cS6f]a/ qmflGt / klxnf] ;kmn ljrf/wf/fTds qmflGt
@_ ?;L qmflGt x'Fbf ToxfF ?;df /fhf sf] /x]sf lyP < lgsf]n; låtLo
#_ ?;sf clGtd /fhf sf] x'g\ < lgsf]n; låtLo
$_ ?;L qmflGtsf] z'?jft slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(!& dfr{ & df k]6«f]u|f8 ;x/
%_ ?;L ;+;bnfO{ s] elgG5 < 8'df
^_ ?;L qmflGt tfsf ToxfFsf /fhf lgsf]n;n] ;+;bnfO{ slxn] e+u u/]sf lyP < !(!& dfr{ !!
&_ ?;df /fhtGq slxn] ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(!& dfr{ !%
*_ ?;L qmflGtsf] ;dodf ToxfF s'g s'g kf6L{x? ;lqmo /x]sf lyP < af]N;]les kf6L{ / d]G;]les kf6L{
(_ af]N;]les kf6L{sf g]tf sf] /x]sf lyP < Enflbld/ n]lgg
!)_ d]G;]les kf6L{sf g]tf sf] /x]sf lyP < s/]G:sL
!!_ ?;L qmflGtsf dxfg g]tf sf] /x]sf lyP < Enflbld/ n]lgg
!@_ ljZjsf] klxnf] sDo'lgi6 /fi6«klt sf] x'g\ < n]lgg
!#_ ljZjsf] klxnf] sDo'lgi6 b]z s'g xf] < ?;
!$_ ?;L qmflGt slt r/0fdf ePsf] lyof] < @ r/0f
!%_ klxnf] r/0fdf s;sf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/sf] u7g ePsf lyof] < s/]G:sL
!^_ bf];|f] r/0fdf s;sf] g]t[Tjdf qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] < n]lggsf] g]t[Tjdf qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] / ;/sf/sf] u7g
ePsf]
!&_ ?;L qmflGtsf gfos n]lggsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !*&) clk|n @@
!*_ n]lggsf] jf:tljs gfd s] /x]sf] lyof] < Enflbld/ OlNor Onofgf]e n]lgg
!(_ n]lggsf] lgwg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(@$ hgj/L @!
@)_ ?;L qmflGt slxn] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] < !(!& cS6'a/ @%
@!_ ;f]leot ;+3sf] u7g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < !(!* hgj/L @%
@@_ ?;sf cGt lt/sf /fhfx? s'g j+zsf lyP < /fdgf]j a+z
@#_ ;f]leot ;+3sf] klxnf] /fi6«klt n]lgg x'g\ eg] ToxfFsf clGtd sDo'lgi6 /fi6«klt sf] x'g\ < ldvfon rf]jf{rf]e
@$_ ;f]leot ;+3df slt jif{ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;/sf/ sfod /x]sf] lyof] < &$ jif{
@%_ ;f]leot ;+3sf] sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ / ;+3sf] lj36g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < !((! l8;]Da/ @%
@^_ ;f]leot ;+3sf]] lj36g x'Fbf / ToxfFsf] sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ ktg x'Fbf Ps yf]kf ;d]t gau]sf] 36gfnfO{ ljZj Oltxf;df s]
gfdn] lrlgG5 < dvdnL qmflGt
89
@&_ ;f]leot ;+3 lj36g eP kZrft\ slt :jtGq b]zsf] hGd x'g k'u]sf] lyof] < !% b]z
@*_ lj36g kZrft\ ul7t ?;sf] klxnf] /fi6«klt sf] x'g k'u]sf lyP < af]l/; PlN;g
@(_ ?;L qmflGtsf gfos n]lggsL /fgLsf] gfd s] lyof] < Alexandra Feodorovna
#)_ xfn ?;sf /fi6«klt sf] /x]sf 5g\ < Enflbld/ k'l6g –ljZjs} ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL JolQm_
#!_ xfn ?;sf k|wfgdGqL sf] x'g\ < lbldqL d]be]b]e
#@_ ?;df u7g ePsf] sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/nfO{ cd]l/sfn] dfGotf slxn] k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !(## df
?;L qmflGtsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffd
sf/0fx? kl/0ffdx?
?;sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf bogLo ?;df gofF ljrf/wf/f / ;Eotfsf] ljhf/f]k0f
cj:yf
s[ifsx? bf;sf] hLjg ljtfpg afWo x'g' af]N;]les kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/sf] u7g
dhb'/x? ;dfhjfbL efjgaf6 cf]tk|f]t x'g' pBf]u, e"ld, Jofkf/, /fHo Joj:yf ;fd"lxs agfOof] .
n]vs tyf ;flxTosf/4f/f hgtfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug'{ ?; zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf] ?kdf pbo eof] .
?;df /fd/f]j /fha+zsf] lg/+s'z zf;g rr{sf] ;'ljwf ;dfKtL x'g' .

##_ s'g rfxL ?;sf /fhfn] slxn] cw{bf; k|yfsf] ;dfKtLsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP < cn]Sh]G8/ l4tLon] ;g\ !*#!
df
#$_ ?; / hfkfgaLr slxn] o'4 ePsf] lyof], h;df ?;sf] ;j{gfs xf/ ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !()$–!()% ;Dd
#%_ ?;L hgtfn] hf/sf] lg/+s'ztf lj?4 s;sf] g]t[Tjdf ;g\ !()% sf] hgj/L @@ df qmflGt u/]sf lyP < kmfb/
Uofkf]gsf] g]t[Tjdf

cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd

 ef}uf]lns lx;fjn] cd]l/sf s:tf] /fHo xf] < klZrdL tyf pQ/L uf]nf4{df cjl:yt /fHo
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < lj|l6; pklgj]zjfbsf] lj?4 cd]l/sL :tGqtfsf ;]gfgLx?n]
;g\ !&&% b]lv ;g\ !&*# ;Dd u/]sf] qmflGt
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < d[To' b]pm jf :jtGqtf
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd slt jif{ rn]sf] lyof] < * jif{
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] z'?jft slxn] ePsf] lyof] < cd]l/sfsf] af]:6g glhs} Lexington eGg] :yfgdf
la|l6z ;}lgs / cd]l/sL ljb|f]xL aLr ;g\ !&&% clk|n !( ePsf] uf]nL xfgfxfg ePaf6
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd s;sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lyof] < hh{ jfl;ª\6g
 hh{ jfl;ª\6g cd]l/sfsf] klxnf] /fi6«klt slxn] ePsf lyP < ;g\ !&*( clk|n #) df
 cd]l/sf :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffkq slxn] hf/L ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $ df
 ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $ df cd]l/sf :jtGq ePsf] xf] egL s;n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP < o'4gfos yf]d; h]km/;g
 :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffkq s;n] tof/ u/]sf lyP < yf]d; h]km/;gn]
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd tfsf n]v, cvjf/ dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ hfu?s u/fpg] e"ldsf v]Ng] sf] lyP <
:ofd'on P8D; -h;nfO{ tTsfnLg ;do cd]l/sL Pstfsf] k|ltssf] ?kdf lnOGYof]_
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf 3f]if0ffnfO{ dfGotf lbg] klxnf] d''n's s'g lyof] < k|mfG;
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf 3f]if0ffkqdf slt hgfsf] x:tfIf/ /x]sf] 5 < %^ hgf sf]
 cd]l/sL 3f]if0ffkqdf x:tfIf/ gug]{ s'g s'g ju{ /x]sf] lyof] < ls;fg, dhb'/, dlxnf / lgu|f] hflt
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf ;xof]u ug]{ b'O{ o'/f]k]nL d'n's s'g s'g lyP < :k]g / k|mfG;
 ds]{G6fOn gLlt eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < dft[b]zsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Jofkf/ ug]{ gLlt
Stamp ActM a]nfotsf] ;+;bn] ;/sf/L sfuh / kqklqsfdf clgjfo{ ?kdf l6s6 6f:g'kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{
;g\ !&^% df hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . h;nfO{ Stamp Act elgGYof] . of] Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w ubf{ % hgfsf] Hofg uPsf]

90
 lyof] eg] bh{gf} 3fOt] ePsf lyP . of] sf08 cd]l/sfsf] af]:6gdf ePsf]n] of] xTofsf08nfO{ af]:6g xTofsf08
elgG5 .
Declaratory ActM pklgj]zx?sf] nflu s/ nufpg] sfg"g kf; ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ 5 egL la|6]gsf] ;+;bn] kf;
u/]sf] sfg"gsf] gfd Declaratory Act xf] .
The Boston Tea PartyM ef/tdf pTkflbt lrof clt g} ;:tf] d"Nodf cd]l/sf lgof{t x'g yfn]sf] cj:yfsf]
sf/0f cd]l/sfdf pTkflbt lrof laqmL g} x'g 5f8]sf] lj/f]wdf cd]l/sL Jofkf/Lx?n] af]:6gdf #$) l8Aafdf
ePsf] lrof ;d'Gb|df ldNsfO{ lbPsf] 36gfnfO{ Boston Tea Party elgG5 . of] 36gf ;g\ !&&# l8;]Da/ !^ df
ePsf] lyof] .
 s'g ;lGwaf6 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] < k]l/; ;lGw Pj+ el;{lnh ;lGw
 k]l/; ;lGw Pj+ el;{lnh ;lGw slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&*# sf] ;]K6]Da/ # df
 u|]6 la|6]gn] klxnf] k6s s'g ;lGw dfkm{t cd]l/sfnfO{ :jtGq d'n'ssf] ;+1f lbPsf] lyof] < el;{lnh ;lGw Pj+ k]l/;
;lGw
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] qmddf slt cd]l/sLn] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP < sl/a @% xhf/
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd tfsf a]nfotsf k|wfgdGqL / /fhf sf] lyP < k|wfgdGqL n8{ gy{ / /fhf hh{ t[tLo
 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd x'g' cuf8L a]nfotdf k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP < lu|gj]n
 cd]l/sfdf xfn %) /fHox? /x]sf 5g\ eg] :jtGqtf ;+u|fd tfsf slt j6f /fHo /x]sf lyP < !# /fHo
 cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg slxn] hf/L ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !&*( dfr{ $
;+u|fdsf sf/0f / kl/0ffdx?
sf/0fx? kl/0ffdx?
la|l6; ;/sf/sf] bdgsf/L gLlt of] ;+u|fdsf] k|efj ljZje/ km}lnof] .
wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs leGgtf la|l6z cflwkToaf6 cd]l/sf :jtGq eof] .
c;Gtf]ifk"0f{ zf;gJoj:yf hf]g P8D;sf] cu'jfO{df ;+ljwfg aGof] .
k|wfgdGqL n8{ gy{sf unt sbdx? :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf n8\g'kg]{ r]tgfsf] lj:tf/ eof] .
/fhf hh{ t[tLosf] cb'/blz{tf cd]l/sfdf hh{ jfl;ª6g /fi6«klt ag]sf .

ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fd

ef/tLo hgtfn] lj|l6z pklgj]zjfb lj?4 u/]sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fd elgG5 .
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] g]t[Tj s'g kf6L{n] u/]sf] lyof] < ef/tLo /fli6«o s+u|];
 ef/tLo /fli6«o s+u|];sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !**% l8;]Da/ @*
 ef/tdf c+u|]hx? s'g p2]Zosf ;fy k|j]z u/]sf lyP < Jofkf/ ug]{
 ef/tdf c+u|]hx?sf] k|j]z slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !^)) df
 ef/tdf c+u|]hx?n] slxn]af6 zf;g z'? u/]sf lyP < ;g\ !&%&
 ef/tdf c+u|]hx?n] sAhf u/]sf] klxnf] :yfg s'g lyof] < a+ufnsf] SnfOj
 ef/tdf c+u|]hx?n] slt jif{ zf;g u/]sf lyP < !() jif{
 ef/tdf c+u|]h lj?4sf] klxnf] ljb|f]x s'g lyof] < ;g\ !*%& df ePsf] l;kfxL ljb|f]x
 ef/tdf ;g\ !*%& df ePsf] l;kfxL ljb|f]x bjfpg g]kfnaf6 sf] uPsf lyP < k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/sf] g]t[Tjdf
sl/a !% xhf/ ;]gf
 ef/tdf l;kfxL ljb|f]x x'Fbf g]kfndf /fhf sf] lyP < /fhf ;'/]Gb|
 ef/tdf l;kfxL ljb|f]x s;nfO{ d[To'b08 lbP kZrft\ z'? ePsf] lyof] < d+un kf08]
 g]kfnn] ljb|f]x bafpg ;xof]u u/] afkt s'g s'g lhNnf c+u|]haf6 lkmtf{{ kfPsf] lyof] < afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL /
s~rgk'/
 afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ g]kfnn] slxn] lkmtf{ kfPsf] xf] < ;g\ !*^) –lj=;+=!(!&_
 ef/tnfO{ :jfottf lbg], ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ug]{ cflb cfZjf;g ;lxtsf] la|l6;
6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ sf] ef/t cfPsf lyP < lj|l6; lqmK; ld;g -!($@ df_
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fdnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ ef/tLo g]tfx? sf] sf] lyP < 8f= /fddtf]x/ nf]lxof,
>LdtL c?0ff cf;km cnL
91
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fd s;sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lyof] < dxfTdf ufGwL
 dxfTdf ufGwLn] z'? u/]sf] klxnf] cfGbf]ng s'g lyof] < rvf{ cfGbf]ng
 rvf{ cfGbf]ng slxn] z'? ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(@) df
 la|l6z ;+;bn] g"g sfg"g slxn] kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !(#) df
 clvn ef/tLo sf+u|]; sldl6n] ;ljgo cj1f cfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o slxn] u/]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !(#) sf]
k]ma|'c/Ldf
 dxfTdf ufGwLn] ;ljgo cj1f cfGbf]ngsf] z'?jft slxn] u/]sf lyP < ;g\ !(#) ck|Ln ^ df
 ;ljgo cj1f cfGbf]ng s] u/L z'?jft ePsf] lyof] < 8fF8L k'u]/ g"g agfpg] sfg"gsf] pNn3+g u/]/
 dxfTdf ufGwLn] slt lbgsf] ofqf ;DkGg u/L g"g sfg"gsf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP < cxdbfafbaf6 u'h/ftsf]
8fF8L;Ddsf] @$ lbgdf $)) lsnf]ld6/ kbofqf ;DkGg u/L
 c+u|]hx?n] ef/tdf k|hftGqsf] nflu n8\g]nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ p2]Zon] /f]n6 PS6 slxn] NofPsf lyP < ;g\ !(!(
sf] dfr{df
 c+u|]h lj?4sf] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] l;nl;nfdf hflnofjfu xTofsf08 slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(!(
clk|n !#
 hflnofjfu xTofsf08 sxfF ePsf] lyof] / slt hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP < cd[t;/sf] hflnofjfnf au}rfdf
e]nf ePsf hg;d'bfodfly cGwfw'Gw uf]nL rnfpbf $)) hgfsf] Hofg uPsf]
 hflnofjfu xTofsf08nfO{ g]kfnsf] s'g kj{;Fu t'ngf ug]{ ul/G5 < sf]t kj{;Fu
 hflnofjfu xTofsf08sf] lj/f]wdf ;/ pkflw TofUg] ef/tLo lj4fg sf] lyP < /ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/
 a]nfotsf] ;+;bn] ef/tsf] :jtGqtfsf] ljw]os slxn] kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] < h'nfO{ !, !($& df
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fdnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf slt efudf af8\g ;lsG5 < d'VotM # o'udf af8\g ;lsG5 . h;dfM
-s_ ;g\ !**% b]lv !()% ;Ddsf] o'u pbf/jfbL o'u
-v_ ;g\ !()^ b]lv !(!* ;Ddsf] o'u pu|jfbL o'u /
-u_ ;g\ !(!( b]lv !($& ;Ddsf] o'u uflGwjfbL o'u
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf pbf/jfbL ;f]r /fVg] ef/tLo lj4fgx? sf] sf] lyP < bfbfefO gf}/f]hL, lkm/f]h zfx
d]xtf, pd]zrGb| a]ghL{
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf xf8{nfOg/ u|'ksf g]tfx? sf] sf] lyP < afnu+ufw/ ltns, nfnf nfhkt /
ljlkgrGb| kfn
 :j/fh xfd|f] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] / To;nfO{ k|fKt ug'{ g} sf+u|];sf] nIo xf] eGg] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf g]tf
sf] lyP < afnu+ufw/ ltns
 d d]/f] 3/sf] ;fFrf] cfˆg} 3/df /fVg rfxG5' s]jn k/b]zLnfO{ dfq 3/af6 lgsfNg rfxGg eGg] egfO{ s;sf]
/x]sf] lyof] < afnu+ufw/ ltns
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fd slxn] ;kmn ePsf] lyof] < cui6 !%, !($&
 ef/tdf ;+ljwfg slxn] hf/L ePsf] lyof] < @^ hgj/L, !(%) df
 ef/tsf] klxnf] /fi6«klt sf] x'g\ < /fh]Gb|k|;fb -logL g]kfn cfpg] klxnf] /fi6«klt_
 :jtGq ef/tsf] klxnf] k|wfgdGqL sf] x'g\ < kl08t hjxf/nfn g]x? –logL g]kfn cfpg] klxnf] k|wfgdGqL_
 :jtGq ef/tsf] klxnf] pk/fi6«klt sf] x'g\ < ;j{kNnL /fwfs[i0fg
 kfls:tfg slxn] c+u|]haf6 :jtGq ePsf] lyof] < cu:t !$, !($& df
 kfls:tfgsf k|yd ueg{/ sf] x'g\ < df]xDdb cln lhGgf
 :jtGq ef/tsf k|yd ueg{/ sf] x'g\ < n8{ dfpG6j]g
 k"jL{ kfls:tfgaf6 a+unfb]z slxn] ljeflht ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(&! l8;]Da/ !^ df
 a+unfb]zsf /fi6«klt sf] x'g\ < a+uaGw' d'lha'/
 dxfTdf ufGwLsf] d[To' slxn] / s;/L ePsf] lyof] < hgj/L #), !($* df gfy'/fd uf]8\;]sf] uf]nL k|xf/af6
 ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fd ;+ul7t ?kdf slxn] af6 slxn] ;Dd ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !**% b]lv ;g\ !($&
;Dd u/L ^@ jif{;Dd
92
 dxfTdf ufGwLsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !*^(, @ cS6'a/df u'h/fhsf] kf]/aGbdf
 dxfTdf ufGwLsf] k|f/lDes lzIff sxfF ePsf] lyof] < :jb]zd}
 dxfTdf ufGwLn] pRr lzIff cWoog sxfF u/]sf lyP < a]nfot
 dxfTdf ufGwLn] pRr lzIff s'g ljifodf u/]sf lyP < sfg"g
 dxfTdf ufGwL jsfntsf] lznlznfdf sxfF uPsf lyP < blIf0f clk|msf
 ef/tdf clx+;fTds cfGbf]ng slxn] af6 z'? ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(@) df
 eft/Lo :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] l;nl;ndf ef/t 5f]8 cfGbf]ng slxn]af6 z'? ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !)$@ df
 ef/tsf /fi6«lktf sf] x'g\ < dxfTdf ufGwL
 ef/tsf clGtd /fhf sf] lyP < k[YjL/fh rf}xfg
 ef/tdf c+u|]hn] pklgj]z agfpg' eGbf cuf8L ef/t s;sf] pklgj]z /x]sf] lyof] < kf]r'{un
 ef/t kQf nufpg] sf] lyP < kf]r'{unsf gfljs ef:sf]l8ufdf –logn] ;g\ !$(* df ef/t kQf nufPsf_
 ef/tdf Jofkf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] c+u|]hn] :yfkgf u/]sf] Jofkfl/s sDkgLsf] gfd s] lyof] < ;g\ !%(( df :yflkt
sDkgLsf] gfd The Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into The East
Indies
 ;g\ !^)* df c+u|]hx?n] ef/tsf] s'g :yfgdf kfgL hxfh NofPsf lyP < u'h/ftsf] ;'/tdf -ef/t NofOPsf]
klxnf] kfgL hxfh_

93
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ljleGg j+zsf klxnf] /fhfx?
ljleGg a+z klxnf] /fhf ljleGg a+z klxnf] /fhf
uf]kfna+z e'Qmdfg dlxifkfn÷clx/÷cfle/ j/l;+x
ls/fFtsfn onDa/ lnR5lja+zL hob]j k|yd
;"o{j+zL e"ldjdf{ ;f]dj+zL lgldif
s0ff{6j+zL gfGob]j dNnsfn cl/b]j dNn
7s'/Lj+zL efis/b]j zfxj+zL s'nd08g vfF
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ljleGg a+zsf clGtd /fhfx?
ljleGg j+z clGtd /fhf ljleGg j+z clGtd /fhf
uf]kfnj+z oIf u'Kt dlxifkfn÷clx/÷cfle/ e'jgl;+x
ls/fFtsfn u:tL ;f]dj+zL efis/jdf{
;"o{a+zL ljho sfdb]j 7s'/La+zL z+s/b]j
s0ff{6j+zL xl/l;+x b]j uf]/vfsf clGtd /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
tgx'Fsf clGtd /fhf x/s'df/ bQ ;]g rf}b08Lsf clGtd /fhf s0f{ ;]g
kfNkfsf clGtd /fhf k[YjLkfn ;]g sf7df08f}sf clGtd /fhf hok|sfz dNn
kf6gsf clGtd /fhf t]hg/l;+x dNn eQmk'/ /0fhLt dNn
ndh'ªsf clGtd /fhf jL/db{g zfx zfxa+z 1fg]Gb| zfx
 Oltxf;sf] cWogfy{ clen]vk|fKt ePb]lv lj=;+= (#% ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k|frLgsfn elgG5 eg] lj=;+=(#^ -
z+vw/ ;fVjfn] g]kfn ;Djt\ rnfPsf] ;do_ af6 lj=;+=!*@% ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ dfWolds sfn elgG5
lj=;+=!*@^ b]lv xfn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ cfw'lgs sfn dflgG5 .
 g]kfn ;Dat\sf] z'?jft (#^ sflt{s # ut]af6 ePsf] xf] . of] ;Dat\ k|rngdf cfpFbf /f3jb]j /fhf lyP .
 /f3jb]j lnR5ljsfnsf /fhf x'g\ .
 of] ;Dat\sf] k|rngstf{ ;+vWj/ ;fVjf ;fVjf x'g\ .
 ;+vWj/ ;fVjf g]kfnsf] !$ cf} /fli6«o lje"lt x'g\ . lognfO{ k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] kfnfdf @)%^ d+l;/
# df /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]lift ul/Psf] lyof] .
 g]kfn ;Dat\nfO{ @)^% sflt{s * df k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnsf] kfnfdf /fli6«o ;Dat\sf] dfGotf lbPsf] xf] .
 @)&& d+l;/ ! ut] g]kfn ;Dat\ !!$! k|f/De ePsf] xf] .
 sflGtk'/ zx/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ u'0fsfdb]j x'g\ . logn] of] ;x/ :yfkgf ubf{ ! nfv ?k}ofF vr{ nfu]sf] lyof] .
logsf] kfnfdf sflGtk'/df !*)) 3/x? /x]sf lyP . u'0fsfdb]jsf] csf]{ gfd nIdLsfdb]j klg xf] .

hfqfsf k|rngstf{ / hfqf

hfqf k|rngstf{ hfqf k|rngstf{
lj:s]6 huHof]lt dNn, of] hfqf eQmk'/df /ftf] g/]Gb| b]j, of] hfqf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf
dgfOG5, of] hfqfnfO{ cf7 /ft gf} dlR5Gb|gfysf] nfdf] hfqf xf] . nlntk'/df dgfOg]
lbgsf] hfqf klg elgG5 . of] /yofqf of] hfqfsf] ;dfkgsf] lbg /ftf] ef]6f]
hfqfsf] cj;/sf a}zfv @ ut] b]vfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 .
lha|f] 5]8\g] rng /x]sf] 5 . of] hfjnfv]ndf b]vfOg] of] ef]6f] x]g]{
hfqf gofF jif{ cfudgsf] cj;/df g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fhf jL/b]j jf
dgfOG5 . j/b]j x'g\ . of] hfqfdf jiff{ /
;xsfnsf b]ptf dlR5Gb|gfysf] k"hf
ul/G5 .
ufO{hfqf hutk|sfz dNn, oL /fhf ;]tf] k|tfk dNn, of] hfqf sf7df08f}df
94
 eQmk'/sf /fhf x'g\ . eQmk'/df of] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dgfOg] hfqf xf] .
hfqf klxn] g} k|rngdf cfO;s]sf] /yofqf
lyof] . t/ sf7df08f}df of] hfqf
k|rngdf Nofpg] /fhf k|tfk dNn
x'g\ . k|tfk dNnn] of] hfqf /fgLsf]
dg a'emfpg k|rngdf NofPsf
x'g\.
OGb|fo0fL u'0fsfdb]j, sLlt{k'/df dgfOg] of] ljho hfqf dfgb]j
hfqf hfqfnfO{ ;ft ufpFn] hfqf klg
elgG5 .
lqz'n cd/ dNn 3f]8] hfqf hok|sfz dNn
OGb|, nfv], u'0fsfdb]j s'df/Lsf] k"hf u'0fsfdb]j
lxn], s[i0f,
>[+ue]/L

 ljqmd ;Dat\sf] c+u|]hL B.C. sf] k"/f ?k Before Christ xf] eg] O:jL ;+jt\sf] c+u]hL A.D. sf] k"/f ?k Anno
Domini xf] .
 nlntk'/ zx/sf] :yfkgf j/b]jn] u/]sf lyP . log}nfO{ jL/b]j ;d]t elgG5 . kf6gsf] k'/fgf] gfd dlgun xf] .
 kf6gnfO{ lnR5ljsfndf o'ku|fd elgGYof] .
 eQmk'/ zx/sf] :yfkgf lj=;+=($^ ;fndf /fhf cfgGbb]jn] u/]sf x'g\ .
 oIf dNnsf] kfnfdf eQmk'/ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL lyof] . t;y{ oIf dNnn] eQmk'/nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 kvf{n 3]/]sf lyP
/fhf pkgfd
oIf dNn g]kfn d08n]Zj/ -logsf] kfnfdf g]kfn ljzfn ePsf]n]_
>Llgjf; dNn logL kf6gsf /fhf x'g\ . lognfO{ g]kfn]Zj/ elgG5 .
k|r08b]j zflGt >L -kz'kltgfy dlGb/sf] :yfkgf ug]{_
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx axfb'/ ;dz]/ h+u
dfyj/l;+x yfkf snf axfb'/
axfb'/ zfx kmQ] axfb'/
hgs zL/Wjh
q}nf]So a'n]6 dxf/fh
lzjb]j k|yd lnR5lj s'ns]t'
lzjl;+x dNn l;dl;d] /fhf
h'4 ;dz]/ /fhifL{ dxf/fh
ad axfb'/ /f0ff dfOnf ldlgi6/
/fh]Gb|nIdL /fhdftf
hutk|sfz dNn uGwj{ ljBf kf/+ut
rGb| ;dz]/ lkmi6] dxf/fh
cd/l;+x yfkf lhpFbf] l;+x
hok[YjL axfb'/ l;+x bf];|f] uf}td a'4
/0f axfb'/ zfx :jfdL dxf/fh
efis/ dNn u0fklt dx]Gb| l;+x
uf}td a'4 Pl;ofsf] tf/f
k|tfk dNn sljGb|
g/]Gb| b]j lnR5ljsfnsf k"0f{rGb|
b]j ;dz]/ wgs'6] dxf/fh
afa'/fd cfrfo{ Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f
kb\d ;dz]/ :s"nsf lktf, ?Gr] dxf/fh
95
 g]kfnnfO{ ;Too'udf ;Tojlt, q]tfo'udf tkf]jg, 4fk/o'udf d'lQm;f]kfg elgGYof] eg] slno'udf g]kfn elgG5 .
 …g]Ú gfdsf d'lg4f/f kflnt ePsf] x'gfn] o; e"v08sf] gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] xf] . …g]Ú gfds Clifn] uf]kfnj+zsf
e'QmdfgnfO{ /fhf agfPsf lyP .
 ltAatL efiffdf …g]Ú sf] cy{ 3/ / …kfnÚ sf] cy{ pmg x'G5 . k|frLgsfndf oxfF k|z:t pmg pTkfbg x'g] x'gfn]
o;sf] gfd g]kfn /xguPsf] xf] .
 g]jf/L efiffdf …g]Ú sf] cy{ dWo / …kfÚ sf] cy{ b]z x'G5 . o;nfO{ dWob]]z eGbfeGb} cyf{t …g]kfÚ eGbfeGb} g]kfn
gfd /xg uPsf] xf] .
 lnDa" efiffdf g]kfnsf] cy{ ;dy/ e"efu eGg] a'lemG5 .
 n]Krf efiffdf g]kfnsf] cy{ kljqu'kmf jf k'0o e"ld eGg] x'G5 .
 g]kfn zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] s[lt cyj{ kl/lzi6 xf] eg] of] zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] clen]v l6i6'ªsf]
clen]v xf] . of] clen]v /fhf a;Gtb]jsf] kfnfdf lj=;+=%^( df /flvPsf] lyof] .
 ljkZjL a'4n] :joDe"sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . st} st} a[if b]jn] klg :joDe"sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ eGg] kfOG5 .
 a[if b]jsf] csf]{ gfd ljZj b]j xf] .
 /fhf hgssf] csf]{ gfd zL/Wjh lyof] .
 uf}td a'4sf] O;fk"j{ %^# df dftf dfofb]jL / lktf z'4f]bgsf] 5f]/fsf] ?kdf n'lDagLdf hGd ePsf] lyof] .
 logL hlGdg] ljlQs} & kfOnf lxF8]sf lyP .
 logn] @( jif{ ljtfPsf] b/af/ ltnf}/fsf]6 b/af/ xf] . pgL @( jif{sf] pd]/df /ftsf] ;dodf b/jf/ Tofu u/] /
ljleGg :yfgdf 1fgsf] vf]hLdf cgj/t lxl8g} /x] . cGttM #% jif{sf] pd]/df lkknsf] ?v d'lg 1fg k|fKt u/] .
lognfO{ 1fg k|fKt ug'{ cuf8L lv/ v'jfpg] dlxnfsf] gfd ;'htf xf] .
 logn] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf] :yfg af]wuof xf] . of] :yfgdf lg/~hgf gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] 5 .
 logn] $% jif{;Dd cgj/t ?kdf 1fgsf] k|;f/ k|rf/ u/] . klxnf] k|jrg ;f/gfydf lbPsf lyP .
 O;fk"j{ $*# df *) jif{sf] pd]/df ef/tsf] s'zLgu/df b]xTofu u/] .
 g]kfnn] @))* ;fnaf6 a'4 hoGtL dgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
 uf}td a'4sf] hGdlbgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;g\ @))@ af6 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ljbf lbg
yflnPsf] xf] .
uf]kfnj+zL
 g]kfnsf k|yd /fhfx?df uf]kfnj+zLx? lyP .
 …g]Ú gfdu/]sf d'lgn] uf]kfnj+zsf e'QmdfgnfO{ /fhf agfPsf lyP .
 g] gfds Clif sf7df08f} 6]s' bf]efg tk:of u/L a:g] ub{y] .
 * uf]kfna+zL /fhfx?n] %@! jif{eGbf a9L zf;g u/] .
 logLx?sf] zf;gs]Gb| dftflty{df lyof] . o;j+zsf] ;+:yfks g] d'lgnfO{ dflgG5 .
 logLx?nfO{ ufO{kfns ;d'bfo ;d]t eg]/ lrlgG5 .
 clGtd uf]kfna+zL /fhf oIfu'Kt lg;+tfg ePsf]n] ef/tlt/af6 cfPsf clx/j+zLx?n] zf;g xTofO{ g]kfn
pkTosfdf zf;g rnfPsf lyP .
clx/j+zL÷cfle/j+zL÷dlxifkfnj+zL
 clx/j+zL /fhfx?df k|yd /fhf j/l;+x lyP .
 o; j+zsf # /fhfx?n] hDdfhDdL !!! jif{ zf;g rnfPsf lyP .
 logLx?sf] zf;gsf] s]Gb| dftflty{ lyof] .
 logLx?nfO{ e}+;Lkfns ;d'bfo eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 logLx? ef/taf6 cfPsf] dflgG5 .
 clGtd clx/j+zL /fhf e'jgl;+xnfO{ k"j{lt/af6 cfPsf ls/fFtL ;/bf/ onDa/n] k/flht u/L ls/fFtj+zsf] zf;g
Joj:yf z'? u/]sf lyP .
ls/fFtj+z
 ls/fFtj+zsf] k|yd /fhf onDa/ x'g\ . #@ hgf /fhfx?n] zf;g rnfPsf]df ;ftf}+ ls/fFtL /fhf lht]bf:tLsf]
kfnfdf dxfef/tsf] o'4 ePsf] lyof] eg] log}sf] kfnfdf eujfg uf}td a'4 sf7df08f} pkTosf cfPsf lyP .
96
 rf}wf} ls/fFtL /fhf :y'+sf]sf] kfnfdf ;d|f6 czf]s ef/taf6 g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 ;d|f6 czf]s ef/tsf] cjw /fHosf zf;s lyP .
 logL cfk\mgf] @) cf} /fHoleif]ssf] cj;/df O;fk"j{ @$( df g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 logL 5f]/L rf?dltnfO{ ;fy} lnO{ cfPsf lyP / logsf] ljjfx b]jkfn;Fu ePsf] lyof] .
 ;d|f6 czf]sn] ;Demgf :j?kdf n'lDagLdf :tDe lgdf{0f u/] .
 n'lDagLdf /x]sf] of] :tDedf kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] lnkL a|fXdL /x]sf] 5 .
 @) kmL6 $ Ogr cUnf] of] :tDe ;g\ !*(^ df hd{gL k'/ftflTjs 8f=k'mx// kQf nufPsf lyP .
 oxL :tDesf] cfwf/df n'lDagL kQf nfu]sf] xf] .
 clGtd ls/fFtL /fhf u:tL lyP . ls/fFtj+zL /fhfx?n] %@^ jif{;Dd zf;g u/] .
 logLx?sf] zf;gs]Gb| uf]s0f{ lyof] .
 g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] Jojl:yt z'?jft ls/fFtsfnaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 .
 ls/fFtsfnsf] z'?jft 4fk/o'usf] cGTo;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5 .
 ls/fFtL /fhfx? d"ntM z}j wdf{anDaL lyP .
 o; sfndf lxGb" / af}4 wdf{anDaLsf] afx'Notf lyof] .
lnR5ljsfn
 ef/tsf] j}zfnLaf6 cfPsf lnR5lj /fhfx?df k|yd /fhf hob]j k|yd x'g\ .
 logL dfgb]jeGbf !^ k':tfcl3sf /fhf x'g\ . o; j+zsf /fhfx?n] sf7df08f}sf] xfF8LufFpaf6 zf;g rnfPsf lyP
dfgb]j
logL g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|dfl0ft /fhf dflgG5g\ . logsf] hGd /fhf wd{b]j / dftf /fHojltsf 5f]/fsf] ?kdf
lj=;+=%)# df ePsf] lyof] . logn] lj=;+= %@!–%^@ ;Dd zf;g rnfPsf lyP . logn] sf7df08f}sf] uf]s0f{df
dfgj a:tL a;fPsf lyP . rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/, dfgu[x agfPsf lyP eg] dfgfÍ gfds d'b|f ;d]t log}n]
rnfPsf lyP . h;df Psftkm{ l;+x, sdn / b]jLsf] cfs[lt lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ >Lef]lugL n]lvPsf] lyof] . logn]
cfk\mgL dftf /fHojtLnfO{ ;tL hfgaf6 /f]sL pgs} ;Nnfxdf /fhsfh rnfPsf lyP .
 lnR5ljsfnsf] /fhefiff ;+:s[t /x]sf] lyof] .
 o; sfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] :j0f{o'u ;d]t dflgG5 .
 lnR5jLx? ;"o{j+zL /fhf bz/ysf j+zh lyP .
 lnR5ljx?n] g]kfndf sl/j *)) jif{ zf;g u/]sf lyP .
c+z'jdf{
lj=;+=^^@–^&* ;Dd u/L !^ jif{ zf;g rnfP . logL lzjb]j k|ydsf HjfO{ lyP . logn] Ps eJo s}nfzs'6
ejg lgdf{0f u/] h;sf] j0f{g lrlgof ofqL x'ofg ;fª;d]tn] u/]sf lyP . logn] cfk\mgL 5f]/L e[s'6Lsf] ljjfx
ef]6sf ;d|f6 ;|f]ª rf]ª uDkf];Fu u/]/ b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] agfPsf lyP . o;}u/L logn] tTsfnLg
ef/tsf] ;d|f6 xif{jb{g;Fu ;lGw u/L g]kfnsf] cv08tfnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg] sfd u/] . logn] afnssf] ;fngfn
sf6\g] rng rnfP eg] dxf/fhflw/fh tyf dxf;fdGtsf] kbjL wf/0f u/]sf lyP ;fy} o'j/fhlw/fhsf] 3f]if0ff
ug]{ rng rnfPsf lyP . logL 7s'/L a+zsf lyP eg] logn] u'Kt ;Dat\ rnfP . logn] zAb u|Gy ljBf gfds
u|Gysf] /rgf u/]sf lyP . logn] kz'kltgfy dlGb/nfO{ /fi6«b]jtfsf] pkflw lbPsf lyP . logL g]kfnsf] k|tfkL
tyf cfbz{ zf;ssf] ?kdf lrlgG5g\ . logsf] d[To'kZrft\ lzjb]j k|ydsf k'q pbob]jn] zf;g u/]sf] lyP .
g/]Gb|b]j
lj=;+=&)@–&#^ ;Dd zf;g rnfPsf lyP . logL pbob]j l4tLosf 5f]/f lyP . logn] eb|flwjf; ejgsf] lgdf{0f
u/] . logsf] cfzgdf l;+xsf] cfs[lt ePsf]n] l;+xf;g k|rlnt ePsf] xf] . logn] afa'sf] kfnfdf u'Ktx?af6
u'd]sf] zf;g;Qf ef]6sf] ;xof]udf k'gM k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf]n] lognfO{ lnR5ljj+zsf] k"0f{rGb| elgG5 . logn]
/ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqfsf] rng z'?jft u/] . 3/sf] em\ofndf a'§f /fVg] rngsf] z'?jft u/]sf] lyP . log}
/fhf kz'klt k/de§f/s gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 lnR5ljsfnsf /fhf xl/bQn] a}i0fj wd{sf] pTyfg ug{ of]ubfg u/]sf lyP / g]kfn pkTosfdf rf/ gf/fo0fsf]
:yfkgf ug]{ sfd ;d]t log}n] u/] .
d'b|f / To;sf] k|rngstf{
d'b|f k|rngstf{ d'b|f k|rngstf{
dgfª\s dfgb]j kz'klt c+z'jdf{
97
 k0f / k'/f0f g/]Gb| b]j uf};'sL lzjb]j t[tLo
rf/s'g] k|tfk dNn aLrdf Kjfn k/]sf] k[YjL jL/ ljqmd
zfx
;'gsf] c;kmL{ /0faxfb'/ zfx Hffjf hok|sfz dNn
kf]nLdf]/ gf]6 1fg]Gb| zfx ;'g ;bflzj dNn
rfFbL dlxGb| dNn 5fnf l;l4g/l;+x dNn
tfdf /Tg dNn sfuh lqe'jg, h'4
;dz]/

lnR5ljsfndf s;nfO{ s] elgGYof]

dxf;j{b08gfos k|wfgGofofwLz cdfTo dGqL
;j{b08gfos GofofwLz dxfanfWoIf k|wfg;]gfklt
anfWoIf ;]gfklt dxfk|ltxf/ /fhb/jf/sf] k|d'v kbflwsf/L
o'j/fh efjL /fhf e6gfos ;]gfWoIf
k|;fbflws[t sfof{no k|d'v k|wfg u|fd k|zf;s
e6 l;kfxL ;fdGt k|zf;s
uf]lNds ;]gfgfos

 Jofkfl/s g]tfnfO{ ;fy{jfx / ;fwf/0f Jofkf/LnfO{ jl0fs elgGYof] .

 z'b| hfltnfO{ rf08n elgGYof] . kz'kfng u/]jfkt ef]u, s[lif pTkfbgdf efu / jfl0fHo Jofkf/df s/ /fHonfO{
a'emfpg' kb{Yof] . oL b:t'/x?nfO{ qLs/ elgGYof] . lqs/ s'y]/ gfds c8\8fn] p7fpbYof] .
lnR5ljsfnLg s/ Joj:yf
dNn s/ e}+;Ldf nfUg]
r}n s/ sk8fdf nfUg]
cfk0f s/ k;ndf nfUg]
l;+s/ s/ bfp/f, kmlg{r/df nfUg]
t}n s/ t]ndf nfUg]
efu s/ s[lif pTkfbg
ef]u s/ kz'kfngdf nfUg]

lnR5ljsfnLg clws/0f÷lgsfo
clws/0f÷lgsfo o;sf] sfo{If]q
z'NnL÷zf]Nn clws/0f o;n] k~r ck/fw -rf]/L, xTof, hf/L, /fhb|f]x / oL sfdnfO{ ;3fpg]
dltof/_ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ub{Yof] .
dfKrf]s ljjfx, k'g{ljjfx / ;DaGw ljR5]b;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ lgsfo
kf~rfnL u|fld0f d'2fsf] lkmgfkmfgf] ug]{ lgsfo
lnª\jn oftfoft, s'nf], vfg]kfgL ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ lgsfo
s'y]/ /fhZj p7fpg], e"ld;DaGwL d'2f x]g]{

 u|fld0f If]q u|fd, tn / b|+udf ljeflht lyof] . ;fgf] ufpnfO{ u|fd, 7"nf] ufpFnfO{ tn / ljsl;t j:tLnfO{ b|+u
elgGYof] .
dNnsfn
 dNnx? ef/tsf] s'lzgu/af6 !# cf}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?df g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ .
 dNnsfnsf] k|yd /fhf cl/dNn x'g\ . logsf] hGd lj=;+=!@!! df ePsf] lyof] .
 logn] lj=;+=!@%* b]lv !@&# ;Dd u/L !% jif{ zf;g u/] .
 logsf] kfnfb]lv oIf dNnsf] kfnf;Dd g]kfn pkTosfsf] /fHo PsLs[t /x]sf]df oIfdNnsf 5f]/fx?sf]
xfgfyfksf] sf/0f sflGtk'/, kf6g / efbufpF u/L # /fHodf pkTosf ljeflht eof] .
98
 tdfv'df ljif kf/]/ dg]{ /fhf of]ug/]Gb| dNn x'g\ . lognfO{ xfn;Dd hLljt} dflgg] /fhf dflgG5 . logsf] d[To'df
#! /fgL ;tL uPsf lyP .
 /fhf ceodNnsf] kfnfdf lj=;+=!#)) df c/lgsf]sf] hGd ePsf] xf] .
 /fhf holedb]jsf] kfnfdf logL ltAatdf u'Daf lgdf{0f ug{ uPsf lyP .
 lj=;+=!#!& df anafx' –c/lgsf]_ sf] g]t[Tjdf *) hgfsf] snfsf/sf] 6f]nL uPsf] lyof] .
 pQm ;dodf tTsfnLg rLgsf afbzfx s'Anf vfF lyP .
 c/lgsf]nfO{ rLgdf dGqL ;/xsf] pkflw Sofgn' / gf;y" lbO{ lje"lift ul/Psf] lyof] .
 logsf] d[To' lj=;+=!#^# df ^# jif{sf] pd]/df rLgdf ePsf] lyof] .
 c/lgsf] rLg hfg] bf];|f] g]kfnL lyP . rLg hfg] klxnf] g]kfnL leIf' a'4eb| x'g\ .
 c/lgsf]nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj=;+=@)!$ ;fndf /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]lift u/]sf] xf] .
 e"sDkdf k/L dg]{ /fhf ceo dNn x'g\ . pgsf] lgwg lj=;+=!#!) df uPsf] e'sDkdf k/L ePsf] xf] . logn]
kz'kltgfydf dxf:yfg ug]{ rng rnfPsf lyP .
 /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] lj=;+=!$#*–!$%@ ;Dd !$ jif{ zf;g u/] . logL s0ff{6j+zsf /fhf x'g\ .
 logn] $ hft !* j0f{df ;dfhnfO{ ljeQm u/] . g]jf/ hfltnfO{ ^$ hftdf ljefhg u/]
 a|fXd0f hfltnfO{ k+rb|lj0f / kGruf}9 u/L @ efudf ljefhg u/] .
 hldgnfO{ cAan, bf]od, l;d / rfx/ u/L $ efudf ljeflht u/] .
 ;dfh ;'wf/sf] nflu sLlt{gfy pkfWofo, /3'gfy emf, /fdgfy emf, dlxgfy e§, d}ynL >L e§ h:tf lj4fgsf]
;xof]u lnPsf lyP . logn] dfgj Gofozf:qsf] /rgf u/]sf .
 PsLs[t sf7df08f} pkTosf /fhf oIfdNnsf] kfnfdf 6'lqmPsf] xf] .
 logn] lj=;+=!$*%–!%#* ;Dd zf;g rnfPsf lyP .
 logsf] kfnfdf ljzfn g]kfn /x]sf]n] pgn] g]kfn d08n]Zj/ wf/0ff u/]sf lyP .
 logn] dxf/fi6«af6 e§ a|fXd0fnfO{ lemsfO{ kz'kltgfysf] k'hf/L agfPsf lyP .
 kz'kltgfysf] klxnf] e§ a|fXd0f :jfdL z]v/fgGb x'g\ eg] xfnsf k'hf/L u0f]z e§ x'g\ .
 /TgdNnsf] kfnfdf d';ndfgx? sf7df08f} pkTosfdf k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ .
 sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnsf] hGd lj=;+=!^*) df ePsf] lyof] .
 logsf] zf;g cjlw lj=;+=!^(* b]lv lj=;+=!&#! ;Dd xf] . logn] ;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] hfqf rnfPsf] lyP .
 logn] blIf0fsfnLsf] dlGb/, xg'dfg9f]sfsf] lgdf{0f, /fgL kf]v/L -!&@&_ cflbsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP .
 logn] kz'kltgfydf ;'gsf] 5fgf] r9fpg] sfd u/] .
 logn] s'r ljxf/af6 @ s]6L -?kdtL / /fhdtL_ sf] 8f]nf lemsfO{ ljjfx u/L 8f]nf k|yfsf] k|rng rnfPsf lyP
 lognfO{ dNn/fhfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL zf;s dflgG5 .
 logL cfk\mgf] gfd cufl8 sljGb| n]Vby] . logL g]jf/L efiffsf] klxnf] slj ;d]t x'g\ .
 log}sf] kfnfdf O;fO{ kfb/L u|f]j/ / 8f]/len g]kfn cfO{ k|tfk dNnnfO{ b'/jLg k|bfg u/]sf lyP .
 kf6gsf] /fhf l;l4g/l;+x dNnn] k|l;4 s[i0f dlGb/sf] lj=;+= !^(# df :yfkgf u/] .
 log}sf] kfnfdf uf]/vfsf] /fhf /fdzfx;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] lyof] .
 logsf] hGd lj=;+=!^^# df ePsf] lyof] .
 logn] sflt{s gfr –lj=;+=!^(&_, g[l;+x cjtf/sf] gfr b]vfpg] rngsf] z'?jft u/]sf lyP .
 logn] lj=;+=!&!$ df >Llgjf; dNnnfO{ /fhf agfO{ cfk"m /fhifL{ ePsf lyP .
 lj=;+=!&#@ df ef/tsf] sfl:d/df logsf] lgwg ePsf] lyof] .
 sflGtk'/sf clGtd dNn/fhf hok|sfz dNn x'g\ .
 logn] –hok|sfz dNn_ lj=;+=!&(! b]lv lj=;+=!*@% ;Dd zf;g u/] . logn] 3f]8] hfqf, Ogb|hfqfdf s'df/Lsf]
/y 3'dfpg] rng rnfP eg] afnfh'df @! wf/fsf] lgdf{0f u/] .
 dNnsfndf bf}8fxf 6f]nLsf] clws[tnfO{ 5l/bf/ elgGYof] .
 o; sfndf gS;fsf] Joj:99 fug]{ c8\8fnfO{ 6S;f/L elgGYof] .
 dNnsfnsf] /fhefiff ;+:s[t lyof] .
 eQmk'/sf clGtd dNn/fhf /fhf /0flht dNn x'g\ .
 kf6gsf clGtd dNn/fhf t]hg/l;+x dNn x'g\ .
99
 dNnsfndf /xsf ljleGg kb tyf lgsfo / ltgn] ug]{ sfo{

rf}tf/fM k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{ cdfToM dGqL;/xsf] sfo{

åf/M ufpFsf] em} emu8f x]g]{ k|wfgM 6f]n /Ifs
5l/bf/M bf}8fxf 6f]nLsf] cWoIf sf]6gfosM lsNnf /Ifs
dxfkfqM :yfgLo zf;s lhDdfjfnM k|zf;sLo sd{rf/L
ysfnLM k~rx?sf] d'Vo JolQm k~r;d'RroM ;fgfltgf d'2f x]g]{ :yfgLo a'9fkfsfx?sf]
;d"x
k/dfgM ef/bf/ k|hfk~rM ufpF / gu/sf zf;s
hf]zLM Hof]ltifL ;fdGtM k|zf;s
clwsf/LM k|zf;g x]g]{ e06f/sM 9's'6L x]g{
ef/bf/L ;efM /fh;ef pd/fM ;}lgs clws[t
/fhf]kfWofoM /fhu'? peoM ;}lgs clwsf/L
bf}jfl/sM :yfgLo ?kdf lemGg v/bf/M b]z e/L e|d0f u/L Gofo lbg]
g;lsPsf d'2fx? /fhf /
/fhb/af/df k'¥ofpg]
dfWod
5]e8]n c•fM ;/sf/L 3/ ;Qn cflb
agfpg]

 b|Jozfxn] !^!^ ebf} @% df uf]/vf/fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .

 b|Jo zfxb]lv 1fg]Gb| zfx;Dd @! k':tf;Dd zf;g rn]sf] lyof] . h;df uf]/vfdf ( hgfn] / g]kfn /fHodf !@
hgfn] zf;g rnfP .
uf]/vfsf zfxj+zLo /fhfx?
qm=;+= /fhf zf;g cjlw –ljqmd ;Dat\_
! b|Jo zfx !^!^ – !^@& ;Dd
@ k'/Gb/ zfx !^@& – !^^@ ;Dd
# 5q zfx !^^@ – !^^# ;Dd
$ /fd zfx !^^# – !^() ;Dd
% 8Da/ zfx !^() – !()@ ;Dd
^ s[i0f zfx !&)@ – !&!* ;Dd
& ?b| zfx !&!* – !&#) ;Dd
* k[YjLklt zfx !&#) – !&&# ;Dd
( g/e"kfn zfx !&&# – !&(( ;Dd
-v_ cfw'lgs Oltxf;, /fhgLlts 36gfqmd, sf/0f / sf/0fx?
g]kfnsf zfxj+zLo /fhfx?
/fhf hGd d[To' –lj=;+=_ zf;gsfn –lj=;+=_
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx !&&( – !*#! !*@% – !*#!
K|tfkl;+x zfx !*)* – !*#$ !*#! – !*#$
/0faxfb'/ zfx !*#@ – !*^# !*#$ – !*%%
uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfx !*%$ – !*&# !*%% – !*&#
/fh]Gb| ljqmd zfx !*&) – !(#* !*&# – !()$
;'/]Gb| ljqmd zfx !**^ – !(#* !()$ – !(#*
q}nf]So ljqmd zfx !()$ – !(#$ /fhf gx'Fb} d[To'
k[YjL jL/ ljqmd zfx !(#@ – !(^* !(#* – !(^*
lqe'jg jL/ ljqmd zfx !(^# – @)!! !(^* – @)!!
Dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfx !(&& – @)@* @)!! – @)@*
100
 jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfx @))@ – @)%* @)@* – @)%*
bLk]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfx @)@* – @)%* @)%* h]7 !( – @@ h]7;Dd
1fg]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfx @))$ @)%* h]7 @@ ut]b]lv @)^%.@.!% ;Dd

 /fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd !&&( kf}if @& df dftf sf}zNofjtL / lktf g/e"kfn zfxsf] 5f]/fsf]
?kdf uf]/vfdf ePsf] lyof] . logsf] /fHo/f]x0f lj=;+=!&(( df ePsf] lyof] . logsf] uf]/vfsf] zf;g ;DxfNbf
uf]/vfdf !@,))) 3/w'/L lyP . lj=;+=!*)) df g'jfsf]6df cfqmd0f u/]sf]df ;kmntf kfpg ;s]gg\ t/ pgL
lg/f; geO{ lj=;+=!*)! df u/]sf] cfqmd0fdf ;kmn eP .
 logn] hLjgsf] pQ/f4{df cfly{s, a}b]lzs ;}lgs nufotsf] If]qdf ef/bf/x?nfO{ z]/f b/jf/df af]nfO{ lbOPsf]
lbJopkb]zsf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 .
 logn] o'4df uPsf ;]gfsf] d[To' ePdf ltgLx?sf] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ of]Uo geP;Ddsf] nflu hLjg lgjf{xsf] ug{ hUuf
hldg lbg] gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf lyP . h;nfO{ d/d6 gLlt elgG5 .
 ;}lgssf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'b[9 ug{sf] nflu ltgLx?nfO{ hUuf hldg / cfly{s ;xfotf lbg] gLltnfO{ vfguL gLlt
elgG5 .
af;7\7L x/0f
/fhf /0faxfb'/ zfxn] a|fDX0fx?sf] u'7L, du/ lnDa" cflbsf] lsk6 x/0f u/]sf] lj=;+=!*^@ ;fnsf] 36gfnfO{
Oltxf;df af;7\7L x/0f elgG5 .
/fli6«o PsLs/0fsf dxTjk"0f{ ldlt
g'jfsf]6 – !*)! c;f]h !%
gu/sf]6 – lj=;+=!*)#
sfe|]knf~rf]s lj=;+=!*!^
dsjfgk'/ M– !*!( ebf} ( -ToxfFsf /fhf lbUaGbg ;]g lyP_
lstL{k'/dflysf] klxnf] cfqmd0f –lj=;+=!*!$ -of] cfqmd0fdf sfhL sfn' kfF8]sf] lgwg ePsf]_
lstL{k'/dflysf] bf];|f] cfqmd0f– !*@! ebf}-of] o'4df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf efO z'?k|tfkzfxsf] cfFvf km'6]sf]_
lstL{k'/sf] ljho –!*@@ r}q # ut]
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] !*@% cflZjg !# ut] Ogb|hfqfsf] lbg sflGtk'/dfly ljhoL xfl;n u/]sf lyP .
 !*@% c;f]h @$ df kf6g / !*@^ d+l;/ ! df eQmk'/ ljho u/] .
 lbNnLsf afbzfxn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ lj=;+=!*@& df axfb'/ ;dz]/ h+u pkflw k|bfg u/]sf lyP snfaxfb'/
-dfyj/l;+x yfkfnfO{_, kmQ]axfb'/ -axfb'/ zfxnfO{_ egL lrlgG5 .
 sfn' kfF8]sf] jf:tljs gfd j+lzw/ kf08] xf] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] x7nfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L sLlt{k'/x?;+u n8\bfn8\b}
lj=;+=!*!$ df logn] jL/ult k|fKt u/] .
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf lrlgg] led;]g yfkfsf] hGd !*#@ h]i7 !) df uf]/vfsf]
af]nf{ªdf ePsf] lyof] . logsf] lj=;+=!*^#–!*($ ;fn;Ddsf] nfdf] d'l:tof/Ldf g]kfn / Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLaLr
o'4 eO{ cGttM ;'uf}nL ;lGw ug'{k¥of] .
 logn] lj=;+=!*^# df /fxbfgL k|yfsf] z'?jft ug'{sf] ;fy} lj=;+=!**@ df w/x/f lgdf{0f ;d]t u/]sf lyP .
 logn] afudtL k'n, ;'Gwf/f lgdf{0f u/] .
 logn] lj=;+=!*(^ df cfkm} ;]l/P/ cfTdxTof u/] . pgsf] 6fpsf] xfn n08gsf] Do'lhoddf /flvPsf] 5 .
 ;'uf}nL ;lGw ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # tfl/v -lj=;+=!*&#_ df ePsf] xf] . ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 /fhu'? uhfgGb
ld> -gf]e]Da/ @*, ;g\ !*!%_ / Oi6 Ol08ofsf] tkm{af6 hg/n a|f8\;f -l8;]Da/ @, ;g\ !*!%_ x'g\ . of] ;lGw
adf]lhd g]kfnnfO{ k|To]s jif{ ? @ nfv lbg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . o;df wf/f ( /x]sf] lyof] .
 b]x/fb'g Onfsfsf] /Iff ug]{ lhDd]jf/L @) jif]{ sKtfg aneb| s'Fj/n] kfPsf lyP . of] o'4 -gfnfkfgL o'4_ df
lhn]:kLsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] .
 c+u|]h;Fusf] o'4df klZrd g]kfn dnfpdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 cd/l;+X yfkf lyP eg] c+u|]hsf] tkm{af6 cS6/nf]gL
/x]sf lyP . kl5 cd/l;+x yfkf -/fli6«o lje"lt_ uf];fO{s'08 uPsf / lj=;+=!*&# df b]xTofu u/]sf_
 &# jlif{o ;]gfklt elQm yfkf b]pynsf] o'4df efu lnPsf lyP eg] pgn] !*&@ a}zfv ^ df jL/ult k|fKt u/] .
k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfn] s'dfpFsf] zf;gdf ad zfxnfO{ k7fPsf lyP .

101
 g]kfn c+u|]h o'4df led;]g yfkfsf efO /0fjL/ l;+x yfkfnfO{ dsjfgk'/df k7fOPsf] lyof] . logn] c+u|]hnfO{
g/fd|f] ;Fu k/flht u/]sf lyP / ;Gof; lnPkl5 logL :jfdL ceofgGbsf] gfdn] k|l;4 eP .
 kfNkfsf ueg{/ plh/ l;+x yfkf lyP . pgn] lhtu9Lsf] o'4df p8\sf]n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] c+u|]h kmf}hnfO{ g/fd|f] ;Fu
k/flht u/] .
g]kfn PsLs/0fdf lsNnf /Ifsx?
lsNnf /Ifs
dsfp cd/l;+x yfkf -c+u|]hsf] tkm{af6| cS6/nf]gL_
cd/l;+x yfkfsf] lgwg uf];fOs'08df ePsf]
lhtu9L plh/l;+x
b]pyn elQm yfkf -&# jifL{o yfkf !*&@ a}zfv ^ ut] jL/utL k|fKt
u/]_
h}ys /0ff]hf]/ l;+x
gfnfkfgL aneb| s'Fa/ c+u|]hsf] tkm{af6 lhn]:kL -logL o'4df dfl/P_
/fli6«o lje"lt aneb| s'Fa/ kl5 ckmuflg:tfg o'4df dfl/P .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] nfx'/] egL lognfO{ lrlgG5 .
ljleGg o'4df jL/ult k|fKt ug]{x?
o'4÷lsNnf jL/ult k|fKt ug]{
cNdf]8f gogl;+x yfkf
sfuF8f uGbe{ /fgf
s'dfp x:tLbn zfx
;tx'F sfhL s]x/l;+x yfkf
b]pyn elQm yfkf
5flnª -;fFuf rf]s_ lzj/fdl;+x a:g]t
ltdfn hos[i0f s'Fa/
lburf{ efis/ /fgf
sLlt{k'/ sfn' kf08]
sflGtk'/ t'nf/fd kf08]
knf~rf]s eLdl;+x yfkf
 /f0ff zf;gsf] hu v8f ug]{ JolQm h++uaxfb'/ /f0ff x'g\ . logsf] jf:tljs gfd jL/g/l;+x s'j/ xf] . logL lktf
jfng/l;+x s'Fj/ dftf /Iffs'df/Lsf] h]7f 5f]/fsf] ?kdf lj=;+=!*&$ df uf]/vfsf] af]nf{ªdf ePsf] lyof] .
 logn] Oltxf;sf] bb{gfs 36gf sf]tkj{, e08f/vfn kj{ nufot 36gf 36fO{ cfkm"nfO{ zlQmzfnL zf;ssf] ?kdf
k|:t't u/] . logn] lj=;+=!()^ b]lv !()& ;Dd cfk\mgf] sfo{ef/ efO adaxfb'/nfO{ ;''lDkO{ cfk"m o"/f]k e|d0fdf
uP .
 c?sf s'/f 5f]8 cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ c+u|]hL k9fp eGg] JolQm h+uaxfb'/ x'g\ .
 lognfO{ lj=;+=!()% df /fhf ;'/]Gb|n] /f0ff pkflw k|bfg u/sf lyP . To;}u/L lj=;+=!(!# df sf:sL / ndh'ªsf]
dxf/fhfsf] pkflw ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
 logn] lj=;+=!(!) ;fndf klxnf] d'n'sL P]g hf/L u/] . h;n] ;tL k|yfh:tf] cdfgjLo k|yfnfO{ /f]s nufPsf]
lyof] .
 logsf] d[To' /f}tx6sf] kTy/3§ -xfn ;nf{xL lhNnf_ eGg] 7fpFdf !(## df ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] zlxb nvg yfkfnfO{ uf]/vfsf] dgsfdgf dlGb/ 5]pdf lv/f{sf] ?vdf !(## kmfNu'0f @ ut]
e'mG8\ofP/ d[To'b08 lbOPsf] lyof] .
sf]t kj{
slxn] ePsf] !()# cflZjg @ ut]
sxfF ePsf] a;Gtk'/ b/af/sf] k|f+u0fdf
slt hgfsf] xTof $)) hgf
klxnf] dfl/g] JolQm cledfg l;+x a:g]t
cledfgl;+x a:g]tnfO{ dfg]{ JolQm o'4jL/ clwsf/L
To;a]nfsf k|wfgdGqL kmQ]h+u zfx -logL of] sf08df dfl/P_
102
 To; a]nfsf /fhf /fh]Gb|
To; a]nfsf /fgL /fHonIdL
sf]t kj{ 36fpg] JolQm h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff
sf]t kj{ 36\g'sf] sf/0f uugl;+x vjf;sf] xTof/f kQf nufpbf
sf]t kj{ kl5 sf] k|wfgdGqL eP h+uaxfb'/
/f0ff zf;gsf] hu a;fpg] kj{ sf]t kj{
sf]t kj{ s'g sfndf 36]sf] zfx sfndf
h+u axfb'/ k|wfgdGqL ePsf] !()# cflZjg #

e08f/vfn kj{
slxn] ePsf] !()# sflt{s !@ ut]
sxfF ePsf] e08f/vfn au}rf df
slt hgfsf] xTof @# hgf
klxnf] dfl/g] JolQm jL/Wjh a:g]t
To;a]nfsf k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff
To; a]nfsf /fhf /fh]Gb|
To; a]nfsf /fgL /fHonIdL
e08f/vfn kj{ 36\g'sf] sf/0f h+u axfb'/ /f0ffnfO{ dfg]{ if8oGq /Rbf
e08f/vfn kj{sf] kf]n vf]Ng] JolQm k+=ljho/fh kf08]
e08f/vfn kj{ kl5 /fhf–/fgL stf uP ef/tsf] agf/;

cnf} kj{
slxn] ePsf] !()$ >fj0f dlxgf
sxfF ePsf] jL/u~h glhs cnf} eGg] :yfgdf
To;a]nfsf k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff
To; a]nfsf /fhf ;'/]Gb|
cnf} kj{ 36\g'sf] sf/0f h+u axfb'/ / /fh]Gb|sf] ;]gf aLr o'4 x'Fbf
s] eof] o'4df /fh]Gb|sf] ;]gf k/fhLt ePsf]n] pgL aGbL eP

 /f0ff k|wfgdGqL /0ff]l4k l;+Xn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ C0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ t]hf/y c8\8fsf] Joj:yf u/] . logn] kfqf]
5fKg] k|rngsf] z'?jft u/] .
#* ;fnsf] kj{
 /f0ff zf;g lj?4 ePsf] klxnf] kj{sf] ?kdf of] kj{nfO{ lrlgG5 . of] kj{ lj=;+=!(#* ;fndf 36]sf] lyof] .
 of] kj{ x'Fbf k|wfgdGqL /0ff]l4k l;+x lyP eg] /fhf k[YjL ljqmd zfx lyP .
 of] kj{sf] d'Vo of]hgfsf/ g/]Gb| ljqmd zfx lyP .
 of] kj{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|wfgdGqL /0ff]l4k, wL/ ;dz]/ nufot /f0ffx?sf ;GttL lgd"{n u/L /f0ff zf;g
;dfKt ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] .
 of] kj{df @) hgfnfO{{ d[To'b08 lbOof] eg] !) hgf a|fXd0fnfO{ rf/kf6f d'8]/ hflt Ro't ul/of] .
 of] kj{df ;+nUgx?nfO{ ef/tsf] Onfxfjfbl:yt r'gf/ h]ndf /flvPsf] lyof] .
 of] kj{df h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffsf 5f]/f huth+u ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf lyof] .
 of] kj{sf] kf]n vf]Ng] JolQm pQ/Wjh /fhe08f/L lyP .
 $@ ;fnsf] kj{– lj=;+=!($@ ;fndf /fjnlk08Ldf x'g] ;}lgs k/]8df efulng jL/;dz]/sf] g]t[Tjdf $ j6flnog
;]gf lbOPsf] lyof] . o;/L cfk\mgf] xftdf ;]gf / xltof/ cfPsf] df}sf 5f]kL cfk\mg} sfsf k|wfgdGqL /0ff]l4k
l;+xsf] xTof u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ O{ltxf;df $@ ;fnsf] kj{sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 jL/ ;dz]/M– lj=;+=!($@ df cfk\mg} sfsfsf] xTof u/L k|wfgdGqL ePsf jL/ ;dz]/sf] sfo{sfn lj=;+=!(%&
;fn;Dd /x\of] . pgn] gf/fo0flx6L b/jf/sf] lgdf{0f, nfnb/jf/, ;]tf] b/jf/, kmf]x/f b/jf/sf] lgdf{0f, 306f3/,
jL/ c:ktfnsf] lgdf{0f cflb sfo{ u/]sf lyP .

103
 /f0ff k|wfgdGqLdf b]jzdz]/nfO{ ;'wf/jfbLsf] ?kdf x]l/G5 . logn] lj=;+=!(%* df uf]/vfkqsf] k|sf;g z'? u/]
eg] dWofGX !@ ah] ;dosf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu tf]k k8sfpg] rngsf] z'?jft u/] h'g @)$% ;fn a}Zffv !
ut]af6 x6]sf] lyof] . logn] ;/sf/L sfof{no ;do !) ah]b]lv % ah];Dd sfod u/]eg] sfof{nodf u'gf;f]
k]l6sf /fVg] k|rngsf] z'?jft u/] .
 logsf] k|wfgdGqLTj hDdf cjlw # dlxgf !) lbgdfq lyof] . lognfO{ w't{ rGb|;dz]/n] kbRo't u/]kl5 pgL
wgs'6f x'b} d};'/ k'u] / lj=;+=!(&) df pxL b]xTofu u/] .
 rGb|;dz]/n] lj=;+=!(%* ;fnaf6 lj=;+=!(*^ ;Dd zf;g u/] . pgn] lj=;+=!(^* ;fndf hgu0fgf lng] sfo{{sf]
z'ef/De u/], ;f]xL ;fn kmlk{ª hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f u/] . lj=;+=!(^( ;fndf uf]/vfefiff k|sf;g
;ldltsf] :yfkgf u/] eg] lj=;+=!(&& ;fndf ;tL k|yf / lj=;+=!(*! ;fndf bf; k|yfsf] cGTosf] 3f]if0ff u/] .
lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf -!(&% efb|_ sf] >]o ;d]t lognfO{ hfG5 . logn] >L % nfO{ #! tf]ksf] ;nfdL lbg]
rngsf] z'?jft u/], logn] lj=;+=!(*$ df /S;f]nb]lv cdn]vu~h;Dd @( dfOn nfdf] /]n;]jf rnfP . To;}u/L
eLde]bLb]lv sf7df08f};Dd /f]kj] ;~rfng u/] . logn] lj=;+=!(*) -;g\ !(@#_ df c+u|]h;Fu ;lGw u/L g]kfn
cfGtl/s / jfx\o?kdf k"0f{?kdf :jtGq ePsf] dfGotf lbnfpg ;kmn eP . lognfO{ w't{ k|wfgdGqL / lkm:6]
dxf/fh ;d]t eg]/ lrlgG5 . logL d]l6«s kf; ug]{ k|yd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ;d]t x'g\ . logn] /f0ffx?nfO{ P=lj=l;=
Snf;df ljefhg u/L /f]nqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd u/] . logn] g]kfnsf k|yd j}1flgs u]x]Gb| ;dz]/nfO{ ljif ;]jg
u/fO{ xTof u/] .
 log}sf] zf;gsfndf a'6jn / :o"/fh c+u|]haf6 lkmtf{ kfpg ;kmn ePsf] xf] .

ds}+ kj{
 ds}sf] v]tL gfds s[ltsf n]vs tyf ;xof]uLx?nfO{ /f0ffx?n] sf/jfxL u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df
ds} kj{ gfdn] lrlgG5 .
 ds}sf] v]tL gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf}ifn c•fsf ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/L lyP .
 ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/Ln] of] s[ltdf /f0ffx?nfO{ :jb]zL s's'/ / c+u|]hx?nfO{ ljb]zL s's'/sf] ;+1f lbPsf
lyP
 t;y{ of] s[ltdf n]v]sf] zAbsf] cfwf/df /fhu2L tfs]sf] cf/f]kdf n]vs s[i0fnfnnfO{ ( jif{sf] / cGo
;xof]uLnfO{ % jif{sf] h]n ;hfo tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
 n]vs s[i0fnfn clwsf/Lsf] d[To' h]ndf g} ePsf] lyof] .
 of] kj{ lj=;+=!(&& df ePsf] lyof] eg] of] kj{ x'Fbf /fhf lqe'jg / k|wfgdGqL rGb| ;dz]/ lyP .
 /fdx/L clwsf/L / ef]h/fh hf]zL of] kj{df kf]n vf]Ng] lyP .
nfO{a|]/L kj{
 /f0ff zf;g lj?4 hgtfdf hgr]tgf hfu[t ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL s]xL gjo'jsx?n] nfO{a|]/L vf]Ng agfPsf]
of]hgf lj?4sf] sf/jfxLnfO{ g} nfO{a|]/L kj{ elgG5 .
 vf]Ng] nfu]sf] nfO{a|]/Lsf] g]t[Tj nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fn] u/]sf lyP .
 of] kj{df g]t[Tjstf{ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f nufot $% hgfnfO{ !)) ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
 of] kj{ lj=;+=!(*& df ePsf] lyof] eg] of] kj{ x'Fbf k|wfgdGqL eLd;dz]/ /x]sf lyP
 of] kj{ tfsf /fhf lqe'jg /x]sf lyP .
 of] kj{sf] kf]n vf]Ng] JolQm /fdrGb| clwsf/L lyP .
 /fdrGb| clwsf/LnfO{ kf]n vf]n] afkt hl/jfgfsf] cfwf /sd k'/:sf/ :j?k k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|rG8 uf]vf{ kj{
 ltxf/df h'jf v]n]sf] ;dodf ad k|xf/ u/L /f0ffx?nfO{ vtd kfg{ of]hgf agfPsf] lj?4 ePsf] sf/jfxLnfO{
k|r08 uf]vf{ kj{ elgG5 .
 of] kj{sf] g]t[Tjstf{ pd]z ljqmd zfx lyP . pgnfO{ lgjf{;gdf k7fOof] eg] cGo pgsf ;xof]uLnfO{ h]ndf
/flvPsf] lyof] .
 kl5 @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq cfPkl5 h]ndf /x]sf of] kj{sf cf/f]kL /+ugfy zdf{ / v8\udfg l;+xnfO{
h]naf6 d'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .
 h]nsf @) jif{ gfds k':tssf n]vs v8\udfg l;+x x'g\ .
 of] kj{ lj=;+= !(** df k|wfgdGqL eLd;dz]/sf] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] .
104
  of] ;do g]kfnsf /fhf lqe'jg lyP .
 of] kj{sf] kf]n vf]Ng] JolQm nId0f /fh lyP .
 rGb| ;dz]/sf] zf;gkZrft\ csf]{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL led;dz]/n] lj=;+=!(*^ b]lv lj=;+=!(*( ;Dd zf;g u/] .
 lj=;+=!(*( af6 lj=;+=@))@ ;Dd h'4;dz]/n] zf;g u/] . logsf] kfnfdf lrl8ofvfgfsf] :yfkgf x'g'sf] ;fy}
P;=Pn=;L= af]8{sf] :yfkgf ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L lj=;+=!((# ;fnsf lj/f6gu/ h'6ldnsf] :yfkgf,
lj=;+=!(($ ;fndf klxnf] a}+ssf] ?kdf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]sf] :yfkgf, h'4dfr k\mofS6«Lsf] :yfkgf, @))@ c;f]h
! df sfuhL gf]6sf] lgisfzg x'g] sfd ePsf] lyof] . gfufh{'g b/jf/sf] lgdf{0f u/] eg] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu k]G;g
/ lgj[lte/0fsf] Joj:yf / sf]6{ lkm lng] k|rngsf] z'?jft u/] .
k':tssf n]vs
n]vs k':ts n]vs k':ts
c+z'jdf{ zAb u|Gy ljBf hol:ytL dNn dfgj Gofozf:q
hutHof]lt dNn x/uf}/L ljjfx k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx a|t/Tgdfnf
uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfx ;Tsd{ /TgfjnL hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x cIf/fª\s
hol:ytL dNn e}/jfgGb / /fdfÍ
ljleGg kj{df kf]n vf]nL lbg] JolQmx?
e08f/vfn kj{ ljho/fh kl08t
nfOa|]/L kj{ /fdrGb| clwsf/L
#* ;fnsf] kj{ pQ/Wjh /fhe08f/L
k|hf kl/ifb\ /fdhL hf]zL / d'/nLw/ kl08t
ds}sf] v]tL /fdxl/ clwsf/L / ef]h/fh hf]zL
$ zlxbx? –u+ufnfn / bz/y rGbnfO{ zf]efeujtLdf df3 !$ df uf]nL xflgPsf]
 –wd{eQm dfy]dfnfO{ l;kmndf df3 !@ df em'08\ofPsf]
 –z'qm/fh zf:qLnfO{ 6]s'df df3 !) df ,,
 zfxj+zLo /fhfx?df /fhu2Ldf ga;L b]xTofu ug]{ /fhf bLk]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfx x'g\ . pgL hDdf %$ 306f #)
ldg]6 /fhf /x] eg] /fhf 1fg]Gb| g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf b'O{ k6s /fhf x'g] /fhf x'g . pgn] @))& ;fn sflt{s @@
ut]af6 /fhu2Ldf a;L cfk\mgf] gfdaf6 d'b|f ;d]t rnfPsf lyP .
 /fli6«o sfFu|];sf] u7g lj=;+=@))# ;fndf, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] u7g lj=;+=@))^ ;fnsf ePsf] xf] .
 /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] bf];|f] sfo{sfn @)%* ;fn h]i7 @@ af6 @)^% ;fn h]i7 !% ;Dd /fhf eP .
 zfxj+zLo /fhfx?df ;a}eGbf nfdf ;do zf;g rnfpg] /fhf lqe'jg x'g\ .
 xnf] qmflGt ndh'ªdf @))^ >fj0f !! df ePsf] lyof] .
 @))& ;fn kf}if @% ut] gofF lbNnLdf lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] .
 s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ lj=;+=@))( ;fndf u7g ePsf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] ;efd'v x'g'ePsf] xf] .
 pxfF lj=;+=@)!% ;fndf ePsf] lgjf{rg kZrft\ u7g ePsf] ;+;bsf] klxnf] ;efd'v x'g'x'Gyof] .
lj=;+=@))& ;fndf u7g ePsf] dlGqd08nsf ;b:ox?
-!_ df]xg ;dz]/ hj/f k|wfgdGqL tyf k//fi6«dGqL
-@_ aa/;dz]/ ha/f /IffdGqL
-#_ r'8f;dz]/ hj/f jgdGqL
-$_ g[kh+u ;dz]/ hj/f /IffdGqL
-%_ o1axfb'/ a:g]t :jf:Yo tyf :jfot zf;gdGqL
-^_ ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf u[xdGqL
-&_ ;'j0f{ ;dz]/ hj/f cy{
-*_ u0f]zdfg l;+x pBf]u tyf jfl0fHodGqL
-(_ eb|sfnL ld> oftfoft dGqL
-!)_ e/tdl0f zdf{ vfB tyf s[lifdGqL

 sf]zL ;Demf}tf @)!! ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] k|wfgdGqL dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] .

105
 o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/stf{x?df g]kfnsf tkm{af6 tTsfnLg e"ld;'wf/ tyf of]hgf ljsf;dGqL dxfjL/ zdz]/
h=j=/f= / ef/tsf tkm{af6 of]hgfdGqL u'nhf/Lnfn gGbf x'g\ .
 sf]zL ;Demf}tf !(( jif{sf] nflu ePsf] lyof] .
 u08s ;Demf}tf @)!^ ;fn d+l;/ !( df jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] .
 o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{x? g]kfnsf tkm{af6 pkk|wfgdGqL ;'j0f{ ;dz]/ h=a=/f=/ ef/tsf tkm{af6 eujfg
;xfos x'g\ .
 g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] P]ltxfl;s dxfsfnL ;lGw ;+;baf6 @)%# ;fn cflZjg $ ut] kfl/t ePsf] lyof] . of]
;lGw &% jif{sf] nflu ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;GwL x'Fbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqLdf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf /x]sf lyP .
 of] ;lGwdf x:tfIf/stf{sf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb''/ b]pjf / ef/tsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg
k|wfgdGqL lk=le=g/l;+x /fj x'g\ . ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ km]j|'c/L !@, !((^ -@)%@.!).@(_ df ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{ g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ lyP .
 @)!% ;fndf ePsf] cfdlgjf{rg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ePsf] cfd lgjf{rgdf klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg xf] . of] ;f]xL
;fnsf] kmfu'g & ut] ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% kmfu'g ! ut] hf/L ePsf] lyof]
 @)!% ;fnsf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg kl5 k|ltlglw;efsf] klxnf] clwj]zg @)!^.#.!^ df z'? ePsf lyof] .
 /fhf dx]Gb|n] @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] avf{:tuL u/] eg] ;f]xL ;fnsf] kf}if @@ ut] k~rfotL
Joj:yfsf] z'qkft u/] .
 l5Gtfª -wgs'6f_ sf08 @)#^ ;fndf ePsf] lyof] .
 P]ltxfl;s hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff @)#^ ;fn h]i7 !) ut] ePsf] lyof] eg] hgdt ;+u|x @)#& ;fn a}zfv @)
ut] ePsf] lyof] . hgdt ;+u|xsf cWoIf eujtLk|;fb l;+x lyP .
 lk:s/ -l;Gw'kfNrf]s+_ xTofsf08 @)$).!).! df ePsf] lyof] .
 ;/sf/L sfof{no z'qmaf/ # ah] 5'§L lbg] k|rngsf] z'?jft @)$$ ;fn a}zfv #! af6 ePsf] xf] . To;jvt
k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfg l;+x >]i7 lyP .
 k|hftGqsf] k'g{:yfkgfsf] nflu ePsf] @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]af6 ePsf] lyof] .
 /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ ldlt @)%( ;fn c;f]h !* df c;Ifd k|wfgdGqLsf]
cf/f]kdf avf{:t u/] . pgn] @)^! ;fn df3 !( ut]af6 k|ToIf zf;g ;~rfng u/] .
 pgL @))& ;fn sflt{s @@ df /fhf ePsf / d'b|f ;d]t rnfPsf lyP .
 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffb]lv df]xg;dz]/;Ddsf] cjlwdf ad axfb'/;lxt !) /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ePsf lyP .
 ;+vw/ ;fVofnfO{ lj=;+=@)%^.)*.)# df /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]lift ul/of] . To;;dodf k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{
lyP .
 g]kfn ;/sf/ n]lvPsf] gf]6 klxnf] k6s @)^$ c;f]h ^ ut] lg:sf;g ePsf] lyof] .
 /fhfsf] kmf]6f] / >Lk]rsf] ;§fdf ;u/dfyf c+lst lrq g]kfnL gf]6df 5fKg] lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^# df3 @%
df u/]sf] lyof] .
 tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gb| zfx @)^% ;fn h]i7 @( df gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/af6 alxud{g eP .
 P]]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ldlt @)^$ ;fn r}q @* df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
 pQm r'gfjdf k|ToIf tkm{ ! s/f]8 &^ nfv !! xhf/ * ;o (% dtbftf /x]sf lyP . o; r'gfjdf %(=#(
k|ltzt dt v;]sf] lyof] . r'gfj k|of]hgsf] nflu &$ bnn] lgjf{rg cfof]udf bnbtf{ u/]tf klg r'gfjdf %$
bn dfq ;xefuL ePsf lyP .
 o; lgjf{rgdf k|ToIftkm{ ( bn lgjf{lrt / df ;dfg'kfltstkm{ u/L @% bnsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj /x]sf]
lyof] . lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efdf ## bnn] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf lyP .
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb $ k6s yk ePsf] xf] . @)^&.@.!$ df ! jif{sf], @)^*.@.!$ df # dlxgfsf], @)^*.%.!$
df # dlxgfsf] / rf}yf] k6s @)^*.*.!$ df ^ dlxgfsf] Dofb yk ePsf] lyof] .
 bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg @)&) d+l;/ $ df ePsf] lyof] . of] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; klxnf], g]skf Pdfn]
bf];|f] / g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL t];|f] 7"nf] bn ePsf] lyof] .
xfn;Ddsf pkk|wfgdGqLx?
-!_ ;'j0f{;dz]/ h=a=/f= -@_ z}nhf cfrfo{
-#_ dfwjs'df/ g]kfn -$_ afdb]j uf}td
106
-%_ /fdrGbkf}8]n -^_ ab|Lk|;fb d08n
-&_ e/tdf]xg clwsf/L -*_ clds z]/rg
-(_ s]kL zdf{ cf]nL -!)_ ljho s'df/ uR5bf/
-!!_ ;'htf sf]O/fnf -!@_ s[i0f axfb'/ dx/f
-!#_ gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7 -!$_ pk]Gb| ofbj
-!%_ s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf -!^_ O{Zj/ kf]v/]n
-!&_ k|sfzdfg l;+x -!*_ eLd axfb'/ /fjn
-!(_ lrq axfb'/ s];L -@)_ rGb|k|sfz d}gfnL
-@!_ 6f]k axfb'/ /fodfemL -@@_ sdn yfkf
-@#_ ladn]Gb| lglw -@$_ uf]kfndfg >]i7
-@%_ lji0f' kf}8]n -@^_ /fh]Gb| dxtf]
-@&_ /3'jL/ dxf;]7
klxnf] dlxnf
Tof/f;'6af6 xfdkmfNg] ;'Gb/L >]i7
OG;k]S6/ lgndb]jL
k|x/L xjNbf/ ;fljqL
k|x/L ;/:jtL pkfWofo
dx]Gb| ljBf e"if0f kfpg] ;fljqL l;+X
d"lt{sf/ ;'idf vltj8f
x]lnsK6/ rfns k|;+zf >]i7
ljdfg rfns ;f]gL /f0ff
ld; g]kfn ?jL /f0ff
ld;]; g]kfn 8f=k|ef a:g]t
GofofwLz zf/bf >]i7
clwjQmf ;'zLnf l;+x
/fhb't >LdtL ljGb]Zj/L zfx
pkk|wfgdGqL z}nhf cfrfo{
dGqL 4fl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL
dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] ;'>L kfl/hft
;lrj rGb|snf ls/0f
;u/dfyf r9\g] kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{
pk;efd'v lnnf >]i7 ;'Aaf
gflosf e'jg rGb
Ps} l;hgdf @ k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fug]{ 5\o"l/d z]kf{
klxnf] /Iff dGqL ljBfb]jL e08f/L
klxnf] /fi6«klt ,,
klxnf] k|wfgGofofwLz ;'zLnf sfsL{
klxnf] ;efd'v cf]g;/L 3tL{
w]/} k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ nfSkf z]kf{ -* k6s_
dxTjk"0f{ ltly–ldltx?
cl/b]jsf] zf;g cjlw lj=;+=!@%*–!@&#
hol:yltsf] ,, lj=;+=!$#*–!$%@
/fdzfxsf] ,, lj=;+=!^^#–!^()
hok|sfz dNnsf] ,, lj=;+=!&(!–!*@%
oIf dNnsf] ,, lj=;+= !$*%–!%#*
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx /fhf ePsf lj=;+=!&((
sf7df08f} g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL 3f]if0ff !*@^ r}q !) ut]
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ljhok'/ ljho lj=;+=!*#!
/f0ff zf;gsf] cjlw lj=;+=!()#–@))&
sf]t kj{ !()# c;f]h @
107
e08f/vfn kj{ !()# sflt{s !@
klxnf] d'n'sL P]g nfu" ePsf] !(!) kf}if &
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 sf:sL / hdh'ªsf] >L # sf] k~hfkq wf/0f lj=;+=!(!#
b/jf/ xfO{:s'n :yfkgf lj=;+=!(!@
k|hfkl/ifb\ kf6L{sf] u7g !((# h]i7 @)
rf/ zlxbnfO{ kmfF;L lbOPsf] lj=;+=!((&
sfuhsf] gf]6sf] k|sfzg @))@ c;f]h !
/f0ff zf;g lj?4 cfGbf]ng ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] 3f]if0ff @))& c;f]h !! df
lqe'jg ef/tLo /fhb'tfjf;sf] z/0fdf uPsf] @))& sflt{s @!
,, ef/t k|:yfg @))& sflt{s @%
1fg]Gb| zfx klxnf] k6s /fhu2Ldf a;]sf] @))& sflt{s @@
>L % lqe'jgsf] :jb]z lkmtf{ @))& kmfu'g $
@)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)!% kmfu'g !
klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg ePsf] ldlt @)!% kmfu'g &
lj=kL=sf] g]t[Tjdf klxnf] hglgjflr{t ;/sf/sf] u7g @)!^ h]7 !# ut]
/fhf dx]Gb|af6 lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ckb:t @)!& kf}if ! ut]
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff @)!& kf}if @@ ut]
gofF d'n'sL P]g nfu" ePsf] @)@) ;fn efb| !
;Tofu|x lj=;+=@)$@
@)$@ ;fnsf] adsf08 @)$@ cfiff9 ^ ut]
bf;8'Ëf sf08 –dbg e08f/L / hLj/fh cfl>tsf] b'3{6gfdf k/L lgwg @)%) h]7 # ut]
b/jf/ xTofsf08 @)%* h]i7 !(
/fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ c;Ifd egL jvf{:t @)%( cflZjg !*
g]kfnn] WTO sf] ;b:otf kfPsf] @)^! a}zfv !!
/fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 k|WoIf zf;gsf] z'?jft @)^! df3 !(
g]skf dfcf]jfbL / ;ft /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt @)^@ d+l;/ &
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] z'ef/De @)^@ r}q @$
hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{t k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g{:yfkgf @)^# a}zfv !!
Pltxfl;s k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffkq hf/L @)^# h]i7 $
g]skf dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/aLrsf] la:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf @)^# d+l;/ % ut]
;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Demf}tf @)^# d+l;/ @@
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfu" @)^# df3 !
cgldgsf] u7g @)^# df3 (
ljlwjt?kdf u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff @)^% h]i7 !%
u0ftGq g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|wfgdGqLdf k|r08sf] lgjf{lrt @)^% >fj0f #!
,, ,, ,, /fi6«kltsf]?kdf 8f=/fdj/0f ofbjsf] lgjf{lrt @)^% >fj0f ^ ut]
,, ,, ,, ,, sf] klxnf] ef/t e|d0f @)^^ kmfNu'0f # ut]
g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'j} efiffdf gful/stfsf] ljt/0f @)^^ d+l;/ !
dxfu'? kmfNu'gGbnfO{ !^ cf}+ /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff @)^^ d+l;/ !^
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] lgwg @)^^ r}q &
cgldgsf] jlxu{dg @)^& kf}if #)
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL, ;Gt g]tf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] lgwg @)^& kmfu'g @)
;flxTosf/ 8fodg ;dz]/sf] lgwg ,, ,,
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] afx|f} ;+zf]wg @)^( h]7 & ut]
klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf $ jif]{ sfo{sfn ;dfKt @)^( h]7 !$
lvn/fh /]UdL cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\sf cWoIf lj=;+=@)^(.!@.)!
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfg l;+xsf] lgwg lj=;+=@)&).$.#!
bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg @)&) d+l;/ $ ut]
% k6s;Dd d'n'ssf] k|wfgdGqL x'g] ;"o{ axfb'/ yfkfsf] lgwg @)&@ a}zfv @ ut]
108
!(() ;fnkl5sf] 7"nf] e"sDk uPsf] @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]
;ftf} ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L @)&@ cflZjg # ut]
#* cf} k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf v8\uk|;fb cf]nL lgjf{lrt @)&@ cflZjg @$ ut]
klxnf] dlxnf ;efd'vsf] ?kdf cf]g;/L 3tL{ lgjf{lrt @)&@ cflZjg @( ut]
bf];|f] /fi6«klt tyf klxnf] dlxnf /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/L lgjf{lrt @)&@ sflt{s !! ut]
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] lgwg @)&@ df3 @^ ut]
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nLsf] ef/t e|d0f @)&@ kmfNu'0f & ut]
,, ,, rLg ,, @)&@ r}q & ut]
g]kfn / rLg aLr kf/jxg ;Demf}tf @)&@ r}q * ut]
ef/tsf /fi6«klt k|0fj d'vhL{sf] # lbg] g]kfn e|d0fsf] z'?jft @)&# sflt{s !& ut]
/fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Lsf] klxnf ljb]z e|d0f ef/t @)&$ a}zfv $ ut]
$) cf} k|wfgdGqL z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf lgjf{lrt @)&$ h]7 @# ut]
$! cf} k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf v8\u k|;fb cf]nL lgo'Qm @)&$ kmfNu[0f # ut]
ljBfb]jL e08f/L bf];|f] sfo{sfnsf] ?kdf /fi6«klt kbdf lgjf{lrt @)&$ kmfNu'0f @( ut]
/fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Laf6 k|ltlglw;ef lj36g @)&& kf}if % ut]
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] cfb]z @)&& kmfNu'0f !!
k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efsf] klxnf] a}7s @)&& kmfNu'0f @#
k|ltlglw;efsf] k'gM lj36g @)&* h]7 *
elQm yfkfnfO{ /fli6«o lje"tL 3f]if0ff @)&* c;f/ !$
lj3l6t k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yfkgf @)&* c;f/ @*
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf kfFrf} k6s k|wfgdGqL kbdf lgo'Qm @)&* c;f/ @(

g]kfnsf k|rlnt wd{, ;+:s[lt, hfthflt, efiff, ;flxTo / snf

g]kfndf k|rlnt wd{
lxGb" wd{
109
 ljZjs} k|frLg wd{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lxGb" wd{sf] ljsf; Ozfk"j{ !%)) df ef/tdf ePsf] xf] .
 xfn ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] !#=& k|ltzt dflg;x? of] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
 g]kfndf @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf adf]lhd oxfF *!=# k|ltzt dflg;x? of] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
 of] wd{sf] lqb]j a|Xdf, lji0f' / dx]Zj/ x'g\ .
 of] wd{sf] ljsf; stf{ cfB z+s/frfo{ x'g\ .
 of] wd{sf] k"hf :yn dlGb/ / wfld{s u|Gy dxfef/t, /fdfo0f, uLtf cflb x'g\ .
 of] wd{nfO{ ;gftg tyf a}lbs wd{ ;d]t elgG5 .
 of] wd{sf tLg ;Dk|bfo a}i0fj, z}j / zfQm /x]sf 5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] wd{ z}j wd{ xf] . ls/fFtL /fhfx? o;} wd{ dfGby] .
 ljZjdf lxGb" wd{ w]/} dfGg] d'n's ef/t xf] / bf];|f] w]/} dfGg] d'n's g]kfn xf] .
 lxGb" wdf{anDaLx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o lty{:ynx? ab/Lgfy, s]bf/gfy, /fd]Zj/d\ / 4fl/sfgfy x'g\ .
af}4
 O;fk'j{ %^# df ?kGb]xLsf] n'lDagLdf hlGdPsf uf}td a'4åf/f k|ltkflbt of] wd{nfO{ a}1flgs wd{ dflgG5 .
 of] wd{sf] k'hf:yn u'Daf, r}To / ljxf/ elgG5 .
 of] wd{sf] cGt/f{li6«o lty{:yn n'lDagL, af]wuof, ;f/gfy / s'zLgu/ x'g\ .
 ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] %=^ k|ltzt dflg;x? of] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
 o; wd{sf] kljq wfld{s u|GynfO{ lqlk6s / hfts syf elgG5 .
 h;df ljgo lk6s, clewDa lk6s / ;'lQm lk6s /x]sf] 5g\ . h;df ljgo lk6sdf leIf' leIf'0fLn] kfngf ug'{kg]{
ljifo pNn]v /x]sf], clewDa lk6sdf a'4 bz{gsf s'/fx? / ;'lQm lk6sdf a'4sf pkb]zx? pNn]v /x]sf 5g\ .
 @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfadf]lhd oxfF ( k|ltzt dflg;x? of] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
 ljZjdf af}4 wd{ w]/} dfGg] d'n's rLg xf] eg] bf];|f] w]/} dfGg] d''n's hfkfg xf] .
af}4wd{sf ljxf/x?
:yfg ljxf/ :yfg ljxf/
g]kfn :joDe" dxfljxf/, ah|fog dxfljxf/ ef/t ljqmdlznf dxfljxf/
>Ln+sf tfd|lznf dxfljxf/ kfls:tfg tIflznf
yfONof08 :j0f{lznf dxfljxf/ ltAat lqlk6s dxfljxf/
a'4 wd{sf kfFr /ª
a'4sf] z/L/ lgnf]
a'4sf] /ut /ftf]
a'4sf] bfFt ;]tf]
a'4sf] cl:ywft' kx]Fnf]
a'4sf] cGt:s/0f sn]hL

eujfg a'4n] k Qf nufPsf $ cfo{ ;To

-!_ ;+;f/df b'Mv 5 .
-@_ b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5 .
-#_ b'Mv lgaf/0f ;Dej 5 .
-$_ b'Mv lgjf/0fsf pkfo 5g\ .
af}4 wd{sf k~rzLnx?
;ToM ;Tosf] dfu{df lx8\g', em'6f] slxNo} gaf]Ng'
clx+;fM k|f0fL lx+;faf6 6f9f /xg'
c:t]oM rf]/L gug'{
k/:qLudg lgif]wM Jolerf/ gug'{
dB lgif]wM dBkfg, w'd|kfg,nfu" kbfy{sf] ;]jg slxNo} gug'{
af}4 wd{ cg';f/ b'Mv lg/f]wsf ci6flËs dfu{
;Dos b[li6 ljifoa:t'nfO{ j:t'lgi6 ?kdf a'‰g'
110
 ;Dos arg s7f]/ zAb gaf]Ng'
;Dos sd{ % zLnsf] kfng ug{'
;Dos hLjg plrt Joj;fo / k]zf ckgfpg]
;Dos Jofofd g/fd|f] sfdaf6 6f9f /xg'
;Dos ;+sNk ;sf/fTds ;f]r / ljrf/
;Dos Psfu|tf k|To]s sfo{df Psfu|tf /xg'
;Dos ;dflw Wofgaf6 lrQnfO{ Psfu| agfpg'
d'l:nd wd{
 of] wd{sf ;+:yfks ;fpbL c/ljofsf] dSsfdf ;g\ %&) df hlGdPsf k}uDa/ df]xDdb x'g\ . pgsf] lgwg
dlbgfdf ;g\ ^#@ df ePsf] lyof] .
 of] wd{sf] kljq lty{:yn ;fpbL c/]laofsf] dSsf / dlbgf xf] .
 of] wd{sf] kljq u|Gy s'/fg xf] eg] k|fygfsIfnfO{ dl:hb elgG5 .
 xfn ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] !(=$ Ü dflg;x? o;k|sf/sf] wd{ dfGg] ub{5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] lj=;+=@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ d'l:nd wd{ dfGg] wdf{anDaLx?sf] ;+Vof $=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
of] wdf{anDaLn] lbgdf % k6s gdfh k9\g] ub{5g\ . tL % j6} gdfhnfO{ ljleGg gfddf lrlgG5 . h:t}M
k|ftsfnLg gdfhnfO{ kmlh/ elgG5, dWofGx ug]{ gdfhnfO{ hf]x/, # ah]lt/ ul/g] gdfhnfO{ c;|, ;GwofsfnLg
gdfhnfO{ dul/a / /fqLsfnLg gdfhnfO{ O;f elgG5 .
 d'l:nd wdf{anDaLx?n] k|of]u ug]{ kfqf]nfO{ lxh/L kfqf] / ;Dat\nfO{ lxh/L ;Dat\ elgG5 . lxh/L ;Dat\sf] gjf}
dlxgfnfO{ /dhgfn d'jf/s dlxgf elgG5 . of] dlxgfe/ /f]hf -a|t_ a:g] ul/G5 / clGtd lbg Ob pnlkmq rf8
dgfOG5 . of] v'zL ;f6\g] kj{ xf] .
 lxh/L ;Dat\sf] !@ cf} dlxgfnfO{ lhlNxHhf elgG5 . of] dlxgfdf Obpn chxf -as/ Ob_ dgfOG5 . of]
dlxgfsf] * tfl/vaf6 ;fpbL c/adf xh z'? x'G5 . oxL dlxgfsf] !) tfl/vsf lbg ljZje/sf d';ndfgx?n]
as/ Ob dgfp5g\ .
 d'l:nd wd{df l;of / ;'GgL u/L b'O{ ;Dk|bfo 5g\ . g]kfndf k|foM ;'GgL ;Dk|bfox? /x]sf 5g\ .
 of] wd{df gdfh k9\gnfO{ lju'n k'mSg] ljlQs} sd{df nfUg'nfO{ …kmh{Ú elgG5 .
 /dhfddf k9\g] gdfhnfO{ …t/fjLxÚ elgG5 .
 z'qmaf/ ck/fGx dl:hbdf ul/g] k|fy{gfnfO{ …h'dfÚ elgG5 .
 gdfh k9\g' cl3 xftuf]8f ;kmf ul/g'nfO{ …jh'Ú elgG5 .
 d'l:nd wdf{anDaLdf bfg lbg'nfO{ …hsftÚ elgG5 .
 of] wdf{anDaLsf] rf8 as/ Ob / Ob pnlkmqsf] cj;/df @)^% ;fnaf6 ;fj{hlgs ljbf lbOb} cfOPsf] 5 .
 of] wd{ w]/} dfGg] d'n's O08f]g]l;of xf] / bf];|f] w]/} dfGg] d'n's ef/t xf] .
ls/fFt wd{
 Onfddf hGd]sf dxfu'? kmfNu'gGb of] wd{sf k|jt{s dflgG5g\ .
 of] wd{ g]kfndf #=! k|ltztn] dfGg] ub{5g\ .
 of] wd{sf] k"hf :ynnfO{ dfªxLd elgG5 eg] wfld{s u|Gy d'Gw'd xf] .
 of] wdf{anDaL g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8df ax';+Vos ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
 of] wd{sf k|jt{s dxfu'? kmfNu'gGbsf] hGd !($@ sflt{s @% df ePsf] lyof] eg] lgwg @))% r}q @@ df
ePsf] lyof] .
O;fO{÷lqmlirog
 h]?;]nddf O;fk"j{ $ l8;]Da/ @% df hlGdPsf] lh;; qmfOi6nfO{ O;fO{ wd{sf] ;+:yfks dflgG5 .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] dfGg] of] wd{sf] u|GynfO{ afOan elgG5 eg] k|fygfsIfnfO{ rr{ elgG5 .
 ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] ##=& k|ltzt dflg;x? of] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
 g]kfndf of] wd{ dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof !=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 of] wd{ ax';+Vosn] canDag ug]{ d'n'sx? cd]l/sf, a|flhn, d]lS;sf] nufot /x]sf 5g\ .
lzv
 ef/tdf ;g\ !$^( clk|n !% df xfnsf] kfls:tfgsf] a+hfjdf hlGdPsf u'? gfgssf] d[To' ;g\ !%@@ ;]K6]Da/
@@ df ePsf] lyof] . u'? gfgs4f/f :yflkt of] wd{sf] u|GynfO{ u'?u|Gy;fx]a elgG5 .
111
 ljZjsf] hg;+Vofsf] )=# k|ltzt dflg;x? of] wd{ dfGb5g\ .
 of] wd{sf] k"hf:ynnfO{ u'?4f/ elgG5 / g]kfndf nlntk'/ s'kG8f]ndf u'?4f/ /x]sf] 5 .
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf adf]lhd ^)( hgf -)=))@ k|ltzt_ of] wd{ dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof /x]sf] 5 .
 ef/t of] wd{ w]/} dfGg] d'n'sdf kb{5 .
h}g wd{
 ef/tsf] a}zfnLdf O;fk'j{ %(( df hlGdPsf eujfg dxfjL/ h}gåf/f :yflkt of] wd{sf] u|GynfO{ argfd[t
elgG5 / k"hf :ynnfO{ h}g dlGb/ elgG5 .
 sf7df08f} 1fg]Zj/df h}g dlGb/ /x]sf] 5 .
 @)^* sf] k|ltj]bg adf]lhd #,@!$ hgf -)=)! k|ltzt_ of] wd{ dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof /x]sf] 5 .
 of] wd{ w]/} dfGg] d'n's ef/t xf] .
axfO{ wd{
 O/fgdf ljsf; ePsf] of] wd{nfO{ pbf/jfbL wd{ eGg] ul/G5 .
 o;sf k|jt{s O/fgsf ax'Nnfx ldhf{ x';}g x'g\ .
 axfO wd{sf] wfld{s u|GynfO{ lstfj P csb; elgG5 .
 ;g\ !*&# df ljsf; ePsf] of] wd{ dfGg]x?sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf /x]sf] nf]6;
dlGb/nfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
 of] wd{ g]kfndf !@*# -)=))$ k|ltzt_ hgfn] dfGg] ub{5g\ . ljZjdf of] wd{ O/fgdf w]/}n] dfGg] ub{5g\ .
af]g wd{
af]g wd{sf] ljsf; rLgsf] ltAataf6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf k|jt{s tGk;]Gb|'k u'? x'g\ . g]kfndf of] wd{ dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof
!#,))^ hgf -)=)$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ . dgfª / d':tfª lhNnfdf of] wd{ dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof clws /x]sf] 5 .
k|s[lt wd{{
k|s[ltdf ePsf lrha:t'nfO{ dfGg] h:t} ;"o{,] rGb|df, k[YjL, gbLgfnf cflbnfO{ cfk\mgf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf
lng] of] wd{nfO{ k/Dk/fut wd{sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . g]kfndf /fp6], s';'08f, d]r] nufotn] of] wd{ dfGb5g\ . of]
wd{ g]kfndf )=% k|ltztn] dfGg] ub{5g\ .
 !! /fli6«o hgu0fgf adf]lhd g]kfndf !) j6f wd{ dflgG5 .
;+:yfks -wd{sf_
wd{ ;+:yfks wd{ ;+:yfks
lzv u'?gfgs af}4 uf}td a'4
O;fO{÷lqmlirog lh;; qmfOi6 O:nfd÷d'l:nd k}uDa/ df]xDdb
h}g dxfjL/ h}g kf/;L dxfTdf hf]/fi6/
ox'FbL xh/t d';f tfcf] 6fcf] 6h'
sGk\mo'l;o; sGk\mo'l;o; t]O hf]Hd nfcf]h'
lbuDa/ h}g ;Dk|bfo lgj{:q x'G5g\ .
wfld{s n]vs
n]vs wfld{s u|Gy n]vs wfld{s u|Gy
j]bJof; dxfef/t, efujt uLtf sfnLbf; /3'a+z, s'df/ ;Dejd\, d]3b't
dxlif{ /fdfo0f k/f;/ -j]bJof;sf lktf_ c7f/ k'/f0f
aflNdsL
dg' dg':d[lt >Lxif{ g}ifw rl/t
kfl0fgL ci6WofoL
ljleGg b]jtfsf] jfxg
b]jtf jfxg b]jtf Jfxg b]jtf jfxg b]jtf jfxg
;/:jtL xfF; lji0f' u?8 s'df/ do'/ u0f]z d';f
nIdL nf6f]sf];]/f] lzj ;fF9] e}/j s's'/ b'uf{ l;+x
Ogb| P]/fjt xfQL od'gf s5'jf od/fh e}+;L zlg lrn-lu4_
l;tnfb]jL uwf cUgL af]sf] u+uf uf]xL kfj{tL lj/fnf]

112
 jfo' d[u

wfld{s ;d"x
lq/Tg –;'g, rfFbL / tfdf,
lqb]j –a|x\df, lji0f' / dx]Zj/
lqkmnf –x/f]{, a/f]{ / cdnf
rf/gf/fo0f –rfFu'gf/fo0f, z]ifgf/fo0f, ljz+v'gf/fo0f / Or+v'gf/fo0f
rf/eujtL –knf~rf]s eujtL, gfnf eujtL, zf]ef eujtL / gSzfn eujtL
rf/o'u –;Too'u, 4fk/o'u, q]tfo'u / slno'u
rf/jf/fxL –ah|jf/fxL, w'Dajf/fxL, gLnjf/fxL / wgtn]jf/fxL
rf/If]q –j/fxIf]q, d'lQmIf]q, ??If]q / xl/x/If]q
rf/ljgfos –;"o{ ljgfos, hnljgfos, czf]sljgfos / rGb|ljgfos
rf/cf>d –a|x\dfrfo{, u[x:y, jfgk|:y / ;Gof;
k~rfd[t –ufO{sf] b"w, bxL, £o", ;v/ / dx
k~rfË –jf/, ltyL, gIfq, of]u / s/0f
k~rsGof –clxNof, b|f]kbL, tf/f, dGbf]b/L / s'GtL
k~rtTj –kfgL, jfo', t]h, cfsfz / k[YjL
k~r/Tg –gL/, lx/f, dl0f, df]tL / d'uf
k~rbJo –b"w, bxL, £o", uf]j/ / ufO{sf] uf]x'Ft
kz'kltsf % d'v –tTk'?if -k"j{_, c3f]/ -blIf0f_, ;Bf]hft -klZrd_, jfdg -pQ/_ / O;fg -cfsf;_
;KtClif –cqL, jlzi7, sZok, uf}td, ef/4fh, hdbUgL, ljZjfldq
/fdfo0fsf] ;ftsf08 –jfnsf08, cof]Wofsf08, o'4sf08, pQ/sf08, ;'Gb/sf08, c/0osf08 / lsl:sGwf sf08
gj/Tg –lx/f, df]tL, kGgf, dfl0fs, d'uf, gL/, uf]d]b, nx;'lgof / k'ik/fh
gj/; –>[+uf/, xf:o, s?0ff, /f}b|, jL/, eofgs, ljeT;, cb\e"t / zflGt
gf}dlt afhf –bdfxf @, ;xgfO{ @, g/l;+xf, e\mofD6f, 6\ofDsf], s0ff{n / 9f]ns
 :j:yfgL a|tsyf :s08 k'/f0faf6 lnOPsf] xf] .
 ;Ltfsf] :joDa/sf] j0f{g afnsf08df pNn]v /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf k|l;4 lj4fg tyf cWotf of]uL g/x/Lgfysf] af:tljs gfd anjL/l;+x yfkf xf] .
j0ff{>d Joj:yf cGtu{t dflg;sf] pd]/sf] ljefhg
a|Xdrfo{>d hGdb]lv @% jif{;Dd -afNofsfn_
u[x:yf>d @% jif{b]lv %) jif{;Dd -o'jfj:yf_
jfgk|:yf>d %) jif{b]lv &% jif{;Dd -k|f}9fj:yf_
;Gof;f>d &% jif{b]lv !)) jif{;Dd -j[4fj:yf_
ljleGg wd{u|Gyx?
wd{ u|Gy wd{ u|Gy
lxGb" j]b, uLtf af}4 lqkL6s
lqmlZrog afOan ox'bL s}jfnf
h}g argfd[t lzv z'? u|Gy;fx]j
O:nfd s'/fg
ljleGg lhNnfdf cjl:yt tLy{:ynx?
tLy{:ynsf] gfd lhNnf tLy{:ynsf] gfd lhNnf
kfyLe/f tfKn]h'ª dfOkf]v/L, k~rsGof, uh'/d'vL Onfd
;tf;Lwfd, dfO{, ch'{gwf/f emfkf l;4sfnL, dgsfdgf, ;efkf]v/L ;+v'jf;ef
a/fxIf]q, bGtsfnL, /QmsfnL, a'9f;'Aaf ;'g;/L xn];L dxfb]j vf]6fª
;v8f –l5Ggd:tf_ eujtL ;Kt/L sfln~rf]s eujtL, bf]nvf led]Zj/ bf]nvf
sdnfdfO{, l;4afaf l;Gw'nL hfgsL dlGb/, /fd dlGb/, wg'iffwfd wg'iff
kz'kltgfy, u'x]Zj/L, blIf0fsfnL, ;fnLgbL, sf7df08f} ;"o{ljgfos, rfFu'gf/fo0f, 8f]n]Zj/ dxfb]j eQmk'/
113
a'9flgns07, af}4gfy, :joDe"gfy,
dft[s]Zj/ dxfb]j
gdf]a'4, knf~rf]s eujtL, r08]Zj/L sfe|] b]jL3f6 g'jfsf]6
uf];fO{s'08, ;"o{s'08 /;'jf r'l/ofdfO{ dsjfgk'/
ljqmdafafsf] yfg, kf08jgu/ Lrtjg e};fnf]6g, aflNdsL cf>d gjnk/f;L
d'lQmIf]q, sfuj]gL, bfdf]b/ s'08 d':tfª dgsfdgf uf]/vf
tfnjf/fxL, ljGWjfl;gL b]jL sf:sL Jof; u'kmf, b]j3f6, efn' eLdu'kmf tgx'F
>Lgu/, ?b|a]0fL kfNkf 7fs'/4f/ alb{of
afu]Zj/L afFs] sfqm]ljxf/, b]ptL aHo}, nf6Lsf]OnL ;'v]{t
al8dflnsf b]jL afh'/f 5qr08]Zj/L ;Nofg
rGbggfy dlGb/ h'Dnf vKt8, z}n]Zj/L 8f]6L
lqk'/f;'Gb/L, O{Zj/L u+uf, d]nf}nL dlGb/ a}t8L pu|tf/f, 36fn b]jtfyfg 88]Nw'/f
tkf]jg, dflnsfh'{g bfr'{nf ul9dfO{ d]nf af/f
/];'Ëf, l/8L u'NdL wgkfnu9L df]/ª
ls/fFt]Zj/ dxfb]j wgs'6f l;4fy{kf]v/L ?kGb]xL
afn]Zj/ dlGb/ b}n]v gl;{ªwfd wflbª
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf
k|frLgsfnb]lv k/Dk/fsf] ?kdf rlncfPsf dfgj ;+:sf/nfO{ g} ;+:s[lt elgG5 . wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf; emNsg]
;+:s[ltnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf elgG5 . o:tf] ;+:s[lt k"j{hx?n] 5f]l8uPsf x'G5g\ / k':tfGt/0f x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfp5
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] d'VotM k/Dk/fut dfGotf Pj+ /xg;xg, wd{ tyf wfld{s u|Gyx?, nf]sg[To, b]zsf :df/s,
clen]v Pj+ lznfkq cflb ;d]6\b5 .
 ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{ klg ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf -5'g / b]Vg ;lsg]_ / cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf -5'g / b]Vg
g;lsg]_ u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf kf}/fl0fs d7dlGb/, u'Daf, :t'k, d"lt{,
zflns, P]ltxfl;s b/jf/, tfd|kq, lznfkq h:tf clen]vx?, nf]sg[To, nf]safhf, lrqsnf, Clifd'lgx?sf
tkf]e"ld, P]ltxfl;s u'kmf tyf tLy{:yn, P]ltxfl;s 9''+uf, >Lv08, ?b|fIf cflb h:tf wfld{s dxTjsf ?vx?,
k|frLg u/uxgf, k|frLg xftxltof/ cflb kb{5g\ .
-v'jfn'ª 9'+uf ;Ktsf]zL gbLdf /x]sf] 5 . ef]hk'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] 9'+uf P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf]
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] rf}8fO{ @) kmL6 /x]sf] 5 . a/fxIf]qaf6 sl/a ! lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df /x]sf] of] 9'+ufnfO{ ls/fFtsf]
;+:s[lt / ;Eotf;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/G5_
 cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf wd{, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, nfnrng, /Lltl:ylt, rf8kj{ ltyL a|t cflb kb{5
 ;g\ @)@) sf] h'g ;Dddf ljZjsf !!@! ;DkbfnfO{ o'g]:sf]n] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . h;df
*^( ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, @!# k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / #( ldl>t ;Dkbfx? 5g\ .
 ljZjdf rLgsf %%, O6fnLsf klg %%, :k]gsf $*, ef/t #* ;Dkbf ;"rLnfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .
 ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf] dxfb]z o'/f]k xf] . o"/f]kdf dfq $)) ;Dkbf :ynnfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .
 ljZj ;Dkbf dxf;lGw ;g\ !(&@ df ePsf] lyof] . of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfn] ;g\ !(&* df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] .
 ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ljZjdf P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxTjsf &)$ j6f :yfgx? ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf
5g\
 !)) jif{ gf3]sf P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs, ;flxlTos tyf snfTds j:t'nfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf elgG5 .
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx?
;Dkbfx? ;"rLs[t jif{
-!_ ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g\ !(&(
-@_ kz'kltgfy dlGb/ ,,
-#_ :joDe" r}To ,,
-$_ af}4gfy dlGb/ ,,
-%_ rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/ ,,
-^_ xg'dfg9f]sf b/jf/ ,,
-&_ kf6g b/jf/ ,,
114
 -*_ eQmk'/ b/jf/ ,,
-(_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g\ !(*$
-!)_ n'lDagL ;g\ !((&

 snfsf] lx;fjdf sf7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ v'nf ;+u|xfnosf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

 g]kfndf lj=;+=@)!# ;fndf k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g nfu" ePsf] xf] .
 ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx?nfO{ d'ntM ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts / ldl>t u/L # efudf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5
 g]kfnsf !) ;Dkbf :ynnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf :yndf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts
dxTjsf :yfgx? kb{5g\ .
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxTjsf * :yfgx?
;Dkbfx? ;Dkbfx?
-!_ kz'kltgfy dlGb/ -@_ n'lDagL
-#_ :joDe" r}To -$_ af}4gfy dlGb/
-%_ rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/ -^_ xg'dfg9f]sf b/jf/
-&_ kf6g b/jf/ -*_ eQmk'/ b/jf/
k|fs[lts tyf h}ljs b[li6sf]0fn] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf @ :yfgx?
-(_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h -!)_ ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h
 sf7df08f} pkTosfsf & ;DkbfnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;g\ !(&( df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .
 wfld{s :yn kz'ltgfy If]q sl/j @^$ x]S6/ e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ tyf a;Gtk'/ b/af/ If]qnfO{ sfi7d08k If]q klg elgG5 .
 af}4sf rf/ :t'k rf?dltn] lgdf{0f u/]sL x'g\ .
 u'DafpQ/L af}4 ;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb| xf] .
 hgsk'/wfdnfO{ k|frLgsfndf ljb]x klg egL lrlgGYof] .
 k'/ftTj ljefun] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf u/]sf] k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f cg';f/ g]kfn /fHoe/ sl/j $ xhf/ ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g, @)!# cg';f/ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf eGgfn] dfgj lgld{t k|frLg :df/s / k'/ftflTjs
j:t'x? eGg] a'lemG5 .
 g]kfndf slkna:t'df k'/ftflTjs ;+u|xfno /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnn] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ug{ ag]sf] dxf;lGwdf ;g\ !(&* cui6df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf k'/ftTj ljefusf] :yfkgf lj=;+=@))( df ePsf] lyof] .
 k':sl/0fL / l;4fy{ gfds kf]v/L n'lDagLdf /x]sf] 5 .
 lxGb'x?sf cf/fWob]j kz'kltgfynfO{ dflgG5 .
 k|]d ljjfxsf] kf}/fl0fs gfd uGwj{ ljjfx xf] .
 sf7df08f}nfO{ dlGb/} dlGb/sf] ;x/ elgG5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] df}lns ljz]iftfsf] ?kdf k|s[ltsf] k"hfnfO{ lnOG5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?nfO{ P]ltxfl;stf, snfTdstf, k|frLgtf cflbsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5
 a}zfv ! ut]nfO{ g]kfnsf] gofF jif{ z'?jft ug]{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|;dz]/ -!(^)_ x'g\ .
 zlxb u]6nfO{ :yfkgf sfndf g]kfn :df/s elgGYof] . o;sf l8hfg/ z+s/gfy l/dfn x'g\ .
 lgnufO{nfO{ 3f]8uwf gfdn] lrlgG5 .
hfthflt
 g]kfndf slt hfthflt /x]sf 5g\ < –!@%
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf /x]sf] hflt s'g xf] < –If]qL
 If]qLx?sf] ;+Vof slt k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 < –!^=^ k|ltzt
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf sd ;+Vofdf /x]sf] hflt s'g xf] < –s';'08f
 s';'08fx? slt ;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ < –@&# hgf
115
 g]kfndf slt hfltnfO{ cflbjf;L hghfltdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 < –%( hflt /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&&
h]7 % ut] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L /fgf yf?nfO{ yk u/] kZrft\ ca ^) k'u]sf]
 @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf adf]lhd hghflt, v;–cfo{, dw]zL / blntsf] hg;+Vof slt slt k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 <
–qmdzM #%=*Ü, #!=@%Ü, !%=)#Ü / !#=!@Ü
 ‘g]kfn Plzofsf] hftLo uf]nd]r xf] eGg] egfO s;sf] xf] < –6f]gL x]ug
 g]kfndf w]/} k|ltzt ;fIf/tf ePsf] hghflt s'g xf] < –ysfnL
 8f]vgf s'g hfltsf dlxnfsf] e]ife'iff xf] < –d]r]
 ndLnfO{ ;tf/x? s] egL ;Daf]wg ug]{ ub{5g\ < –/fO{af/L
 s'g hfltn] ‘afxf kj{nfO{ k"mnsf] pT;jsf] ?kdf dgfpF5g\ < –;tf/
 g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ slt >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 < –%
!= nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"x M s';'08f, /fp6], d]r], xfo', agsl/of, s';jfl8of, ls;fg, ;'/]n, /fhL / n]Krf -!)
hghflt_ ;'qM s'/f s';'d] ls/fn] ag xfo'
@= clt l;dfGts[t ;d"x M ;tf/, emfFu8, a/fdf], r]kfª, l;of/, dfemL, Nxf]dL, bg'jf/, yfdL, af]6],
y'bfd, wfg's -!@ hghflt_
#= l;dfGts[t ;d"x M tfdfª, yf?, /fgf yf?, ;'g'jf/, e'h]n, sf]r], d'ufnL, b/fO{, ef]6], tfhk'l/of, kx/L,
lwdfn, s'dfn, uGufO{, tf]Ks]uf]nf, 8f]Nkf], k|mL, nfs]{, Nxf]kf, b'/f / afn'ª -@! hghflt_
$= ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"x M /fO{, lnDa", du/, lh/]n, z]kf{, ofSvf, 5Gtofn, 5}/f]tg, tfª\a], tLgufpFn],
afx|ufpFn], dkmf{nL, Jof;L, xof]Ndf] / u'?ª -!% hghflt_
%= pGgt ;d"x M g]jf/ / ysfnL -@ hghflt_
 g]kfnsf] h+undf 3'dGt] hLjg ljtfpg] hflt /fp6] / s';'G8f x'g\ .
 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf ljleGg !# :yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ du/x?nfO{ t/fnL elgG5 .
 t/fnL du/x?sf] k|d'v rf8 r}tL xf] .
 AofF;L hfltsf] d'Vo a;f]af; bfr{'nfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;f}sf ;d]t egL lrlgg] of] hfltn] nufpg] n'ufnfO{ r'ª\jfnf
elgG5 eg] k|d'v rf8 wjnf xf] . of] hfltdf 7"nf] 5f]/Lsf] a8fgL k"hf egL a|tjGw ug]{ rng /x]sf] 5 .
 lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ z]kf{ hfltsf] d'Vo a;f]af; If]q ;f]n'v'Da' xf] . logLx?nfO{ k'j{sf dflg; egL lrlgG5
eg] k|d'v rf8 Nxf];f/ xf] . dlxnfn] nufpg] sk8fnfO{ kfª\b]g elgG5 . oL hfltsf dflg;x?n] dfGohgnfO{
clejfbg ug]{ z}nLnfO{ £ofª;';L elgG5 . logLx? ko{6g Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . o; hfltsf] wd{u|GynfO{
kmf]Uo' elgG5 . o; hfltsf] klxnf] rnlrq vfª\uL xf] . of] hflt ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf kg]{ ljleGg * ;d"x
dWo] Ps xf] .
 lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ csf]{ hflt Nxf]kf xf] . lhUd] k/jn lji6 oxL hfltsf lyP . of] hfltsf] d'Vo
a;f]af; If]q d':tfª lhNnfsf] Nxf]dGyfª xf] . logLx?sf] # y/x? s'6's, z]Nkf / l/lug xf] . o; hfltdf dflxnf]
5f]/fnfO{ leIf' agfpg] rng /x]sf] 5
 lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ csf]{ hflt 8f]Nkf] xf] . o; hfltsf] d'Vo wd{ af]gkf] / af}4 xf] . o; hfltdf ax'klt
k|yf /x]sf] 5 . o; hfltdf dflg; d/]kl5 nf;nfO{ sf6]/ lu4nfO{ v'jfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . logLx? lxdfnL
If]qsf & l;dfGts[t ;d"xdWo] Ps x'g\ . oL hfltn] 306L ahfpFbf pQfgf] k/]/ ahfpF5g\ .
s'g k|b]zdf slt hghfltsf] cj:yf
lxdfnL k|b]z !( hghflt
kxf8L k|b]z @# hghflt
leqL dw]z & hghflt
t/fO{ !! hghflt
g]kfnsf ljleGg hfthflt, ltgsf] a;f]af; :yn / ljz]iftfx?
hflt a;f]af; :yn l/tLl/jfh÷;+:s[lt
/fhL bfª nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf /x]sf] of] hfltdf ;§f ljjfxsf] k|rng /x]sf] 5 .
xfo" /fd]5fk / l;Gw'nL nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf /x]sf] of] hfltn] cfk"mnfO{ ls/fFtsf] ;GttL dfGb5g\ .
/fp6] ;Nofg, ;'v]{t, k5f8L kms]{/ x]g]{ rng gePsf], k};f 5'P kfk nfU5 eGg] ljZjf; ug]{,
hfh/sf]6, bfª d[To' ;+:sf/df jfFb/ dfg]{ hfndf /fvL uf8\g] rng ePsf] of] hflt
nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf kb{5 . cflbjf;L rl/qsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] hfltsf]
116
 ?kdf lrlgG5 .
s';'08f ;'v]{t, b}n]v, cfk"mnfO{ s'zsf ;Gtfg dfGg] of] hflt g]kfnsf] nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf kb{5
88]Nw'/f, a}t8L
lsrs df]/ª of] hflt dxfef/tsfnLg lsrssf] a+zhsf] ?kdf lrgfpg vf]H5g\
cf7kxl/of wgs'6f of] hfltn] GjfuL kj{nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf dgfp5g\ .
/fO{
s'dfn t/fO{ If]q of] hflt df6fsf efF8fs'8f agfpg lgk'0f dflgG5g\ . of] hflt g]kfnsf]
l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kb{5 .
sf]r] emfkf dft[;QfTds kl/jf/ k|yf /x]sf] of] hflt g]kfnsf] l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf
kb{5 .
d]r] emfkf l;pF8Lsf] af]6, k|s[lt, gbLgfnfnfO{ k"117 fug]{ of] hflt # bzs
cl3;Dd lkm/Gt] hLjg ljtfpYof] . of] g]kfnsf] nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf kb{5
.
b'/f ndh'ª 5]nf] xfGg] rng /x]sf] of] hflt g]kfnsf] l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kb{5 .
z]kf{ ;f]n'v'Da' Nxf];f/, b'Dr], dfg]l/Db" rf8nfO{ dfGg] of] hflt k"j{sf dflg; egL
lrlgG5g\ . of] hfltn] g]kfnsf] kj{tf/f]x0f k]zfdf k|l;4L sdfPsf] 5 .
of] g]kfnsf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf kb{5 .
r]kfª wflbª, dsjfgk'/, cltl;dfGts[t ;d"xdf /x]sf] of] hfltdf k'/f]lxtnfO{ kf8], k|d'v
lrtjg, uf]/vf rf8kj{nfO{ rf]gfd, bfOhf]sf] ?kdf lrp8Lsf] af]6 lbg], lajfxdf b'nfxf–
b'nxLsf] 6fpsf] # k6s h'wfpg], k|hf eGg ?rfpg] / cfk"mnfO{ njsf]
;Gtfgsf] ?kdf lrgfpg vf]Hg] . of] hfltdf s]6L dfUg hfbf d+unjf/
kf/]]/ hfg] ul/G5 . logLx?n] af]Ng] efiffnfO{ vfDrL elgG5 .
yfdL bf]nvf of] g]kfnsf] clt l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kb{5 .
5Gtofn afun'ª, DofUbL / of] hflt ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf kb{5 .
d':tfª
Nxf]dL ;+v'jf;ef clt l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf /x]sf] of] hfltsf] d'lvofnfO{ lkDa" elgG5
nfs8 a}t8L of] hflt c?sf] 3/df ufO{e};L r/fpg] Ps cNk;+Vos xf] .
nf]jf d':tfª dflxnf] 5f]/fnfO{ leIf' agfO{ u'Dafdf /fVg] .
k|mL l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sfe|], logLx?sf] ;+:s[lt g]jf/;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] /x]sf] 5 eg] logLx? l;dfGts[t
dsjfgk'/, ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .
nlntk'/
agsl/of dsjfgk'/ of] hflt g]kfnsf] nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf kb{5 . ^ dlxgf jg / ^ dlxgf
3/df a;f]af; ug]{ hflt oxL xf] ;fy} h+unsf /ftf sldnfnfO{ e]6]/
vfg] hflt ;d]t oxL xf] .
a/fdf] uf]/vf, wflbª, clt l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kg]{ .
dsjfgk'/, tgx'F,
nlntk'/
ls;fg emfkf 57 kj{nfO{ k|d'v rf8sf] ?kdf dgfpg] of] hflt g]kfnsf] nf]kf]Gd'v
;d"xdf kb{5 .
n]Krf Onfd s~rgh+3f lxdfnnfO{ k"117 fug]{ of] hflt g]kfnsf] nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf
kb{5 . of] hfltn] d/] kl5 nf;sf] 6fpsf] s~rgh+3f lxdfn tkm{ kf/L
;tub\ ug]{ ub{5g\ .
;'/]n bf]nvf u'?nfO{ gfS;f] dfGg] of] hflt g]kfnsf] nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xdf kb{5 .
b/} tgx'F of] hflt gjjif{sf] lbg k'/fgf] cfuf] lgefP/ 3if{0faf6 gofF cfuf] afNg]
ub{5 . l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kg]{ .
lh/]n bf]nvf u'?nfO{ gfS;f] egL ;Daf]wg ug]{ ub{5g\ . of] hflt g]kfnsf] ;'ljwfaf6
al~rt ;d"xdf kb{5 .
AofF;L bfr'{nf cNk;+Vossf] ?kdf /x]sf of] hfltsf] k|d'v rf8 wjnf xf] . ;'ljwfaf6
117
 al~rt ;d"xdf kg]{ .
tfdfª dsjfgk'/, wflbª, d[To'kl5 3]jf u/fpg] rng /x]sf] of] hfltn] ufpg] uLtsf] z}nL nfO{
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sfe|], tfdfª ;]nf] elgG5 . of] hflt d[To' ;+:sf/df !)* aQL afNg] ub{5g\ .
/;'jf, g'jfsf]6 l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kb{5 .
k'g]n d':tfª kfFr ufpn] klg eg]/ lrlgg] of] hflt g]kfnsf] cNk;+Vos xf] .
afx| ufpFn] d':tfª logLx? d':tfª lhNnfsf] yfs vf]nfeGbf dfly / Nxf]dfGyfªeGbf
blIf0fdf kg]{ afx| ufpFdf a:b5g\ . ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf kg]{ .
Nxf]kf d':tfª d':tfËL /fhf lhUdL k/jn lji6 oxL hfltsf x'g\ . of] hflt g]kfnsf]
l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kb{5 .
u'?ª sf:sL, :ofª\hf, logLx? g]kfnsf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .
tgx'F
lnDa" t]x|y'd, Onfd, ljjfxdf hGtL hfbf / dnfdL hfFbf aGb"s k8\sfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 .
kfFry/, tfKn]h'ª ;ky vfFbf b'af] / 9'+uf] lnP/ vfg] rng /x]sf] . g]kfnsf] ;'ljwfaf6
al~rt ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .
yf? s}nfnL, bfª, nf; hnfpbf nf]Ug] dflg;nfO{ 3f]K6f] kf/L / :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ pQfgf]
gjnk/f;L, alb{of, kf/]/ hnfpg] rng, sGofbfg cl3 Ps srf}/f ljif lbg] rng, s'g}
lrtjg sf/0fn] ljjfxdf b'nxfsf] pkl:ytL x'g g;s]df b'nxfsf] ;§f xltof/
k7fP/ klg ljjfx ;DkGg ug]{ rng . of] hflt g]kfnsf] l;dfGts[t
;d"xdf kb{5 .
emfFu8 emfkf, df]/ª, ljjfxdf b'nfxf–b'nxLn] l;Gb'/ ;f6f;f6 ug]{ rng /x]sf], clt
;'g;/L l;dfGts't ;d"xdf kg]{ .
l5tf/L pbok'/
kx/L sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;dfGts[t ;d"xdf kg]{ .
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
X\ofNdf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xdf kg]{ .
@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf adf]lhd hfthfltx?sf] cj:yf
hflt k|ltzt hflt k|ltzt Hflt k|ltzt hflt k|ltzt
If]qL !^=^ a|fXd0f !@=@ du/ &=! Yf? ^=^
tfdfª %=* g]jf/ % sfdL $=* d';ndfg $=$
ofbj $ /fO{ @=# sd /x]sf] @&# hgf g'/fª @&* hgf
hflt
s';'08f
/fp6] ^!* hgf snf/ !)&& hgf nf]xf?ª !!%# hgf
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf sdsf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] hflt s';'08f xf] .
g]kfndf !@% hfthfltx? /x]sf 5g\ .

ljleGg hfltsf g[To

hflt÷;d'bfo g[To hflt÷;d'bfo g[To
g]jf/ dxfsfnL, lwd], emfuF8 sdf{wdf{
sflt{s, a;Gt
u'?ª 3fF6', k'6k'6], ;f]/7L du/ df?gL, kfªb'/]
lnDa" wfg, RofDa|'ª d}ynL lemlemof,
z]kf{ ;]a|' yf? rfFr/, k'vlg{of, ;lvof,
hf6hl6g, nÝL, t/jf/, e'md/L
lemlem, s6x/], afx|df;]
/fO{ r08L, ;fs]nf sx/ sx/jf
dfemL u]x8L ;tf/ bz}
tfdfª ;/:jtL, ;]nf] a|fXd0f, If]qL r'8\sf, ;+lugL, afng, /Tof}nL
118
 af}4dfuL{ rof{
 k"jL{o dfGotf cg';f/ g[To @ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . tf08j / nf:o .
 g]kfnLsf] klZrd kxf8L lhNnfx? kfNkf, c3f{vfFrL / u'NdLdf gflrg] gfr ;/fo gfr xf] . of] gfr bz}+sf]
cj;/df ljhofbzdLsf] ef]nLkN6af6 k"l0f{of ;Dd gflrG5 .
 ;fDaf a|flhnsf] nf]slk|o gfr xf] eg] ?Daf gfr So'jfsf] nf]slk|o gfr xf] .
k'/f]lxt
hflt k'/f]lxt Hflt k'/f]lxt
a|fXd0f÷If]qL k'/flxt÷kl08t /fO{ ªf]kf
g]jf/ u'efh',b]pefh' tfdfª nfdf, jf]kf]
yf? e/f{ lh/]n gfS;f]
du/ e"iffn r]kfª kf8]
;'g'jf/ gf;f] lnDa" k]mbfªjf, ;fDaf
5Gtofn efGhf u'?ª 3\ofa|]
d]r] lbp;L ls;fg a}uf
lwdfn af/fË sfo:y b]jf~hL
d';ndfg df]NjL ;fx]j lnDa"sf] :qL k'/f]lxt 3]df

efiff
!! /fli6«o hgu0fgf adf]lhd g]kfndf !@# efiff af]Ng] ul/G5 . t/ efiff cfof]un] @)&^ sflt{s !* ut] /fi6«klt
;dIf a'emfPsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf lgDg yk ^ j6f efiffsf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 M–
efiff lhNnf
/fgf yf? s~rgk'/
gf/ k'm dgfª
r'd -:of/_ uf]/vf
g'a|L -nfs]{_ uf]/vf
kf]Os] 8f]Nkf
;]/sL -;]s]_ d':tfª
To;}u/L efiff cfof]un] @)&& ;fndf /fi6«klt ;dIf a'emfPsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf lgDg yk @ j6f efiffsf] pNn]v
/x]sf] 5 M–

efiff lhNnf
df/]s–ofSvf wgs'6f
gfjf z]kf{ ;+v'jf;ef

 hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] !@# efiff / kl5 efiff cfof]un] klxrfg u/]sf] * efiff ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/
dfGbf g]kfndf !#! efiff af]Ng] ul/G5 .
 ljZjdf sl/j ^))) sf] ;+Vofdf efiffx? /x]sf] dflgG5 .
 ljZjdf w]/}]n] af]Ng] efiffx? qmdzM lrlgof, c+u|]hL, lxGbL, :k]lgz, c/aL / k|m]Gr x'g\ .
 ljZjdf w]/} eflift ljljwtf ePsf] b]z kk'jf Go"lugL / ef/t x'g\ .
 ljZjsf] k'/fgf] efiff ;+:s[t xf] .
 g]kfnL, ;+:s[t / lxGbL b]jgflu/L lnlkdf n]lvG5 .

g]kfndf w]/} af]lng] efiffx?

g]kfnL $$=^ Ü d}ynL !!=& Ü
ef]hk'/L ^Ü yf? %=* Ü
tfdfª %=! Ü g]jf/L #=@ Ü
aHhLsf #Ü du/ #Ü
8f]6]nL #Ü pb'{ @=^ Ü
119
 /fO{ @=# Ü

g]kfndf ;a}eGbf sdn] af]Ng] !) efiffx?

!= c/aL – * hgf @= gfuflu;] – !) hgf
#= :k]lg; – !^ hgf $= /l;og – !& hgf
%= s';'08f – @* hgf ^= s'sL – @( hgf
&= ldhf] – #@ hgf *= k|m]Gr – #$ hgf
(= u9jfnL – #* hgf !)= s}sL – %) hgf

 g]kfndf !))) eGbf sdn] af]Ng] efiff #& j6f /x]sf] 5 .

 g]kfndf ! nfveGbf a9Ln] af]Ng] efiff !( j6f /x]sf] 5 .
 ! nfveGbf sdn] af]Ng] efiff !!@ /x]sf] 5 .
ljZje/ af]lng] efiffnfO{ $ efiffkl/jf/df afl8Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/M–
-s_ ef/f]k]nL efiffkl/jf/
ljZjdf ax';Vosn] af]lng] c+u|]hL, k|m]Gr, /l;og, hd{gL, c/jL, :k]gL;, lxGbL ;+:s[t, u|Ls cflb efiff o;} kl/jf/df
kb{5g\ . of] efiff ef/tb]lv o'/f]k;Dd af]lnG5 . o;} efiffnfO{ cfo{ efiff kl/jf/ eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 . ljZjsf %) Ü
eGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] of] efiff af]Ng] ub{5g\ . g]kfndf klg ;a}eGbf a9L jf]lng] efiffx? o;} efiff kl/jf/df kb{5g\ .
o;df g]kfnL, d}ynL, ef]hk'/L, yf?, cjlw, /fhj+zL, bg'jf/, b/}, s'dfn, r'/]6L, af]6], lxGbL, pb'{, df/jf8L, dfemL cflb
efiff kb{5g\ .
lj=;+=@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ ef/f]k]nL efiff af]Ng] ;+Vof o;k|sf/ 5M–
efiff k|ltzt efiff k|ltzt efiff k|ltzt efiff k|ltzt
g]kfnL $$=^ d}ynL !!=& ef]hk'/L ^ yf? %=*
8f]6]nL # al~hsf # pb"{ @=^ calw !=(

 g]kfndf *@=)^ k|ltzt dflg;x?n] af]Ng] efiff o;} kl/jf/df kb{5 .

-v_ ef]6jd]{nL efiffkl/jf/
ljZjdf ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/ kl5sf] ;a}eGbf a9L af]Ng] efiff oxL efiffkl/jf/ xf] . ljZjdf af]lng] lrgLof,
sf]l/og, hfkflgh, d+uf]lnog cflb efiff oxL efiffkl/jf/df kb{5g\ . g]kfndf klg ef/f]k]nL kl5sf] ;a}eGbf a9L
af]lng] efiff o;}] kl/jf/df kb{5 . g]kfndf af]lng] of] efiffkl/jf/sf efiffx? lgDg /x]sf] 5g\ – g]jf/L, tfdfª,
du/, jfGtjf-/fO{_, u'?ª, lnDa", z]kf{, Aof;L, r]kfª, /fp6], lwdfn, xfo', b'/f cflb . of] efiff kl/jf/ cGtu{tsf
efiffx?M–
efiff k|ltzt efiff k|ltzt efiff k|ltzt
tfdfª %=! g]jf/L #=@ du/ #
lnDa" !=#
 g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ hfthfltdf ;a}eGbf sdn] cfk\mgf] dft[efiffsf] ?kdf af]Ng] efiff s';'08f efiff xf] . of]
efiff g]kfndf @* hgfn] af]Ng] ub{5g\ .
 of] kl/jf/ leq g]kfndf !&=$^ k|ltzt dflg;n] af]Ng] efiff kb{5 .
-u_ b|lj0f kl/jf/
of] efiff kl/jf/df kg]{ Psdfq efiff emfuF8 xf] . logLx? emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/Ldf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . emfFu8
efiff g]kfndf )=!( k|ltztn] af]Nb5g\ .
-3_ cfUg]o efiffkl/jf/M–
of] efiff kl/jf/df kg]{ Psdfq efiff ;tf/ xf] . ;tf/ nfO{ ;Gyfn klg eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] hfltsf] PsLs[t j:tL
df]/ªsf] pnf{af/Ldf aGg] ePsf] 5 . logLx? emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, dxf]Q/L nufotsf lhNnfdf
a;f]af; ub{5g\ . of] efiff g]kfndf )=!# k|ltzt dflg;x?n] af]Nb5g\ .
g]kfnsf ;fdflhs s'k|yfx?
bf;k|yf
 ul/a, u'?jfn] ;fx' dxfhgsf] 3/df sfd ug{ a:g' kg]{ k|yf g} bf; k|yf xf] .
120
 of] k|yf k|frLg tyf dWosfndf k|rlnt /x]sf] lyof] .
 !(*! d+l;/ !$ df rGb|zdz]/4f/f pGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] .
 %(,%&$ sdf/fsdf/LnfO{ !(*@ ;fndf d'Qm ul/Psf] lyof], h;df #^ nfv &) xhf/ vr{ ePsf] lyof] .
;tL k|yf
 kltsf] d[t z/L/;Fu} kTgLn] klg hlndg'{ kg]{ cdfgjLo k|yfnfO{ ;tL k|yf elgG5 .
 s]xL zf;sn] o;nfO{ aGb]h nufpg vf]h]tf klg rGb|zdz]/af6 !(&& c;f/ @% df u/]sf] 3f]if0ffaf6 dfq of]
k|ltjGw nfUg uof] .
 of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] kfnf #! hgf, /TgdNnsf] kfnfdf !) hgf, k|tfk dNnsf] kfnfdf ( hgf / k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] kfnfdf klg !) hgf ;tL uPsf lyP .
emf/f k|yf
 ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, e"ldklt / /fHosf] tkm{af6 lgz'Ns ?kdf lnOg] ;]jfnfO{ emf/f k|yf elgG5 .
 dWosfndf of] clgjfo{ lyof] eg] xfn /fHosf] lxtsf] kIfdf emf/f p7fpg'nfO{ ;fdfGo k|rngsf] ?kdf dflgG5 .
xlnof k|yf
 ;fx' hldgbf/n] ul/j JolQmx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] v]tjf/Ldf sfd ug{ xnL /fVg] k|yfnfO{ xlnof elgG5 .
 of] k|yf pGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ff x'g'eGbf cuf8L ;'b"/klZrd'df dfq ^) xhf/ / b]ze/ sl/j tLg nfv xlnof /x]sf]
dflgGYof] .
 of] k|yfsf] pGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ff @)^% efb| @! df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnaf6 ePsf] lyof] .
b]psL k|yf
 cfˆgf] efsn dgf]sfdgf, cfsf+Iff k'/f xf];\ egL eP cfˆg} geP ul/asf] 5f]/L ePklg dlGb/df r9fOg] k|yf g}
b]psL k|yf xf] .
 g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrdf~rnsf] ;]tL tyf dxfsfnL c~rnsf kxf8L lhNnfdf o; k|sf/sf] s'k|yf sfod /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' eg] a}t8L lhNnfsf] d]nf}nL b]jLsf] dlGb/nfO{ dflgG5 .
5fpk8L k|yf
 ;'b"/klZrdsf kxf8L lhNnfx?df dlxnfx?n] dlxgfjf/L / ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ;dodf / o'jtLx?n] dlxgfjf/L ePsf]
;dodf 3/af6 6f9f uf]7df a:g] rngnfO{ 5fpk8L k|yf elgG5 . of] k|yfaf6 w]/} k|efljt lhNnf c5fd xf] .
sd}of k|yf
 dWo tyf ;'b"/klZrdsf yf?x?n] ;fx'sf] 3/df a;L sfd ug]{ k|yfnfO{ sd}of k|yf elgG5 .
 o;sf] pGd"ngsf] nflu ;/sf/n] @)%& ;fn >fj0f @ ut] sd}of d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
sDxn/L k|yf
 ;fx' dxfhgsf] 3/df yf? ;d'bfosf & b]lv !& jif{;Ddsf aflnsfx?nfO{ sfd ug{ /flvg] k|yfnfO{ sDxn/L k|yf
elgG5 .
 o:tf] k|yf ljz]iftM afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ / bfªdf /x]sf] lyof] .
 bfªnfO{ @)^% ;fnsf] df3 ! ut]af6 sDxn/L k|yf d'Qm lhNnf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&) ;fn ;fpg # ut] g]kfnnfO{ sdn/L d'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
 sdn/L k|yf pGd"ng ug]{ lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&) c;f/ !# df u/]sf] lyof] .
e'mdf÷9fjf k|yf
 cfˆgf] efsn, dgf]sfdgf, cfsf+Iff k'/f xf];\ egL Psf3/sf] dfOnf] 5f]/f jf dfOnL 5f]/LnfO{ u'Dafdf r9fOg] k|yf
g} em'df÷9fjf k|yf xf] .
 dfOnf] 5f]/fnfO{ r9fOP 9fjf / dfOnL 5f]/LnfO{ r9fOP em'jf k|yf elgG5 .
 of] k|yf af}4 wdf{anDaL;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] pQ/L lxdfnL If]qdf ljz]iftM d':tfª, ;f]n'v'Da', dgfª, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf nufotsf] lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{
z]kf{, nfdf, nf]jf cflb af}4 wdf{anDaL ;d'bfodf # j6L 5f]/L ePdf dflxnL 5f]/L em'df –af}4 sGof_ sf] ?kdf /
tLg 5f]/f ePdf dfOnf] 5f]/fnfO{ 9fjf -nfdf_ agfP/ u'Dafsf] x]/rfx, /]vb]vsf nflu r9fOG5 .
3f]8fe]F8f k|yf
d'u' lhNnfdf k|rlnt of] k|yfdf ufpF3/sf] em}emu8f ldnfpg] enfb\dL JolQmnfO{ pQm sfo{sf] k|z+;f ub}{ e]F8f
sf6]/ To;sf] df;' v'jfpg] / ljbfO{ ubf{ 3f]8fdf r9fpg' kg]{ k|yfnfO{ 3f]8fe]F8f k|yf elgG5 .
v'nf k|yf
121
 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf k|rlnt of] k|yfdf cljjflxt dlxnfn] kf}if !% af6 r}q !% ;Dd 3/af6 6f9f uf]7df uO a:g'kg]{
k|yfnfO{ v'nf k|yf elgG5 .
8ªu'jf k|yf
 /fhj+zL hfltdf /x]sf] of] k|yf To; hfltsf] dlxnfdf k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 .
 of] hfltdf ljw'jf dlxnfn] gftf gkg]{ k/k'?ifnfO{ /ftLsf] ;dodf 3'D6f] cf]8fO{ cfk\mgf] 3/df NofO{ ljjfx ug]{
rng /x]sf] 5 .
 o; k|sf/sf] ljjfxaf6 hGd]sf] ;GtfgnfO{ c+z lbg] jf glbg] Pj+ c+z ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ltg} dlxnf
pk/ /x]sf] x'G5 .
bfOhf] k|yf
5f]/L r]nLnfO{ ljjfxdf lbOg] wg bf}ntnfO{ bfOhf] elgG5 . pQm ;Dkltdf lghsf] lghL xs nfUg] ub{5 . t/fO{df
a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] of] k|yfsf] lzsf/ sltko 5f]/L r]nL k/]sf] vj/ ;'Ggdf cfpg] ub{5 .
;}/nL k|yf
of] k|yf ;'v]{t, ;Nofgdf /x]sf] dflgG5 . h; cg';f/ s]6fn] s]6LnfO{ 3'Dg hfgsf] nflu cfdGq0f ug]{ / pgLx? s]xL
lbg 3'Dg hfg] / cGttM ljjfx ;d]t ug]{ ub{5g\ .
a]7L k|yf
vf;u/L k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnfdf /x]sf] dflgg] of] k|yfdf wfg /f]kfO{sf] ;dodf afhfufhf ;lxt /dfOnf] ug]{, ef]het]/
;d]t ub{5g\ . ufpFsf dlxnf–k'?ifn] ;d"xdf /xL ljz]if /dfOnf] u/L /f]kfO{ ;DkGg ug'{ o;sf] p2]Zo dflgG5 .
l9s'/ k|yf
ysfnL ;d'bfodf k|rngdf /x]sf] of] k|yfdf sdhf]/, ul/a ysfnL ;d'bfonfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf]
d'Vo p2]Zo pQm ;d'bfodf ul/aL, cefusf] cj:yf g/xf];\ eGg] xf] .
lthf{ k|yf
dWosfnsf] cflv/L ;dolt/ / /f0ff sfnsf] h'4 ;d;]/sf] kfnf;Dd of] k|yf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] k|yfdf
/fHosf] tkm{af6 /fi6«;]jsnfO{ s'g} :yfg ljz]ifsf] afnL p7fO{ vfg' egL clVtof/L kq lbOGYof]] . o:tf] clVtof/L
jif{df @ k6s lbg] ul/GYof] . xfn /fi6«;]jsnfO{ df}lb|s ;'ljwf lbg] k|rng eP kl5 of] k|yf :jt sdhf]/ eP/ uPsf]
xf] .
;flxTo
 g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ud:yn s0ff{nL c~rnsf] l;Ghf k|b]z xf] .
 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /fhefiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] JolQm gfu/fh x'g\ .
 o; efiffsf] ;aeGbf k'/fgf] clen]v lj=;+=!)#* sf] /fhf bfd'kfnsf] clen]v xf] .
 of] ef/f]k]nL efiffkl/jf/ leq kb{5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] cfw'lgs ?k !(%* ;fnaf6 b]lvPsf] xf] .
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] yfngL g]kfn PsLs/0fb]lv ePsf] dflgG5 .
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ d'VotM # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\M k|fylds, dfWolds / cfw'lgs
sfn . k|fylds sfndf lj=;+=!*)! b]lv lj=;+=!($) ;Ddsf] cjlw kb{5 . dfWolds sfndf lj=;+=!($! b]lv
!(&$ ;Ddsf] cjlw / cfw'lgs sfndf lj=;+=!(&% b]lv xfn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ hgfpF5
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] klxnf] /rgf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] jL/tfsf] j0f{g ub}{ n]lvPsf] ;'jfgGb bf;sf] sljtf æk[YjL
gf/fo0f zfxÆ xf] . of] sljtfsf] /rgf lj=;+=!*@% df ePsf] xf] .
 /fdfo0fnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{n] u/]sf x'g\ .
 g]kfnL efiffsf] hggL efiff ;+:s[t xf] .
 blIf0f Plzofdf ef/t kl5 ;a}eGbf a9L eflifs ljljwtf ePsf] b]z g]kfn xf] .
 g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6« egL g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] .
 g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] klqsf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg agf/;af6 lj=;+=!(%) df k|sfzg ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfndf k|sf;g ePsf] klxnf] klqsf ;'wf;fu/ -!(%%_ xf] . o;sf ;Dkfbs g/b]j df]lts[i0f x'g\ .
 uf]/vfkqsf] k|sf;g !(%* a}zfv @$ af6 ;fKtflxs ?kdf k|sfzg x'g yfn]sf] xf] . of] @))) c;f]h !( df
cw{;fKtflxs / @)!& ;fn kmfNu'g & af6 b}lgs ?kdf k|sfzg x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
 uf]/vf efiff k|sfzg ;ldltsf] :yfkgf lj=;+=!(^( df ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnL efiff ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] * cf}+ cg';"rLdf /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] zAbsf]if afns[i0f zdf{4f/f lnlvt g]kfnL zAb;fu/ -lj=;+=@)!(_ xf] .
122
 g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgaf6 g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]if lj=;+=@)$) ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . of] cflwsfl/s
zAbsf]if xf] . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] zAbsf]if a;Gts'df/ zdf{4f/f lj=;+=@)%* df lnlvt g]kfnL zAb;fu/ xf] .
 g]kfnL efiffdf n]lv g]kfnd} 5flkPsf] klxnf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xsf] k|fs[t Jofs/0f -lj=;+=!(^(_
xf] .
 bzhgf n]vs4f/f n]lvPsf] pkGof; cfsf; ljeflht 5 xf] .
 ljwfut ?kdf g]kfnL ;flxTodf gf6ssf] k|j]z lj=;+=!(** df ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnL ;flxTodf syfn] lj=;+=!((@ b]lv k|j]z kfPsf] xf] .
 /]l8of] g]kfnsf] :yfkgf @))& ;fn r}q @) ut] ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :yfkgf @)$! ;fn df3 !& df / k|zf/0f sfo{ @)$@ kf}if !$ af6 z'? ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnL efiffn] g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf lj=;+=@)!% ;fndf kfPsf] xf] .
 of] dfGotf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% n] lbPsf] xf] .
 lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+=@)!^ ;fndf ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ k/Liffsf] dfWod efiffsf] ?kdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] @)!* a}zfv #) ut] tf]s]sf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^ df /fi6«efiffsf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 .
 dw'ks{sf] k|sf;g lj=;+=@)@% af6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
 g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfw'lgs o'usf] k|j]z u/fpg] / kfZrfTo k|efj leq\ofpg] k|yd gf6s afns[i0f ;dsf] d'6'sf]
Joyf xf] . k|yd pkGof; ?b|/fh kf08]sf] ?kdtL xf] .
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pkGof; dfwjL xf] . o;sf] /rgfsf/ dbgdl0f bLlIft x'g\ .
 g]kfnL ;flxTodf >[+ufl/s wf/fsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ slj df]tL/fd e§ x'g\ .
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] klxnf] ljof]ufGt gf6s c6naxfb'/ xf] . o;sf n]vs kxndfg l;+x :jfF/ x'g\ .
 g]kfnL sljtfsf] If]qdf uBfTdstfsf] z'?jft ug]{ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn x'g\ .
 g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf cfw'lgstf leq\ofpg] u'?k|;fb d}gfnL x'g\ .
 gf;f] gfds syf n]vL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] >La[l4df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
 :jR5GbjfbL Pj+ k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] k|jt{g nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] u/]sf x'g\ .
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] z'qkft df]xg sf]O/fnfn] u/]sf x'g\ .
 cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg k|d'v ;flxTosf/x? O{Gb|axfb'/ /fO{, a}/fuL sfOnf, O{Zj/ aNne cflb x'g\ .
 g]kfnL ;flxTodf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL 8f= jf;'b]j lqkf7L x'g\ .
 d}ynL ;flxTosf dxfslj ljBfklt x'g\ .
 d}ynL ;flxTosf] ljsf; 8f]o/fHo sfndf ePsf] xf] .
 d}ynL ;flxTosf k|yd uBsf/ / gf6ssf/ Hof]lt/LZj/ x'g\ . pgn] j0f{/Tgfsf/ eGg] u|Gy n]v]sf lyP .
 d}ynL efiffsf] lnlk lt/x'tf xf] .
 ;flxTo n]vgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfnL efiffkl5sf] bf];|f] efiff g]jf/L xf] .
 g]jf/L ;flxTosf] pj{/ ;do dNnsfnnfO{ dflgG5 .
 g]jf/L efiffsf] k|yd pkGof; ldzf -gf/L_ xf] . o;sf n]vs w'F:jfF ;fodL x'g\ .
 g]jf/L efiffsf] klxnf] slj k|tfk dNn x'g\ . g]jf/L efiff /~hgf lnlk -o;nfO{ e'lhdf]n ;d]t elgG5_ df n]lvG5
 g]jf/L ;flxTosf cflbslj l;l4bf; cdfTo x'g\ .
 g]jf/L efiffsf] klxnf] rnlrq l;n' xf] .
 du/ efiffsf cflbslj hLt axfb'/ l;~hfnL du/ x'g\ . pgsf] hGd dfdf3/ u'NdLdf ePsf] lyof] eg] pgL
:ofª\hfsf x'g\ .
 ls/fFt wd{sf] d"n u|Gy d'Gw'd xf] . o;sf n]vs Odfgl;+x r]Dh'ª x'g\ .
 dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] hGd !(^^ sflt{s @& df ePsf] / lgwg @)!^ ;fn efb| @( df ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnL z}lIfs Oltxf;df g]kfnL ljifo clgjfo{ u/fpg] nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f x'g\ . pgL k|wfgdGqL
8f=s]=cfO=l;+xsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf lzIffdGqL ePsf lyP .
 /fli6«o n]vs lbj; r}q # ut] dgfOG5 .
 g]kfn /fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lt:7fgsf] -Ronast_ :yfkgf @)#( d+l;/ @) ut] ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf @)!$ ;fndf ePsf] xf] .
123
 g]kfnL xf:oJoªusf ;'k|l;4 ;flxTosf/ e}/j cof{n x'g\ .
 kfl/hftsf] jf:tljs gfd lji0f's'df/L jfOjf xf] .
 cIf/fª\s lzIffsf] z'?jft ug]{ JolQm hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x x'g\ . pgL g]kfnsf] k|yd afn ;flxTosf/ klg x'g\ .
 /fi6« slj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 @)^) c;f]h ( ut] pQm pkflw k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
lghsf] @)&& efb| @ ut] !)! jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] gj d~h/L, uf}/L -zf]ssfAh_, dfntL
d+un], /fh]Zj/L, OGb|s'df/L, /fi6« lgdf{tf, lsGg/ lsGg/L h:tf s[ltsf] /rgf ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
 ;g\ !((! df gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/ ljh]tf Dofgdf/sL k|hftGqjfbL g]t[ cfª ;fª ;'sL !# gf]e]Da/ ;g\ @)!)
df gh/aGbaf6 l/xf ePsL lyOg\ .
 klqsfdf ;DkfbsLo n]Vg] rng k|mfG;af6 z'? ePsf] xf] .
 uf]/vfkq @)^$ ;fn c;f]h ! b]lv g]kfnsf ljleGg dft[efiffdf k|sflzt x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
 ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L ljqmL ePsf] k':ts x\of/L kf]6/ xf] . o;sf n]lvsf a]nfotsL h]=s] /f]lnª x'g\ .
ljleGg ;flxTosf/ / ltgsf s[ltx?
;flxTosf/ s[lt
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f rDkf, k[YjL/fh rf}xfg, k|ldy;, d'gfdbg, s'l~hgL, ;'nf]rgf, dxf/fgf
k|tfk, ;fljqL ;Tojfg, /fhs'df/ k|efs/, zfs'Gtn, nIdL lgaGw ;+u|x,
/fhk't /d0fL, kxf8L k'sf/, k'tnL, a;GtL, d}gf, levf/L, ;'gsf] laxfgL,
bfl8dsf] ?vg]/, gj/;, l;tfx/0f, lrNnf kftx?, d[To'z}of, cfsfz af]N5,
s6s, 5fofF;Fu s'/f
w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnf g}j]B sljtf ;+u|x, rGbg, :kGbg
efg'eQm cfrfo{ /fdfo0f -dxfsfJo_, k|Zgf]Q/L, eQmdfnf, aw'lzIff, cfTdaf]w, afnsf08,
km'6s/ sljtf, /fduLtf
df]tL/fd e§ uh]Gb|df]If, lksb't, ukmfi6s, zs'Gtnf, ssg ;'Gb/L, kBfjtL, k|Nxfb elQm,
efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/q, ;+uLt rGb|f]bo
o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7 sf]lknf, d]/f] k|ltljDa, s'lx/f] / 3fd, dtjfnf-sljtfx?_, pj{zL, cfFz' /
o'4 / zflGt-v08sfJox?_, Ct' ljrf/, a'l4 ljgf]b, nflnTo, sf]lknf
h'gls/L, dª\undfg

kfl/hft -lji0f's'df/L jfOjf_ a};sf] dfG5], tf]/L jf/Lsf af6f / ;kgfx?, cGt{d'vL, kvf{nleq / jflx/,
klxnf] k6s dbg k'/:sf/ clgbf] kxf8;Fu}, cflbd b]z, zx/ / k|ltef, kl/eflift cfFvfx?, lzl/ifsf]
kfpg] dlxnf k"mn -pkGof;_, cfsf+Iff, cflbd b]z, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f]

bf}}ntljqmd lji6 3fpsf ;q rSsf, Ps kfOnf cg]sf} ofd, d~h/L, rkfOPsf cg'xf/,
yfs]sf] cfsfz, lju|]sf] af6f], l;Gb'/, ufnfsf] nfnL, 5fofF, k|b{zgL, ef]s /
leQfx?, Hof]lt Hof]lt dxfHof]lt, lxdfn / dfG5]

/fi6«slj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/] gj d~h/L, 3fdkfgL, afnnx/L, uf}/L, /fh]Zj/L, dfntL d+un] ljif sGof,
cfk\mgf] sljtf cfk\mg} uLt, gofF g]kfn, kfklg cfdf, wtL{ dftf

ljhos'df/ dNn sf]xL lsg ajf{b xf];\, Ho'bf] nf;, af}nfxf sfhLsf] ;kgf, ;[li6 /f]lsb}g,
cg'/fwf

e"lk z]/rg 3'Dg] d]rdflysf] cGwf] dfG5] –klxnf] k6s ;femf k'/:sf/ o;} s[lt_,
kl/jt{g, gofF em\ofp/] lge{/

e}/j cof{n sfps'tL, hoe"F8L, unaGbL, bz cjtf/, /fli6«o cfJxfg, pkjg, k|j]lzsf
lgaGw

124
nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ rGb afx|f}+ v]nf8L, lxpFsf] tGgf
-dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg]
k|wfgdGqL_
nLnaxfb'/ If]qL a;fO{, ct[Kt, bf]jf6f]

gf6\o;d|f6 afns[i0f ;d d'6'sf] Joyf, d's'Gb OlGb/f, k|Nxfb, k|]dlk08, efg'eQm, p d/]sL 5}g, lr;f]
r'Nxf], eLd;]gsf] cGTo, :jf:gL dfG5], cGwj]u, cfuf] / kfgL, tfg;]]gsf]
em/L, cld6 af;gf, tn dfly, w|'j, lgoldt cfslidstf,

8fodg ;dz]/ ;]tf] af3 –hfkfgL efiffdf cg'jfb ePsf] klxnf] s[lt_, a;GtL, ;Tok|of;,
wgsf] wAaf, k|lta4, clgtf

u'? k|;fb d}gfnL -g]kfnL syf k/fnsf] cfuf], gf;f], v/fgLsf] lzzL
;flxTosf cfw'lgstf leq\ofpg]
JolQm_

jLkL sf]O/fnf bf]ifL rZdf-klxnf] s[lt_, lx6n/ / ox'bL, g/]Gb| bfO, tLg 3'DtL, ;'lDgdf,
df]bL cfOg, h]n hg]n{ cfTdj[tfGt, afa' cfdf / 5f]/f, d]/f] cfTdsyf

/d]z ljsn gofF ;8ssf] uLt, lj/fgf] b]zdf, clj/n aUb5 Ogb|fjtL, ;ft ;"o{ Ps
kmGsf]

aflg/f lu/L Pp6f hLpFbf] h+uaxfb'/

;?eQm kfun a:tL, t?gL v]tL
uf]ljGb axfb'/ dNn ck{0ff -pkGof;_, sy}syf, syf ;+u|x, RofltPsfkbf{, bf]if s;}nfO{ 5}g,
e";sf] cfuf], kNnf] 3/sf] e\mofn, ef]sf] 3/, k|]d / d[To'

bnfO{ nfdf -t]lGhË UofT;f]_ MY Land and My People

cfª ;fª ;'sL Lets Visit to Nepal

k/j]h d';{/km In the life of fire
ljj]s zfx d}n] b]v]sf] b/jf/
xs{ u'?ª d}n] b]v]sf] g]kfn
>j0f d'sf?ª lj;] gurL{sf] aofg
8f=uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{ ;'s/ftsf] 8fo/L
/Tg k|hfklt ;]tf afbn
emdss'df/L l3ld/] hLjg sfF8f sL k"mn
t;lndf g;l/g Kof;leqsf] ljb|f]x
df]xgk|;fb vgfn g]kfnL efiffsf] xhf/ jif{
h]=s]=/f]lnª x\of/L kf]6/
df]bgfy k|l>t dfgj dxfsfJo, b]jf;'/ ;+u|fd, cfdfsf] sfvdf, gf/L aGwg / d'lQm,
uf]n3/sf] ;Gb]z, ctLtsf kfOnf, b]zeQm nIdLjfO{, hLjf0f'b]lv dfgj;Dd
afa'/fd cfrfo{ 8f]6Lsf] Oltxf;
cudl;+x lu/L cfFz', o'4 / of]4f, ofb, hn]sf] k|ltlaDa /f]Psf] k|ltWjlg, cfTd Joyf

eLdlglw ltjf/L oz:jL zj, tk{0f, a/lzIff, ljikmf]6, l;+xb/af/, df6f]sf] dfof, cfTdxTof,
rf}tfl/of nIdLgf/fo0f, gf]s/, cfbz{ hLjg, aQL; k'tnL, rf8af8,
;xgzLnf, ls;fg, Psf+sL kNnj, ;To xl/zrGb|, l;4fy{ uf}td, lznfGof;,
125
 dxf/fhf e"kltGb|, ljjfx, kfFr P]ltxfl;s Psf+sL, k'tnL
;f]dgfy l;Ub\ofn cfbz{, /f3j, ;flxTo k|bLk, cg'jfb rlGb|sf, dWorlGb|sf
zDe'k|;fb 9'+u]n tf]tf d}gf, d}tfn' 5f]/L, u'nfj sfjnL xfQLdtfO{ jL/ l;Ssf, l;+xf;g
alQ;L, lkgf;sf] syf, w|'j rl/q, rGb|k|tfksf] j0f{g, ukml;Gw', w"t{ zts,
j]Zofj0f{g, u'gs]z/L /fgL, cdf]n d}of, csa/ lj/an ljnf;
OGb| axfb'/ /fO{ cfh /ldtf 5, ljkgf sltko, l6k]sf l6Kk0fLx?, syff:yf, s7k'tnLsf] dg
sdndl0f lbIfLt sfnf] cIf/, eGg] s'/f, o:tf] s'/f, sfutLsf] l;/k
sflnk|;fb l/hfn Hjf/fef6f, cfvfF 5f]kL g/f]p egL
s]bf/dfg Jolyt ;+ud, Ps lbg, h'g]nL, k|ltIff, lbj; lrq, d]/f] ;kgf, xfd|f] b]z / xfdL,
gf/L dfw'o{, lqj]0fL
s]zj/fh lkF8fnL v} v}, Psfb]zsL dxf/fgL, k]m/L pN6} ldNof], cGtb]lv z'?
s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg e~Hofªlg/}, ;flns, l;h{gfsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]
u'?k|;fb d}gfnL gf;f]
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn of] k|]d, cfdfsf] ;kgf, d;fg
36/fh e§/fO{ cd/ Hof]lt, ;fFrf] k|]d, k|lte} k|ltef, afbn kmf6]kl5, sljtf s';'d, cfh
sf] l;t
rqmkfl0f rfln;] dl5Gb|gfysf] syf, gLlt/Tg d~h'iff, d]3b't 5fofF, dg':d[lt, h}dgLo ef/t,
g]kfnL ;+lIfKt /fdfo0f, g]kfnL aunLsf]if, ;flxTo lddf+zf
lrQw/ x[bo X[bo syf, x[bo s';'d, kb\d lgs'~h
Tffgfgfy zdf{ d]/f] syf, kftfn k|jf;, hLjgsf 5fn, a]nfotlt/ a/flnbf, gd:t], cf]em]n
kbf{, hdsf{x?
w|'j/fh yfkf sfnLsf] nx/, /Tg h'g]nL, kxf8L ;+uLt, d+unL s';'d, lbJo rf}tf/L, uf]n
l;dn, lanf}gf, ltnf]Qdfsf] d]n
jfz' zzL d]/L piff, km'n j}nfPkl5, ckdflgt cf:yf, ;+/If0f, s]xL sljtf s]xL uLt,
kfgL rNb}g, of}6f o:tf] k'mn rflxG5
ljhoaxfb'/ dNn sf]xL lsg aaf{b xf];\, lhpFbf] nf;, cg'/fwf, kTy/sf] syf, ;ft Psf+sL,
ax'nfxf sfhLsf] ;kgf, Ps af6f] cg]s df]]8, bf]efg, k/]jf / s}bL, s'df/L
zf]ef
ejfgL leIf' cjfGt/, kfOk g+=@, 5fofF, kl/isf/, k|sfz cfut, u'g s]z/L, cfjt{
df]xg/fh zdf{ a}s'07 PS;k|];, dfof/fgL, lqkmnf, k~rfot, :jb]z kl/ro, sf]/f{, RofFv] wgf{
o'4k|;fb ld> cd/ syf, eQm ;'bfdf, c/0o sf08, af9L
/d]z ljsn cla/n aUb5 Ogb|fjtL, ;bf{/ elQm yfkf, ;Kt/ª\u, goffF ;8ssf] uLt,
la/fgf] b]zdf, k]m/L csf]{ tGgf k]ml/G5, Pp6f a'9f], ;'gf}nL, ;ft ;"o{ Ps
kmGsf], pld{nf efpHo'
?b|/fh kf08] ?kdlt, rDkfsfhL, k|]d, k|folZrt
n}ªl;+x jfªb}n Stolen Images of Nepal
;'jf; l3l;ª pm d/L c/]
g]kfnsf s]xL ljlzi6 ;flxTosf/x?sf] pkflw
pkflw gfd pkflw gfd
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{ dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f
/fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/] o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7
cfFz'slj zDe'k|;fb 9'+u]n cfofd]nL slj tLnljqmd g]Dafª
slj s]z/L lrQw/ x[bo hgslj s]z/L wd{/fh yfkf
:j/ ;d|f6 gf/fo0f uf]kfn /fNkmf slj d]3/fh g]kfn
c:jLs[t slj sljtf/fd >]i7 >[+ufl/sslj, o'jfslj df]tL/fd e§
t/n slj kml8Gb| g]kfn dxfslj-g]jf/L efiff_ l;l4bf; cdfTo
slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn lj4t lz/f]dl0f x]dgfy kl08t
jfB lz/f]dl0f u0f]znfn >]i7 ;+uLt lz/f]dl0f o1/fh zdf{
126
 Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{ ;+lut k|lj0f g//fh 9sfn
cfw'lgs slj uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn kl08t/fh ;f]dgfy l;Sb]n
gf6\o ;d|f6 afns[i0f ;d :j/ lsGg/L tf/fb]jL
:j/ ;fd|f1L c?0ff nfdf ehg lz/f]dl0f eQm/fh cfrfo{
s]xL ;flxTosf/x?sf] pkgfd
pkgfd gfd pkgfd gfd
ejfgL leIf' ejfgL k|;fb u'Ktf sfFr'nL d~r' ltjf/L
kfl/hft lji0f's'df/L jfOjf hL zfx 1fg]Gb| zfx
uug lj/xL uug >]i7 lw/]Gb| k|]difL{ lw/]Gb| emf
e}/j cof{n tLy{gfy cof{n Zofdn xl/x/ clwsf/L
l5Ggntf /df]nfb]jL c;Ld uf]kfn kfF8]
O{Zj/ a/fn lnnfgf6]Zj/ a/fn bL3{jfx' >Lw/ vgfn
nf]rg nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb e"lk z]/rg e"k]Gb|dfg z]/rg
nLnaxfb'/ If]qL nLnaxfb'/ sfnLsf]6] s]bf/dfg Jolyt s]bf/dfg l;+x
df]bgfy k|l>t df]bgfy kf}8]n s]s] dg'Rsof] kf]v/]n afns[i0f kf]v/]n
v]tfnf kml0fGb|/fh e§/fO{ uf]7fn] uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn
d=lj=lj=zfx >L % dx]Gb| r6\ofª df:6/ s[i0fd'/f/L uf}td
s]zj/fh lk8fnL s]zj/fh nfld5fg] w':jfF ;fodL uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dfgGw/
afns[i0f ;d afns[i0f ;dz]/ /f0ff s'Gtf zdf{ s'Gtf rf}nfufO{
s[i0f wf/fjf;L s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ ljdn lgef ljdns[i0f >]i7
/l;s cR5f axfb'/ /fO{ a}/fuL sfOnf tLnljqmd g]Djfª
dg' a|fh|fsL r]tdfgl;+x e08f/L bf/L gDa/ b'O{ ch'{gk|;fb k/fh'nL
x[borGb| l;+xk|wfg rGb|k|;fb k|wfg wr uf]tfd] wg'ifrGb| uf}td
Jofs"n dfOnf k|bLks'df/ /fO{ rfFbgL zfx >L % P]Zjo{
ofqL af;' l/;fn cfx'lt ljZjeQm b'nfn
hLjg zdf{ /fds[i0f cfrfo{ ;+ho yfkf k|bLk g]kfn
e"tsf] legfh' jf;'b]j n'OF6]n h]=la=6'x'/] h'7 axfb'/ v8\uL
j]bJof; x]dfª\u bLlIft d~h'n d]3/fh zdf{ g]kfn
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ k'/:sf/x?
dbg k'/:sf/
 @)!@ ;fn c;f]h !) ut] /fgL hubDafsf] k|of;df :yfkgf ePsf] of] k'/:sf/
;flxTo, lj1fg / ;dfhzf:qsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf JolQmnfO{
k|To]s jif{ k|bfg ul/G5 .
 lj=;+=@)!# ;fnaf6 k|bfg ug{ yflnPsf] of] k'/:sf/sf] /f;L k|f/Dedf $ xhf/
/x]sf]df lj=;+=@)^@ ;fnaf6 @ nfv agfOPsf] 5 .
 of] k'/:sf/ ;j{k|ydM kfpg] JolQmTjx?df ;Todf]xg hf]zL, lrQ/~hg g]kfnL /
an/fd hf]zL x'g\ .
 # k6s of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] JolQmdf ;Todf]xg hf]zL -lj=;+=@)!#, @)!& / @)@*_
x'g\ .
 logL g]kfnsf afªdo ztfAbL k'?if egL lrlgG5g\ .
 of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] dlxnf kfl/hft x'g\ . pgn] @)@@ df lzlz/sf] k"mn
gfds s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
 emdss'df/L l3ld/]nfO{ @)^& ;fnsf] dbg k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] lyof] .
 pgL4f/f lnlvt cfTdsyf hLjg sfF8f sL k"mn gfds s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
 of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] pgL bf];|f] dlxnf x'g\ eg] o; cl3 @)@@ ;fndf kfl/hftn] of] k'/:sf/ kfPsL lyOg\ .
 @)^* ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ cDd/ Gof}kfg]nfO{ pgsf] ;]tf] w/tL gfds s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

127
 To;}u/L @)^( ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ /fhg d'sf?ª, @)&) ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ /fwf kf}8]n, @)&! ;fnsf] of]
k'/:sf/ v'zL s[ltsf] nflu ljhos'df/nfO{, @)&@ ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] /fdnfn hf]zLnfO{ / @)&# ;fnsf]
of] k'/:sf/ w[t/fi6« s[ltsf] nflu 3gZofd sF8]nnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
 @)&$ sf] nflu of]udfof s[ltsf] nflu lgnd sfsL{ ‘lgxfl/sf nfO{, @)&% ;fnsf] nflu of]u]z /fhsf] …/0fxf/Ú
s[ltnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
 @)&^ ;fnsf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ rGb|k|sfz aflgofFsf] pkGof; dxf/fgLnfO{ of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
 of] k'/:sf/nfO{ g]kfnsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ klg elgG5 .
;femf k'/:sf/M lj=;+=@)@^ ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] of] k'/:sf/sf] /f;L k|f/Dedf ! xhf/ /x]sf]df xfn o;sf] /f;L
?=%!,))) /x]sf] 5 . of] k'/:sf/ ;j{k|yd e"lk z]/rgnfO{ æ3'Dg] d]rdflysf] cGwf] dfG5]Æ gfdsf] s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] . @)^( ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ 7fs'/ a]njf;]nfO{ pgsf] qf;df O{Zj/ s[ltsf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;}u/L @)&# ;fnsf] nflu bf]xfsf] ;Lwf p8fg s[ltsf] nflu ho 5fª5f /fO{nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
hubDaf>L k'/:sf/M lj=;+=@)$% ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] of] k'/:sf/sf] /f;L k|f/Dedf ?=%),))) /x]sf]df lj=;+=@)^@
;fnb]lv @ nfv ePsf] 5 . of] k'/:sf/ lj=;+=@)$% ;fndf gf/fo0fk|;fb u'?jfrfo{nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . @)&@
;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ nLnaxfb'/ If]qLnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . @)&# ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ sflGtk'/ b}lgssf al/i7
sf6'{lgi6 b'uf{ a/fn -afT;fog_ nfO{, @)&$ ;fnsf] nflu zfGtbf; dfgGw/nfO{ afn ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf] nflu /
@)&% ;fnsf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ a}/fuL sfO{FnfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . @)&^ ;fnsf] of] k'/:sf/ uLt ;+uLtsf]
If]qdf ;dlk{t zflGt 76fnnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6«o zflGt k'/:sf/M lj=;+=@)%( ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] of] k'/:sf/ lbg] lg0f{o lj=;++=@)%% ;fndf
;DkGg k|yd ljZj af}4 ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] xf] . n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if4f/f :yflkt of] k'/:sf/ k|To]s %÷% jif{df k|bfg
ul/G5 . of] k'/:sf/sf] /f;L ?=%),))) cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] k6s of] k'/:sf/ @)^* h]i7 # ut] dgfOsf]
a'4 hoGtLsf] cj;/df hfkfgsf lx/f]l;dfsf d]o/ tfbf tf];L clsjf / gfuf;fsLsf d]o/ 6dL O;f tfpmnfO{ k|bfg
ul/of] . ljZje/ clx+;f / zflGtsf nflu lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf nflu tL b'O{ JolQmnfO{ ;Ddflgt ul/Psf] xf] . oL
b'j} d]o/n] ljZje/ & xhf/ gu/sf] ;+3 agfpgdf / cf0fljs xltof/ lj/f]wL cleofg ;~rfngdf cu|0fL e"ldsf
v]n]sf 5g\ .
l; !) cjf8{
@)!$ sf] l; !) -Child 10_ cjf8{ g]kfnsL ;'lgtf bg'jf/n] kfPsL lyOg\ . of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] bg'jf/ klxnf] g]kfnL
/x]sL lyOg\ eg] ;g\ @)!% sf] of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] dfOtL g]kfnsL cWoIf cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf x'g\ . of] k'/:sf/sf] /f;L
!) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 . of] k'/:sf/ afn clwsf/, ;dfh;]jf cflbsf] If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofP afkt k|bfg
ul/G5 .
CNN Hero Award
of] k'/:sf/ cd]l/sfsf] k|l;4 ;dfrf/ ;+:yf Cable News Network n] k|bfg ub{5 . of] k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf ;g\
@))& df ePsf] lyof] . of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL dfOtL g]kfnsL cWoIf cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf x'g \ . pgn] of]
k'/:sf/ ;g\ @)!) df kfPsL lyOg\ . To;}u/L bf];|f] g]kfnL k'ikf a:g]t x'g\ . afnaflnsfsf] lzIff / ;+/If0f vflt/
k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| vf]nL ;f] sfo{df vl6/x]sL a:g]tnfO{ ;g\ @)!@ sf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
;f]xL adf]lhd ;g\ @)!% sf] of] k'/:sf/ cd]l/sL gful/s DofuL 8f]ognfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . pgn] ;'v]{tdf
cgfy afnaflnsfsf] cWoogsf] nflu sf]lknf EofnL ;]jf ;dfh gfds :s"n vf]nL cWofkgdf nflu/x]sL l5g\ . ;g\
@)!^ sf] of] k'/:sf/ sf]nlDaofsf Jeison Aristizabal nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!^ sf] CNN Superhero
Award eg] g]kfnsL k'ikf a:g]tnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;g\ @)!& sf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ cd]l/sfsL Amy
Wright nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!* sf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ k]?sf 8S6/ Ricardo Pun Chong / ;g\ @)!(
sf] k'/:sf/ Olyof]lkofnL dlxnf Freweini Mebrahtu nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
Hero Acting to End Modern De Slavery Award
cd]l/sfsf] ljb]z dGqfnon] k|bfg ug]{ of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL rl/dfof tfdfª x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ @)!! df of]
k'/:sf/ kfPsL lyOg\ . zlQm ;d"xdf cfa4 pgL l;Gw'kfNrf]ssL x'g\ . To;}u/L ;g\ @)!$ sf] nflu of] k'/:sf/
kfpg] 6]s gf/fo0f s'Fj/ x'g\ . GofofwLz k]zfdf cfa4 s'Fj/ of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] bf];|f] g]kfnL x'g\ . To;}u/L ;g\ @)!^
df of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] g]kfnL ls/0f ah|frfo{ x'g\ . eQmk'/ k|x/L k|d'vnfO{ dlxnf a]rlavg sfo{sf] lj?4df sfo{
u/]sf] cfwf/df of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;g\ @)!* sf] nflu of] k'/:sf/ ;'lgtf bg'jf/nfO{ dfgj
a]rljvgsf] lj?4df cleofg rnfPsf] sf/0f k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .
Adaptation at Scal Prize

128
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf lqmofzLnnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] egL Ideas to Impact gfds ;+:yfn] :yfkgf u/]sf] of] k'/:sf/
g]kfns} w]/} /f;Lsf] k'/:sf/ dflgG5 . of] k'/:sf/ b'O{ r/0fdf k|bfg ul/G5 . klxnf] r/0fdf o;sf] /f;L @ s/f]8 #!
nfv /x]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] r/0fdf o;sf] /f;L % s/f]8 %) nfv /x]sf] 5 . of] k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf @)&# ;fndf ePsf]
5.
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k'/:sf/
of] k'/:sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] k|bfg ub{5 . o;sf] :yfkgf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)&# df ePsf] xf] eg]
of] k'/:sf/ k|To]s @÷@ jif{df k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf] /f;L # nfv /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g
/f]dg Dofuf;];] k'/:sf/
 gf]j]n k'/:sf/sf ;+:yfks cNk|m]8 gf]a]nsf] hGd ;g\ !*## cS6'j/ @# df l:j8]gsf] /fhwfgL :s6xf]ddf ePsf]
lyof] . pgn] ;g\ !*^^ df 8fOgfdfO6 agfP/ k|l;4 ePsf x'g\ . Plzofsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ dflgg] of] k'/:sf/sf]
:yfkgf ;g\ !(%& df ePsf] xf] lkmlnlkG;sf k"j{/fi6«klt /f]dg Dofuf;];]sf] :d[ltdf :yflkt of] k'/:sf/ ;g\ !(%*
b]lv k|bfg ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .
 of] k'/:sf/ Dofuf;];]sf] hGdlbg cui6 #! df k|bfg ul/G5 . of] k'/:sf/ kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL dx]zrGb| /]UdL -;g\
!(&&_, bf];|f] g]kfnL ef/tbQ sf]O/fnf -;g\ @))@_ x'g\ eg] 8f=;Gb's ?Ot -;g\ @))^_, dxfjL/ k'g -;g\ @))&_ /
;g\ @)!# df zlQm ;d"x x'g\ . o;sf] /f;L %),))) 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
snf
 ;fdfGotofM snf ^$ k|sf/sf] x'G5g\ .
 kfif0fo'udf snfnfO{ hfb" elgGYof] eg] snfsf/nfO{ hfb"u/ elgGYof] .
 nlntsnf dxfljBfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;++=@)@$ ;fndf ePsf] xf] eg] o;sf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ nlntsnf SofDk;
gfd /x]sf] ldlt @)#) ;fndf xf] .
 c/lgsf]nfO{ lj=;+=@)!$ ;fndf /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff ul/of] .
 snf d'VttM # k|sf/sf] x'G5 . ltgLx? lrqsnf, d"lt{snf / af:t'snf . oL ltgj6} snfsf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{
nlntsnf elgG5 .
 g]kfndf snfsf] r/d ljsf; dNnsfndf ePsf] dflgG5 eg] o;sf] r/d ljsf; t]x|f} ztfAbLdf ePsf] dflgG5 .
lrqsnfM–lrqsf] dfWodaf6 ljrf/ cleJoQm ug]{ dfWod lrqsnf xf] . of] # snfdWo]sf] k"/fgf] snf xf] .
 tLg j6} snfsf] ;f/ g} lrqsnf xf] . g]kfndf lrqsnf lnR5ljsfndf lelqPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5
 lrqsnfnfO{ u|Gylrq, kf}ef lrq / leQ] lrq u/L # efudf af8\g ;lsG5
 ljleGg u|Gydf kfOg] lrqnfO{ u|Gy lrq elgG5 .
 k|1fkf/ldtf g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf k'/fgf] u|Gy lrq xf] eg] g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] lrq klg u|Gy lrq g} xf] . k|1fkf/ldtf
bzf} ztfAbLlt/ tfd|kqdf agfOPsf] b]jtfx?sf] lrq xf] .
 klxn] u|Gy lrq tfd|kqdf agfOGYof] eg] xfn of] sfuhdf agfOG5 .
 sk8fdf agfOPsf] lrqnfO{ kf}ef lrq elgG5 . o;nfO{ yfªsf klg elgG5 .
 of] juf{sf/ / j[Qfsf/ ?kdf agfOG5 . of] !! cf} ztfAbLlt/ lelqPsf] dflgG5 .
 kf}ef lrq k6 / d08nf u/L @ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
 k6lrqdf d'Vo b]jtf aLrdf / jl/kl/ ;xfos b]jtfx?sf] lrq agfOG5 .
 d08nfdf eg] aLrdf s'g} lrGx / jl/kl/ b]jtfx?sf] lrq agfOG5 .
 3/ dlGb/sf] leQfdf agfOPsf] lrqnfO{ leQ] lrq elgG5 .
 d'VotM 3/df s'g} k|sf/sf] e"tk|]t gnfuf];\ eg]/ ljleGg hgfj/sf] lrq agfP/ 3/df /flvG5 .
 gfuk~rdLsf] lbg 3/df gfusf] lrq agfP/ /flvg] lrq leQ] lrq xf] .
 u'?ª ;d'bfon] 3/sf] leQfdf sf]l/g] lrq k'/ftL, yf?n] 3/sf] leQfdf sf]g]{ lrq df]vf / d}ynL ;d'bfon] 3/sf]
leQfdf sf]g]{ lrqnfO{ dw'agL lrq elgG5 .
d"lt{snfM–l;;f, sf7, wft', 9'Ëfx?af6 agfOPsf ljleGg cfs[ltnfO{ d"lt{ elgG5 .
 of] wfld{s cf:yf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] .
 g]kfndf ;aeGbf k"/fgf] d"lt{ lj?kfIf xf] . kz'kltgfy dlGb/l:yt cfo{3f6df /x]sf] of] d"lt{ ls/ftsfnLg d"lt{ xf]
h'g d"lt{nfO{ klxnf] ls/ftsfnLg /fhf onDa/sf] lz/ elgG5 .
 d"lt{snfsf] ljsf; lnR5ljsfndf ePsf] dflgG5 .
129
 dNnsfndf d"lt{snfn] ljsf;sf] r/d ?k lnPsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf] 7"nf] d"lt{ a'9flgns07sf] d"lt{ xf] eg] ;fgf] d"lt{ ljZj?k d"lt{ xf] .
 g]kfnsf] -ljZjsf] ;d]t_ ;a}eGbf cUnf] lzjsf] d"lt{ eQmk'/sf] lrQkf]ndf /x]sf] !$# lkm6 cUnf] lzjsf]
s}nfzgfy d"lt{ /x]sf] 5 .
jf:t'snf
 jf;:yfg;DaGwL snfnfO{ jf:t'snf elgG5 .
 of] snfsf] pkh cyj{j]bnfO{ dflgG5 .
 o;sf] z'?jft klg k|frLgsfnaf6} ePsf] kfOG5 .
 g]kfndf Kofuf]8f z}nL, :t'k jf r}To z}nL / lzv/ z}nLsf jf:t'snf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
 tn km/flsnf] / dfly ;fFu'l/b} hfg] / PseGbf a9L 5fgf]o'Qm z}nLnfO{ Kofuf]8f z}nL elgG5 .
 ljZjdf of] z}nLsf] ljsf; hfkfgaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 .
 dfgu[x, rfFu'gf/fo0f, s}nfzs'6 ejg, eb|flwjf;, eQmk'/sf] Goftkf]n, bQfq]osf] dlGb/, sfi7d08k, a;Gtk'/sf]
gf}tn] b/jf/, g'jfsf]6sf] b/jf/, kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/, tn]h' cflb ;a} dlGb/ Tofuf]8f z}nLsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
 Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lgld{t g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlGb/ rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ lnR5ljsfnLg /fhf dfgb]jn]
lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . eQmk'/df /x]sf] of] dlGb/ ;d'Gb ;txaf6 !%)& ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] 5 .
 ljnf;L b/jf/ egL a;Gtk'/ b/jf/nfO{ lrlgG5 .
 sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ;a}eGbf a9L o;} z}nLsf dlGb/x? /x]sf 5g\ .
 af}4 k/Dk/cg';f/ tn km's]sf] / dfly ;f3'F/f] x'Fb} uPsf] z}nLnfO{ :t'k z}nL jf r}To z}nL elgG5 .
 ef/taf6 ;d|f6 czf]sn] of] z}nLnfO{ g]kfn leq\ofPsf x'g\ .
 :joDe"gfy, af}4gfy, rf?dtL, kf6gsf] czf]s :t'k Pj+ r}To z}nLsf pis[i7 gd"gfx? x'g\ .
 lu|;af6 lelqPsf] dflgg] lzv/ z}nL lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] cUnf] k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
 of] %÷( efuf 7f8f] kf/]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 .
 kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/, z+vd"nsf] hutgf/fo0f dlGb/, dxfaf}4 dlGb/ lzv/ z}nLsf gd"gfx? x'g\ .
 ;'v]{tdf lgdf{0f eO{/x]sf] sfqm]ljxf/ o;} z}nLdf aGg uO/lx/x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] cnfjf u'Dah z}nL, d'un z}nLaf6 ag]sf 3/ tyf dlGb/x? k|z:t dfqfdf 5g\
 hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ /fhk't / d'un z}nLsf] ldl>t z}nLsf] gd"gf xf] .
 huGgfysf] dlGb/ /fhk't z}nLdf lgld{t dlGb/ xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f /0faxfb'/ zfxn] u/]sf x'g\ .
 o'/f]k]nL z}nLsf jf:t'snfdf l;+xb/af/, s]z/dxn, yfkfynL b/jf/, gf/fo0flx6L b/jf/ ;+u|xfno cflb kb{5g\ .
 of] z}nLsf] g]kfndf k|j]z u/fpg] JolQm led;]g yfkf x'g\ .
 of] z}nLdf lgld{t g]kfnsf] klxnf] b/af/ afu b/af/ xf], h'g b/af/ lj=;+=!*^* df led;]g yfkfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf
lyP .
 l;+xb/jf/ k|mfG;df /x]sf] el;{lnh b/jf/sf] cg's/0f u/L agfPsf] xf] .
g]kfnL nf]safhfx?
k~r]afhf M–kfFr afhfx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ k~r]afhf elgG5 . of] afhf z'ed'x't{ tyf ljjfxdf ahfOG5 . o;
afhfsf] ;d"xdf bdfxf, ;xgfO{, 6\ofDsf], g/l;+xf / e\mofD6f kb{5 .
gf}dlt afhf M–bdfxf@, ;xgfO{@, g/l;+xf, e\mofD6f, 6\ofDsf], s0ff{n / 9f]ns
dfbn M–of] afhfsf] k|of]u z'?jftdf du/ hfltaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . of] sf7sf] 9'ªu|f]df b'j}k§L 5fnfn]
df]8]/ agfOG5 .
;f/ªuL M–of] uGwj{ hfltn] ahfpg] afhf xf] . of] lv/f{sf] sf7af6 agfOG5 . rf/j6f tf/nfO{ /]6]/ ;'dw'/
afhf ahfOG5 . o;nfO{ kf]yL afhf klg elgG5 .
afF;'/L÷d'/nL M–of] afhfx? d'/nL hftsf] afF;df ;fgf ;fgf Kjfn agfP/ agfOG5 . d'/130 fug]7n] Rofk]/
ahfOG5 eg] afF;'/L km's]/ ahfOG5 .
zªv M–of] ;d'b|df kfOg] zªv hftsf] ls/fsf] vf]naf6 agfOG5 . of] k"hfsf] ;do / d[t dflg;nfO{
3f6df n}hfbf ahfOG5 .
v}hF8L M– of] afhf sf7df 5fnfn] df]8]/ agfOG5 . of] anfg / /f]Onf ufpFbf ahfOG5 .
8Dkm" M–of] tfdfª hfltn] k|of]u ug]{ afhf xf] . of] sf7df 5fnf df]8]/ agfOG5 .
>[ªuLgfb M–of] /ftL hf]uLx?n] km]/L nufpFbf ahfpg] afhf xf] . of] s[i0f;f/sf] l;ªaf6 agfOPsf] x'G5 .
130
k}tf M–of] afhf pkTosfsf g]jf/ hfltn] ahfpg] afhf xf] . of] tfdfaf6 ag]sf] x'G5 .
nfjf M–nfdfx?n] k"hf ubf{ ahfOg] afhf xf] . tfdfaf6 ag]sf] of] afhfnfO{ km's]/ ahfOG5 .
Rofa|'ª M–of] afhf 7"nf] 9f]n h:t} x'G5 . of] uf]?sf] 5fnf df]8]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . of] afhf ljz]ifu/L /fO{,
lnDa" hfltdf k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 .
 lagfof], r/Lafhf, onDa/, d'r'{ª\uf afhf /fO{ hflt;Fu ;DalGwt x'g\ .
 caf{hf] afhfnfO{ efn], dfpm / u'? afhf klg elgG5 . of] afhf ahfpg hfGg] Psdfq JolQm df]xg axfb'/ uGwj{
x'g\ .
k|d'v rf8kj{x? / hfqfx?
57 kj{ M–ljz]iftM k"jL{ t/fO{df dflgg] of] rf8 sflQs z'SnkIfsf] rf}yLaf6 ;KtdL;Dd $ lbg dgfOG5 of] kj{sf]
d'Vo lbg ifi7Lsf lbg] gbL tyf tnfpdf ;"of{:t cl3 g} 5ftL;Dd kfgLdf 8]a]/ ;"of]{kf;gf u/L agfOG5 . ;KtdLsf]
lbg ;"of]{bo cl3 hnlsgf/fdf k'uL ;"o{nfO{ g}j]B cflb ;d]t c3{bfg ub{5g\ . klxn] klxn] of] kj{ d}ynL ;d'bfon]
dfq dfGg] ub{y] eg] kl5Nnf lbgdf of] kj{ d}ynL ;d'bfosf cnfjf cGo ;d'bfox?n] ;d]t dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] kj{
kl5Nnf lbgdf sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGo efudf ;d]t dgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . of] kj{ cfk\mgf] efsn,
dgf]sfdgf, cfsf+Iff k"/f xf];\ egL dfGg] ul/G5 eg] cfk"meGbf 7"nfsf] cflzjf{b lng] ul/G5 . of] kj{df 7]s'jf
nufotsf] kl/sf/ agfO{ cfkmGtnfO{ afF8L vfg] ul/G5 .
e'jf kj{M– afh'/f, aemfª, bfr'{nf, s'dfp u9jfn nufotsf If]qdf dgfOg] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts kj{ e'jf x/]s jif{
k'; dlxgfdf dgfOG5 . dxfef/tsf] o'4sfnb]lv of] kj{ cf/De ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . Tof] a]nf ePsf] wd{o'4df
kf08jsf] ljhoL ePkl5 ;'lzofnL :j?k ljho ofqfsf ?kdf of] kj{ dgfOg] k|rng /x]sf] ls+jbGtL 5 . of] kj{sf]
d'Vo cfsif{0f kIf e'jf gfr xf] . xftdf t/jf/ / 9fn lnO{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf afhfufhf;lxt v]lnG5 .
l;?jfM–of] kj{ emfkf lhNnfsf /fhj+zL hfltn] gofF jif{sf] z'ef/Dedf dgfpg] rf8 xf] . of] a}zfv ! b]lv & ut];Dd
xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 .
;'v/fqLM–of] kj{ yf?hfltn] dgfpg] rf8 xf] . of] sflQs nIdL k"hfb]lv efOl6sfsf] lbg;Dd dgfOG5 .
uf}/f kj{M–dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rndf w'dwfdsf;fy lzjkfj{tLsf] k"hf u/L dgfOg] kj{nfO{ uf}/f kj{
elgG5 . of] kj{ efb| s[i0f k~rdLb]lv ci6dL;Dd dgfOG5 . d'Vo lbg ci6dL xf] .
Nxf];f/ kj{M–ltAatL efiffdf …Nxf]Úsf] cy{ jif{ / …;f/Úsf] cy{ kl/jt{g x'g' xf] . o;/L x/]s k'/fgf] jif{ cGTo eO{ gofF
jif{sf] z'ef/De x'g] 36gfnfO{ Nxf];f/sf] ?kdf dgfOG5 . of] kj{ z]kf{, tfdfª, u'?ª ;d'bfon] dgfp5g\ .
u'?ª ;d'bfosf] td' Nxf];f/ k'if !% df dgfOG5 . To;}u/L df3 z'Sn k|ltkbfdf tfdfª hfltsf] ;f]gfd Nxf];f/ /
kmfu'g z'Sn k|ltkbfdf z]kf{ nufot lxdfnL ;d'bfosf] UofNjf] Nxf];f/ kb{5 . of] kj{df k|To]s jif{ !÷! hLjsf] k"hf
u/L !@ jif{df Pp6f rqm k"/f ul/G5 .
lhltof kj{M– k"jL{ t/fO{df a;f]jf; ug]{ yf?, ofbj, dxtf], d08n, 7fs"/, /fhj+zL hfltsf dlxnfn] cflZjg dlxgfdf
lht afx'g jf lhd"tafxg -;"o{ eujfg_ sf] k"hf cfr{gf u/L # lbg;Dd dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] kj{ cflZjg s[i0f
;KtdLaf6 gjdL;Dd dgfOG5 .
d?Nof kj{M– c5fdsf jfbL ;d'bfon] efb| ! df dgfpg] kj{ d?Nof kj{ xf] . of] kj{sf] cj;/df jif{ lbgsf] b'v bb{
lj;{b} gfrufg ug]{, ld7f] vfg] / /fd|f] nufpg] rng /x]sf] 5 .
tf]/gNx kj{ ysfnL ;d'bfon] kmfu' k"l0f{df eGbf ! lbg cuf8L b]lv ef]nL kN6 ;Dd dgfpb5g\ . of] kj{ lkt[ k"hfsf]
?kdf lrlgG5 .
6«xf]6] kj{ u'?ª ;d'bfon] r}q dlxgfdf r/fsf] KjfFvnfO{ zL/df lzp/]/ kf]v/f gu/ kl/qmdf ug]{ ub{5g\ .
od/L k'GxL g]jf/L ;d'bfon] dgfpg] kj{
Nxf];f/, b'Dr], dfg]l/Gb" z]kf{ ;d'bfo
wjnf rf8 Aof;L hfltsf]
jfxf kj{ ;tf/ hfltsf]
5f]s/ dgfªsf nfdf ;d'bfon] dgfpg]
u0fuf}/ k"hf df/jf8L ;d'bfon]
v/v8fO{ kj{ jlb{ofsf yf? ;d'bfon] v/ sf6\g] cleofgsf] ?kdf dgfpg] kj{
dw'>fj0fL kj{ d}ynL ;d'bfodf dlxnfn] cfk"m kljq /x]sf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ kj{
bz}+M– cflZjg z'Snk|ltkbfb]lv z'? eP/ !) lbg;Dd rNg] of] rf8 c;Todfly ;Tosf] ljhosf] ?kdf dgfOG5
ltxf/M–sflQs s[i0f qof]bzLb]lv % lbg;Dd dgfOg] of] kj{ bfh'efO / lbbL alxgLx?sf] :g]x / z'e]R5fsf] kj{ xf]
;fdf rs]jf kj{M– g]kfnsf ljz]iftM ldlynf If]qdf k|To]s jif{ sflt{s z'Sn k~rdLb]lv k"l0f{df;Dd lbbL alxgLn]
cfk\mgf bfh'efOx?sf] ;'v, ;Da[l4 / bL3f{o"sf] sfdgf ub}{ of] kj{ dgfOG5 .
131
df3 ! ut] yf? hfltn] df3L kj{ dgfpg] ub{5g\ .
 df3 z'Snk~rdLnfO{ >Lk~rdL -;/:jtL k"hf_ jf a;Gt k~rdLsf] ?kdf dgfOG5 .
 Clifk~rdL efb|z'Sn k~rdLsf] lbg dgfOG5 .
 s'z]cf}ifL efb| s[i0f cf}ifLsf] lbg dgfOG5 .
 efb| s[i0f ci6dLdf s[i0f hGdfi6dL dgfOG5 .
 a}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfdf a'4 hGd]sf] pknIodf k|To]s jif{ xfdL a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg a'4 hoGtL dgfp5f}+ .
 @)&* h]7 !@ ut] dgfOPsf] a'4hoGtL @%^% cf}+ a'4hoGtL xf] .
 g]kfnsf @))* ;fnaf6 a'4 hoGtL dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] .
 dxflzj/fqL kmfu'g s[i0fkIfsf] rt'b{zLsf] lbg dgfOG5 .
 /fdgjdL r}q z'SngjdLsf] lbg dgfOG5 .
 dfu{ z'Sn k~rdLsf] lbg ljjfxk~rdL dgfOG5 .
 kf}if z'Snk"l0f{dfaf6 k|f/De eO{ df3 z'Snk"l0f{df;Dd :j:yfgL a|t dgfOG5 .
 3f]8]hfqf r}qs[i0f cf};Ldf dgfOG5 . o;sf] rngsf] z'?jft hok|sfz dNnn] u/]sf x'g\ .
 OGb|hfqf efb| z'Sn 4fbzLaf6 z'? eO{ cf7 lbg;Ddsf] hfqf dgfOG5 .
 of] kj{sf] d'Vo lbg efb| z'Sn rt'b{zL xf] . o;sf] rng u'0fsfdb]jn] z'?jft u/]sf x'g\ .
 of] hfqfdf hLljt b]jL s'df/L, u0f]z / e}/jsf] k"hf ul/G5 .
 ufO{hfqf efb|s[i0f k|ltkbfaf6 z'? eO{ cf7 lbg;Dd dgfOG5 .
 o;sf] rng hutk|sfz dNnn] z'?jft u/]sf x'g\ . o;nfO{ g]jf/L efiffdf ;fkf? elgG5 .
 kmfu'g z'Sn k"l0f{dfdf kmfu' k"l0f{df dgfOG5 .
 cfiff9z'Sn k"l0f{dfdf u'? k"l0f{df dgfOG5 .
 s[i0fhfqf, >[+ue]/L hfqf, lxn] hfqf, nfv]hfqf / s'df/L k"hfsf] rng u'0fsfdb]jn] rnfPsf x'g\ .
;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf
 of] hfqf r}q z'Snci6dLaf6 $ lbg;Dd dgfOG5 . o; hfqfsf] rng k|tfk dNnn] rnfPsf x'g\ .
 of] sf7df08f} lhNnfsf] d'Vo hfqf xf] .
/ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yhfqf
 of] hfqf g/]Gb|b]jn] rnfPsf x'g\ . of] kj{ nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ hfqf xf] .
 of] rf8 jiff{ / ;xsfnsf b]jtf dlR5Gb|gfysf] k"hf u/L a}zfv z'Sn k|ltkbfaf6 cfiff9 z'Sn rf}yL;Dd sl/j @
dlxgf dgfOG5 .
 of] hfqfsf] ;dfkgsf] lbg /ftf] ef]6f] b]vfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 .
 of] ef]6f] nlntk'/l:yt hfjnfv]ndf b]vfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 .
 of] hfqf k|f/De k'Nrf]saf6 z'? eO{ ufjxfndf cfO{ ;dfkg ul/G5 .
 of] ef]6f] hfqf x]g]{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fhf aL/b]j x'g\ eg] clGtd /fhf 1fg]Gb| zfx x'g\ .
 of] hfqf g]kfns} ;a}eGbf nfdf] hfqf xf] . of] hfqf g]jf/ ;d'bfon] dgfpg] hfqf xf] .
 dlR5Gb|gfysf] k|ltssf] ?kdf nlntk'/sf] a'ªdltdf /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ljif'kj{ ;'b"/klZrd / dWoklZrdsf afl;Gbfn] k|To]s jif{ a}zfv ;+qmflGtsf] lbg dgfp5g\ .
 lj:s]6 hfqf gofF jif{sf] cj;/df eQmk'/df dgfOG5 -/fhf huHof]lt dNnn] k|rngsf] z'?jft u/]sf_ .
 of] hfqfnfO{ cf7 /ft ( lbgsf] hfqf ;d]t elgG5 . lsgsL of] hfqf cf7 /ft ( lbg;Dd dgfOG5 .
 of] hfqfsf] cj;/df a}zfv @ ut] lha|f] 5]8\g] rng /x]sf] 5 .
 r08]Zj/L hfqf ag]kfdf dgfOG5 .
 lg;fg hfqf kfFry/ lhNnfdf dgfOG5 .
 OGb|fo0fL hfqfdf sLlt{k'/df dgfOg] ul/G5 . of] hfqfnfO{ ;ft ufpFn] hfqf ;d]t elgG5 .
 afx|jif]{ l;sfnL hfqf a'ª\dtLdf k|To]s afx| jif{df dgfOG5 . of] hfqf lj=;+=^#! b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] xf]
 wDdk"hf / jiff{jf; k"hf af}4wdf{anDaLx?n] dgfpg] ub{5g\ .
 l3Gtfª l3F;LF gfr ufO{hfqfsf] cj;/df eQmk'/df g]jf/ hfltn] dgfpg] gfr xf] .
 afng ;+:s[lt kfNkf lhNnfdf /x]sf] / of] ;+:s[lt cGtu{t uLt b]vfpFb} ljleGg eujfgsf] nLnf b]vfpg] sfd ul/G5 .
 P]ltxfl;s ltAato'4df g]kfnn] ljho k|fKt u/]sf] v'lzofnLdf /;'jfsf] a]qfjtLdf uf]? h'wfP/ /dfOnf] dflgG5 .
132
 a|fx\d0fx?sf] afhfsf] ?kdf lrlgg] afhf v}Fh8L xf] .
 kz'kltgfysf xfnsf d"n e§ u0f]zbQ e§ x'g\ .
 lj=;+=!*&) df lujf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfxn] kz'kltgfydf k~rfd[t :gfg u/fpg] k|rngsf] z'?jft u/]sf x'g\ o:tf] :gfg
df3] ;+qmflGtsf] lbg ul/G5 .
 df3] ;+qmflGtaf6 ;"o{ pQ/fog lbzfdf nfUb5g\ eg] wg' /f;Laf6 ds/ /fzLdf k|j]z ub{5 .
 £of] rfs' ;FNx' kj{ sf7df08f}sf cflbjf;L g]jfM hfltn] df3] ;+qmflGtsf] cj;/df dgfOg] kj{ xf] .
 df3] ;ªqmflGt kj{df uf]? h'wfpg] rng g'jfsf]6df /x]sf] 5 .

zf;gk4lt / zf;g – ;+ljwfg, /fhgLlts Joj:yf

;+ljwfg
 ;+ljwfg b]zsf] s:tf] sfg"g xf] < d"n sfg"g
 ljZjs} klxnf] / ;fgf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg
 cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg slxn] hf/L ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !&*( sf] dfr{ $ df
 ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg slxn] hf/L ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(%) hgj/L @^ df
 s'g ;+ljwfgaf6 ;+ljwfgnfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg"g dflgg yflnPsf] xf] < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
 ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/sf] u7g, To;sf] clwsf/, gful/ssf] clwsf/ / st{Jo, ;/sf/ / gful/saLrsf] cGt/;DaGw,
gful/ssf] df}lns xs / To;sf] k|rngsf] t/Lsfsf] Joj:yf ub{5 .
133
 of] ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] nflu lgb]{lzsf xf] eg] gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] k|df0fkq xf] .
 cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Gofosf] cfwf/kq xf] . of] d"n?kdf /fhgLlts tyf sfg"gL cfwf/kq xf] .
 of] d"n sfg"g ePsf]n] of];Fu aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'G5 .
 zf;g ;~rfngdf Joawfg cfPdf To;nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ / s'g} sf/0fn] zf;gk4lt e+u ePdf To; cj:yfdf
Fresh Start ug{ ;+ljwfg rflxG5 . h:t} g]kfnsf] xfnsf] ;+ljwfg -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg_ .
 åGå ?kfGt/0fsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgnfO{ lnOG5 . h:t} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd
g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ug]{ sf] x'g\ < k|wfgdGqL kb\d ;dz]/
 g]kfndf 3f]if0ff ePsf] t/ nfu" gePsf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$
 kb\d ;dz]/n] klxnf] ;+ljwfg slxn] 3f]if0ff u/] < @))$ df3 !# ut]
 klxnf] ;+ljwfg slxn]af6 nfu" x'g]jfnf lyof] < @))%.!.! af6
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg nfu" gx'g] sf/0f s] xf] < kb\d ;dz]/n] /fhLgfdf lbPsf] sf/0f
 kb\d ;dz]/n] slxn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf lbP < @))$.!!.* ut]
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf slt efu, wf/f / cg';"rL /x]sf lyP < efu ^, wf/f ^* / cg';"rL !
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf slt ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] pNn]v lyof] < b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf h;df dflyNnf]
;bgsf] ?kdf ef/bf/L ;ef -o;df @)–#) ;b:o_ / tNnf] ;bgsf] ?kdf /fi6«;ef -o;df ^)–&) ;b:o_
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ s] egL lrlgGYof] < b/vf:t kl/ifb\
 dxfn]vf k/LifsnfO{ s] egL lrlgGYof] < k|wfghfrFsL c8\8f
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ a'emfpg s] gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] < k|wfgGofofno
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ s;df lglxt lyof] < >L # df
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xs slt j6f /x]sf lyP < $ j6f -jfs :jtGqtf, k|sfzg :jtGqtf, wfld{s
:jtGqtf / JolQmut :jtGqtf_
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ?kdf s'g s'g lgsfo /x]sf lyP < nf]s;]jf cfof]u / dxfn]vf k/LIfs
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf /fhsLo ;Qmf s;df /xg] pNn]v /x]sf] lyof] < >L # df
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ s;df /xg] pNn]v /x]sf] lyof] < >L # df
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf k|wfg Gofofno -;jf]{Rr cbfnt_ df slt hgf GofofwLz /xg] pNn]v lyof] <
k|wfgGofofwLz ;lxt a9Ldf !# hgf
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgdf dlGqkl/ifb\ slt ;b:oLo /xg] pNn]v lyof] < >L # sf] cWoIftfdf % ;b:oLo -sfo{sfn $
jif{_
 klxnf] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfsf/ sf] sf] /x]sf lyP < /fdpu| l;+x, /3'gfy l;+x / / >L k|sfz u'Ktf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
 g]kfndf /fhfn] hf/L u/]sf klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
 g]kfndf nfu" ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
 cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& slxn] hf/L ePsf] xf] < @))& ;fn r}q @( ut]
 cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df slt efu, wf/f / cg';"rL lyP < & efu, &# wf/f / # cg';"rL
 cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& slt k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] < ^ k6s
 cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df slt ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] u7gsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < ;Nnfxsf/
;ef gfds Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf ;ef
 cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/, cjlzi6 clwsf/, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ s;df lglxt
lyof] < >L %
 /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
134
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df s'g s'g ;+j}wflgs c+usf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < nf]s;]jf cfof]u -klAns
;le{; sld;g_, lgjf{rg cfof]u / dxfn]vf k/LIfs u/L # j6f
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
 g]kfnsf] t];|f] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] d:of]}bf ;ldltsf cWoIf sf] /x]sf lyP < tTsfnLg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf
eujtL k|;fb l;+x
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7g slxn] / slt ;b:oLo /x]sf] lyof] < @)!$ r}q !! ut]
u7g ePsf] / of] ;ldlt % ;b:oLo /x]sf] lyof]
 /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ / gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf lyP < @)!$ df3 !(
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% slxn] / s;n] hf/L u/]sf] xf] < @)!% ;fn kmfNu'0f ! ut], /fhf dx]Gb
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] s'g s'g wf/f t'?Gt nfu" ePsf] -@)!% kmfNu'g ! ut]_ lyof] < wf/f &# -
;+lIfKt / k|sfzg_ / wf/f &% - ;+ljwfg nfu" u/fpg] clwsf/_
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] wf/f &# / wf/f &% afx]s cGo wf/fx? slxn] af6 nfu" ePsf] lyof] < @)!^
c;f/ !^ af6
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df slt efu wf/f / cg';"rL /x]sf] lyof] < efu !), wf/f && / cg';"rL #
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df slt ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < @ ;bgfTds
Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf /x]sf], dflyNnf] ;bg -dxf;ef_ df #^ hgf ;b:o /xg], h;df !* hgf >L % af6 dgf]lgt x'g]
/ tNnf] ;bg -k|ltlglw;ef_ df !)( ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf lyof] .
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df ;fj{ef}d;Qf s;df lglxt /x]sf] lyof] < >L % df
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] s'g wf/fsf] k|of]u u/L dx]Gb|n] ;+;b / ;/sf/ e+u u/] <
wf/f %% -;+s6sfnLg clwsf/_
 /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;/sf/ / ;+;b e+usf] 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf lyP < @)!& ;fn k'if ! ut]
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% hf/L x'Fbf dlGqkl/ifb\sf cWoIf sf] lyP < ;'j0f{;dz]/
 ;+ljwfgnfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg"g egL pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
 lxGb" clw/fHosf] ;fy} ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xsnfO{ klxnf] k6s s'g ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] < g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff egL pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)!%
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df slt j6f df}lns xssf] pNn]v lyof] / s'g s'g lyP < & j6f -j}olQms
:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, wd{, ;Dklt, /fhg}lts :jtGqtf, ;fj{hlgs lxt / ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs_
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] d:of}bf tof/ ubf{ ;Nnfxsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ g]kfn cfpg] a]nfotsf
;+ljwfgljb\ sf] lyP < Sir Ivor Jennings
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf s] lyof] < ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ;+;bLo zf;g
k|0ffnL
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(
 g]kfnsf] rf}yf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] d:of}bf ug{{ slt ;b:oLo d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ^ ;b:oLo
of] ;ldlt @)!( a}zfv @^ df
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( s;n] / slxn] hf/L ePsf] lyof] < >L % dx]Gb|af6 @)!( ;fn k'if ! ut]
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf slt efu, wf/f / cg';"rL /x]sf] lyof] < @) efu, (& wf/f / ^ cg';"rL
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf slt k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] < # k6s
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf slxn] slxn] ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] < klxnf] @)@# ;fn df3 !$ ut], bf];|f] @)#@ ;fn
d+l;/ @^ ut] / t];|f] @)#& ;fn k'if ! ut]
 ufpmF kms{ cleofg, clVtof/ / /fli6«o lgjf{rg s|dzM s'g s'g ;+zf]wgaf6 ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] <
qmdzMklxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] ;+zf]wg
135
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf slt ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;+;bsf] gfd s] lyof] < /fli6«o k~rfot
 /fli6«o k~rfotdf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf lyof] < @* hgf >L % af6 dgf]lgt / !!@ hgf aflns
dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df lgjf{lrt eO{ !$) hgf
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf zlQmsf] ;|f]t s;nfO{ dflgGYof] < >L % df
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] :yfgdf s'g l;4fGtsf] pNn]v /x]sf] lyof] < k~rfotsf] lgb]{zs
l;4fGt
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf s'g s'g ;+j}wflgs c+usf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]u -bf];|f]
;++zf]wgaf6_, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, lgjf{rg cfof]u
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] lyP < Clifs]z zfx
 lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pNn]v ePsf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf /fhsLo ;Qf s;df lglxt /x]sf] lyof] < >L %
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
 kfFrf} ;+ljwfgsf] gfd s] xf] < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& s;n] / slxn] hf/L u/]sf] xf] < tTsfnLg >L % jL/]Gb|af6, @)$& ;fn
sflt{s @# ut] -gf]e]Da/ (, !(()_ df
 kfFrf} ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] /x]sf lyP < ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofo
 kfFrf} ;+ljwfgdf slt efu, wf/f / cg';"rL /x]sf] lyof] < efu @#, wf/f !## / cg';"rL #
 ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g lyof] < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
kfFrf} ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftf
-s_ ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt,
-v_ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq tyf ax'bnLo ;+;bLo Joj:yf,
-u_ k|ltlglw;ef -@)% ;b:oLo_ / /fli6«o ;ef -^) ;b:oLo_ u/L @ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] /x]sf] .
-3_ :jtGq tyf ;Ifd Gofokflnsf
-ª_ dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
-r_ df}lns xssf] Joj:yf
-5_ wf/f !!^ c;+zf]wgLo rl/q
-h_ /fhgLlts bnpk/ k|ltaGw nufpg gkfOg]
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffkq, @)^#
 g]kfnsf] DofUgfsf6f{ egL lrlgg] clwsf/kq jf b:tfj]h s'g xf] < k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq, @)^#
 k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq, @)^# s'g cfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ftL xf] < lj=;+= @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf]
 k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq, @)^# s;n] hf/L u/]sf] xf] < k'gM :yflkt k|ltlglw;efn]
 k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq slxn] hf/L ePsf] xf] < @)^# h]i7 $ ut]
 DofUgfsf6f{ slxn] / sxfF hf/L ePsf] lyof] < a]nfotdf ;g\ !@!%, h'g !% df
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq, @)^# sf ljz]iftfx?
-s_ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg tyf sfo{;~rfng x'g] .
-v_ /fhkl/ifb\sf] vf/]hL
-u_ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ca pk|fGt g]kfn ;/sf/ elgg]
-3_ >L % nfO{ ;+;bsf] c+u gdflgg]
-ª_ /fhfdf lglxt sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ vf/]h
-r_ ‘>Ldfg\ uDeL/’ gfds /fli6«o ufgsf] vf/]hL
-5_ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] gfd g]kfnL ;]gf /xg]
-h_ /fhfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf NofOPsf]
-em_ /fhfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt kbaf6 vf/]h ul/Psf]
-`_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;§fdf g]kfn /fHo pNn]v ePsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

136
 g]kfnsf] 5}7f} ;+ljwfgsf] gfd s] xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] d:of}bf ;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] lyP < ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{ GofofwLz
nId0fk|;fb cof{n
 nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] cWoIftfdf slt ;b:oLo d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g ePsf] lyof] < !^ ;b:oLo
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# slxn] / s;n] hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] < @)^# ;fn df3 ! ut] tTsfnLg
k'gyf{lkt k|ltlglw;efn]
 5}6f} ;+ljwfgnfO{ s;n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] < Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7sn]
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df slt efu, wf/f / cg';"rL /x]sf] lyof] <@% efu, !^& wf/f / $ cg';"rL
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# slt k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] < !@ k6s
 /fhsLo ;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{sf] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 dlxnfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g lyof] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^#
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf ;+zf]wgx?
;+zf]wg ;+zf]wg ldlt
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_, @)^# @)^#.!!.#)
,, -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, @)^$ @)^$.)@.#)
,, -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_, @)^$ @)^$.(.!#
,, -rf}yf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^% @)^%.@.!^
,, -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^% @)^%.#.@(
,, -5}6f} ;+zf]wg_, @)^% @)^%.*.#)
,, -;ftf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^^ @)^^.!).!&
,, -cf7f} ;+zf]wg_, @)^& @)^&.@.!$
,, -gjf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^* @)^*.@.!$
,, -bzf} ;+zf]wg_, @)^* @)^*.%.!$
,, -P3f/f} ;+zf]wg_, @)^* @)^*.*.!$
,, -afx|f} ;+zf]wg_, @)^( @)^(.@.&

o; ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx?
-!_ hgtfsf k|ltlglwn] hf/L u/]sf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg -k|ltlglw;efn]_
-@_ /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . -rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6_
-#_ ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo /fHosf] :yfkgfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] -wf/f $_
-$_ ;xdtLo /fhgLltsf] dfWodaf6 /fHo;~rfng ul/g] -wf/f $#_
-%_ ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg] -k|:tfjgf / wf/f @_
-^_ /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] –efu $-s_ –pd]/ #% jif{
-&_ ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag -wf/f !%%_
-*_ ;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;d]t sfd ug]{ -wf/f *#_
-(_ ;xdtLo ;/sf/df hf]8 lbPsf] -wf/f #*-!_
-!)_ df}lns xssf] ?kdf yk xssf] Joj:yf -yk * xssf] Joj:yf /x]sf]_
-!!_ k|wfgGofofwLz tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf sfhdf
v6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf -wf/f !)^-!_
-!@_ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] Joj:yf -efu !% -wf/f !#!_
-!#_ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/g] -k|:tfjgf_
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ lgsfo s'g /x]sf] lyof] < Joj:yflksf–;+;b
 ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df cWoIf ;lxt a9Ldf slt hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < ^ hgf
 s;sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cfx\jfg x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < k|wfgdGqL
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# yk ePsf] s'g s'/f lyof] < /fhsLo ;Qf
137
 s;sf] ;xdltdf k|wfgdGqLsf] rog x'g] Joj:yf wf/f #* df /x]sf] lyof] < /fhgLlts ;xdltdf
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L x'Fbf g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP < lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
 o; ;+ljwfgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfgGofofwLz ;lxt slt hgf GofofwLz /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < !%
 ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+{/rgf ul/g] s'/f pNn]v /x]sf] lyof] < !#*
 of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] of]Uotf;DaGwL ljjfb b]vf k/] To;sf] clGtd 6'+uf] s;n]
nufpFg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < ;+ljwfg;ef cbfnt
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ug{ s:tf] ax'dt cfjZos kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < b'O{ ltxfO{
 yk ePsf df}lns xs slt /x]sf lyP < *
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] clGtd k6s slxn] Dofb yk ePsf] lyof] < @)^*.*.!$
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cj:yfdf klg ;+;b ;b:o gePsf] JolQmnfO{ s'g kbdf lgo'lQm ug{
g;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < k|wfgdGqL
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] cWoIf x'g slt jif{sf] pd]/ cfjZos kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < @%
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# slt ;b:oLo k|ltlglw ;efn] hf/L u/]sf] xf] < ##)
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] s'g wf/fdf ;+ljwfg;ef u7gsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < ^#
 ;+ljwfg;ef ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf n]lvPsf] lyof] < &
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd s:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf slt ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g]
Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg'?k tLg k|lqmofaf6 ^)! ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g
 k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL4f/f slt ;b:osf] lgjf{lrt x'g Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < @$)
 ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ slt ;b:osf] lgjf{rt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < ##% hgf
 ;+ljwfg;efdf slt ;b:o dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgf]lgt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] < @^ hgf
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:osf] ;b:o x'g slt jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{ pNn]v /x]sf] lyof] < @% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf]
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs c+ux? slt j6f /x]sf lyP < ^ j6f
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs c+ux?
-s_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -efu !!_ -v_ dxfn]vf k/Lifs -efu !@_
-u_ nf]s;]jf cfof]u -efu !#_ -3_ lgjf{rg cfof]u -efu !$_
-ª_ /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u -efu !%_ -r_ dxfGofoflwjQmf -efu !^_
& cf} ;+ljwfg
 & cf} ;+ljwfgsf] gfd s] /x]sf] 5 < g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -wf/f #)& sf] pkwf/f ! df pNn]v_
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg s;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] < ;+ljwfg;efn]
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf] /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&@ >fj0f $ / % ut]
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg slxn] hf/L ePsf] xf] < @)&@ cflZjg # ut] cfOtjf/
 & cf} ;+ljwfgnfO{ s;n] hf/L u/]sf] xf] < /fi6«klt /fda/0f ofbj
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf s;n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] xf] < ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIf ;'efifrGb| g]Dafª
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfg;efsf slt hgf ;ef;b\n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP < %#&
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf slxn] x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] < @)&@ cflZjg ! ut]
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]osnfO{ slt ;ef;b\n] kfl/t u/]sf lyP < %)&
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]osnfO{ slxn] kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] < @)&@ efb| #) ut]
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf slt efu, wf/f / cg';"rL /x]sf 5g\ < efu #%, wf/f #)* / cg';"rL (
 df}lns xs s:tf] xs xf] < ;+ljwfgdf g} gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf xsx?
df}lns clwsf/ / dfgj clwsf/ aLrdf /x]sf] km/s
 df}lns clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/sf] t'ngfdf s]xL ;+s'rg x'G5 .
 lsgsL df}lns clwsf/ /fHosf] ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ rflx+ /fHosf] sfg"gsf]
cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g4f/f ;[lh{t bfloTj;+u ;d]t ;DalGwt /xG5 .
 ;a} df}lns clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/ x'g\ t/ ;a} dfgj clwsf/ df}lns clwsf/ xf]Ogg\ .
138
 df}lns clwsf/sf] pNn3+g lj?4 ;+ljwfgdf g} pkrf/sf] ljlw pNn]v x'G5 eg] dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn3+gdf
g}lts bfloTj dfq dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf df}lns xs ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < efu # df
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sltj6f df}lns xs /x]sf 5g\ < #! j6f
 jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf klxnf] ;+zf]wg slxn] ePsf] lyof] / s'g s'g wf/f ;+zf]wg ePsf lyP < @)&@
kmfNu'0f !^ ut], ;+zf]lwt wf/fx? $@, *$ / @*^
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] bf];|f] ;+Zff]wg slxn] ePsf] lyof] / s'g cg';"rLnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] < @)&& ;fn
c;f/ $ ut] cg';"rL # df /x]sf] lgzfg 5fk
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu ! df s] s'/f pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < k|f/lDes
 efu ! df sltj6f wf/fx? /x]sf 5g\ < wf/f ! af6 wf/f ( ;Dd ( j6f
 ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg"g xf] egL ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f !
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ s;sf] st{Jo x'g]5 < k|To]s JolQmsf]
 g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf s;df lglxt /x]sf] 5 < g]kfnL hgtfdf
 ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qfsf] af/]df s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @
 /fi6«sf] kl/efiffsf] pNn]v ePsf] wf/f s'g xf] < wf/f #
 wf/f # adf]lhd /fi6« eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts
ljz]iftfo'Qm, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o
lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] .
 g]kfn /fHosf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] wf/f s'g xf] < wf/f $
 ;+ljwfgdf g]kfn /fHo egL pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg s'g xf] < g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# -o;
cl3 g]kfn clw/fHo elgGYof]_
 wf/f $ adf]lhd g]kfn s:tf] /fHo xf] < g]kfn :jtGq -independent_, cljefHo-Indivisible_,
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg -Sovereign_, wd{lg/k]If -secular_, ;dfj]zL -inclusive_, nf]stGqfTds
-democratic_, ;dfhjfb pGd'v -socialism oriented_, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo
-federal democratic republican state_ xf] .
 wf/f $ adf]lhd wd{lg/k]If eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < ;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf] wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f nufot wfld{s,
;f+:s[lts :jtGqtf ;Demg' k5{ .
 wf/f $ adf]lhd g]kfnsf] If]q s;/L x'g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < -s_ ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbf avtsf] If]q, /
-v_ ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 k|fKt x'g] If]q
 /fli6«o lxtsf] af/]df s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f % df
 /fli6«o lxtsf] k|lts"nsf] cfr/0f / sfo{ s'g sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;+3Lo sfg"g
 /fi6«efiffsf] af/]df s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 <  wf/f ^ df
 wf/f ^ adf]lhd s'g s'g efiffx? /fi6«efiff x'g\ < g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx?
 wf/f & adf]lhd g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff s'g efiff x'g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < b]jgflu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL
efiff
 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08fsf] af/]df s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f * df
 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08fsf] af/]df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL !
 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufg, g]kfnsf] lgzfg 5fk, g]kfnsf] /fli6«o km"n, /fli6«o /+u, /fli6«o hgfj/ / /fli6«o k+IfLsf] af/]df s'g
wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f ( df
 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufgsf] af/]df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL @
 g]kfnsf] lgzfg 5fksf] af/]df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL #
 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o k"mn, /fli6«o /+u, /fli6«o hgfj/ / /fli6«o k+IfL qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ < qmdzM nfnLu'/fF;, l;ld|s, ufO{
/ 8fFkm]
 gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu @

139
 efu @ df slt j6f wf/fx? /x]sf 5g\ < wf/f !) af6 wf/f !% ;Dd ^ j6f
 g]kfndf s:tf] k|s[ltsf] gful/stfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 < k|fb]lzs klxrfg ;lxtsf] Psn ;+3Lo gful/stfsf]
Joj:yf
 efu @ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd slt k|sf/sf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < $ k|sf/
-a+zh, c++uLs[t, ;Ddfgfy{ / u}/cfjf;Lo_
 s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf] afa' jf cfdf g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQmn] s:tf] k|sf/sf]
gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < j+zhsf]
 of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x''g'eGbf cl3 hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf kfPsf] gful/ssf] ;Gtfgn] lghsf] afa' / cfdf b'a}
g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5g\ eg] lgh aflnu ePkl5 s:tf] k|s[ltsf] gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < j+zhsf]
cfwf/df
 g]kfnleq km]nf k/]sf] lkt[Tj / dft[Tjsf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfafns lghsf] afa' jf cfdf k]mnf gk/];Dd s:tf]
cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < j+zhsf] cfwf/df
 g]kfnsf] gful/s cfdfaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] / afa'sf] klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] JolQmnfO{ s:tf]
k|s[ltsf] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < j+zhsf] cfwf/df
 g]kfnL gful/s;Fu a}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb]zL dlxnfn] rfx]df s:tf] k|s[ltsf] gful/stf lng ;Sg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 < c+uLs[t gful/stf
 ljb]zL gful/s;Fu a}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnfaf6 hGd]sf] JolQm lgh g]kfndf g} a;f]jf; u/]sf] /
ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] lghn] s:tf] k|sf/sf] gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 <c+uLs[t
gful/stf
 s'g s'g kbdf lgo'QmLsf] nflu a+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm dfq of]Uo x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 < /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, k|wfg GofofwLz, k|ltlglw ;efsf ;efd'v, /fli6«o ;efsf cWoIf, k|b]z k|d'v,
d'VodGqL, k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'v / ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'v
 g]kfnsf] ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf s;n] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < g]kfn ;/sf/
 u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd s'g s'g clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L u}/ cfjf;Lo gful/stf k|bfg ug{{
;lsg] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/
 efu # df sltj6f wf/fx?sf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f !^ af6 $* ;Dd ## j6f
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf slt j6f df}lns xs yk ePsf x'g\ < !) j6f
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf k"0f{?kdf yk ePsf df}lns xs slt /x]sf 5g\ < & j6f
 k"0f{?kdf yk ePsf & df}lns xsx? s'g s'g x'g\ < wf/f !^ ;Ddfgk"j{s afRg kfpg] xs, wf/f @! ck/fw kLl8tsf]
xs, wf/f #^ vfB ;DaGwL xs, wf/f #& cfjf;sf] xs, wf/f $) blntsf] xs, wf/f $! h]i7 gful/ssf] xs / wf/f
$$ pkef]Qmfsf] xs
 kl/dfh{g ;lxt yk ePsf df}lns xsx? slt j6f 5g\ / tL s'g s'g x'g\ < # j6f /x]sf / tL lgDg 5g\M wf/f #@
efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs, wf/f #% :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs / wf/f $# ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xs
 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^ df s'g xssf] Joj:yf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;Ddfgk"j{s afRg kfpg] xs
 s;nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afRg kfpg] xs /x]sf] 5 < k|To]s JolQmnfO{
 d[To'b08sf] ;hfo lbg] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOg] 5}g eGg] ljifo s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f !^ df
 wf/f !& df s] ljifo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < :jtGqtfsf] xs
 sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s;sf] j}olQms :jtGqtfaf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g < s'g} klg JolQmsf]
k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf :jtGqtf
-s_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf -v_ ljgf xftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf
-u_ /fhgLlts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf -3_ ;+3 / ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf
-ª_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf
-r_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf k]zf, /f]huf/ ug]{ / pBf]u, Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug]{ :jtGqtf
 wf/f !* df s'g xssf] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 < ;dfgtfsf] xs
 wf/f !( df s'g xssf] Joj:yf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;~rf/sf] xs
 wf/f @) df s'g xssf] Joj:yf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < Gofo ;DaGwL xs
 wf/f @! df s'g xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ck/fw kLl8tsf] xs
140
 wf/f @@ df s'g xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < oftgf lj?4sf] xs
 lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xssf] pNn]v s'g wf/fdf /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @#
 wf/f @$ df s'g xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < 5'jf5't tyf e]befj lj?4sf] xs
 wf/f @% df s'g xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;Dkltsf] xs
 wf/f @^ df s'g xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs
 ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL Joj:yf s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @&
 wf/f @* df s'g ljifo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < uf]kgLotfsf] xs
 wf/f @( df pNn]v ePsf] xs s'g xf] < zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs
 wf/f #) df s] ljifo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs
 wf/f #! df s] ljifo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < lzIff ;DaGwL xs
 wf/f #@ df s] ljifo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs
 g]kfndf sltj6f dft[efiff /x]sf] 5 < !@#
 wf/f ## df s'g xssf] pNn]v /x]sf]5 < /f]huf/Lsf] xs
 wf/f #$ df s'g df}lns xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < >dsf] xs
 wf/f #% df s'g df}lns xssf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs
wf/f #^ vfB ;DaGwL xs
wf/f #& cfjf;sf] xs
wf/f #* dlxnfsf] xs
wf/f #( afnaflnsfsf] xs
wf/f $) blntsf] xs
wf/f $! Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs
wf/f $@ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
wf/f $# ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
wf/f $$ pkef]Qmfsf] xs
wf/f $% b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xs
wf/f $^ ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs
 ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ df}lns xs s'g xf] < ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs
 ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs k|fKt ug{ s'g s'g lgsfodf ph'/ ug{ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < wf/f !##
adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / wf/f !$$ adf]lhd pRr cbfnt
 df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fHon] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] slt jif{leq sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/;Sg' kg]{
;+ljwfgdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < tLg jif{leq
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] df}lns xs s'g xf] < ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs -wf/f $#_
 ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf gful/ssf st{Jo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f $*
 ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ slt j6f st{Jo tf]s]sf] 5 / tL s'g s'g xf] < $ j6f
-s_ /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg x'Fb} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug'{,
-v_ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{,
-u_ /fHon] rfx]sf] avt clgjfo{ ;]jf ug'{ /
-3_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug'{ .
 /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt tyf bfloTj /fHo ;~rfngsf] s:tf] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 <
dfu{lgb]{zgsf] ?kdf
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ df sltj6f wf/fx?sf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f $( af6 %% ;Dd & j6f
 /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt tyf bfloTj sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5 jf
;lsb}g < ;lsb}g
 lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] pNn]v s'g wf/fdf /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %) df
 /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt adf]lhd /fHosf] slt j6f p2]Zo /x]sf 5g\ < $ j6f -/fhgLlts p2]Zo,
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts p2]Zo, cfly{s p2]Zo / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw sfod ug]{ p2]Zo_
 /fHosf gLltx?sf] pNn]v ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %!
141
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! df slt j6f /fHosf gLltx?sf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < !# j6f
 /fHosf !# gLltx? s'g s'g x'g\ < -!_ /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLlt
-@_ /fhgLlts tyf zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt -#_ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f ;DaGwL gLlt
-$_ cy{, pBf]u / jfl0fHo ;DaGwL gLlt -%_ s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLlt
-^_ ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt
-&_ k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt
-*_ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLlt
-(_ >d / /f]huf/ ;DaGwL gLlt
-!)_ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLlt
-!!_ Gofo / b08 Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt
-!@_ ko{6g ;DaGwL gLlt
-!#_ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;DaGwL gLlt
 /fHosf] bfloTj ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %@ df
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] s:tf] bfloTj pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf /
:jflwgtfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb} df}lns xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;++/If0f / ;+jw{g, /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtx?sf] cg'z/0f
tyf /fHosf gLltx?sf] qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 tyf ;d'Ggt agfpg] /fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 .
 /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt / bfloTj sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf sfd / k|fKt pknAwL ;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] sf] ;dIf k]]z ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < /fi6«klt ;dIf
 /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt / bfloTj sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf sfd / k|fKt pknAwL ;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %# df
 /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt / bfloTj sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof++sg ug{ sxfF Ps ;ldlt
/xg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %$ df pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;+3Lo ;+;bdf
 /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt tyf bfloTj ;DaGwL ljifo sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg
g;lsg] s'/f s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %%
 /fHosf] ;+/rgf ;DaGwL ljifo s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %^
 wf/f %^ adf]lhd g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf slt txsf] x'g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < # tx
 # txsf] d"n ;+/rgf s'g s'g /x]sf] 5 < ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx
 k|b]z / ;DalGwt k|b]zdf /xg] lhNnfx?sf] pNn]v s'g cg';"rLdf /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL $ df
 :yfgLo txdf s'g lgsfox? /xg] Joj:yf wf/f %^ n] u/]sf] 5 < ufFpkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;ef
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo tx slxn]af6 nfu" u/]sf] xf] < @)&# kmfNu'0f @&
 /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %& df
 ;+3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL % df
 k|b]zsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL ^ df
 ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL &
 :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < cg';"rL *
 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g cg';"rLdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 <
cg';"rL (
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ gtf]lsPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ sf] pk/ /xG5 <
;+3nfO{
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %*
 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfly{s clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ljifodf s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %(
 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] s] s:tf cfly{s clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf wf/f %( df /x]sf] 5 < cfˆgf]
clwsf/ leqsf] cfly{s clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf sfg"g agfpg], jflif{s ah]6 agfpg], lg0f{o ug]{, gLlt tyf of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
 s]Gb|Lo of]hgf, s]Gb|Lo a}+s, ljQLo gLlt, d'b|f / a}+lsª\u, df}lb|s gLlt, ljb]zL cg'bfg, ;xof]u / C0f ;DaGwL
Joj:yf /fHosf] s'g ;+/rgf cGtu{t kb{5 < ;+3 cGtu{t
142
 eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, ;+:yfut cfos/, JolQmut cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, /fxbfgL z'Ns, le;f
z'Ns, ko{6g b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/ / b08 hl/jfgf ;DaGwL Joj:yf s'g lgsfo cGtu{t kb{5 < ;+3
 3/ hUuf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/ ~hg s/, lj1fkg s/, ko{6g, s[lif cfodf s/, ;]jf z'Ns
b:t'/ b08 hl/jfgf h:tf ljifo s'g lgsfo cGtu{t kb{5 < k|b]z cGtu{t
 :yfgLo txn] s] s:tf] cfly{s clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < :yfgLo s/ -;Dklt s/, 3/ axfn
s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6«]g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/_, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1ffkg s/, Joj;fo s/,
e"lds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf]/~hg s/, dfnkf]t ;+sng
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^) df s] s'/fsf] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /fh:j ;|f]tsf]
afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL ljifo
 /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu ^
 /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw slt jif{ x'g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < % jif{
 slt jif{ k"/f ePsf] JolQm /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt x'g of]Uo dflgG5 < $% jif{
 /fi6«kltn] k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf zky lng'kg]{ x'G5 eg] pk/fi6«kltn] sf] ;dIf zky lng'kg]{ ;+a}wflgs Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 < /fi6«klt ;dIf
 ;+3Lo sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v 5 < efu & df
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL ;lxt a9Ldf slt hgf;Dd dGqL ;lDdlnt dlGqkl/ifb\ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 <
@% hgf
 ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf /x]sf] 5 < *
 ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf slt ;bg /x]sf] 5 < @ ;bgfTds -k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o ;ef_
 ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf cGtu{t k|ltlglw;efdf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < @&% ;b:o -k|ToIf
lgjf{rgaf6 !^% ;b:o / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgaf6 !!) ;b:o u/L s"n @&% ;b:o_
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|ltlglw;efsf] sfo{sfn slt jif{ /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < % jif{
 /fli6«o ;efdf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < %( ;b:o -k|To]s k|b]zaf6 *÷* hgf u/L & k|b]zaf6
lgjf{lrt %^ hgf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«kltaf6 dgf]lgt # u/L s"n %( hgf_
 /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw slt jif{ /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ^ jif{
 k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:o x'g]sf] nflu @% jif{ k"/f ePsf] x'g'k5{ eg] /fli6«o ;efsf] ;b:o x'g slt jif{ k"/f ePsf]
x'g'kb{5 < #% jif{
 dxfcleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/L sf] sf] x'g\ < /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, k|wfgGofofwLz,
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz, Gofokl/ifb\sf ;b:o, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v jf kbflwsf/L
 ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lQm s;n] ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v /
/fli6«o ;efsf cWoIfsf] ;+o'Qm l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«kltn]
 ;+ljwfgdf cWofb]z ;DaGwL Joj:yf s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f !!$
 b]zsf] Goflos sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ lgsfo s'g xf] < Gofokflnsf
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ s:tf] k|s[ltsf] cbfnt dflgG5 < clen]v cbfnt
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; sf] af6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm sf]af6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < /fi6«kltaf6
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm s;sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < Gofokl/ifb\sf]
 k|wfgGofofwLz / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx? slt jif{;Dd cfk\mgf] kbdf axfn /xg ;Sb5g\ < ^%
jif{;Dd
 Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu !!
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd g]kfndf slt txsf cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < # tx -;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt / lhNnf
cbfnt_
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfgGofofwLz ;lxt slt hgf GofofwLz /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < @! hgf
143
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf slt jif{ sfd u/]sf] JolQm k|wfgGofofwLz kbdf lgo'lQmsf] u|fxo dflgG5g\ < # jif{
 k|wfgGofofwLzsf] kbfjlw slt jif{sf] x'g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < 5 jif{
 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qsf] pNn]v ePsf] wf/f s'g xf] < wf/f !##
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; sxfF /xg] / slt ;b:o x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < pQm Ohnf; ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
/xg] / pQm Ohnf;df k|wfgGofofwLz ;lxt cGo $ hgf GofofwLz /xg]
 Gofokl/ifb\ / Gofo;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < qmdzMwf/f !%# / wf/f
!%$
 Gofokl/ifb\sf cWoIfsf] kbfjlw slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < tf]lsPsf] x'Fb}g
 dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu !@
 dxfGofoflwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s:tf] ;Nnfxsf/ xf] < g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/
 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm s;sf] l;kmfl/;df sf]af6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«kltaf6
 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{sfn slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5fg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd
 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] of]Uotf s'g kbflwsf/L ;/x x'g cfjZos dflgG5\ < ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x
 dxfGofoflwjQmfn] jflif{s k|ltj]bg sf] ;dIf k|:t't ub{5 < /fi6«klt ;dIf
 xfnsf dxfGofoflwjQmf sf] x'g\ < vDd axfb'/ vftL
 cGt/ k|b]z kl/ifb\ u7g s'g p2]Zosf nflu x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ;+3 / k|b]z aLr tyf k|b]z—k|b]z aLr
pTkGg /fhgLlts ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{
 cGt/ k|b]z kl/ifb\sf] u7g pNn]v ePsf] wf/f s'g xf] / of] kl/ifb\ slt ;b:oLo /xg] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < k|wfgdGqL
cWoIftfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf u[xdGqL ;b:o, g]kfn ;/sf/sf cy{dGqL ;b:o / ;DalGwt k|b]zsf d'VodGqL ;b:o
;lDdlnt $ ;b:oLo
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf /x]sf] 5 < efu @!
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf slt hfgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo $ hgf
cfo'Qmx?
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx? lgo'lQm sf] af6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < /fi6«kltaf6
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfo{sfn sltjif{sf] x'G5 < ^ jif{sf]
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lx? slt pd]/;Dd sfd ug{ kfpF5g\ < ^% jif{;Dd
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf kbflwsf/Ldf lgo'Qm x'g slt jif{ ;Dd n]vf, /fhZj, sfg"g, ljsf; /
cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sfd u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 < sDtLdf @) jif{
 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf lgo'Qm x'g slt jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 < $% jif{
 cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg sf] ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < /fi6«klt;dIf
 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] ;g\ @)@) sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfn e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ;'rsf+sdf slt cf} :yfgdf
/x]sf] 5 < !!& cf}+ :yfg -c+s ##_
 e|i6frf/ u/]sf] b]lvP clVtof/ b'?kof]u cfof]un] sxfF d'2f bfo/ ub{5 < ljz]if cbfntdf
 g]kfnsf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u slxn] u7g ePsf] lyof] < @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] bf];|f]
;+zf]wgaf6 -@)#@ d+l;/ @^_
 rf}yf] ;+ljwfgdf o;nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgGYof] < clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]u
 xfn clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm sf] /x]sf 5g\ <  k|]ds'df/ /fO{
 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu @@
 dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] s] cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ub{5 < lgoldttf, ldtJolottf, sfo{bIftf,
k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df
 dxfn]vfk/LIfs s;sf] l;kmfl/;df sf] af6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ < ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«kltaf6
 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < ^ jif{
 dxfn]vf k/LIfs slt jif{;Dd cfk\mgf] kbdf /xg of]Uo x'G5g\ < ^% jif{;Dd
 xfn dxfn]vf k/LIfs sf] /x]sf] 5g\ < 6+sdl0f zdf{
144
 nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf] efu s'g xf] < efu @#
 nf]s;]jf cfof]udf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < cWoIf / $ hgf ;b:ox?
 ;+j}wflgs lgsfox?dWo] s'g lgsfon] of]Uotfk|0ffnLsf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 < nf]s;]jf cfof]u
 nf]s;]jf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx? s;sf] l;kmfl/;df sf] af6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ < ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6«kltaf6
 nf]s;]jf cfof]u kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfo{sfn slt jif{sf] x'G5 < ^ jif{
 of] lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx? sltjif{ ;Dd sfd ug{ of]Uo x'G5g\ < ^% jif{
 xfn nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf sf] /x]sf] 5g\ < dfwj /]UdL
 lgjf{rg cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ePsf] efu s'g xf] < efu @$
 lgjf{rg cfof]udf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo $ hgf cfo'Qm
 lgjf{rg cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx? s;sf] l;kmfl/;df sf] af6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ < ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf
/fi6«kltaf6
 lgjf{rg cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] kbfjlw slt jif{sf] x'G5g\ < ^ jif{
 lgjf{rg cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lx? slt jif{sf] pd]/;Dd sfd ug{ kfpb5g\ < ^% jif{;Dd
 xfn lgjf{rg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm sf] /x]sf 5g\ < lbg]z s'df/ yklnof
 /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu @%
 /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < cWoIf / cGo $ hgf ;b:ox?
 xfn /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < tk axfb'/ du/
 /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efudf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu @^ -of]
cfof]udf cWoIf ;lxt a9Ldf % hgf ;b:o x'G5g\_
 xfn /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < afnfgGb zdf{
 ;+ljwfgsf] efu @& df sltj6f cfof]ux?sf] pNn]]v /x]sf] 5 < & j6f -/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt
cfof]u, /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u, dw]zL cfof]u, yf? cfof]u, d'l:nd cfof]u -oL ;a}
cfof]udf cWoIf ;lxt cGo $ hgf ;b:ox? /xg] Joj:yf ePsf]_
 xfn /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < sdnf s'df/L k/fh'nL
 xfn /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < b]j/fh ljZjsdf{
 xfn /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < /fds[i0f ltdN;]gf
 xfn cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < /fdaxfb'/ yfkfdu/
 xfn dw]zL cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < ljho s'df/ bQ
 xfn yf? cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < lji0f' k|;fb rf}w/L
 xfn d'l:nd cfof]usf cWoIf sf] /x]sf 5g\ < ;ldd cG;f/L
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfox? slt j6f /x]sf 5g\ < !# j6f -clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u,
dxfn]vf k/Lifs, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf
ljQ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u,
dw]zL cfof]u, yf? cfof]u, d'l:nd cfof]u u/L !# j6f
 s'g rflxF ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfdsf/jfxLk|lt k|ltlglwsf ;ldltn] cg'udg ug{ g;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 < /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
 efu @& df pNn]v ePsf & cfof]ux?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] ldltn] slt jif{kl5 ;+3Lo ;+;bn]
ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < !) jif{ kl5
 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^^ adf]lhd ul7t /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 <
k|wfgdGqL ;lxt & ;b:oLo
 k|b]z / ;+3sf] lgjf{rg ug{ s;sf] cWoIftfdf lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*^ df pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{ GofofwLz
145
 g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt sf] /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < /fi6«klt
 ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL Joj:yf s'g efusf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu #! sf] wf/f @&$
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd s'g s'g ljifonfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ gkfOg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < g]kfnsf]
;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jflwgtf / hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&@ kmfNu'0f !^
 klxnf] ;+zf]wgdf s'g s'g wf/fx?nfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 < wf/f $@ wf/f *$ / wf/f @*^
 hgdt ;+u|x ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g efusf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < efu #@ sf] wf/f @&%
 wf/f @*$ adf]lhd ul7t ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df k|wfgdGqL ;lxt slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 <
k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ^ ;b:oLo
 b]zsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu u7g ul/g] ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g
;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @*%
 lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]udf slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < % ;b:oLo
 @)&$ >fj0f % ut] s;sf] cWoIftfdf lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] u7g ePsf] lyof] < ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
k"j{ GofofwLz sdn gf/fo0f bf;
 ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf efiff cfof]u u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @*&
 @)&# efb| @# df s;sf] cWoIftfdf efiff cfof]usf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 < 8f=njb]j cj:yL
 efiff cfof]usf] u7g slxn] ;Dddf ul/;Sg'kg]{ pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5sf] Psjif{leq ;a}
k|b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
 g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}df /xg]5 egL ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v 5 < wf/f @**
 ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @(@
 k|b]zsf] l;df+sg ;DaGwL ljifodf ;'emfj lbg u7g x'g] ;+3Lo cfof]usf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/f
pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f @(%
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] sfo{sfn slxn] ;Dd /x]sf] lyof] < @)&$ df3 & ut];Dd
 ;+ljwfg adf]lhd afwf c8\sfp k'msfpg] clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf s'g wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf 5 < wf/f #)%
 g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lgzfg 5fk slxn]af6 k|of]udf cfPsf] xf] < @)^# kf}if !%
 k|b]z / ;DalGwt k|b]zdf /xg] lhNnfx?sf] pNn]v s'g cg';"rLdf 5 < cg';"rL $ df
 g]kfndf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf v8f ubf{ d'n'snfO{ slt k|b]zdf ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 < & k|b]z
 k|b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ s'g s'g lhNnfx?nfO{ 6'qmfOPsf] 5 < @ lhNnfx? gjnk/f;L / ?s'd
 ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;ª\s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] b'a} ;bgn] cg'df]bg u/]df slt ;do;Dd nfu" x'g]
ub{5 < # dlxgf;Dd
/fhgLlts cj:yf
 g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] pbo slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @))& ;fn kmfNu'0f & ut]
 /fhf lqe'jg slxn] ef/tLo /fhb'tfjf;df z/0f lng] k'u] < @))& ;fn sflt{s @! ut]
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg slxn] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] < @)!% ;fn kmfu'g & ut] z'? eO{ @)!^ ;fn
a}zfv @! ut] ;DkGg
 @)!% ;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] slt lgjf{rg If]qdf ljho xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] < &$ If]q
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] slxn] d]nldnfksf] gLlt lnO{ :jb]z cfPsf lyP < @)## ;fn kf}if !^ df
 s'g cfGbf]ngsf] bjfjdf @)#^ ;fndf hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] xf] < ljBfyL{x?sf] cfGbf]ngsf] bjfjdf
 hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff s;n] / slxn] ePsf] lyof] < /fhf jL/]Gb|af6, @)#^ ;fn h]i7 !) ut]
 g]kfndf hgdt ;+u|x slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)#& a}zfv @) ut]
 hgdt ;+u|xdf slt ljifo /f]Hg nufOPsf] lyof] < b'O{ ljifo
 hgdt ;+u|xdf /f]Hg nufOPsf] ljifox? s] s] /x]sf] lyof] < ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yf jf bnLo Joj:yf

146
 hgdt ;+u|xsf ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yf /f]Hg] / ax'bnLo kIfw/ /f]Hg]n] slt lhNnfdf ax'dt k|fKt u/]sf
lyP < k~rfot kIfw/n] %% lhNnfdf / ax'bnLo kIfw/n] @) lhNnfdf
 hgdt ;+u|xdf k~rfot kIfn] slt dt k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] < @$,##,$%@ dt k|fKt u/L bnLo Joj:yf
kIfw/ eGbf $,@%,$(& a9L dt k|fKt u/]sf] lyof]
 g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng slxn] z'? ePsf] lyof] < @)$^, kmfNu'0f &
 @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng s'g bnn] u/]sf lyP < afddf]rf{ / g]kfnL sfFu|];
 /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ slxn] c;Ifd egL a/vf:t u/]sf lyP < @)%(
;fn czf]h !* df
 1fg]Gb| zfxn] slxn] af6 k|ToIf zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf lyP < @)^! ;fn df3 !( ut]af6
 g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] z'?jft slxn]af6 ePsf] xf] < !()# c;f]h # ut]af6
 k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf kZrft\sf] cfd lgjf{rg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)$* ;fn a}zfv @( df
 cfd lgjf{rg, @)%! slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)%! sflt{s @( df
 cfd lgjf{rg, @)%^ slt r/0fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] < @)%^ a}zfv @) / h]i7 # df u/L b'O{ r/0f
 klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)^$ ;fn r}q @* ut]
 klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efdf slt bnsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lyof] < ## bnsf]
 klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rgdf ;a}eGbf klxn] ljhoL 3f]lift s;nfO{ ul/Psf] lyof] < k|sfzdfg l;+x
 klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf afa'/fd e§/fO{n] slt dt k|fKt u/]sf lyP < $^,@&@ dt, pgsf]
k|lt4G4LnfO{ $),!@( dtsf] cGt/n] k/flht u/]sf lyP, k|lt4G4Ln] dfq ^,!$# dt k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
 of] lgjf{rgdf ;j}eGbf sd dtsf] cGt/df ljhoL x'g] pd]bjf/ sf] lyP < g]kfnL sfFu|]; kfFry/ If]q g+=! sf
pd]bjf/ k"0f{s'df/ z]df{ . pgn] & dt a9L NofP/ ljhoL ePsf lyP .
 of] lgjf{rgdf slt lhNnfdf g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] Psnf}6L ljhoL xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] < @$ lhNnfdf
 of] lgjf{rgdf ;a}eGbf sfG5f ;ef;b\ sf] lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP < dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf @% jifL{o cleif]s
k|tfk ;fx, pgL slkna:t' If]q g+=% af6 ljhoL ePsf
 g]kfndf bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff g]kfn ;/sf/n] slxn] u/]sf] lyof] < @)&) h]7 #) ut]
 bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg slxn] x'g] ePsf] lyof] < @)&) d+l;/ $ ut]
 bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]udf slt bn btf{ /x]sf lyP < !#) bn
 eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf g]kfndf slt lhNNff /x]sf lyP < #( lhNnf
 eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf lhNnf k|d'vsf] ?kdf sf] /xGy] < cdfnL
 /f0ff k|wfgdGqL jL/ ;dz]/sf] kfnfdf g]kfnnfO{ slt lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] loof] < #% lhNnf -kxf8df /x]sf]
@# lhNnfnfO{ txlzn elgGYof] eg] t/fO{sf !@ lhNnfnfO{ lhNnf elgGYof]_
 g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf slxn] ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] < @)!* ;fndf a}zfv ! ut]
 g]kfnnfO{ $ ljsf;If]qdf slxn] ljefhg ul/of] < @)@( ;fn c;f/ !# ut]
 g]kfnnfO{ % ljsf;If]qdf slxn] ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] < @)#& ;fn c;f]h @^ df ;]tL / dxfsfnLnfO{ 5'6\ofO{ %
ljsf;If]q sfod ul/of]
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% adf]lhd lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu slt lgjf{rg If]q /x]sf lyP < !)( lgjf{rg
If]q –g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& adf]lhd @)% lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof]_
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] s'g wf/fdf /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'gM;/rgf ug{ /fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf]
cGTo ug{sf] nflu pRr:t/Lo k'gM;/rgf cfof]u u7g ul/g] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] < wf/f !#*
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v 5 < wf/f @*^
 w]/} lhNnf /x]sf] k|b]z s'g xf] < k|b]z g+=! -!$ lhNnf_
 ;a}eGbf sd lhNnf ePsf] k|b]z s'g xf] < k|b]z g+=@ -*_
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|b]z -hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/_ s'g xf] < afudtL
 w]/} ;fIf/tf ePsf] k|b]z s'g xf] < afudtL
 If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|b]z s'g xf] < s0ff{nL k|b]z
147
 :yfgLo :jfot zf;g P]g, @)%% slxn]af6 nfu" ePsf] lyof] < @)%^.!.!^
 :yfgLo :jfot zf;g P]g, @)%% df slt efu, bkmf /x]sf] lyof] < % efu, @^* bkmf
 xfn sfod :yfgLo txsf] k'gM;+/rgfsf] nflu :yfgLo tx k'gM;+/rgf cfof]usf] u7g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&@ r}q
! ut]
 :yfgLo tx k'gM;+/rgf cfof]u s;sf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] lyof] < afnfgGb zdf{ -( ;b:oLo_
 ;+ljwfg cg';f/ :yfgLo txdf s'g s'g lgsfo /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;ef -wf/f
#)^_
 :yfgLo tx g]kfndf slxn]af6 nfu" ePsf] 5 < @)&# kmfNu'0f @& ut]
 @)&# kmfNu'0f @& df :yfgLo tx nfu" x'Fbf slt :yfgLo tx /x]sf lyP < &$$
 @)&$ a}zfv #! df slt :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ePsf] lyof] < # k|b]zsf @*# :yfgLo tx
 klxnf] r/0fsf] :yfgLo tx lgjf{rgdf slt lhNnfdf lgjf{rg ePsf] lyof] < #$ lhNnf
 @)&$ c;f/ !$ df ePsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] :yfgLo tx lgjf{rgdf s'g s'g k|b]zdf :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ePsf
lyof] < k|b]z g+=!, n'lDagL / ;'b"/ klZrd u/L s'g ##$ :yfgLo tx
 @)&$ c;f/ !$ df ePsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] :yfgLo lgjf{rg slt lhNnfdf ePsf] lyof] < #% lhNnf
 :yfgLo txsf] t];|f] r/0fsf] lgjf{rg k|b]z g+=@ df slxn] lgjf{rg ePsf] lyof] < @)&$ c;f]h @ ut]
 xfn g]kfndf :yfgLo tx slt /x]sf 5g\ < &%#
 xfn ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;efsf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < qmdzM $^), @&^ / &&
 xfn g]kfndf slt dxfgu/kflnsf / pkdxfgu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ < ^ dxfgu/kflnsf / !!
pkdxfgu/kflnsf
 @÷@ pkdxfgu/kflnsf ePsf] lhNnfx? s'g s'g x'g\ < # j6f -;'g;/L, bfª / af/f_
 jL/u~h / lj/f6gu/nfO{ slt dxfgu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] xf] < @)&$ h]7 !& ut]
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dxfgu/kflnsf s'g xf] < kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf
 gu/kflnsf gePsf] lhNnfx? slt j6f /x]sf 5g\ < % lhNnfx?
 gu/kflnsf gePsf] lhNnfx? s'g s'g x'g\ < dgfª, d':tfª, /;'jf, x'Dnf / ?s'd k"j{
 ufpFkflnsf gePsf] lhNnfx? slt j6f /x]sf 5g\ / tL s'g sg lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ < @ lhNnfx? -
sf7df08f} / eQmk'/_
 sd :yfgLo tx ePsf] lhNnf s'g xf] < ?s'd k"j{ -# ufpFkflnsf_
 a9L :yfgLo tx ePsf] lhNnf s'g xf] < ;nf{xL -@) :yfgLo tx_
 :yfgLo tx a9L ePsf] k|b]z s'g xf] < k|b]z gDa/ ! -!#& j6f_
 ;a}eGbf sd :yfgLo tx /x]sf] k|b]z gDa/ s'g xf] < s0ff{nL k|b]z -&( j6f_
 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ slxn]af6 nfu" /x]sf] 5 < @)&$ cflZjg @( ut]
 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ adf]lhd lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{sf lhNnfx? slt slt /x]sf 5g\ <
qmdzM@),@( / !*

:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g adf]lhd gu/kflnsf ljefhgsf] cfwf/

lsl;d hg;+Vof cfo;|f]t
dxfgu/kflnsf sDtLdf % nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf kl5Nnf] % jif{sf] cf}ift cfGtl/s
cfo sDtLdf ! vj{ ?k}ofF
pkdxfgu/kflnsf sDtLdf @ nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf kl5Nnf] % jif{sf] cf}ift cfGtl/s
cfo sDtLdf @% s/f]8 ?k}ofF
gu/kflnsf lxdfnL lhNnfsf] lxdfnL If]qdf nflu sDtLdf kl5Nnf] % jif{sf] cf}ift cfGtl/s
!),))), lxdfnL lhNnfsf] kxf8L If]qdf / kxf8L cfo lxdfnL If]qsf] eP sDtLdf !
lhNnfdf sDtLdf $),))), leqL dw]zsf lhNnfdf s/f]8 ?k}ofF / cGo lhNnfdf eP
sDtLdf %),))) t/fO{sf lhNnfdf sDtLdf sDtLdf # s/f]8 ?k}ofF
148
 &%,))) / sf7df08f} pkTosf leqsf lhNnfdf
sDtLdf ! nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf

 ;'zf;g eGgfn] s]nfO{ hgfpF5 < hglxtdf cfwfl/t zf;g

 ;'zf;g;DaGwL cjwf/0ff slxn]af6 b]vf k/]sf] xf] < ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsaf6
 ;'zf;g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ klxnf] k6s k|sfzdf Nofpg] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf s'g xf] < ljZja}+s
 ;'zf;gsf rf/ cfofdx? s'g s'g x'g\ < /fhgLlts cfofd –zf;g k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg], k|hftflGqs
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] k|a4{g ug]{, sfg"gL zf;gsf] k|Tofe"t ug]{ h:tf
s'/fx?_, ;fdflhs cfofd -;fdflhs Gofosf] k|a4{g ug]{, c;Qm, c;xfosf] ;+/If0f ug]{_, Joj:yfksLo cfofdM-;fgf],
5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] dfGotf, ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg_ / g}lts cfofd -;bfrf/, OdfGbfl/tf, k]zfut lgi7f,
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf sbdx?_
 ;'zf;gnfO{ nfu" ug]{ ;jfndf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng ;DaGwL_ P]g, @)^$ slxn] af6 nfu" /x]sf] 5 <
@)^$ df3 @#
 ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] dGqfno :t/ s'g k|s[ltsf] OsfO{ ul/g] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 <
zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{
 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|zf;lgs lgsfo s'g xf] < k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
 g]kfndf s'g of]hgfaf6 ;'zf;g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff Pj+ gLlt Jojxf/df NofOPsf] < gjf}+ of]hgfb]lv
 g]kfnsf] s'g of]hgfdf clVtof/ ul/Psf $ /0fgLltdWo] ;'zf;g /x]sf] lyof] < bzf}+
 cf=j=@)%*.%( b]lv s'g ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rflnt 5 < P]lzofnL ljsf; a}+s
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] hgtfn] kfpg] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] x]t'n] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf s'g xf] < ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)^!
 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o s;n] k|dfl0ft ub{5 < d'Vo ;lrj

cGt/f{li6«o dfldnf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3÷;+:yf

;fs{ ;b:o /fi6«x? tyf rLg, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ?;, k|mfG;, hd{gL, :jLh/\Nof08 / hfkfg
h:tf d'n'sx?;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw sfod /fVg] ljifo g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g rflx+ wf/fdf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %) -$_
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %) -$_ df s] ljifo pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns
cv08tf, :jflwgtf / /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ub}{ ;fj{ef}lds ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw sfod u/L
ljZj ;d'bfodf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{tkm{ /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .
k//fi6«gLlt
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/fdf k//fi6«gLlt ;~rfngsf] cfwf/af/] pNn]v /x]sf] 5 < wf/f %! sf] -8_ -!_

149
 wf/f %! -8_ -!_ adf]lhd g]kfnsf] k//fi6«gLlt ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? s] /x]sf 5g\ < ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotf
 g]kfnsf] k//fi6«gLltsf] k|jt{s sf] x'g\ < k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
 g]kfnsf] k//fi6«gLltsf cfw'lgs k|jt{s sf] x'g\ < >L % dx]Gb|
 g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGw sfod ug{ :yflkt klxnf] lgsfo s'g xf] < h};L sf]7f
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] h};L sf]7fsf] :yfkgf slxn] u/]sf lyP < lj=;+=!*@^
 h};L sf]7fn] s'g b]zsf] k//fi6«dfldnf x]g]{ ub{Yof] < rLg / ltAat dfldnf
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf ef/tsf] k6gfdf /xL k//fi6« dfldnf x]g]{ c•f s'g /x]sf] lyof] < OnfOrL sf]7L
 eLd;]g yfkfsf] kfnfdf k//fi6« dfldnf x]g]{ s'g lgsfo /x]sf] lyof] < d'G;Lvfgf -/f0ffsfndf ;d]t_
 h'4 ;dz]/sf] kfnfdf k//fi6« ljefusf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < lj=;+=!((! df
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] k//fi6« dGqL sf] x'g\ < df]xg;dz]/ -@))& ;fnsf] Soflag]6df_
lj=;+=@))& ;fncl3 g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf d'n'sx?
d'n's ;DaGw sfod ePsf] ldlt d'n's ;DaGw sfod
ePsf] ldlt
a]nfot !*!^ dfr{ # -st} !(#$ d] !& pNn]v cd]l/sf clk|n @%, !($&
ePsf]_
ef/t h'g !#, !($& k|mfG; clk|n @), !($(
^ dxfb]zsf klxnf] bf}To ;DaGw sfod ug]{ b]zx?
dxfb]z b]z bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] ldlt
Plzof ef/t h'g !#, !($&
clk|msf OlhK6 h'nfO{ !^, !(%&
pQ/ cd]l/sf cd]l/sf clk|n @%, !($&
blIf0f cd]l/sf ch]{lG6gf hgj/L !, !(^@
o'/f]k a]nfot !*!^ dfr{ # -d] !&, !(#$_
ci6«]lnof ci6«]lnof k]ma|'c/L !%, !(^)
k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt
;g\ !(%%, clk|n !*–@$ df OG8f]g]lzofsf] jfª8'ªdf ePsf] ;Dd]ng4f/f kfl/t l;4fGt g} k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt xf] .
of] l;4fGt af}4 bz{gdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . jfª8'ªdf ePsf] of] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfn;lxt @( /fi6«x?sf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnaf6 of] ;Dd]ngdf tTsfnLg o'j/fh jL/]Gb|n] efu lnPsf lyP . o; l;4fGtdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ %
dxf/yLx?df ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x?, O08f]g]lzofsf /fi6«klt ;'sfgf]{, 3fgfsf /fi6«klt Pgf]qmf]df,
OlhK6sf /fi6«klt gf;]/ / o'uf]:nfleofsf /fi6«klt hf];]km a|h l66f] lyP .
k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtdf lgDg s'/f kb{5gM–
-s_ Pscsf{sf :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{,
-v_ Pscsf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{
-u_ cgfqmd0f
-3_ ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxt sfod ug]{
-ª_ zflGtk"0f{ ;x–cl:tTj
c;+nUg /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng
lzto'4sf] k|f/De ;Fu} s'g} u'6df ;+nUg gx'g] /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ngnfO{ c;+nUg /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng elgG5 . of]
;Dd]ngsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtnfO{ lnOG5 .
 k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(%% df jfª8'ª ;Dd]ngaf6
 k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt s'g bz{gaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] 5 < af}4 bz{g
 c;+nUg /fi6«x?sf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(^! df o'uf]:nfleofsf] a]nu|]8df
 c;+nUg /fi6«x?sf] klxnf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf slt /fi6«x?n] efu lnPsf lyP < @% /fi6«
 g]kfn of] cfGbf]ngsf] s:tf] ;b:o xf] < ;+:yfks ;b:o
150
 xfn;Dd slt j6f lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg eO{;s]sf 5g\ < !* j6f
 !* cf} lzv/ ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @)!( sf] cS6'a/ @% / @^ df, ch/a}hfgsf] afs'df
 !* cf} lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 efu lng] sf] /x]sf lyP < k|wfgdGqL s]=kL=zdf{ cf]nL
 xfn c;+nUg cfGbf]ngdf slt /fi6« ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ < !@) /fi6«
 c;+nUg /fi6«x?sf] ;Dd]ng slt slt jif{df cfof]hgf x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < #÷# jif{df -Jojxf/df gePsf]_
 !& cf} ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] g]kfnL k|ltlglw d08nsf] g]tf sf] lyP < pk/fi6«klt gGb axfb'/ k'g
 g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] klxnf] d'n's a]nfot xf] eg] xfn;Ddsf] kl5Nnf] d'n's s'g xf] <
l;o/flnof]g
 !&! cf} d'n'ssf] ?kdf l;o/flnof]g;Fu g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw slxn] sfod ePsf] lyof] < @)@! h'g @( df
bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf kl5Nnf d'n'sx?
!%( Saint Kitts and Navis @)!* d] #)
!^) Burundi @)!* h'g ^
!^! ?jf08f @)!* h'nfO{ @)
!^@ dbfuf:s/ @)!* ;]K6]Da/ @&
!^#= ;'l/gfd @)!* cS6'a/ !!
!^$ 6f]uf] @)!( dfr{ @@
!^% OSj]6f]l/on lugL @)!( clk|n #)
!^^ Eswatini @)!( d] (
!^& Saint Lucia @)!( cu:t @&
!^* GHANA @)!( ;]K6]Da/ @^
!^( 8f]ldlgsf @)@! clk|n #)
!&) uflDaof @)@! d] @$
!&! l;o/flnof]g @)@! h'g @(

 g]kfnn] cfˆgf] klxnf] /fhb'tfjf; s'g b]zdf vf]n]sf] xf] < a]nfotdf
g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf b]zx?
qmd ;+Vof b]z bf}To ;DaGwsf] ldlt
!= a]nfot !(#$ d] !&, k//fi6«sf] j]e;fO6df
!*!^ dfr{ # pNn]v /x]sf]_
@= cd]l/sf !($& clk|n @%
#= ef/t !($& h'g !#
$= k|mfG; !($( clk|n @)
%= rLg !(%% cu:t !
^= ?; !(%^ h'nfO{ @)
&= Hffkfg !(%^ h'nfO{ @*
*= >Ln+sf !(%& h'nfO{ !
(= OlhK6 !(%& h'nfO{ !^
!)= hd{gL !(%* clk|n $
!!= cli6«of !(%( cu:t !%
!@= O6fnL !(%( cu:t #!
!#= ;lj{of !(%( cS6'a/ &
!$= :jLh/\Nof08 !(%( gf]eDa/ !)
!%= Kff]Nof08 !(%( gf]e]Da/ @%
!^= dn]l;of !(^) hgj/L !
!&= lkmlnlkG; !(^) km]a|'c/L !@
!*= ci6]«lnof !(^) k]ma|'c/L !%
151
!(= DofGdf/ !(^) dfr{ !(
@)= Kffls:tfg !(^) dfr{ @)
@!= g]b/Nof08 !(^) clk|n @
@@= Nffcf]; !(^) d] @)
@#= Oh/fon !(^) h'g !
@$= :jL8]g !(^) h'g !)
@%= yfONof08 !(^) gf]e]Da/ #)
@^= O08f]g]l;of !(^) l8;]Da/ @%
@&= d+uf]lnof !(^! hgj/L %
@*= X+u]/L !(^! hgj/L !%
@(= Go'lhNof08 !(^! d] !%
#)= ckmuflg:tfg !(^! h'nfO{ !
#!= ch]{lG6gf !(^@ hgj/L !
#@= lrnL !(^@
##= u|L; !(^@ k]ma'|c/L @
#$= 6sL{ !(^@ gf]e]Da/ !%
#%= n]agg !(^# cu:t !*
#^= a]lNhod !(^# cu:t !(
#&= O/fg !(^$ l8;]Da/ !$
#*= Sofg8f !(^% hgj/L !*
#(= hf]8{g !(^% cu:t @)
$)= 8]gdfs{ !(^& l8;]Da/ !%
$!= a'Nu]l/of !(^* clk|n !%
$@= /f]dflgof !(^* clk|n @)
$#= cNh]l/of !(^* clk|n @(
$$= :k]g !(^* d] !#
$%= O/fs !(^* cS6'a/ #)
$^ l;+ufk'/ !(^( dfr{ @%
$&= ;'8fg !(^( h'nfO{ !!
$*= l;l/of !(&) k]ma|'c/L @^
$(= Olyof]lkof !(&! clk|n !%
%)= s'j]t !(&@ km]a|'c/L @%
%!= a+unfb]z !(&@ clk|n *
%@= cNaflgof !(&@ d] @#
%#= gj]{ !(&# hgj/L @^
%$= pQ/ sf]l/of !(&$ d] !%
%%= blIf0f sf]l/of !(&$ d] !%
%^= lkmGNof08 !(&$ ;]K6]Da/ @!
%&= tfGhflgof !(&% hgj/L !)
%*= Dff]/f]Ssf] !(&% km]a|'c/L !*
%(= So'jf !(&% dfr{ @%
^) SofDaf]l8of –sDk'lrof_ !(&% clk|n !*
^!= Leotgfd !(&% d] !%
^@= s]Gof !(&% h'g #
^# d]lS;sf] !(&% gf]e]Da/ @%
^$= nUhDau{ !(&% gf]e]Da/ @&
^%= GffOh]l/of !(&% l8;]Da/ @)
152
^^= lnlaof !(&% l8];]Da/ #)
^&= k]? !(&^ hgj/L @*
^*= a|flhn !(&^ k]ma|'c/L &
^(= Kff]r'{un !(&^ ;]K6]Da/ !
&)= ax/fOg !(&& hgj/L !#
&!= cf]dfg !(&& hgj/L @!
&@= stf/ !(&& hgj/L @!
&#= ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\; !(&& hgj/L @@
&$= ;fpbL c/a !(&& dfr{ !%
&%= sf]:6fl/sf !(&& cu:t !^
&^= dflNbE; !(*) cu:t !
&&= ;fOk|; !(*) cu:t !*
&*= Dff}l/l6o; !(*! km]a|'c/L !@
&(= cfO;Nof08 !(*! d] @%
*)= e'6fg !(*# h'g #
*!= xf]nL;L !(*# ;]K6]Da/ !)
*@= dfN6f !(*# ;]K6]Da/ @%
*#= a|'gfO{ !(*$ k]ma|'c/L #
*$= Kffgfdf !(*$ k]ma|'c/L !%
*%= 6\o'lgl;of !(*$ clk|n !$
*^= ;f]dflnof !(*$ cS6'a/ @$
*&= lhDafa] !(*$ gf]e]Da/ @&
**= Uofaf]g l/kAlns !(*% h'g !&
*(= odg !(*% l8;]Da/ @%
()= lkmhL !(*^ h'g !@
(!= hflDaof !(*^ ;]K6]Da/ !)
(@= df]hflDas !(*^ ;]K6]Da/ #)
(#= lgsf/fu'jf !(*^ cS6'a/ %
($= e]g]h'onf !(*& clk|n @*
(%= sf]nlDaof !(*& d] &
(^= Aff]lnleof !(*& d] @!
(&= Oi6f]lgof !((@ clk|n @)
(*= nflTeof !((@ clk|n @)
((= o'qm]g !((# hgj/L !%
!))= cfd]{lgof !((# dfr{ @^
!)!= lsls{:tfg !((# dfr{ @^
!)@= a]nf?; !((# h'nfO{ !(
!)#= Dff]N8f]ef !((# h'nfO{ @)
!)$= r]s l/klAns !(($ dfr{ @
!)%= :nf]efs l/klAns !(($ dfr{ $
!)^= Uo'jfgf !(($ h'g @@
!)&= blIf0f clk|msf !(($ h'nfO{ @*
!)*= ch/a}hfg !((% km]a|'c/L @*
!)(= ;];]N; !((^ cS6'a/ !)
!!)= :nf]eflgof !((& l8;]Da/ @
!!!= d];f]8f]lgof !((* hgj/L ^
!!@= s|f]l;of !((* k]ma|'c/L ^
153
!!#= cfo/Nof08 !((( cu:t !(
!!$= Aff]l:gof P08 xh{uf]legf @))) hgj/L !@
!!%= lny'jflgof @))% k]ma|'c/L *
!!^= ;fgdfl/gf] @))% cu:t !)
!!&= Tfflhls:tfg @))% ;]K6]Da/ !#
!!*= hlh{of @))% ;]K6]Da/ @@
!!(= t's{ldlg:tfg @))% cS6'a/ !&
!@)= Osj]8/ @))^ h'g @!
!@!= kf/fUj] @))^ cu:t @
!@@= Ujf6]dfnf @))^ cu:t *
!@#= x08'/; @))^ cu:t !*
!@$= efg'cf6' @))^ ;]K6]Da/ !(
!@%= P08f]/f @))^ ;]K6]Da/ @@
!@^= s+uf] @))^ ;]K6]Da/ @^
!@&= xfO6L @))& d] @#
!@*= ;]G6 leG;]G6 @))& ;]K6]Da/ @&
!@(= 8f]ldlgsg l/klAns @))& ;]K6]Da/ @*
!#)= af]Tjfgf @))( hgj/L *
!#!= dfnL @))( gf]e]Da/ !(
!#@= n];]yf] @)!) d] !*
!##= DfG6]g]u|f] @)!! h'nfO{ !*
!#$= :nf]dg cfO;Nof08 @)!! l8;]Da/ !%
!#%= p?Uj] @)!@ clk|n !*
!#^= Dff]gfsf] @)!@ d] !%
!#&= Dff}/L6flgof @)!@ l8;]Da/ $
!#*= t'efn' @)!@ l8;]Da/ !!
!#(= ;fdfcf] @)!# dfr{ @*
!$)= kk'jf Go'lugL @)!# clk|n !@
!$!= shfls:tfg @)!% h'g !#
!$@= hd}sf @)!% cS6'a/ !
!$#= lugL @)!^ d] !@
!$$= cn ;fNef8f]/ @)!^ ;]K6]Da/ @!
!$%= o'uf08f @)!& h'g !@
!$^= cfOe/L sf]i6 @)!& h'g !^
!$&= lha'6L @)!& h'nfO{ !%
!$*= PlG6u'jf P08 a/a'8f @)!& h'nfO{ @%
!$( Cabo Verde @)!& cu:6 #
!%) Liberia @)!& cu:6 !*
!%! Niger @)!& ;]K6]Da/ @)
!%@= Eritrea @)!& cS6'a/ #!
!%#= Bahamas @)!& gf]e]Da/ &
!%$= Angola @)!& l8;]Da/ (
!%%= Liechtenstein @)!& l8;]Da/ @@
!%^= Burkina Faso @)!& l8;]Da/ @(
!%&= Benin @)!* hgj/L @#
!%*= Uzbekistan @)!* hgj/L @^
!%( Saint Kitts and Navis @)!* d] #)
!^) Burundi @)!* h'g ^
!^! ?jf08f @)!* h'nfO{ @)
!^@ dbfuf:s/ @)!* ;]K6]Da/ @&
154
 !^#= ;'l/gfd @)!* cS6'a/ !!

!^$ 6f]uf] @)!( dfr{ @@

!^% OSj]6f]l/on lugL @)!( clk|n #)
!^^ Eswatini @)!( d] (
!^& Saint Lucia @)!( cu:t @&
!^* GHANA @)!( ;]K6]Da/ @^
!^( 8f]ldlgsf @)@! clk|n #)
!&) uflDaof @)@! d] @$
!&! l;o/flnof]g @)@! h'g @(

 g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] slt j6f lgof]udf cfk\mgf] k|ltlglw k7fpg] ub{5 < # j6f lgof]u -h]g]ef, leogf /
Go"of]s{_
 g]kfnsf slt j6f b]zdf cfkm\gf] /fhb'tfjf; /x]sf 5g\ < #) -kl5Nnf] :k]g_
 g]kfndf slt j6f b]zsf /fhb'tfjf; /x]sf 5g\ < @& -kl5Nnf] stf/, @)^* ;fndf_
 ;fs{sf slt j6f b]zsf /fhb'tfjf; g]kfndf /x]sf 5g\ < $ -ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sf_
 g]kfnsf] slt j6f :yfgdf dxfjfl0fHo b'tfjf; /x]sf] 5 < ^ -ef/tsf] sf]nsf]Qf, rLgsf] ;f+3fO{, xªsª,
uf]~hfcf], ;fpbL c/]ljofsf] h]2f / cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{_
 ljZjs} 7'nf] /fhb'tfjf; s'g b]zdf /x]sf] 5 < ckmuflg:tfl:yt cd]l/sL b'tfjf;
 g]kfnsf] zflGtIf]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;g\ !(() ;Dddf slt d'n'sn] :jLsf/]sf lyP < !!^ d'n'sn]
 zflGt If]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ :jLsfg]{ klxnf] d'n's kfls:tfg xf] eg] clGtd b]z s'g xf] < cfo/Nof08
 cfo/Nof08n] g]kfnsf] zflGt If]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ slxn] :jLsf/]sf] xf] < dfr{ !*, !(() df
 zflGt If]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ klxn] ;dy{g u/L kl5 lkmtf{ lng] b]z s'g xf] < ?;
 zflGtIf]qsf] k|:tfjsf k|:tfjs sf] x'g\ / slxn] pQm k|:tfj /flvPsf] xf] < /fhf jL/]Gb|, @)#! ;fn kmfNu'0f
!# ut]
^) /fi6« ;lDdlnt cfk\mgf] z'e/fHoleif]s ;df/f]xdf o:tf] k|:tfj k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . o; k|:tfjnfO{ tTsfn}
kfls:tfg / rLgn] :jLsf/] eg] To;kZrft\ qmdzM pQ/ sf]l/of, blIf0f sf]l/of, a+unfb]z cflb d'n'sn] :jLsf/]sf
lyP .
 rLg e|d0f ug]{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|wfgdGqL sf] x'g\ < 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ -;g\ !(%^_
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlxnf /fhb't sf] x'g\ < ljGb]Zj/L zfx
 g]kfnnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ /fi6« s'g xf] < hfkfg
ef/t;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 ef/t If]qkmndf ljZjs} & cf}+, hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ljZjsf] bf];|f] / k|hftflGqs b]zdf ljZjs} 7"nf] b]z xf] .
 @( k|fGt / & o'lgog 6]l/6/L -s]Gb| k|zfl;t k|b]z_ / %(# lhNnfdf ljeflht ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|fGt
/fh:yfg xf] .
 oxfFsf] k|d'v gbL u+uf, a|Xdk'q, od"gf, uf]bfj/L, s[i0f, ;tnh, gd{bf cflb x'g\ .
 ef/tsf] & /fHox? c?0ff~rn, cf;fd, dl0fk'/, d]ufno, ldhf]/fd, gfufNof08 / lqk'/fnfO{ & lbbL alxgL elgG5
 w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf] k|fGt pQ/ k|b]z xf] hxfF @) s/f]8 hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 .
 ef/tdf @ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /x]sf] 5 . tNnf] ;bgsf] ?kdf nf]s;ef -%$% ;b:o_ h;df ljleGg
k|fGtaf6 lgjf{lrt %#), o'lgog 6]l/6l/haf6 !# / /fi6«kltaf6 @ dgf]lgt x'G5g / dflyNnf] ;bgsf] ?kdf
/fHo;ef -@%)_ /x]sf] 5 .
 ef/tsf] /fli6«o km"n sdn xf] .
 oxfFsf] u'Ktr/ ;+:yfsf] gfd …/Ú xf] h;sf] k|d'v cfnf]s /x]sf] 5g\ .
 ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 klxnf] k6s cfdlgjf{rg ;g\ !(%! df ePsf] lyof] .
155
 ef/tsf k|yd ueg{/ n8{ dfp06j]g x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] klxnf] /fi6«klt 8f=/fh]Gb|k|;fb -!(%)–!(^@_ x'g\ eg] k|wfgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x? -!(%)–!(^$_ x'g\
g]x?nfO{ rfrf eg]/ ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 ef/tsf k|yd k|wfgGofofwLz xl/nfn sflGgof lyP .
 ef/tsf] klxnf] dlxnf k|wfgdGqL OlGb/f ufGwLsf] !(*$, cS6'j/ #! df xTof ePsf] xf] .
 :j= /fhLj ufGwLnfO{ Mr Clean gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 oxfFsf /fi6«klt /fdnfn sf]ljGb / k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL / pk/fi6«klt xldb cG;f/L /x]sf 5g\ .
 o;n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf !($% cS6'j/ #) df kfPsf] lyof] eg] g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw !($&, h'g !#
df sfod ePsf] lyof] .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o v]n xsL xf] eg] ef/tsf nflu klxnf] g]kfnL /fhb't l;+x;dz]/ h=j=/f= x'g\ .
 ;g\ !*^! df Onfdb]lv s~rgk'/sf] a|Xdb]jd08L;Dd *($ h+u]:tDe sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
 g]kfn / ef/taLr ;Ldfdf a}1flgs l;df+sg ug]{ sfd ef/tsf] ;e]{ ljefu4f/f ;g\ !(@^–@& df ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfn, ef/t / a]nfot aLr lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf ;g\ !($&, gf]e]Da/ ( df -uf]vf{ kmf}h /fVg] ljifodf_ ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfn / ef/taLrsf] ;g\ !(%), h'nfO{ #! df ePsf] zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw ePsf] lyof] .
 of] ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{x? g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 df]xg;dz]/ / ef/tsf] tkm{af6 ef/tLo /fhb't rGb|]Zj/ k|;fb
gf/fo0f l;+x lyP . of] ;lGwdf !) wf/fx? /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;lGw sf7df08f}df ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfn cfpg] klxnf] ef/tLo /fi6«klt 8f=/fh]Gb|k|;fb -;g\ !(%^_ x'g\ eg] klxnf] k|wfgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x? -;g\
!(%@ df_ x'g\ .
 lqe'jg /fhky ef/ts} ;xof]udf @)!# df lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . of] /fhky g]kfns} k"/fgf] /fhky xf] .
 g]kfnsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt /fda/0f ofbjsf] klxnf] ef/t e|d0f @)^^ kmfNu'0f # df ePsf] / kl5Nnf]
@)^(.(.( af6 !$ ut];Dd ePsf] lyof] .
 kl5Nnf] k6s /fi6«kltsf] x}l;otn] ef/t hfg] g]kfnsL /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/L x'g\ . pxf @)&$ a}zfv $ ut]
-@)!& clk|n !&_ ef/t hfg' ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf] /fhsLo e|d0f ug]{ kl5Nnf] ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL x'g\ .
 pgsf] @ lbg] g]kfnsf] /fhsLo e|d0f @)&% a}zfv @* / @( df ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfn cfpg] kl5Nnf] ef/tLo /fi6«klt k|0fj d'vhL{ x'g\ .
 k|0fj d'vhL{ ;g\ @)!^ sf] gf]e]Da/ @ -@)&# sflt{s !&_ df # lbg] g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf lyP .
 xfn g]kfnsf] nflu ef/tLo /fhb't ljho df]xg Sjfqf x'g\ / ef/tsf] nflu g]kfnsf] /fhb'tsf] ?kdf lgnfDa/
cfrfo{ /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ef/tsf] ;xof]u
-! lqe'jg /fhky -klxnf] /fhdfu{_ -@_ jL/ c:ktfn -klxnf] c:ktfn_
-#_ yfkfynL l:yt k|;'lt u[x -$_ 6«df ;]G6/
-%_ lqz'nL hnljB't cfof]hgf -^_ l;4fy{ /fhdfu{
-&_ jLkL sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lt:yfg, w/fg -*_ x'nfsL ;8ssf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
-(_ dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] w]/}h;f] v08
-!)_ sf]xnk'/af6 u•frf}sL ;Ddsf] @@ kSsL k'nsf] lgdf{0f
-!!_ /+u]nL lj/f6gu/ ;8sv08
-!@_ dgdf]xg d]df]l/on kf]ln6]lSgsn xl:k6n, lj/f6gu/
kfls:tfg;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 kfls:tfgsf /fi6«lktf df]xDdb cln lhGgf x'g\ . pgL sfOj] cfhd gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5g\ .
 oxfFsf] k|yd ueg{/ df]xDdb cln lhGgf x'g\ oxfFsf] d'Vo /fhgLlts bndf kfls:tfg d'l:nd lnu, kfls:tfg lkkN;
kf6L{, O:nflds 8]df]q\mofl6s PnfGo; x'g\ .
 kfls:tfgsf] klxnf] /fi6«klt O:sGb/ ldhf{ -;g\ !(%^_ x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] klxnf] k|wfgdGqL l;ofst cln vfg x'g\ . klxnf] dlxnf k|wfgdGqL a]lghL/ e'§f] x'g\ . pgL # k6s k|wfgdGqL
ag]sL lyOg\ .
 of] d'n's ;g\ !($&, cu:6 !$ df :jtGq ag]sf] xf] .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o efiff pb"{ xf] . d'Vo wd{ O:nfd xf] . oxfF ;'GgL d';ndfg && k|ltzt / lzof d';ndfg @)
k|ltzt 5g\ . oxfFsf] d'bf| nfO{ ?kL elgG5 eg] s]Gb|Lo a}+s :6]6 a}+s ckm kfls:tfg /x]sf] 5 .
156
 oxfFsf] k|yd klqsf csa/ xf] .
 oxfFsf] em08fdf % s'g] tf/f /x]sf] 5 . of] /fi6«d08nsf] $( cf}+ ;b:o /fi6« xf] .
 oxfFsf] d'Vo zx/ s/fFrL, nfxf]/ / O:nfdfjfb /x]sf] 5 .
 of] d'n'sn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;]K6]Da/ #), !($& df ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o k"mn lrlgof rd]nL xf] . /fli6«o r/f Rofv'/f xf] . /fli6«o lbj; dfr{ @# df kb{5 .
 oxfF $ k|fGt 5g\ . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|fGt an'lr:tfg xf] .
 kfls:tfgsf] xjfO{ ;]jf kfls:tfg OG6/g]zgn Po/nfOG; xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(%% df ePsf] xf]
 oxfFsf] ;+;bnfO{ ;+;b elgG5 . h'g g]zgn P;]DnL / l;g]6 u/L @ ;bgfTds /x]sf] 5 .
 kfls:tfg / g]kfn aLrsf] bf}To ;DaGw !(^), dfr{ @) df ePsf] xf] .
 ;g\ !(^! ;]K6]Da/df /fhf dx]Gb|n] kfls:tfg e|d0f u/]sf lyP .
 g]kfnn] ;g\ !(^$ df s/fFrLdf s'6gLlts lgof]u vf]n]sf] xf] eg] kfls:tfgn] g]kfndf ;g\ !(^% df b'tfjf;
vf]n]sf] xf] .
 b'a} b]z ;fs{sf] ;+:yfks x'g\ eg] c;+nUg /fi6«x?sf] ;b:o x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] /]l8of] kfls:tfg a|f]8sfl:6g skf]{/];g / 6]lnlehg kfls:tfg 6]lnlehg skf]{/];g xf] .
 oxfFsf /fi6«klt cl/k'm/ /]xdfg cNeL -!# cf}_ x'g\ . kfls:tfg t]xl/s P OG;fkm kf6L{sf cNeLsf] sfo{sfn @)!*
;]K6]Da/ ( af6 z'? ePsf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] nflu kfls:tfgsf] /fhb't c;{b ;fpb vf];f x'g\ .
 o;n] ;g\ @)!* sf] cu:t !$ df dgfPsf] :jtGqtf lbj; &@ cf} xf] .
 e/tk'/ cfFvf c:ktfn o;}sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
 xfn kfls:tfgsf k|wfgdGqL OD/fg vfg x'g\ . @)!* cu:t !& df lgjf{lrt pgL kfls:tfg t]xl/s P OG;fkm
kf6L{sf x'g\ .
>Ln+sf;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 >Ln++sfnfO{ @% lhNnf, !@ gu/kl/ifb\df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
 oxfFsf] Joj:yflksfnfO{ g]zgn :6]6 P;]DnL elgG5 .
 of] d'n's sl/j @)) jif{sf] la|l6; zf;gkl5 ;g\ !($&, km]a|'c/L $ df :jtGq ePsf] xf] .
 oxfF ;g\ !(&@ eGbf cl3 ;+;bsf] l;kmfl/zdf la|l6z dxf/fgLn] ueg{/ hg/n lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df ;g\
!(&@ d] ! df >Ln+sfnfO{ u0f/fHo 3f]lift u/L ueg{/ hg/n sf] ;§f /fi6«klt kbsf] Joj:yf ul/of] .
 ;g\ !(&* df ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/L /fi6«kltnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ lbO{ /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] 5
 >Ln+sfsf] k|yd /fi6«klt ljlnod uf]oNnjf -!(&@_ x'g\ .
 >Ln+sfsf] k|yd k|wfgdGqL 8f]gfN8 ;]gfgfos] x'g\ .
 !(^) h'nfO{df >Ln+sfsf] dfq xf]Og ljZjs} k|yd dlxnf lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf >LdtL l;l/dfcf]
aGb/gfos] lgo'lQm ePsL lyOg\ .
 oxfFsf] d'Vo kf6L{ o'gfO6]8 g];gn kf6L{ / >Ln+sf lk|m8d kf6L{ x'g\ .
 ;g\ !(%^ df l;+xfnL efiffnfO{ cflwsfl/s efiff 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 tfldn ;d:ofsf] z'?jft ePsf] lyof]
 oxfF l;+xfnL hfltsf] k|wfgtf /x]sf] 5 .
 oxfF ^( k|ltzt hgtf a'4 wd{ dfGb5g\ . To;}n] a'4 wd{ oxfFsf] /fli6«o efiff xf] .
 To;kl5 !% k|ltzt lxGb", * k|ltzt lqmlZrog / * k|ltzt d'l:nd /x]sf] 5 .
 oxfF km]a|'c/L $ df /fli6«o lbj; dgfOG5 .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o hgfj/ l;+x xf] eg] k+IfL n'Or] xf] .
 To;}u/L /fli6«o km"n An' jf6/ lnnL xf] . oxfFsf] d'b|f ?kL / efiff l;+xfnL xf] .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o v]n elnan xf] eg] s]Gb|Lo a}+s s]Gb|Lo a}+s ckm l;nf]g xf] .
 oxfFsf] 6]lnlehg ?kjflxgL / /]l8of] >Ln+sf a|f]8sfl:6g ;le{; xf] .
 of] d'n'sn] g]kfn;Fu} ;g\ !(%%, l8;]Da/ !$ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf kfPsf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf] >Ln+sf;Fusf] bf}To ;DaGw ;g\ !(%& h'nfO{ ! df sfod ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&% df sf]nDaf]df cfk\mgf] s'6gLlts ld;g vf]n]sf] lyof] eg] >Ln+sfn] ;g\ !((% df
sf7df08f}df b'tfjf; vf]Nof] .
157
 b'a} b]z ;fs{, c;+nUg lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] ;b:o x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] jfo';]jfsf] gfd Pc/ n+sf xf] eg] ;+;bnfO{ kfln{ofd]G6 elgG5 .
 oxfFsf] /fi6«klt uf]6fjfof /fhfkfIf] x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] d'Vo klqsf 8]nL Go"h, l;nf]g ld// x'g\ .
ckmuflg:tfg;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 ckmuflg:tfgsf] ;+:yfks cxdb zfx b'/f{gL x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ !($& df :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
 of] d'n's ;g\ !(!( df a]nfotaf6 :jtGq ePsf] lyof] .
 ;f]leot ;+3sf] 7f8f] x:tIf]kn] ;g\ !(&# df /fhtGqsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] .
 /fhf hxl/ zfxsf cfk\mg} HjfO{ ;]gfWoIf df]xDdb bfpbn] u/]sf] ;}lgs ljb|f]xaf6 ToxfF /fhtGqsf] cGTo ePsf] xf] .
 ToxfF ;g\ !((% sf] z'?df gofF zlQmsf] ?kdf tflnjfg n8fs'x?sf] ;d"x b]vfk/]sf] xf] . tflnjfg ljBfyL{x?sf] ;d"x xf]
 ckmuflg:tfgdf #$ j6f k|fGtx? /x]sf 5g\ . ToxfFsf] d'Vo k]zf v]tLkftL / kz'kfng xf] .
 oxfFsf] d'Vo ;x/ x]/ft, hnfnfjfb, dhf/ P zl/km / sfGbf/ x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] ;+;bnfO{ zf]/f elgG5 . dflyNnf] ;bgnfO{ d]>fgf] lhuf{ -!)@ ;b:o_ / tNnf] ;bgnfO{ af]n];L lhuf{ -@$(_
elgG5 .
 oxfFsf] s]Gb|Lo a}+snfO{ ckmuflg:tfg a}+s, d'b|f ckmufgL elgG5 .
 oxfFsf] 6]lnlehgnfO{ ckmuflg:tfg 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] /]l8of] ckmuflg:tfg elgG5 .
 o;n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] !($^, gf]e]Da/ !( df ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eg] g]kfn;Fu !(^! h'nfO{ ! df ;b:otf kfPsf]
xf] .
 oxfFsf] ;/sf/L jfo';]jfnfO{ xl/gf ckmufg Po/nfOG; elgG5 .
 oxfF cu:t !( df /fli6«o lbj; dgfOG5 .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o hgfj/ e]F8f] / /fli6«o v]n a':sf;L xf] .
 oxfFsf /fi6«klt c;/km 3fgL ;]K6]Da/ @!, @)!$ af6 /xL cfPsf 5g\ .
dflNbE;;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 dflNbE; Plzofsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] d'n's xf] . of] d'n's ;g\ !**& b]lv !(^% ;Dd la|l6zsf] clwgdf /x]sf] lyof]
 o;nfO{ !( lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] xf] . k|To]s lhNnfnfO{ Atollos elgG5 .
 oxfFsf] zf;gk4lt u0ftGqfTds /x]sf] 5 .
 @^ h'nfO{ !(^* df u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] dflNbE;df h'nfO{ @^ df /fli6«o lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfOG5
 oxfF ;+ljwfg !(^* df 3f]if0ff ePsf] xf] .
 oxfFsf] ;+;bnfO{ dhln; elgG5 . dhln;df $* ;b:o x'G5g\ . $) hgf lgjf{lrt / * hgf /fi6«kltaf6 dgflgt
x'G5g\ .
 dflNbE;sf] /fi6«klt ejgsf] gfd d'nL cfuL xf] . oxfFaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L lgsf;L x'g] a:t' df5f xf] To;kl5 ko{6g
pBf]u bf];|f] Joj;fodf kb{5 . oxfF &$ j6f ;'Gb/ l/;f]6{ 6fk'x? /x]sf 5g\
 oxfFsf] d'Vo afnL gl/jn v]tL xf] .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o hgfj/ 6'gf lkm; xf] .
 oxfFsf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s a}+s dflNbE; dlg6/L cyf]l/6L xf] . d'b|f ?lkmof xf] .
 oxfFsf] 6]lnlehg 6]lnlehg dflNbE; xf] eg] /]l8of] EjfO; ckm dflNbE; xf] .
 o;n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf !(^% ;]K6]Da/ @! df k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eg] g]kfn;Fu !(*) cu:6 ! df bf}To ;DaGw
sfod ePsf] xf] .
 o;sf] ;/sf/L jfo';]jfsf] gfd dfnlbE; OG6/g]zgn Po/nfOG; xf] eg] o;sf] /fhwfgL dfn] xf] .
 dflNbE;sf /fi6«klt Oa|flxd df]xDdb ;f]lnx x'g\ .
e'6fg;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 of] /fhtGqfTds d'n's xf] . xfn ToxfFsf /fhf lhUd] v];/ gfDu]n jfªrf]s / /fgL h]K;'g k]df x'g\ .
 of] d'n's ;g\ !($( cu:6 * sf lbg ef/taf6 :jtGq ePsf] xf] . e'6fgdf !* k|zf;sLo lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ToxfFsf]
lhNnf k|d'vnfO{ Dzongda elgG5 .
 e'6fgsf] ;+;bnfO{ Tshogdu elgG5 . o;df !%! ;b:o /xG5 .
 e'6fgsf] /fhfnfO{ Durk Gyalpo elgG5 . xfnsf /fhf ToxfFsf] % cf} /fhf x'g\ .
 e'6fgsf] of] ltAatL lnlkdf n]lvG5 .
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o v]n wg'ifjf0f -Achery_ xf] .
158
 oxfF e'l6of hfltx? a9L /x]sf 5g\ .
 e'6fgL dlxnfx?n] nufpg] k/Dk/fut kf]zfsnfO{ ls/f elgG5 .
 e'6fgsf d'Vo gbLx? cdf]–r', jfª–r' / dfr' x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s /f]on dlg6/L cyf]l/6L xf] eg] d'b|f g]u'N6«d xf] .
 oxfFsf 6]lnlehg e'6fg 6]lnlehg xf] eg] /]l8of] e'6fg af]8{sfl:6ª ;le{; xf] .
 o;n] ;g\ !(&! ;]K6]Da/ @! df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] eg] g]kfn;Fu ;g\ !(*# h'g # df bf}To
;DaGw sfod u/]sf] lyof] .
 oxfFsf] ;/sf/L jfo';]jf 8«s Po/ xf] .
 oxfF l8;]Da/ @& df /fli6«o lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfOG5 .
a+unfb]z;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 a+unfb]z ;g\ !($& b]lv !(&! ;Dd k"jL{ kfls:tfgsf] ?kdf lrlgGYof] .
 oxfFsf] ;+;bnfO{ hftLo ;+;b elgG5 . #)) ;+;b ;b:o x'G5g\ . h;df #) dlxnf ;b:o #)) lgjf{lrt ;+;bn] r'Gb5g\
 oxfFsf] k|d'v kf6L{ a+unfb]z g]zglni6 kf6L{, cjfdL lnu x'g\ .
 a+unfb]zdf k|hftGqsf] pbo l8;]Da/ !^, !((! df ePsf] lyof] .
 o;sf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s a+unfb]z a}+s xf] eg] d'b|f 6fsf xf] .
 oxfFsf] 6]lnlehg a+unfb]z 6]lnlehg xf] eg] /]l8of] a+unfb]z xf] .
 o;n] ;g\ !(&$, ;]K6]Da/ !& df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfn;Fu bf}To;DaGw !(&@, clk|n *
df sfod ePsf] lyof] .
 oxfFsf] ;/sf/L jfo';]jf ljdfg a+unfb]z xf] eg] /fhwfgL 9fsf xf] .
 oxfF % k|b]z / ^$ lhNnf /x]sf] 5g\ .
 oxfFsf /fli6«o hgfj/ af3 xf] eg] k+IfL 8\j]n xf]
 oxfFsf] /fli6«o k"mn ;fNkf xf] eg] /fli6«o v]n sa8\8L xf] .
 oxfFsf k|wfgdGqL z]v xl;gf jfh]b x'g\ / clk|n @@, @)!# af6 /fi6«klt cAb'n xldb /x]sf 5g\ .
rLg;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 g]kfnn] ef/t / rLg;Fu ;d;fldKosf] gLlt ckgfPsf] 5 .
 g]kfn b'O{ 9'+ufaLrsf] t?n xf] eGg] egfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] xf] .
 g]kfnaf6 rLg hfg] klxnf] JolQm leIf' a'4eb| x'g\ . pgL kfFrf} ztfAbLdf rLg uPsf lyP .
 lrlgof ofqL x'ofg ;fª ;ftf}+ ztfAbLdf g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 sf7df8f} pkTosfdf a:tL a;fpg] d~h'>L rLgaf6 g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 lnR5ljsfnLg /fhf c+z'jdf{sf] kfnfdf !^ hgf lty{ofqLx? ltAataf6 g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 dx]Gb| dNnn] cfk\mgf] dx]NndNnL d'b|f ltAatdf k7fPsf lyP .
 g/]Gb|b]jn] ltAatsf ;d|f6 ;|f]ªrf]ª uDkf]sf] d2taf6 k'gM u2L k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP .
 /fdzfxn] lj=;++ !^*@ df ltAatdfly cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP .
 lj=;+=!&)@ df eLd dNn ltAat uPsf lyP .
 g]kfnL d'b|fnfO{ ltAatdf dWosfnb]lv rnfPsf] b]lvG5 .
 dWosfndf g]kfnsf] ltAatL Jofkf/ /fd|f] lyof] .
 lj=;+=!*#@ df g]kfn / ltAataLr jfl0fHo ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . of] ;lGw cg';f/ s]?ª / s'tLaf6 dfq Jofkf/ x'g]
/ g]kfnL d'b|fnfO{ ltAatn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
 lj=;+=!*$% df g]kfn / ltAat o'4 eO{ lj=;+=!*$^ df s]?ª ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . s]?ª ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ad
zfxn] / ltAatsf] tkm{af6 ;flsof nfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . o; ;lGwdf % zt{x? lyP .
 lj=;+=!*$* df k'gM g]kfn / ltAat aLrdf o'4 eof] / lj=;+=!*$( df a]qfjtL ;lGw eO{ 6'lGuPsf] lyof] . o; ;lGwdf
& zt{x? lyP . ;lGw cg';f/ k|To]s %÷% jif{df g]kfnL lzi6frf/ d08nn] pkxf/ lnP/ k]lsª afbzfxnfO{ e]6\g' hfg'
kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] .
 !(!@ r}q ! df g]kfn / ltAat aLrdf yfkfynL ;lGw ePsf] lyof] .
 of] ;lGw k|wfgdGqL lgjf; yfkfynL b/jf/df ePsf] lyof] . ;lGwdf !) a'Fbfx? lyP .
 ;lGw adf]lhd ltAatn] g]kfnnfO{ k|ltjif{ ?=!),))) ;nfdL ?kdf a'emfpg] pNn]v /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\ !*$! df s}bdf
k/]sf l;v aGbLx?nfO{ ;d]t a'emfpg] k|lt1f u/]sf] lyof] .
 To;}u/L ;lGw adf]lhd g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw gfos /x]sf]df ef/bf/ /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfn / rLgaLr ;g\ !(%% cu:t ! sf lbg bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] lyof] .
159
 g]kfnsf] zflGt If]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;g\ !(&^ df :jLs[t hgfPsf] lyof] .
 ;g\ !(%^ sf] ;]K6]Da/ @% –cS6f]j/ !! ;Dd k|wfgdGqL >L 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{n] rLgsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0f u/]sf .
 g]kfn cfpg] klxnf] rLgsf k|wfgdGqL rfp Pg nfO{ x'g\ . pgL ;g\ !(%& df g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 rLgn] g]kfnsf] klxnf] k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] nflu ef=?=^ s/f]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
 ;g\ !(^) dfr{ !!–@$ df g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL jLkL sf]O/fnfn] rLgsf] e|d0f u/]sf lyP .
 ;g\ !(^), clk|n @* df g]kfn / rLgaLr zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw eof] . of] ;lGw sf7df08f}df ePsf] xf] eg] ;lGwdf
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL jLkL sf]O/fnfn] / rLgsf] tkm{af6 ;dsIfL rfp Pg nfO{n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .
 @)!& c;f/df d':tfª ;Ldf If]qleq lrlgofF kmf}h k|j]z u/L g]kfnL lgMz:q sd{rf/Lx?dfly uf]nL rnfPsf]n] ljjfb v8f
ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfn / rLgaLrsf] ;Ldf ljjfb ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ;g\ !(^!, cS6f]a/ % -@)!* c;f]h !(_ df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . of]
;Demf}tfdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 /fhf dx]Gb|n] / rLgsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg /fi6«klt No';cf]rLn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfn / rLg aLr kf/jxg ;Demf}tf ;g\ @)!^ dfr{ @! -@)&@ r}q * ut]_ ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf nflu lrgLof /fhb't xf]o" ofGhL / rLgsf nflu g]kfnL /fhb't dx]Gb| axfb'/ kf08] x'g\ .
 g]kfn cfpg] kl5Nnf] lrlgof k|wfgdGqL a]glhof afcf] x'g\ . pgL ;g\ @)!@, hgj/L !$ df g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
 To;}u/L g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf lrlgof /fi6«klt lhofª hldg ;g\ !((^ df cfPsf lyP .
 tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nLn] rLg e|d0f @)&@ r}q & ut]af6 u/]sf lyP .
 ;f] e|d0fsf] qmddf g]kfn / rLg aLr kf/jxg ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nLsf] rLgsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0f @)&% cf;f/ % af6 !) ut];Dd ePsf] lyof] .
 of] e|d0fsf] qmddf g]kfn / rLgaLr s]?ª–sf7df08f} /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf @)&% c;f/ & ut] -@)!* h'g
@! df_ ePsf] lyof] .
 rLgsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cf]a/df g]kfnn] @)&$ a}zfv @( -@)!& d] !@ df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
 kl5Nnf] k6s g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0f ug]{ lrlgof /fi6«klt l; lhªlkª x'g\ . pgL ;g\ @)!( sf] cS6'a/ !@ /
!# -@)&^ cflZjg @% / @^_ df oxfF cfPsf lyP .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df lrlgof ;xof]u
-!_ afg]Zj/ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb| -@_ sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ -c/lgsf]_
-#_ gf/fo0fu9–d'lUnª ;8s v08 -$_ 6«nL a;
-%_ sf7df08f} rqm ky -^_ e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf
-&_ kf]v/f–afun'ª ;8s v08 -*_ jLkL :d[lt e/tk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfn
-(_ /fli6«o ;efu[x -!)_ ;'gsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgf
-!!_ lgdf{0ffwLg klZrd ;]tL hnljB't cfof]hgf -!@_ af;af/L 5fnfh'Qf sf/vfgf
-!$_ lghfdtL c:ktfn -!%_ lgdf{0ffwLg kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn
-!^_ bz/y /+uzfnf -!&_ x]6f}8f sk8f pBf]u
-!*_ eQmk'/ O{6f 6fon sf/vfgf -!(_ sf]6]Zj/–sn+sL * n]gsf] af6f]
-@)_ k|:tfljs sf7df08f} aflx/L rqmky -@!_ sn+sL c08/nfOg kf; j]
cd]l/sf;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 cd]l/sf;Fu g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw bf];|f] /fi6«sf] ?kdf clk|n @%, !($& df ePsf] xf] .
 ToxfFsf] nflu g]kfnsf] klxnf] u}/cfjf;Lo /fhb't hg/n z+s/ zd;]/ -@$ k]ma|'c/L, !(%#_ x'g\ .
 ToxfFsf] nflu klxnf] cfjf;Lo /fhb't Clifs]z zfx -@& cS6f]a/, !(%#_ x'g\ .
 g]kfnsf nflu cd]l/sfsf] klxnf] u}/cfjf;Lo /fhb't r]:6/ jfcf]N; -!^ k]ma|'c/L, !(%@_ x'g\ .
 g]kfnsf nflu cd]l/sfsf] klxnf] cfjf;Lo /fhb't x]g/L O=:6]laG; x'g\ . pgn] !(%(, gf]e]Da/ @% df cf]xf]bfsf] k|df0fkq
a'emfPsf lyP .
 cd]l/sfdf g]kfnsf] /fhb'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(%*, km]a|'c/L # df ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf cd]l/sfsf] /fhb'tfjf; ;g\ !(%(, cu:6 ^ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . sf7df08f} dxf/fhu~hdf cjl:yt cd]l/sL
/fhb'tfjf; g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fhb'tfjf; xf] .
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f ug]{, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] cd]l/sL k"j{ /fi6«klt hLdL sf6{/sf]
cu'jfO{df lj=;+=@)^$ df lhdL sf6{/ ;]G6/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnsf k"j{ /fhf/fgL jL/]Gb| / P]Zjo{n] cd]l/sfsf] l8;]Da/, !(*# df e|d0f u/]sf x'g\ .
 g]kfndf sfo{/t\ cd]l/sL ;xof]u USAID -US Agency for International Development_ xf] .
 g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos If]qdf sfo{/t\ lk; sk{; :jo+;]jsx? cd]l/sf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf x'g\ . oL :jo+;]jsx? ;g\ !(^@
b]lv @))^ ;Dd sfo{/t\ /x]sf] lyof] .
160
 xfn cd]l/sfdf ^),))) sf] ;+Vofdf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x? k'g{:yflkt /x]sf 5g\ .
 g]kfnaf6 tof/L kf];fs, cGo ;fdfg cd]l/sfdf lgsf;L xF'b} cfPsf] 5 / g]kfnaf6 w]/} tof/L kf];fs lgof{t x'g] d''n's
;d]t cd]l/sf g} xf] .
 g]kfnsf] zflGtIf]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ cd]l/sfn] ;g\ !(*#, l8;]Da/ & df ;dy{g u/]sf] xf] .
 cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !*^% df u[xo'4 ePsf] lyof] .
 cd]l/sfsf] nflu g]]kfnL /fhb't ch'{g sfsL{ x'g\ eg] g]kfnsf] nflu cd]l/sfsL /fhb't Randy Berry x'g\ .
 cd]l/sfn] g]skf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ @)^( efb| @! -@)!@, ;]K6]Da/ ^_ df cft+ssf/L ;"rLaf6 x6fPsf] xf] .
 @)!^ gf]e]Da/ & df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf s"n #)$ Onf]S6f]/n dt kfO{ 8f]gfN8 6«Dk ljhoL ePsf lyP eg] logL ;g\
@)!& sf] hgj/L @) af6 $% cf} /fi6«kltsf] kbef/ ;Dxfln/x]sf lyP .
 cd]l/sfsf] $^ cf} /fi6«kltsf] 5gf}6 ug{ ToxfF @)@) sf] gf]e]Da/ # df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf 8]df]qmof6 kf6L{sf hf] afO8g
lgjf{lrt eO /fi6«klt ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df cd]l/sL ;xof]u
-!_ sLtL{k'/l:yt cfly{s tyf ljsf; s]Gb| -CEDA_ -@_ wgu9L–88]nw'/f /fhdfu{ -eLdbQ kGt_ /fhdfu{
-#_ x]6f}8f—e/tk'/ ;8sv08 -$_ hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
-%_ g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud -^_ afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q
-&_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -*_ s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu
-(_ s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, /fdk'/ -!)_ afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q, sf7df08f}
-!!_ /f]k j] -/~h' dfu{_ -!@_ g]kfn l6Da/ skf]{/];g
a]nfot;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 !& d] !(#$ -!((! h]i7 $_ -st} st} ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # klg pNn]v ePsf]_ df a]nfot;Fu ePsf] bf}To;DaGw ePsf]
lyof] . g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod ug]{ a]nfot klxnf] d'n's xf] .
 a]nfotnfO{ ;+o'Qm clw/fHo elgG5 . lsgsL of] d'n's Oª\Nof08, :s6Nof08, cfo/Nof08 / a]N; ldnL ag]sf] xf]
 of] d'n'sdf % k|ltzt dfq s[lif k]zfdf cfl>t 5g\ . (% k|ltzt dflg;x? pBf]u Jofkf/df ;+nUg 5g\ .
 g]kfnn] ;j{k|yd a]nfotdf /fhb'tfjf; vf]n]sf] xf] .
 a]nfotn] k|bfg ug]{ pRr ;}lgs kbs leS6f]l/of qm; kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL s'njL/ yfkf -klxnf] ljZjo'4sf of]4f_ x'g\ .
 g]kfnsf] zflGtIf]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ a]nfotn] ;g\ !(*), gf]e]Da/ @! df ;dy{g u/]sf] xf] .
 a]nfotdf bf; k|yfnfO{ ;g\ !&&@ df u}/sfg"gL 3f]lift ul/Psf] xf] .
 ljZjdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft ug]{ d'n's a]nfot xf] . o;sf] /fli6«o km"n u'nfkm /x]sf] 5 .
 a]nfotaf6 k|sflzt ;/sf/L l/kf]6{nfO{ An' a's xf] .
 la|l6z ;fd|fHosf] lj:tf/ ;a}eGbf a9L !* cf} ztfAbLdf ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf sfo{/t a]nfotL ;xof]u lgof]u l8PkmcfO{8L DFID -Department for International Development_ xf]
 oxfFsL dxf/fgL Plnhfj]y l4tLo -jt{dfg ljZjdf w]/} cjlw;Dd zf;g ug]{_ sf] g]kfn e|d0f ;g\ !(^! df
ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df a]nfotL ;xof]u
-! kmlk{ª hnljB't cfof]hgf -g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfof]hgf_ -@_ dbg e08f/L dfu{ -w/fg–wgs'6f_
-#_ gf/fo0fu9 a'6jn ;8s v08 -$_ a'9flgns07 :s"n
-%_ cf}ifwL cg';Gwfgzfnf -^_ /]l8of] g]kfnsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/
-&_ wgs'6fl:yt kfv|Ljf; s[lif kmd{ -*_ u08sL c:ktfn
-(_ n'Dn] s[lif kmd{, sf:sL -!)_ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, hfjnfv]n
hfkfg;Fu g]kfnsf]] ;DaGw
 hfkfg 6fk'x? ldnL ag]sf] b]z xf] . hfkfgL efiffdf hfkfgnfO{ lgKkf]g elgG5 .
 h;sf] cy{ ;a}eGbf klxn] ;"o{ pbfpg] b]z eGg] x'G5 .
 g]kfnsf] hfkfg;Fu h'nfO{ @*, !(%^ df bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] lyof] .
 hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof]df g]kfnsf] /fhb'tfjf; ;g\ !(^%, h'nfO{df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
 sf7df08f}df hfkfgsf] /fhb'tfjf; ;g\ !(^*, k]ma|'c/Ldf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
 hfkfgsf] nflu g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfjf;Lo /fhb't e/t/fh /fhe08f/L -!(^%_ x'g\ .
 g]kfnsf] nflu hfkfgsf] klxnf] cfjf;Lo /fhb't lx8]ldrL ls/f -;g\ !(^*_ x'g\ .
 g]kfn e|d0f ug]{ klxnf] hfkfgL gful/s af}4 leIf' PsfO{ sfjfu'rL -;g\ !*((, rGb|;dz]/sf] kfnfdf_ x'g\ .
 lgh sfjfu'rLsf] tl:j/ c+lst x'nfs l6s6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))@ df hf/L u/]sf xf] .
161
 hfkfgdf rGb|;dz]/sf] kfnfdf klxnf] k6s * g]kfnL ljBfyL{nfO{ cWoogsf nflu k7fOPsf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bft[/fi6« hfkfg -;xof]u /f;Lsf] lx;fjdf_ g} xf] .
 g]kfndf sfo{/t\ hfkfgL ;xof]u lgof]u hfOsf -JICA–Japan International Cooperation Agency_ hfkfgn]
sfnLu08sL P hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu !^)) nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof]
 d]nDrL vfg]kfgL kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu hfkfgn] %$,($) nfv hfkfgL P]g ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf] nflu hfkfgsf /fhb't df;f;L cf]ufjf x'g\ .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df hfkfgsf] ;xof]u
-! sfnL u08sL hnljB't cfof]hgf -@_ d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
-#_ uf]+ua' gofF a;kfs{ -$_ s'n]vfgL hnljB't cfof]hgf
-%_ /]l8of] g]kfnsf] :yfkgf -^_ s0ff{nL k'n
-&_ dxf/fhu~hl:yt lzIf0f c:ktfn -*_ tLgs'g] ;"o{ljgfos ^ n]gsf] af6f]
-(_ jLkL /fhdfu{ -ag]kf–alb{af;_ -!)_ 3flbªl:yt dn]v'F k'n
-!!_ yfkfynLl:yt afudtL k'n -!@_ pbok'/ l;d]G6 sf/vfgf

?;;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw

 ?;;Fu g]kfnsf] s'6gLlts ;DaGw ;g\ !(%^, h'nfO{ @) df ePsf] xf] .
 tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;f]leot ;+3sf] e|d0f ;g\ !(%* df / ?;sf /fi6«klt df;{n ef]/f]l;nf]en] g]kfnsf] e|d0f ;g\
!(^) df u/]sf lyP .
 @)!) cS6f]j/ @$ df ?;df ePsf] ljZj af3 ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] pkl:ylt ePsf] lyof] .
;xof]usf If]qx?
 g]kfn / ?;aLr HjfOG6 e]Gr/df @) j6f pBf]ux? ;~rfngdf /x]sf
 cf}Bf]lus / OlGhlgol/ª If]qdf ?;df g]kfnLx? 7"nf] ;+Vofdf k|lzlIft ePsf] cj:yf
 hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf, jL/u~h lrgL sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf
 9Ns]a/—kyn}of ;8s v08sf] lgdf{0f
 sfe|]sf] kgf}tL hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f
 sflGt afn x:kL6n
 oxfFsf] /fi6«klt Enflbld/ k'l6g / k|wfgdGqL lbldqL d]be]b]e x'g\ .
 oxfFsf] nflu g]kfnL /fhb't Clif/fd l3ld/] x'g\ .
k|mfG;;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 o'/f]k dxfb]zdf kg]{ k|mfG; Ps k|fol4k d'n's xf] . k|mfG;]nLx? sljtf, gf6s, lrqsnf, d"lt{snfdf lgk'0f 5g\ ljZjs}
k|l;4 6fj/ -w/x/f_ Okm]n 6fj/ klg k]l/;df g} kb{5 .
 g]kfn / k|mfG;aLr ;g\ !($(, clk|n @) df s'6gLlts ;DaGw sfod ePsf] xf] .
 o; cl3 g} h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] k|mfG;sf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf lyP .
 g]kfnsf] ljsf;df o;n] cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
;xof]usf If]]qx?
 u|fld0f ljsf;, jL/]Gb| ;}lgs xl:k6n, ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?
 g]kfnL ljBfyL{ k|mfG;df uO{ cWoog ug]{ qmd a9\bf] /x]sf] 5 .
 oxfFsf xfnsf /fi6«klt Emmanuel Macron x'g\ . k|mfG;sf] Oltxf;df sfG5f /fi6«kltsf] ?kdf /x]sf, h;sf] pd]/
#( jif{ /x]sf] 5 . pgL @)!& d] & df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf ^^=! k|ltzt dt NofO{ lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g \ .
hd{gL;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 hd{gL o'/f]ksf] Ps ;DkGg Pj+ ;d[4 d'n's xf] . o'/f]lkog o'lgogdf o;n] cfk\mgf] :yfg jhgbf/ agfPsf] 5
 g]kfn / hd{gLaLr ;g\ !(%*, clk|n $ df s'6gLlts ;DaGw sfod ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnaf6 lgof{t x'g] un}rf dWo] w]/}h;f] hd{gLdf hfG5 .
hd{gLn] u/]sf ;xof]ux?
 d:of{ª\bL hnljB't cfof]hgf / dWod:of{ª\bL hnljB't cfof]hgf
 uf]j/ Uof; KnfG6sf] ;~rngdf, kxf8L If]qdf ufpFdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?nfO{ :jfanDaL agfpg e"ldsf
 r'/] If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw]z sfo{qmd
 hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjdf of] o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6« xf] .
:jLh/Nof08;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
 :jLh/Nof08;Fu g]kfnsf] s'6gLlts ;DaGw ;g\ !(%( gf]e]Da/ !) df ePsf] xf] .
162
 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ToxfFsf] e|d0f ;g\ @))) ;]K6]Da/ !! df u/]sf lyP eg]
tTsfnLg :jL; /fi6«klt cfgf]{N8 s]n/n] ;g\ !((& gf]e]Da/ ( df u/]sf lyP .
 o;n] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ;g\ !(%^ af6 ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;xof]unfO{ P;l8;L elgG5 .
 g]kfnaf6 :jLh/Nof08df lrof, d;nf, xf]ldof]k]lys cf}iflw, sfk]{6 / pgLsf ;fdfgx? lgof{t x'g] ub{5g\ .
 ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] ;~rfngdf NofPsf] csf]{ sfo{qmd x]Ne]6f; g]kfn xf] .
 of] d'n'snfO{ xfn;Dd s'g} klg o'4df efu glng] egL lrlgG5 .
 o;n] Nxfd';fFu" lh/L ;8s, bf]nvfdf k|fljlws lzIffnosf] :yfkgfdf ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .
 of] b]z xfn;Dd s'g} klg o'4df efu glnPsf] egL lrlgG5 eg] oxfF ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL nfu" 5 eg] of] Ps
e"kl/j]li6t, zfGt, ;d[4 Pj+ kxf8L d'n's xf] .
 ljZjd} k|ToIf nf]stGqsf] cEof; ul//x]sf] d'n's ;d]t oxL xf] .

cGt/f{li6«o dfldnf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3÷;+:yf

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|0ffnL, ax'kIfLo Joj:yfkg / g]kfn
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] /x]sf] 5 < cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 eGbf cuf8L ;+3sf] h:t} p2]Zo af]s]sf] ;+Vof s'g lyof] < lnu ckm g];G;
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(@) hgj/L !)
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;lGw s'g lyof] < e;f{ON; ;lGw
 lnu ckm g];G;nfO{ s:tf] ;+:yf elgG5 < Child of War
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] k|wfg sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] lyof] < :jLh/Nof08sf] h]g]ef
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] ;b:otf TofUg] klxnf] b]z s'g lyof] < sf]:6fl/sf -!(@% df_
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] clGtd ;b:o b]z s'g lyof] < OlhK6 -^$ cf}_
163
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] a8fkqdf slt wf/f /x]sf lyP < @^ j6f
 lnu ckm g];G;df cf}krfl/s efiffx? slt /x]sf lyP < # -c+u|]hL, k|m]Gr / :k]lg;_
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] k|d'v c+ux? /x]s lyP < # -;ef, kl/ifb\ / ;lrjfno_
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] cf}krfl/s ?kdf lj36g slxn] ePsf] lyof] < !($^ clk|n @)
 lnu ckm g];G;sf] klxnf] dxf;lrj sf] lyP < a]nfotsf h]D; Pl/s 8'Dof08
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqdf slxn] x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] < !($% h'g @^ df -cd]l/sfsf] ;g\ k|mflG;:sf] ;Dd]ngdf_
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf s'g b]zdf ePsf] lyof] < cd]l/sfsf] ;g\ k|mflG;:sf] df
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !($% cS6f]a/ @$ df
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;+:yfks /fi6« slt /x]sf x'g\ < %! -%! cf} kf]Nof08_
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf a8fkqsf] s'g wf/f adf]lhd ePsf] xf] < !!)
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqdf slt j6f cWofo / zAbx? /x]sf 5g\ < !( cWofo / !) xhf/ zAb
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkq tof/ ug]{ sf] lyP < cd]l/sL slj cfls{jfN8 DoflSn;
 g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] slxn] ;b:otf kfPsf] xf] < !(%%, l8;]Da/ !$
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf TofUg] d'n's s'g xf] < O08f]g]l;of
 O08f]g]l;ofn] slxn] ;+3sf] ;b:otf Tofu]sf] lyof] < ;g\ !(^% df -csf]{ jif{ ;g\ !(^^ df ;b:otf lg/Gt/tf_
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;b:otfaf6 x6fPsf] b]z s'g xf] < tfOjfg
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] gfdfs/0f 8Dj/6g cf]S; eGg] 7fpFdf ;g\ !($$ df ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] to u/]sf] lyof] .
 a8fkq pk/sf] 5nkmn cd]l/sfsf] ;g\ k|mflG;:sf]df ;g\ !($% clk|n @% b]lv @^ h'g;Dd ePsf] ;Dd]ngdf
ePsf] lyof] .
 a8fkqdf h'g @^, !($% sf lbg %) /fi6«n] x:tfIf/ u/] . kl5Nnf] /fi6« kf]Nof08n] x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 x:tfIf/ ug]{
/fi6«sf] ;+Vof %! k'u]sf] lyof] .
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] gfdfs/0f cd]l/sL /fi6«klt k|mof+slng ?hj]N6n] lbPsf] ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df /flvPsf] xf] .
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|wfg sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{sf] dfgx6g 6fk'df
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ csf]{ pkgfdn] lrlgG5 < ljZj gu/;ef
p2]Zo
 cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg'
 /fi6«x?aLr d}qLk"0f ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug'{
 cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf dfgjLo ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ / df}lns :jtGqtf tyf dfgj
clwsf/k|lt ;Ddfgsf] k|a4{g ug{ ;xof]u ug'{
 oL ;femf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3nfO{ s]Gb| agfpg'
l;4fGt
 /fi6«x?sf] ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
 cGt/f{li6«o bfloTjsf] Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy kfngfsf] l;4fGt
 cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf] l;4fGt
 zlQm / wDsLsf] ck|of]usf] l;4fGt
 cfGtl/s dfldnfdf cx:tIf]ksf] l;4fGt
 cfk;L ;xof]usf] l;4fGt
 cfTdlg0f{osf] l;4fGt
cflwsfl/s efiff
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] dfGotf lbPsf efiff slt /x]sf 5g\ < ^ j6f -c+u|]hL, k|m]Gr, /l;og, rfOlgh, :k]lg; /
c/ljs_ ACEFRS
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] dfGotf lbPsf] kl5Nnf] efiff s'g xf] < c/]ljs -;g\ !(&# df dfGotf lbPsf]_
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] sfof{no ;~rfngsf] dfWod efiff s'g s'g x'g\ < c+u|]hL / k|m]Gr EF
;b:otf

164
 @ k|sf/sf] ;b:otf . klxnf] ;+:yfks /fi6«sf] ;b:otf / bf];|f] gofF ;b:o aGg] /fi6«sf] ;b:otf . gofF ;b:o aGg] /fi6«n]
d'Vot tLg zt{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . klxnf], ;b:o aGg] rfxg] /fi6« zflGtk|]dL x'g'kg]{, bf];|f] j8fkqdf pNn]lvt bfloTjnfO{
:jLsf/ ug]{ / t];|f] oL bfloTjx?nfO{ k"/f ug{ OR5's / ;Ifd x'g'kg]{ .
 of] k[i7e"ld ePsf /fi6«nfO{ ;'/Iffkl/ifb\sf % :yfoL ;b:o;lxt ( ;b:o4f/f l;kmfl/z ePkl5 dxf;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{
ax'dtaf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
k|d'v c+ux?
-s_ dxf;ef
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / ;jf]{Rr c+u s'g xf] < dxf;ef
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] Joj:yflksf ;ef egL s'g c+unfO{ lrlgG5 < dxf;ef
 dxf;efn] ug]{ d'Vo d'Vo sfd s] x'g\ < gofF ;b:otf k|bfg ug]{, ah]6 kfl/t ug]{, dxf;lrj, ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf c:yfoL
;b:o, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\sf ;b:o tyf Gofofnosf ;b:ox?sf] lgo'QmL k|bfg ug]{
 dxf;efdf k|To]s ;b:o /fi6«n] slt hgf k|ltlglw k7fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < % hgf k|ltlglw k7fpg ;Sg] t/
dtbfg eg] ! hgfaf6 dfq
 dxf;efsf] a}7s slxn]af6 z'? x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfsf] t];|f] d+unaf/af6
 &% cf} dxf;efsf] a}7sdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sf] lyP < k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf]nL -erf]{n ldl6ª
ePsf]_
 &% cf} dxf;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{ sf] lyP < 6sL{sf Volkan Bozkir
 dxf;efsf] a}7sdf cWoWotf ug]{ xfn ;Dd slt hgf dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ < $ hgf -klxnf] ef/tsL ljhofnIdL
kl08t, bf];|f] nfOa]l/ofsL cfªuL a|'S;, t];|f] ax/fOgsL Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa / rf}yf] OSj]8/sL
Maria Fernanda
 g]kfn dxf;efsf] slt cf} ;Dd]ngaf6 efu lnb} cfPsf] 5 < !! cf}+ ;Dd]ngaf6 -;g\ !(%^_
 dxf;efsf] a}7sdf klxnf] k6s efu lng] g]kfnL k|ltlglw d08nsf g]tf sf] lyP < tTsfnLg k//fi6«dGqL
r'8fk|;fb zdf{
 dxf;efsf] a}7sdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ klxnf] k|wfgdGqL sf] x'g\ < jLkL sf]O/fnf -!(^)_
 dxf;efsf] klxnf] a}7s slxn] / sxfF a;]sf] lyof] < !($^ hgj/L !) df n08gsf] j]i6ldlgi6/ xndf
 dxf;efsf] klxnf] clwj]zgsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQm sf] x'g\ < a]lNhodsf kfpn x]g/L :kfs -a]lNhod_
 ;+3sf] dxf;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;do efif0f ug]{ sf] x'g\ < So'jfsf /fi6«klt lkm8]n Sofi6«f]
 ;+3sf] dxf;efdf ;a}eGbf sd ;do efif0f ug]{ sf] x'g\ < e'6fgsf bfjf l5l/ª
dxf;efsf] sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ o; c+u cGtu{t ^ j6f ;ldlt /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\M–
-s_ lgz:qLs/0f / cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;ldlt -v_ cfly{s ljQLo ;ldlt
-u_ ;fdflhs, dfgjLo / ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt -3_ ljz]]if /fhgLlts ;ldlt
-ª_ k|zf;sLo tyf ah]6 ;ldlt -r_ sfg"g ;ldltx?
-v_ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL c+u egL lrlgg] c+u s'g xf] < ;'/Iff kl/ifb\
 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < hDdf !% hgf h;df -% :yfoL / !) c:yfoL_
 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf :yfoL ;b:o /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < cd]l/sf, ?;, a]nfot, k|mfG; / rLg ABCRF
 le6f] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ s;nfO{ /x]sf] 5 < ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf :yfoL ;b:o /fi6«x?nfO{
 le6f] k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« s'g xf] < a]nfot
 a9L k6s le6f] k|of]u ug]{ /fi6« s'g xf] < ?;
 c:yfoL ;b:o /fi6«x?sf] sfo{sfn slt jif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < @ jif{
c:yfoL /fi6«x?sf] rogsf] ef}uf]lns cfwf/df
Pk|mf] PlzofnL If]qaf6 % /fi6«
Nofl6g cd]l/sL ,, @ ,,
k"jL{ o"/f]k ,, ! ,,
klZrd o"/f]k tyf cGo /fi6« ,, @
165
 –––––––
!) /fi6
@)@! sf] hgj/L ! af6 @)@@ sf] l8;]Da/ #! ;Ddsf] nflu
-!_ cfo/Nof08 -@_ gj]{ -#_ ef/t -$_ s]Gof
-%_ d]lS;sf]

;'q BKMIN

;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf c:yfoL ;b:ox? -@)@) hgj/L ! b]lv @)@! l8;]Da/ #! ;Ddsf] nflu_
-!_ 6\o'lgl;of -@_ leotgfd -#_ ;]G6 leG;]G6 P08 u|]gfl8g; -$_ gfOh/
-%_ Oi6f]lgof

;'q gfOh/sf] VEST

 g]kfn ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:o slxn] / slt k6s eO{;s]sf] 5 < @ k6s, ;g\ !(^( – !(&) u/L
klxnf] k6s / ;g\ !(** – ;g\ !(*( df u/L bf];|f] k6s
 ;fs{df ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:o gx'g] # /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < dflNbE;, e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfg
 w]/} k6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:o x'g] b]z hfkfg xf] . of] b]z lgDg ;dofjlwdf ;b:o ePsf] xf]M
1958 – 1959 , 1966 – 1967 , 1971 – 1972 , 1975 – 1976 , 1981 – 1982 , 1987 – 1988 , 1992 – 1993 , 1997 –
1998 , 2005 – 2006 , 2009 – 2010 , 2016 – 2017
-u_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\df slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 < %$ hgf
 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\sf ;b:osf] sfo{sfn slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < # jif{
ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cfwf/df lgDgadf]lhd ;b:o /fi6« lgjf{lrt x'G5g\M–
Plzofaf6 !! ;b:o clk|msfaf6 !$ ;b:o
Nofl6g cd]l/sfaf6 !) ;b:o k"jL{ o'/f]kaf6 ^ ;b:o
klZrd o'/f]k / cGo /fi6«x?af6 !# /fi6«
-3_ lhDdfhdfgL kl/ifb\M– pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm x'g] /fi6«x?sf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs If]qsf] /]vb]v u/L ;/sf/
;~rfngdf ;'udtf Nofpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] kl/ifb\sf] xfnsf] ;dodf s'g} dXTj /x]sf] 5}g . o;n] cfk\mgf] p2]]Zo k"/f
ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;a}eGbf ;kmn c+u egL lrlgG5 . o;n] :jtGqtf lbnfPsf] clGtd b]z knfp xf] . o;nfO{
;g\ !(($ df :jtGqtf lbnfPsf] lyof] .
-ª_ cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] Goflos c+u s'g xf] < cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno
 cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnodf slt hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 < !% hgf GofofwLz
 Gofofnodf ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < ( jif{
 ;'/Iffkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf dxf;efåf/f r'lgG5g\ / # jif{sf] nflu cfk"mx? dWo]af6 k|d'v GofofwLzsf] 5gf}6
ub{5g\ .
 cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnosf] k|wfg sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < g]b/Nof08sf] x]udf
 of] c+usf] cflwsfl/s efiff s'g s'g x'g\ < c+u|]hL / k|]mGr
 of] c+usf] lg0f{o k|lqmof s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < ;fwf/0f ax'dt
sfo{x?M–;b:o /fi6««x? aLr ljjfb ePdf lg0f{o lbg', sfg"gL ljifodf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 tyf o;sf ljlzi6Ls[t
;+:yfx?nfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg', ePsf ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] cy{ :ki6 ug'{ .
-r_ ;lrjfno
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|zf;sLo c+u s'g xf] < ;lrjfno
 ;lrjfnosf] k|d'v sf] /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < dxf;lrj
 ;xf;lrjsf] lgo'lQm sf] af6 x'g] ub{5 < ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf dxf;efaf6
 dxf;lrjsf] sfo{sfn slt jif{ /x]sf] 5 < % jif{
166
 dxf;lrjsf] slt k6s ;Dd Ps sfo{sfn yk x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ! k6s
 s'g c+usf] a}7sdf dxf;lrjn] efu lng kfpb}gg\ < cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjx?
qm=;+= dxf;lrjsf] gfd b]z sfo{sfn
!= l6«Uj]nL gj]{ ;g\ !($^ – !(%#
@= 8\ofu Xofd/zf]N8 :jL8]g ;g\ !(%# – !(^!
#= pyfGt DofDdf/ ;g\ !(^! – !(&!
$= s't{ jfON8 xfOd cli6«of ;g\ !(&@ – !(*!
%= Xofleo/ k]/]h b sf]Oof/ k]? ;g\ !(*@ – !((!
^= 8f=a'qf]; a'qf]; 3fnL OlhK6 ;g\ !((@ – !((^
&= sf]kmL cGgfg 3fgf ;g\ !((& – @))^
*= jfg ls d'g blIf0f sf]l/of ;g\ @))& – @)!^
(= Antinio Guterres kf]r'{un ;g\ @)!& hgj/L ! af6
 Antinio Guterres kf]r'{unsf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL -;g\ !((% af6 ;g\ @))@ ;Dd_ x'g\ . pgsf] gfd ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n]
;g\ @)!^ af] cS6'a/ % df rog u/]sf] xf] eg] cS6'a/ !# df dxf;efn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] .
 hxfh b'3{6gfdf dfl/g] dxf;lrj sf] lyP < 8\ofu Xofd/ zf]N8
 sfo{sfn yk gePsf dxf;lrj sf] x'g < 8f=a'qf]; a'qf]; 3fnL
 g]kfn cfpg] klxnf] dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < pyfGt -DofGdf/_
 xfn;Dd slt hgf dxf;lrjx?n] g]kfnsf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf 5g\ < % hgf
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf s'g s'g dxf;lrjn] g]kfnsf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf 5g\ < pyfGt, s't{ jfON8 xfOd, Xofleo/
k]/]h b sf]Oof/, sf]kmL cGgfg / jfg ls d'g
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf pkdxf;lrj /fVg] lg0f{o slxn] ul/Psf] lyof] < !((*, hgj/L !@ df
 ;lrjfnosf klxnf] pkdxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < n'O{ k|]mr6] -Sofg8f_ -!((* dfr{ @ af6 @))^ sf] clk|n !
;Dd_
 xfn ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] pkdxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < gfOh]l/ofsL Amina J. Mohammed -kfFrf}_
 Action for Peace Keeping k|:tfj Nofpg] dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < PlG6lgof] u'6;{ -;g\ @)!* df ÷ljZj zflGtsf]
sfdgf u/L NofPsf_
 An Agenda for Peace / Agenda for Develoment k|:tfj Nofpg] dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < a'qf]; a'qf]; 3fnL
 Quiet Revolution k|:tfj Nofpg] dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < sf]kmL cGgfg
 6«f]Osf k|:tfj s'g dxf;lrjsf] kfnfdf ?;n] NofPsf] lyof] < 8\ofu x\ofd/ zf]N8 -;g\ !(^! df o' Pgdf Ps hgf
dxflrjsf] ;§fdf # hgf dxf;lrj /xg' kg]{ egL ?;n] u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] k|:tfj egL lrlgG5 .
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 pkdxf;lrj x'g] g]kfnL 1fgrGb| cfrfo{ / ;xfos dxf;lrj x'g] g]kfnL s'nrGb|
uf}td x'g\ .

ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx?
gfd, :yfkgf, k|wfg sfof{no g]kfn ;b:o ePsf] ldlt
qm=;+= Gffd :yfkgf k|wfg sfof{no g]kfn ;b:o ePsf] ldlt
!= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -ILO_ !(!( clk|n !! h]g]ef, :jLh/Nof08 ;g\ !(^^ cu:6 #)
@= VffB tyf s[lif ;+u7g -FAO_ !($% cS6'a/ !^ /f]d, O6fnL !(%! gf]e]Da/ @&
#= ljZj a}+s
-s_ cGt/f{li6«o k'glgdf{0f tyf !($% l8;]Da/ @& jfl;ª6g l8l; - !(^! ;]K6]Da/ ^
ljsf; a}+s -IBRD_ cd]l/sf_
-v_ cGt/f{li6«o ljQ lgud-IFC_ ;g\ !(%^ ,, !(^^ hgj/L ^
-u_ cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;+u7g - !(^) l8;]Da/ @$ ,, !(^! ;]K6]Da/ ^
167
 IDA_
-3_ nufgL ljjfb ;dfwfg !(^^ cS6'a/ !$ ,,
cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| -ICSID_
-ª_ ax'/fli6«o nufgL k|Tofe"lt ;g\ !(** ,, !((@ ;]K6]Da/ @#
;+:Yff -MIGA_
$= cGt/f{li6«o df}lb|s sf]if -IMFF_ !($% l8;]Da/ @& ,, !(^! ;]K6]Da/ ^
%= ;+=/f=;+=z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf !($^ gf]e]Da/ $ k]l/;, k|mfG; !(%# d] !
;f+:s[[lts ;+u7g -UNESCO_
^= cGt/f[li6«o b'/;~rf/ ;+3 -ITU_ !*^% d] !& h]g]ef, :jLh/Nof08 !(%& l8;]Da/ %
&= ljZj x'nfs ;+3 -UPU_ !*&$ cS6'a/ ( jg{, :jLh/Nof08 !(%^ h'nfO{ !!
*= cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\8g ;+u7g !($& clk|n $ dlG6«on, Sofg8f !(^) h'nfO{ @(
-ICAO_
(= ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -WHO_ !($* clk|n & h]g]ef, :jLh/Nof08 !(%$ d] !)
!)= cGt/f{li6«o ;fd'lGb|s ;+u7g - !($* n08g a]nfot !(&( hgj/L #!
IMO_
!!= ljZj hnjfo' ;+u7g -WMO_ !(%) dfr{ @# h]g]ef, :jLh/Nof08 !(^^ cu:6 !@
!@= cGt/f{li6«o c0f' phf{ Ph]G;L - ;g\ !(%& leogf, cli6«of
IAEA_
!#= ;+=/f=;+=cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;+u7g - ;g\ !(^^ gf]e]Da/ ,, !(*# l8;]Da/
UNIDO_ !&
!$= ljZj af}l4s ;Dklt ;+u7g - !(^& h'nfO{ !$ h]g]ef, :jLh/Nof08 !((& k]ma|'c/L $
WIPO_
!%= ljZj ko{6g ;+u7g -UNWTO_ !(&$ gf]e]Da/ ! Dofl8«8, :k]g ;g\ !(&%
!^= cGt/f{li6«o s[lif ljsf; sf]if - !(&& l8;]Da/ !% /f]d, O6fnL !(&* d] %
IFAD_

 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ljleGg ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx? dWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / gofF ;+:yf s'g xf] < k'/fgf] ITU gofF
;+:yf IFAD
 ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] klxnf] ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf s'g xf] < ILO -;g\ !($^ df ePsf]_
 g]kfn klxnf] k6s s'g ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] ;b:o ePsf] xf] < FAO
 w]/} k6s gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf s'g xf] < ICRC -o;n] ;g\ !(!&, !($$ / !(^# u/L #
k6s gf]a]n k'/:sf/ kfPsf]_
 @ k6s gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfpg] ;+:yf s'g xf] < UNHCR ;g\ !(%$ / !(*! u/L @ k6s
 ILO n] slxn] gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/ kfPsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(^( df
 UNICEF n] slxn] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ kfPsf] lyof] < ;g\ !(^% df
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf s'g s'g dxf;lrjn] gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/ kfPsf 5g\ < ;g\ !(^! df 8\ofux\ofd/ zf]N8 / ;g\
@))! df sf]kmL cGgfg
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt ;}lgsnfO{ -Peace Keeping Force_ slxn] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] < ;g\
!(**
 IAEA, IPCC, OPCW / WFP n] slxn] slxn] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ kfPsf x'g\ < qmdzM ;g\ @))%, ;g\ @))& ;g\
@)!# / ;g\ @)@)
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;Da4 cGo ;+u7gx?sf k|wfgsfof{no
gfd k|wfg sfof{no
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfof{qmd UNEP s]Gofsf] gf}/f]jL
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfof{qmd UNDP cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afn sf]if UNICEF ,,
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo hg;+Vof ultljlw sf]if UNFPA ,,
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljZjljBfno UNU hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof]
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|x/L UNP cd]l/sfsf] Go'of]s{
168
 ljZj vfB sfof{qmd WFP O6fnLsf] /f]d
/f;folgs xltof/sf] lgif]w ;+u7g OPCW lgb/Nof08sf] x]u
a[xt c0f'ad k/LIf0f k|ltaGw ;lGw CTBT cli6«ofsf] leogf
Package Deal
 g]kfn;Fu} !^ /fi6«n] ;+3sf] ;b:otf kfpg'kg]{ k|:tfjnfO{ dxf;efn] cg'df]bg l8= !$, !(%% u/]sf] lyof] o;nfO{
kfs]h l8n elgG5 .
 g]kfn;Fu} ;b:otf kfpg] ;fs{ d'n's s'g xf] < >Ln+sf
 ;+3sf] em08f slxn]af6 k|of]udf cfpg yfn]sf] xf] < ;g\ !($& cS6f]a/ @) b]lv
g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf kfpg tTsfnLg dxf;lrj l6«Uj]nL ;dIf km]j|'c/L %, ;g !($( df lgj]bg
bflvn u/]sf] lyof] eg] cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;dIf ;g\ !($(, km]a|'c/L !# df lgj]bg k|:t't u/]sf] lyof]
lgj]bg g]jf/L efiffsf] /~hgf lnlkdf n]lvPsf] lyof] . of] lgj]bg k]z ug]{ JolQm kb\d axfb'/ vqL lyP . of] lgj]bg
k|:t't ubf{ g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL df]xg ;dz]/ lyP .
Big seven
 ;+3sf] ah]6df ;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg lbg] /fi6«nfO{ Big seven
elgG5 .
;+3sf] ah]6df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] /fi6«x?sf] cj:yf -;g\ @)!( / ;g\ @)@) sf] nflu_
/fi6« of]ubfg /fi6« of]ubfg
cd]l/sf @@ k|ltzt a]nfot $=% k|ltzt
rLg !@=)! k|ltzt a|flhn #=* k|ltzt
Hffkfg *=%^ k|ltzt O6fnL #=& k|ltzt
hd{gL ^=$ k|ltzt ef/t )=&#& k|ltzt
k|mfG; $=* k|ltzt g]kfn )=))^ k|ltzt

 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm CNN sf ;+:yfks 6]8 6g{/ x'g\ .
 nuftf/ @ jif{;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ /sd ga'emfPdf To:tf] /fi6«nfO{ dtbfg ug]{ xsaf6 al~rt ul/G5 .
 ;g\ !(*$ df o:tf] xsaf6 klxnf] k6s blIf0f clk|msfnfO{ al~rt u/fOPsf] lyof] .
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o geP klg ;+3nfO{ ah]6 lbg] b]z xf]nL l; xf] . p;n] )=))! k|ltzt /sd Joxf]b{5 .
 dxf;efn] k|To]s @ jif{sf] nflu ah]6 kfl/t ub{5 .
 Go"gtd vr{ -)=))!%_ Joxf]g]{ b]zx?sf] ;+Vof !&! /x]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o jif{
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] slxn]af6 jif{ lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] yfn]sf] xf] < ;g\ !(^) af6
 ;+3n] dgfPsf] klxnf] jif{ s'g xf] < clk|msf jif{
 ;g\ !(^) df clk|msf dxfb]zsf w]/} /fi6«n] -!* /fi6«n]_ ;b:otfk|fKt u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm ;g\ !(^) nfO{ clk|msf
jif{sf] ?kdf ;+3n] dgfPsf] lyof] .
 ;+3n] ;g\ !(^* nfO{ s'g jif{sf] ?kdf dgfof] < dfgjclwsf/ jif{
 ;+3n] ;g\ !(&% nfO{ s'g jif{sf] ?kdf dgfof] < cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{
 ;g\ @)!% nfO{ ;+3n] s'g jif{sf] ?kdf dgfof] <  cGt/f{li6«o df6f] jif{
 ;g\ @)!^ nfO{ ;+3n] s'g jif{sf] ?kdf dgfof] < International Year of Pulses
 ;g\ @)!& nfO{ ;+3n] s] jif{sf] ?kdf dgfPsf] lyof] < International Year of Sustainable Tourism for
Development
 ;g\ @)!* nfO{ ;+3n] s] jif{ egL dgfof] < of] jif{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf s'g} lbj;sf] dgfPg .
 ;g\ @)!( nfO{ ;+3n] s] jif{sf] ?kdf dgfof] < International Year of Indigenous Language
 ;g\ @)@) nfO{ ;+3n] s] jif{sf] ?kdf dgfPsf] lyof] < International Year of Plant Health
 ;g\ @)@! nfO{ ;+3n] s] jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpb}5 < International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable
Development
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] nflu klxnf] g]kfnL k|ltlglw sf] x'g\ < Clifs]z zfx -!(%%–!(^!_
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df g]kfnsf nflu xfnsf :yfoL k|ltlglw cd[t axfb'/ /fO{ -rf}wf} :yfoL k|ltlglw_ x'g\ .
169
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqdf slt cWofo, wf/f / zAbx? /x]sf 5g\ < !!! wf/f, !( cWofo / !),))) zAb
;+3sf dxf;lrj jfg ls d'g -blIf0f sf]l/ofnL s'6gLlt1_ n] ;g\ @))& hgj/L ! b]lv sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]sf lyP .
;+3sf] cf7f}+ dxf;lrj jfg ls d'g bf];|f] PlzofnL dxf;lrj lyP . o;cl3 adf{sf pyfGt -!(^!–!(&!_ ;+3sf
dxf;lrj /x]sf lyP .
 ;+3sf] !(@ cf}+ ;b:o /fi6« s'g xf] < dG6]g]u|f] -o;n] ;g\ @))^, h'g @* df ;b:otf kfPsf] lyof]_
 ;+3sf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] ;b:o /fi6« s'g xf] < blIf0f ;'8fg -o;n] ;g\ @)!!, h'nfO{ !$ df !(# cf}
;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] xf]_
 MRP ;DaGwL ultlalw ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo s'g ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfo cGtu{t kb{5 < cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\8g
;+u7g -ICAO_
 cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\8g ;+u7gsf] k|fawfgcg';f/ ;g\ @)!) clk|n ! -@)^^.!@.!( af6 d]l;g4f/f ljj/0f
k9\g] / afxssf] j}olQms ljj/0f e08f/0f ug{ ;lsg] /fxbfgL -Machine Readable Passport_ MRP clgjfo{
?kdf hf/L ug'{kg]{ lyof] .
 g]kfnn] slxn]af6 Pdcf/lk lat/0f ug{ yfn]sf] xf] < @)^& ;fn kf}if !! ut]af6
 Pdcf/kL 5fKg] lhDdf s'g sDkgLnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] < k|mfG;sf] cf]j/y/ sDkgLnfO{
 Pdcf/kL /fxbfgL kfpg] klxnf] pRrkb:y JolQmTj sf] x'g\ < /fi6«klt 8f=/fda/0f ofbj
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|wfgsfof{no cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{df /fVg] lg0f{o dxf;efsf] slt cf}+ a}7sn] u/]sf] xf] <
klxnf] a}7sn]
 g]kfn ;+3sf] slt cf} ;b:o d'n's xf] < &@ cf}+
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;jf]{Rr kbs s'g xf] < gfg;]g kbs
 hgjfbL u0ftGq rLgn] ;+3sf] ;b:otf slxn] k|fKt u/]sf xf] < cS6f]a/ @%, !(&! df
 g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ p2]Zon] g]kfndf /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt ld;g cgldg -United Nations
Mission in Nepal–UNMIN_ sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)^#.!).)(
 cgldgsf] Dofb k6s k6s u/L slt k6s yk ePsf] xf] < & k6s;Dd
 cgldgn] s] ug]{ lhDdf kfPsf] lyof] < & d'Vo lzlj/ / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sf7df08f}df /x]sf] 5fpgLl:yt
xltof/ /x]sf] aGb sG6]g/sf] cg'udg ug]{ lhDdf
 cgldgsf] alxu{dg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)^&.)(.#) df
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efnfO{ klxnf] hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] slxn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf
lyP < ;g\ !(^) df ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ?kdf efu lng] b'O{ /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < Kofn]i6fOg /
Eofl6sg l;6L
SAARC -;fs{_
 ;fs{sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(*%, l8;]Da/ *
 ;fs{sf] ;+:yfks /fi6« slt j6f /x]sf 5g\ < & ;+:yfks /fi6«x?
 ;fs{sf] & ;+:yfks /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z, e'6fg, dflNbE; / >Ln+sf
 ;fs{sf] * cf} ;b:o /fi6« s'g xf] < ckmuflg:tfg
 ckmuflg:tfgn] ;fs{sf] ;b:otf slxn] k|fKt u¥of] < clk|n $, @))& df
 ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ s'g ;Dd]ngn] ;b:otf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] < !$ cf} ;Dd]ng
 ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ ;fs{ ;b:otf lbg] lg0f{o ;fs{sf] s'g ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] lyof] < !# cf} ;Dd]ng
 ckmuflg:tfgn] ;fs{sf] slt cf}+ ;Dd]ngaf6 efu lnb} cfPsf] 5 < !$ cf}+ ;Dd]ng -@))&, clk|n #–$ df ef/tdf
ePsf]_
 ;fs{ :yfkgf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug]{ sf] x'g\ < a+unfb]zsf /fi6«klt lhofp/ /xdfg
 lhofp/ /xdfgn] o:tf] cjwf/0ff slxn] k]z u/]sf x'g\ < ;g\ !(*) d]=@ df
;fs{sf] p2]Zox?
 blIf0f PlzofnL hgtfsf] sNof0f clej[l4 ug]{ / pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
170
 o;If]qsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; b|'tt/ kfg'{ .
 ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug]{ / k"0f{ ;DefJotfsf] dx;'; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ .
 blIf0f Plzofsf d'n'sx?aLr ;fd"lxs cfTdlge{/tfsf] ;Da4{g / lj:tf/ ug'{ .
 kf/:kl/s ljZjf; / ;dembf/L a9fpg of]ubfg k'of{pg' tyf Ps csf{sf] ;d:of d"Nofs+g ug'{ .
 cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|fljlws / j}1flgs If]qx?df ;lqmo ;xof]u / kf/:kl/s ;xfotf clej[l4 lj:tf/
ug'{ .
 ;femf lxtsf ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df Ps cfk;df ;xof]u a9fpg' .
 ;dfg nIo / p2]Zo ePsf cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ If]qLo ;+u7gx?;Fu ;xof]u sfod ug'{ .
l;4fGtx?
 ;+u7gsf] 9fFrfleqsf] ;xof]u ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, If]qLo cv08tf, /fhgLlts :jflwgtf, Ps csf{sf] cfGtl/s
dfldnfdf cx:tIf]k / kf/:kl/s lxtsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
 o:tf] ;xof]u l4kIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;xof]usf] k|lt:kwf{ geP/ To;sf] ;xof]uL x'g]5 .
 o:tf] ;xof]u b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo bfloTjsf] p2]Zo ljk/Lt x'g]5}g .
;fs{ a8fkqdf x:tfIf/ ug]{x?
-!_ g]kfnsf /fhf jL/]Gb| zfx -@_ ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL /fhLj ufGwL
-#_ kfls:tfgsf /fi6«klt lhofjn xs -$_ a+unfb]zsf /fi6«klt x';}g df]xDdb Pzf{b
-%_ dflNbE;sf /fi6«klt df}d'g cAb'n u}o'd -^_ e'6fgsf /fhf lhUd]l;Ud] jfªrf]s
-&_ >Ln+sfsf h'lno; l/r8{ hoaw{g]
;fs{sf] xfn;Ddsf] ;Dd]ng / ;DkGg ePsf] ldlt
qm=;= b]z :yfg ldlt
!= a+unfb]z 9fsf !(*% l8;]Da/ & – *
@= ef/t a+unf]/ !(*^ gf]e]Da/ !& – !*
#= g]kfn sf7df08f} !(*& gf]e]Da/ @ – $
$= kfls:tfg O:nfdfjfb !(** l8;]Da/ @( – #!
%= dflNbE; dfn] !(() gf]e]Da/ @! – @#
^= >Ln+sf sf]nDaf] !((! l8;]Da/ #!
&= a+unfb]z 9fsf !((# clk|n !) –!!
*= ef/t gofF lbNnL !((% d] @ – $
(= dfnlbE; dfn] !((& d] !@ – !$
!)= >Ln+sf sf]nDaf] !((* h'nfO{ @( – #!
!!= g]kfn sf7df08f} @))@ hgj/L $ – ^
!@= kfls:tfg O:nfdfjfb @))$ hgj/L $ – ^
!#= a+unfb]z 9fsf @))% gf]e]Da/ !@ – !#
!$= ef/t gofF lbNnL @))& clk|n # – $
!%= >Ln+sf sf]nDaf] @))* cui6 @ – #
!^= e'6fg lyDk" @)!) clk|n @* – @(
!&= dflNbE; c8\8' P6f]g @)!! gf]e]Da/ !) – !!
l;6L
!*= g]kfn sf7df08f} @)!$ sf] gf]e]Da/ @^–@& -@)&!÷*÷!)–!!_
!(= kfls:tfg O:nfdfjfb @)!^ sf] gf]e]Da/ ( / !) sf] ltyL tf]lsP klg
ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] ljjfbsf] sf/0f xfn :ylut

 /fhwfgL jflx/ ePsf ;fs{sf ;Dd]ngx? bf];|f] / !& cf} ;Dd]ng x'g\ . bf];|f] ;Dd]ng ef/tsf] a}+nf}/df ;g\
!(*^ df ePsf] lyof] eg] !& cf} ;Dd]ng dflNbE;sf] c8\8' P6f]g l;6Ldf ePsf] lyof] .
 ;fs{sf] rf}yf] a}7saf6 -;g\ !(**, l8= @(–#! kfls:tfg_ ;fs{ jif{ dgfpg 3f]if0ff ug{ yflnof] .
;fs{ jif{x?
qm=;= jif{ sfo{qmd
!= !(*( nfu"kbfy{ b'Jo{;g / cf];f/k;f/ lj?4
171
 jif{
@= !(() ;fs{ aflnsf jif{
#= !((! ;fs{ cfjf; jif{
$= !((@ ;fs{ jftfj/0f jif{
%= !((# ;fs{ ckfË jif{
^= !(($ ;fs{ o'jf jif{
&= !((% ;fs{ ul/jL lgjf/0f jif{
*= !((^ ;fs{ ;fIf/tf jif{
(= !((& ;xeflutf d"ns zf;g jif{
!)= ;g\ @))$ ;fs{ l6=aL= / PrcfO{eL hfu/0f jif{
!!= ;g\ @))% blIf0f Pl;of ko{6g jif{
!@= ;g\ @))& blIf0f PlzofnL xl/ofnL jif{
!#= ;g\ @))* ;fs{ c;n zf;g jif{
!$= ;g\ @)!) afn>d k"0f{tM lgif]w jif{
!%= ;g\ @)!^ ;fs{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf jif{
!^= ;g\ @)!& ;fs{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf jif{
;fs{n] dgfPsf jf dgfpg] bzs
qm=;+= jif{ bzs
!= !(() – @))) cfwf/e"t cfjZostf pknAw u/fpg] bzs
@= !((! – @))) ;fs{ aflnsf bzs
#= @))! – @)!) ;fs{ afn clwsf/ bzs
$= @))^ – @)!% ;fs{ ul/jL lgjf/0f bzs
%= @)!) – @)@) ;fs{ cGt/If]qLo ;Dks{ bzs
;fs{sf c+ux?
-s_ /fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s
 ;fs{sf] slt j6f c+u /x]sf] 5 < ^ j6f
 ;fs{sf] dxTjk"0f{ c+u s'g xf] < /fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s
 /fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s slxn] x'g] ub{5 < jif{sf] Psk6s a:g] / ljz]if a}7s cfjZotfg';f/ a:g]
u/]sf]df !* ;Dd]ngn] ;fs{ ;Dd]ng @÷@ jif{df ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . kf]v/fdf @)&@ r}q $ ut] ePsf] #& cf}
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] x/]s ;fs{ ;Dd]ng gf]e]Da/ dlxgfdf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .
 ;fn;Dd ;fs{sf] slt j6f lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ < xfn;Dd !* j6f
 !* cf} ;Dd]ng sxfF a;]sf] lyof] < sf7df08f}
 !* cf} ;Dd]ngsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < zflGt / ;d[l4sf] nflu uxg Pstf
 zflGt / ;d[l4sf] nflu uxg Pstf gfds gf/f ;fs{sf] slt cf} gf/f xf] < t];|f]
 !& cf} ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF a;]sf] lyof] < @)!! gf]e]Da/ !)–!!, dflNbE;sf] c8\8' P6g gu/df
 !& cf}+ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] k|ltlglw sf] lyP < tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{
 !^ cf}+ ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF a;]sf] lyof] < ;g\ @)!), clk|n @*–@( df e'6fgsf] lyDk'df
-v_ dlGqkl/ifb\
 ;fs{sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ c+udf sf] /xG5g\ < ;b:o /fi6«sf ljb]zdGqLx?
 ;fs{sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;fwf/0ftofM jif{sf] slt k6s a:g] ub{5 < @ k6s
 ;fs{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] #& cf} a}7s kf]v/fdf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @)&@ r}q ! af6 $ ut];Dd
-u_ :yfoL ;ldlt
 ;fs{sf] :yfoL ;ldltdf sf] /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ljb]z ;lrjx?
 ;fs{sf] s'g rflx c+u sfo{sf/L c+u xf] < :yfoL ;ldlt
 o;sf] a}7s slxn] a:g] ub{5 < cfjZostfg';f/
-3_ k|fljlws ;ldlt
-ª_ ;lrjfno
 ;fs{sf] s'g c+unfO{ k|zf;sLo c+u elgG5 < ;lrjfno
172
 ;fs{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf slxn] / sxfF ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(*& hgj/L !^ -@)$# df3 @_
 ;fs{sf] ;lrjfnosf] pb\3f6g ug]{ sf] x'g\ < tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|
 ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf sxfF /x]sf] 5 < sf7df08f}, lqb]jL dfu{, 7d]ndf
 ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf slt hgf dxf;lrj / lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < !hgf dxf;lrj, * hgf lgb]{zs
 dxf;lrjsf] sfo{sfn slt jif{sf] x'G5 < # jif{sf] -;fs{sf] gjf} ;Dd]ngaf6_
 ;lrjfnosf] sfof{no ;~rfngsf] efiff s] /x]sf] 5 < c+u|]hL
 ;fs{sf] klxnf] dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < a+unfb]zsf ca'n cx;g -a+unfb]z_
 ;fs{sf] bzf}+ dxf;lrj sf] lyP < dflNbE;sf kmlydfy lwogf ;}ob
 ;fs{sf !! cf} dxf;lrj sf] lyP < dflNbE;sf cxdb ;lnd
 ;fs{sf] !@ cf} dxf;lrj sf] lyP < g]kfnsf ch{'g axfb'/ yfkf
 ;fs{sf] !# cf} dxf;lrj sf] lyP < cDhfb x';}g lj=:ofn -kfls:tfg_
 ;fs{sf] !$ cf} tyf jt{dfg dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < >Ln+sfsf Esala Weerakoon
 ;fs{sf] ;Dd]ng Psk6s dfq cfof]hgf ug]{ /fi6« s'g xf] < e'6fg
 ;fs{n] slt cf} ;Dd]ngaf6 ;fs{sf] gf/f to ug{ yfn]sf] xf] < !^ cf}
 ;fs{sf] klxnf] ;Dd]ngsf] gf/f s] lyof] < …xl/ofnL / v';L blIf0f PlzofÚ
 !^ cf} ;Dd]ngn] to u/]sf] bzssf] gfd s] xf] <;g\ @)!) b]lv ;g\ @)@) ;DdnfO{ cGt/If]qLo ;Dks{ bzs
!* cf}+ ;Dd]ngdf pkl:yt k|ltlglwx?
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnf
ef/tsf k|=d+=g/]Gb| df]bL,
kfls:tfgsf k|=d+=gjfh ;l/km,
a+unfb]zsL k|wfgdGqL z]v xl;gf jfh]b,
dflNbE;sf /fi6«klt cAb'Nnf ofldg,
>Ln+sf /fi6«klt dlxGb|f /fhkfIf],
ckmuflg:tfgsf /fi6«klt c;/km 3fgL
e'6fgsf k|=d+= l5l/ª tf]Aa]
 ;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf w]/} k6s efu lng] dflNbE;sf df}d'g cAb'n u}o"d x'g\ . pgL lg/Gt/ !% k6s ;Dd]ngdf efu lng]df
kb{5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] tk{maf6 ;Dd]ngdf w]/} k6s efu lng] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf x'g\ / To;kl5 /fhf jL/]Gb| zfx x'g\ .
 lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] % k6s / /fhf jL/]Gb|n] $ k6s efu lnPsf lyP .
 ;Dd]ngdf gful/s k|wfgdGqLsf] x}l;otn] efu lng] klxnf] JolQm s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{ x'g\ . pgn] dflNbE;sf] dfn]df
ePsf] kfFrf} ;Dd]ngdf efu lnPsf lyP .
!* cf} lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf /x]sf ko{j]Ifs /fi6«x?
cd]l/sf, rLg, O/fg, df}l/;; -pkl:yt gePsf]_, blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg, o"/f]k]nL o"lgog, DofGdf/ / ci6«]lnof
 !& cf}+ ;Dd]ngsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] <Building Bridges
 !& cf} ;Dd]ngn] slt a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] < @) a'Fb]
 !* cf}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ng sxfF ePsf] lyof] < g]kfndf ;g\ @)!$ sf] gf]e]Da/ @^–@&
 !* lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] slt a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] < #^ a'Fb]
;fs{sf] If]qkmn
/fi6« If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ /fi6« If]qkmn
ef/t #@,*&,@^# kfls:tfg *,)#,(#^
ckmuflg:tfg ^,$&,%)) g]kfn !,$&,!*!
a+unfb]z !,$#,#%* >Ln+sf ^%,^!)
e'6fg $^,^@) dflNbE; @(*

 ;fs{n] ljZjsf] hg;+Vofsf] slt k|ltzt cf]u6\g] ub{5 < @@ k|ltzt hg;+Vof
 r'vf hnljB't cfof]hgf s'g b]zdf /x]sf 5 < e'6fgdf
173
 e'6fgsf] tfnf hnljB't cfof]hgf slt d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] /x]sf] 5 < !)@) d]=jf=
 e'6fgdf a+zf0f'ut /fhtGqsf] z'?jft slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !()&, l8=!& af6
 ?kjflxgL 6]lnlehg sxfFsf] 6]lneLhgsf] gfd xf] < >Ln+sfsf]
 gGbfb]jL g];gn kfs{ sxfF kb{5 < ef/tdf
 ;fs{ d'n's} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] / sxfF kb{5 < lrNsf tfn, ef/tdf
 lrNnf tfnsf] If]qkmn slt /x]sf] 5 < (!^ ju{ ls=ld=
 ;a} wdf{anDaLsf] nflu v'Nnf /xg] dlGb/ s'g xf] < nf]6; dlGb/
 nf]6; dlGb/ sxfF /x]sf] 5 < ef/t
 ;fs{ k|lts lrGx-nf]uf_ agfpg] sf] x'g < z}n]Gb| dxh{g -g]kfn_
 ;fs;fs{ o'jf k'/:sf/ slt /f;Lsf] /x]sf] 5 < /f;L @%,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ / :j0f{ kbs
 ;fs{ o'jf k'/:sf/sf] 3f]if0ff slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !((^ df
 klxnf] k6s ;fs{ o'jf k'/:sf/ kfpg] sf] x'g\ < lhofp/ /xdfg -;fs{sf ;+:yfks_
 lhofp/ /xdfgnfO{ of] k'/:sf/ slxn] k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] < ;g\ @))% gf]e]Da/ !@ df a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf
ePsf] !# cf} lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf
 8fFg s'g b]zaf6 k|sflzt x'g] klqsf xf] < kfls:tfgaf6
 a+unfb]zsf] ;do lu|gljrsf] ;doeGbf slt 306f rnfv /x]sf] 5 < ^ 306f rnfv
 ef/tsf] /fli6«o km'nsf] gfd s] xf] < sdnsf] km"n
 ef/tsf] /fli6«o r/fsf] gfd s] xf] < do"/
 ;fs{df slt wf/fx? 5g\ < !) wf/f

wf/f ! ;fs{sf] p2]Zo wf/f @ ;fs{sf] l;4fGt

wf/f # /fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] lzv/ ;Dd]ng wf/f $ dlGqkl/ifb\
wf/f % :yfoL ;ldlt wf/f ^ k|fljlws ;ldlt
wf/f & sfo{ ;ldlt wf/f * ;lrjfno
wf/f ( ljtLo k|aGw wf/f !) ;fdfGo k|fjwfg

 ef/tdf u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < hgj/L @^, !(%) df
 ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yfsf] gfd s] xf] < Research and analysis wing -Raw_
 ef/tsf] /fhwfgL gofF lbNnL eGbf klxn] sxfF /x]sf] lyof] < sf]nsf]Qfdf
 sf]nsQfdf ef/tsf] /fhwfgL slxn] ;/]sf] xf] < ;g\ !(!! df
 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ef/tn] slxn] dfGotf lbPsf] xf] < ;g\ !((@ df
 g]kfnL efiff ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] slt cf}+ cg';"rLdf /x]sf] 5 < cf7f}+ cg';"rLdf
 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] dfGotf lbg ;fs{ /fi6«x? slt /x]sf 5g\ < $ /fi6«x?
 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] dfGotf lbg] ;fs{ /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < g]kfn, ef/t, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sf
 ;fs{sf !! s]Gb| /x]sf]df xfn slt j6f s]Gb|x? /x]sf 5g\ < % j6f
;fs{ s]Gb|x?
s]Gb| :yfkgf ldlt cjl:ylt
;fs{ s[lif ;"rgf s]Gb| -klxnf] s]Gb|_ ;g\ !(** a+unfb]z, 9fsf
;fs{ Ifo/f]u tyf PrcfO{le P8\; s]Gb| ;g\ !((@ g]kfn, eQmk'/
;fs{ jftfj/0f tyf phf{ s]Gb| ;g\ @))^ kfls:tfg
;fs{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| ;g\ @))( >Ln+sf, s]G8L
;fs{ b}jL k|sf]k Joj:yfkg s]Gb| ef/t
;fs{ vr{sf] bfloTj axg -@)^$ ;fnsf] ;+zf]wgcg';f/_
/fi6« vr{sf] bfloTj /fi6« vr{sf] bfloTj
174
 ef/t #)=#@ k|ltzt kfls:tfg @@=%@ k|ltzt
a+unfb]z !)=&@ k|ltzt g]kfn !)=&@ k|ltzt
>Ln+sf !)=&@ k|ltzt ckmuflg:tfg % k|ltzt
e'6fg % k|ltzt dflNbE; % k|ltzt
vfBfGg ;~ro
/fi6« bfloTj /fi6« bfloTj
ef/t #,)^,$)) d]=6= kfls:tfg *),))) d]=6=
a+unfb]z *),))) d]=6= >Ln+sf *,))) d]=6=
g]kfn *,))) d]=6= ckmuflg:tfg @,*$) d]=6=
e'6fg $)) d]=6= dflNbE; #^) d]=6=
sf7df08f} / ;fs{ d'n'ssf /fhwfgL aLrsf] b'/L
sf7df08f} /fhwfgL b'/L -lsnf]ld6/_
,, lyDk" $))
,, 9fFsf ^@)
,, gofF lbNnL &()
,, O:nfdfjfb !#*)
,, sfa'n !&!)
,, sf]nDaf] @#@)
,, dfn] @&^)
;fs{ d'n'ssf /fi6«x?sf efiffx?
/fi6« efiff /fi6« efiff
g]kfn g]kfnL ef/t lxGbL, c+u|]hL
kfls:tfg pb"{ ckmuflg:tfg bf/L kl;{og
dflNbE; lbj]xL e'6fg hf]ªvf
>Ln+sf l;+xfnL a+unfb]z a+ufnL

ljd]:6]s -BIMSTEC_
 ljd]:6]sdf slt /fi6« 5g\ < &
 ljd]:6]ssf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !((& h'g ^ df
 ljd]:6]ssf] k"0f{ ?k s] xf] < ax'kIfLo k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu a+ufnsf] vf8L If]qsf] k|of; -
BAY of Bengal Initiative for Multi sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation -BIMSTEC_
 ljd]:6]ssf ;b:o /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < a+unfb]z, ef/t, DofGdf/, >Ln+sf, yfONof08, g]kfn / e'6fg
 of] ;+u7gsf] ;+:yfks /fi6«x? ;+Vof slt /x]sf 5g\ < $
 :yfkgf sfndf o;sf] k"0f{ ?k s] lyof] <Bangladesh, India, Sri–Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation
–BISTEC
 of] ;+u7gsf] gfd slxn] / s'g ;b:o ;lDdlnt eP kl5 BIMSTEC x'g k'Uof] < ;g\ !((& l8;]Da/ @@ df
DofGdf/
 of] ;+u7gsf] xfnsf] gfd slt cf} ;Dd]ngaf6 /flvPsf] xf] < yfONof08sf] a}+ssdf ePsf] klxnf] ;Dd]ngn] -
@))$, h'nfO{ #!–cu:6 !_ o;sf] cy{ kl/jt{g u/L ax'kIfLo k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu a+ufnsf]
vf8L If]qsf] k|of; -BAY of Bengal Intiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation -BIMSTEC_
 g]kfn / e'6fgn] o;sf] ;b:otf slxn] k|fKt u/]sf x'g\ < ;g\ @))$, km]a'|c/L *
 o;sf] klxnf] lzv/ ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @))$ h'nfO{ #!–cu:6 ! ;Dd yfONof08sf]
a}+ssdf
 ljd:6]sf] klxnf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] sf] lyP < k|wfgdGqL z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf
 lad]:6]ssf] bf];|f] lzv/ ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @))*, gf]e]Da/ !# df gofF lbNnLdf
175
 bf];|f] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] sf] lyP < k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn
 lad]:6]snfO{ s'g c+u aLrsf] k'n egL lrlgG5 < ;fs{ / cfl;ofg
 ljd:6]sf] xfn;Dd slt j6f lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 < $ j6f
 ljd:6]ssf] rf}yf] ;Dd]ng sxfF / slxn] ePsf] lyof] < g]kfn, sf7df08f}df @)!* sf] cu:6 #) / #!
rf}yf] ;Dd]ngdf pkl:yt cltyLx?
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL v8\uk|;fb cf]nL
ef/tsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL
a+unfb]zsL k|wfgdGqL z]v xl;gf jfh]b
yfONof08sf k|wfgdGqL k|o't rfª cf] rf
e'6fgsf cGtl/d ;/sf/sf k|d'v l5l/ª jfªrf]s
DofGdf/sf /fi6«klt ljg ldG6
>Ln+sfsf /fi6«klt d}qLkfnf l;/L;]gf
 ljd:6]ssf] t];|f] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnaf6 efu lng] sf] lyP < tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnf
 ljd:6]ssf] kfFrf} ;Dd]ng sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < >Ln+sf df
 ljd:6]ssf] kfFrf} ;Dd]ng slxn] x'g] ePsf] 5 < ;g\ @)@) df ug]{ elgPsf]df sf]/f]gfsf] sf/0f ldlt ;/]/ ;g\ @)@@
df ug]{ elgPsf] 5 .
 ljd:6]sdf If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / ;fgf] /fi6« s'g s'g x'g\ < 7"nf] ef/t / ;fgf] e'6fg
 ljd:6]sdf hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / ;fgf] /fi6« s'g s'g x'g\ < 7"nf] ef/t / ;fgf] e'6fg
 ljd:6]sdf k|ltJolQm cfo w]/} / sd /x]sf] b]z s'g s'g x'g\ < w]/} yfONof08 / sd g]kfn
 ljd:6]sdf If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df 7"nf]af6 ;fgf] /fi6« qmdzM s'g s'g x'g\ < ef/t, DofGdf/, yfONof08, g]kfn, a+unfb]z,
>Ln+sf / e'6fg
 ljd:6]ssf] e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« s'g s'g x'g\ < g]kfn / e'6fg
 ljd:6]sdf /fhtGq sfod /x]sf /fi6« s'g s'g x'g\ < e'6fg / yfONof08
;xof]usf d'Vo If]qx? / ;+of]hs /fi6«x?
If]q ;+of]hs
Jofkf/ / nufgL, hnjfo' kl/jt{g a+unfb]z
k|ljlw >Ln+sf
phf{, s[lif DofGdf/
oftfoft / ;~rf/, ko{6g, ef/t
cft+sjfb tyf nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/ ,,
jftfj/0f tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ,,
dT:okfng yfONof08
:jf:Yo ,,
hg;Dks{ ,,
ul/jL lgjf/0f g]kfn
;+:s[lt e'6fg
Blue Economy rf}yf] ;Dd]ngaf6 to ePsf] t/ s'g} b]znfO{ gtf]lsPsf]
Mountain Economy rf}yf] ;Dd]ngaf6 to ePsf] t/ s'g} b]znfO{ gtf]lsPsf]
 xfn ljld:6]s ;+u7gsf ;xof]usf If]qx? slt /x]sf 5g\ < !$ j6f /x]sf]df sf7df08f}df ePsf] rf}yf] ;Dd]ngaf6
yk @ tf]lsP/ !^ j6f k'u]sf]
 ljd:6]ssf] k|wfg sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < a+unfb]zsf] 9fsf
 ljd:6]ssf] klxnf] dxf;lrj sf] lyP < >Ln+sfsf ;'ldy gsfGbfnf
 ljd:6]ssf] !% cf} dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] bf];|f] dxf;lrjsf] ?kdf s;nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf] lyof] < a+unfb]zsf
Shahidul Islam
 Shahidul Islam n] slxn]af6 dxf;lrjsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNb} cfPsf lyP < @)!& sf] cu:6 !!
 ljd:6]ssf] jt{dfg dxf;lrjsf] gfd s] xf] / s'g b]zsf x'g\ < Tenjin Lekphell x'g\ pgL e'6fgsf x'g\, pgL
;g\ @)@) sf] gf]e]Da/ ^ af6 sfo{ef/ ;DxfNb} cfPsf 5g\ .

176
 lad:6]ssf] DofDdf/df ;g\ @)!! df ePsf] ljb]zdGqL :t/Lo a}7sn] sxfF ;lrjfno /fVg] / s'g b]znfO{ klxnf]
dxf;lrj lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] < ;lrjfno a+unfb]zdf / dxf;lrj >Ln+sfsf] x'g] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof]
 ljd:6]ssf] ;lrjfnosf] pb\3f6g slxn] / sf] af6 ePsf] xf] < @)!$ sf] cu:6 ;]K6]Da/ !# df a+unfb]zsL
k|wfgdGqL z]v xl;gfn] u/]sL
 ljd:6]ssf] cWoIf b]z s'g xf] < cWoIf >Ln+sf
o;sf lzv/ ;Dd]ng
lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;Dd]ng ldlt /fi6«
klxnf] @))$, h'nfO{ #!–cu:6 ! a}+ss, yfONof08
bf];|f] @))*, gf]e]Da/ !# gofF lbNnL, ef/t
t];|f] @)!$ sf] dfr{ $ DofGdf/sf] g]lk6
rf}yf] @)!* sf] cu:6 #) / #! g]kfn
kfFrf} ;g\ @)@! df >Ln+sf -k|:tfljt_
ASEAN -cfl;ofg_
 cfl;ofgsf] :yfkgf slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < !(^& cu:t * df, yfONof08sf] a}ss
 cfl;ofgsf] d"n gf/f s] /x]sf] 5 < Pp6} nIo, Pp6} klxrfg / Pp6} ;d'bfo
 cfl;ofgsf ;+:yfks /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < % /fi6«x?
 cfl;ofgsf ;+:yfks /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < yfONof08, dn]l;of, O08f]g]l;of, lkmlnlkG; / l;+ufk'/
 of] ;+u7gsf] k|wfgsfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < O08f]g]l;ofsf] /fhwfgL hsftf{
 xfn of] ;+u7gdf slt ;b:o d'n's /x]sf 5g\ < !)
 cfl;ofgdf a|'gfO{sf] k|j]z slxn] ePsf] xf] < hgj/L &, !(*$
 leotgfdn] of] ;+u7gdf slxn] k|j]z kfPsf] xf] < ;g\ !((% h'nfO{ @* df
 ;g\ !((& h'nfO{ @@ df ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf s;n] k|fKt u/]sf] xf] < nfcf]; / Dofgdf/
 cfl;ofgsf] kl5Nnf] ;b:o s'g xf] < sDaf]l8of
 sDaf]l8ofn] cfl;ofgsf] ;b:otf slxn] kfPsf] xf] < !((( clk|n #) df
 cfl;ofgdf ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] slt k|ltzt hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 < *=* k|ltzt
p2]Zo
 cfly{s, ;fdflhsm ;f+:s[lts / k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug]{,
 o; If]qsf] zflGt, t6:ytf / :jtGqtf sfod /fVg]
 ;fd"lxs ;'/IffnfO{ ;'b[9 u/L alnof] agfpg]

ASEAN members by
Human Development Index

Country HDI (2018)

Singapore 0.935 (highest) very high

Brunei 0.845 very high

Malaysia 0.804 very high

Thailand 0.765 high

ASEAN 0.723 (average) high

Philippines 0.712 high

Indonesia 0.707 high

177
 Vietnam 0.694 medium

Laos 0.604 medium

Myanmar 0.584 medium

Cambodia 0.581 lowest

आसियान प्लि तीन

चीन, जापान, दक्षिण कोरिया

आसियान प्लि सिक्स

चीन, जापान, दक्षिण कोरिया, भाित, अस्ट्र े क्षिया, न्युक्षजल्यान्ड

cfl;ofg b]zx?sf] ;+lIfKt lrgf/L

Gffd If]qkmn - hg;+Vof /fhwfgL d'b|f k|ltJolQm cfo US efiff
j=ls=ld_ 8n/_
O08f]g]l;of !(,!(,$$) @%,%$,^@,))) Hffsftf{ ?lkofF #,^@) O08f]g]l;og
DofDdf/ ^,&*,%)) %,@@,*),))) ofªuf]g Sof6 !,@^* jld{h
yfONof08 %,!$,))) ^,*#,*&,))) a}+ss Eff6 %,$@^ yfO÷rfOlgh
dn]l;of #,#@,#&) #,!),#@,))) SjfnfnDk'/ l/ªlu6 !),)&# dno
leotgfd #,@(,%^^ (,!*,!@,))) xgf]O 8f]ª @,!&) leotgfdL
lkmlnlkG; #,)),))) !),@(,^%,))) dlgnf k];f] @,(%! lkmlnlkgf]
nfcf]; @,#^,*)) ^*,)@,))) leolG6og lsk !,&*% Nffcf]
sDaf]l8of !,*!,)#% !,%@,**,$*( Gxf]Dk]Gx l/ofn !,!#( vd]/
a|'gfO{ %,&&) $,@!,))) aGb/;]/L a|'gfO{ @&,&%( dn]÷c+u|]hL
a]ufjfg 8n/
l;+ufk'/ ^(# %%,$!,))) l;+ufk'/ 8n/ %#,@@$ rfOlgh –
dGbfl/g_

;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf
/fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s
 cfl;ofgsf] ;jf]{Rr c+u s'g xf] < /fi6«WoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s
 cfl;ofgsf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF a;]sf] lyof] < O08f]g]l;ofsf] afnLdf !(&^ sf] km]a|'c/L @#–@$
 cfl;ofgsf] ;Dd]ng klxn] slt jif{df a:bYof] < !)÷!) jif{ / kl5 %÷% jif{df
 cfl;ofgsf] a8fkqdf slxn] x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @))&, gf]e]Da/ !(–@) df
 cfl;ofgsf] a8fkq slxn]af6 nfu" ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ @))* l8;]Da/ !^ af6
 cfl;ofgsf] ;Dd]ng slxn] slxn] a:b5 < jif{sf] @ k6s
 cfl;ofgsf] #^ / #& cf} ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < leotgfd ;g\ @)@) df
 cfl;ofgsf] #* / #( cf} ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] < a|'gfO{ df ;g\ @)@! df
ljb]zdGqLx?sf] a}7s
 cfl;ofgsf] sfo{sf/L c+u s'g xf] < ljb]zdGqLx?sf] a}7s
 cfl;ofgsf] ljb]zdGqLx?sf] a}7s slxn] a:g] ub{5 < ;fwf/0ftof jif{df ! k6s a}7s
;lrjfno
 cfl;ofgsf] k|zf;lgs c+u s'g xf] < ;lrjfno
178
 cfl;ofgsf xfnsf dxf;lrj sf] x'g\ < Lim Jock Hoi -a|'gfO_
 cfl;ofgsf] dxf;lrjsf] sfo{sfn slt jif{ /x]sf] x'G5 < % jif{ -klxn] # jif{_
 cfl;ofgsf % jftf{ ;fem]bf/L d'n'sx? s'g s'g x'g\ < rLg, blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg, ci6«]lnof / Go"lhNof08
 cfl;ofgsf] @ ko{j]Ifs /fi6x? s'g s'g x'g\ < kk'jf Go'lugL / k"jL l6df]/
 cfl;ofgsf /fi6«x? dWo] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6« s'g xf] < O08f]g]l;of -!(,!(,$$) ju{ ls=ld=_
 cfl;ofgsf b]zx?df If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df 7"nf]af6 ;fgf] qmdzM b]zx? s'g s'g x'g\ < O08f]g]l;of, DofGdf/, yfONof08,
dn]l;of, leotgfd, lkmlnlkG;, nfcf];, sDaf]l8of, a|'gfO{ / l;+ufk'/
 cfl;ofgsf /fi6«x? dWo] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;aeGbf ;fgf] /fi6« s'g xf] < l;+ufk'/ -^(# ju{ ls=ld=_
 hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] / ;fgf] /fi6« s'g s'g x'g\ < 7"nf] O08f]g]l;of / ;fgf] a|'gfO{
 cfl;ofgsf /fi6«x? dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L / 36L k|ltJolQm cfo ePsf] d'n's s'g s'g x'g <a9L l;+ufk'/ / sd
sDaf]l8of
 cfl;ofgsf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug]{ JolQm s'g b]zsf sf] x'g\ < dn]l;ofsf bt'ª t'ª cAb'n /xdfg
 cfl;ofgsf slt j6f c+ux? /x]sf 5g\ < # j6f
 cfl;ofgdf /fhtGq ePsf d''n'sx? slt j6f /x]sf 5g\ < rf/ -yfONof08, dn]l;of, a|'gfO{ / sDaf]l8of_
 ljZjd} % jif{sf] nflu /fhfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ Psdfq d'n's s'g xf] < dn]l;of
 cfl;ofgsf] d'n'sdf g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] klxnf] / clGtd d'n's s'g xf] < klxnf] dn]l;of / clGtd
a|'gfO{
 g]kfn;Fu} ;++o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o x'g] cfl;ofgsf d'n'sx? s'g s'g x'g\ < sDaf]l8of / nfcf];
EU -o'/f]k]nL o"lgog_
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] k"j{ gfd s] xf] < o"/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfo
 o'/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfosf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwL /f]d ;Demf}tf slxn] u/] < dfr{ @%, !(%&
 o'/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfosf] ljlwat\ :yfkgf slxn] eof] < !(%*, hgj/L ! df
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] gf/f s] /x]sf] 5 < ljljwtfdf Pstf
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] /x]sf] 5 < o'/f]ksf] cfly{s PsLs/0f xfl;n ug'{
 of] ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfks /fi6«x? slt /x]sf 5g\ < ^ j6f
 o'/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfosf] ;+:yfks /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g < k|mfG;, O6fnL, hd{gL -tTsfnLg klZrd hd{gL_ ,
a]lNhod, lgb/Nof08 / nUhDju{ -k|mfOha]g]n_
 o'/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfosf ;+:yfks ^ /fi6«n] s] egL lrlgG5 < Inner six
 Outer Five df s'g s'g /fi6«x? /x]sf 5g\ < 8]gdfs{, kf]r'{un, :k]g, u|L; / cfo/Nof08
 a]nfot, cfo/Nof08 / 8]gdfs{n] slxn] ;b:otf kfPsf lyP < ;g\ !(&# df
 EEC s:tf] k|s[ltsf] ;+u7g xf] < cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf]
 o'/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfonfO{ o'/f]k]nL ;+3df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;lGw s'g xf] < Dofli6«h ;lGw
 Dofli6«r ;lGw slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !((! l8;]Da/ !! df
 Dofli6«r ;lGwn] s] s] ljifodf ;xdlt u/]sf] lyof] < o'/f] 8n/ nfu" ug]{ / gfd kl/jt{g u/L o'/f]k]nL ;+3
gfdfs/0f ug]{
 ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« s'g xf] < cfo/Nof08
 Dofli6«r Dofli6««r ;lGw slxn]af6 nfu" ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !((#, gf]e]Da/ ! df
 o'/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfosf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ slxn]af6 o'/f]k]nL ;+3 gfd k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 < ;g\ !(($
hgj/L ! df
 xfn o'/f]k]nL ;+3df slt /fi6« cfa4 5g\ < klxn] @* d'n's /x]sf]df a}nfotsf] alx{udg ePkl5 @& /x]sf]
 ;g\ @)!# sf] h'nfO{ ! af6 s'g d'n's o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] ;b:o ag]sf] xf] < qmf]Pl;of
 qmf]Pl;of s'g d'n'saf6 slxn] 6'lqmPsf] xf] < o'uf]:nfleofaf6 ;g\ !((! df
179
 o'/f]lkog ;+3n] ljZj Jofkf/sf] slt k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\b5 < @! k|ltzt
 EU sf] k|wfgsfof{no sxfF /x]sf 5 < a]lNhodsf] a|;]N;
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf rf/ c+ux? s'g s'g x'g\ < o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\, o'/f]k]nL cfof]u, o'/f]k]nL Gofofno / o'/f]k]nL ;+;b
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] ;jf]{Rr c+u s'g xf] < o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\
 o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\df slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < #$% ;b:o
 o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < !(($ l8;]Da/ !) df
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3df gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ c+u s'g xf] < o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] sfo{sf/L c+u s'g xf] < o'/f]k]nL cfof]u
 o'/f]k]nL cfof]udf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < @& ;b:o
 o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw slt jif{ x'G5 < % jif{
 o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < ;g\ !((# df
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] Goflos c+u s'g xf] < o'/f]k]nL Gofofno
 o'/f]k]nL Gofofnodf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < @& ;b:o -h;df * hgf dxfGofoflwjQmf_
 o'/f]k]nL Gofofnosf GofofwLzx?sf] kbfjlw slt jif{ /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < ^ jif{
 o'/f]k]nL Gofofnosf] k|wfgsfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 <nUhDau{ df
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] k/fdz{bfqL c+u s'g xf] < o'/f]k]nL ;+;b
 o'/f]k]nL ;+;bdf slt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < &^^ hgf /x]sf]df xfn &%! /x]sf]
 o'/f]k]nL ;+;bsf] a}7s jif{sf] slt k6s a:g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < jif{sf] ! k6s
 o'/f]k]nL ;+;bsf ;b:osf] kbfjlw slt jif{ /x]sf] 5 < % jif{
 o'/f]k]nL ;+;bdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:o k7fpg] /fi6« s'g xf] < hd{gL
 hd{gLn] slt ;b:o k7fpg] ub{5 < (^ hgf
 ;a}eGbf sd ;b:o k7fpg] d'n's s'g xf] < dfN6f -^ hgf_
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cy{tGq ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < hd{gL
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3df cfa4 /fi6«x?dWo] If]qkmnsf] lx;fjdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] / ;fgf] /fi6« s'g s'g x'g <
7"nf] k|mfG; -%,$#,(^% ju{ ls=ld_, ;fgf] dfN6f -#!^ ju{ ls=ld=_
 hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;aeGbf 7"nf] / ;fgf] /fi6« s'g s'g x'g\ < 7"nf] hd{gL, ;fgf] dfN6f
 ;+3df cfa4 d'n's dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L / 36L k|ltJolQm cfo ePsf d'n's s'g s'g x'g <
a9L nShDau{-*!,))) cd]l/sL 8n/_ / ;aeGbf sd a'Nu]l/of -#,$%)_
 o'/f]k]nL ;+3n] slxn] af6 o'/f] d'b|f k|of]u NofPsf] xf] < ;g\ @))@ hgj/L ! af6
 o'/f] 8n/ nfu" ug]{ xfn;Ddsf] clGtd !( cf} d'n's s'g xf] < lny'jflgof
 lny'jflgofn] slxn]af6 o'/f] 8n/ nfu" u/]sf] 5 < @)!% sf] hgj/L ! af6
 ;+3df cfa4 d'n's dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] klxnf] / bf];|f] ;x/ s'g s'g xf] < klxnf] k]l/; bf];|f] 7'nf] aln{g
 ;+3sf] ;b:otf TofUg] /fi6« s'g xf] / slxn] Tofu]sf] xf] < gj]{, ;g\ !(&@ df
 g]kfn / o'/f]k]nL ;+3aLrsf] s'6gLlts ;DaGw slxn] sfod ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(&% df
 ;+3n] g]kfnsf] ljleGg If]qsf] ljsf;df slxn]af6 e"ldsf lgefpb} cfPsf] 5 < ;g\ !(&& df
 g]kfn ;xfotf ;d"xsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf ;+3n] slxn] cfa4tf hgfPsf] xf] < ;g\ !(*@ df
 ;+3sf] cfly{s jif{ slxn]af6 z'? x'G5 < hgj/L ! af6
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s s'g b]zdf /x]sf] 5 < hd{gLsf] k|\mof+s km6{ df -;g\ !((* sf] h'gdf :yfkgf
ePsf]_
 ;+3sf /fi6«x? aLrdf ;'/IffTds sfdsf/jfxLsf] nflu ;+3n] :yfkgf u/]sf] k|x/L ;GhfnnfO{ s] elgG5 <
Europol
 Europol sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(($ df
 Europol sf] k|wfg sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < lgb/Nof08sf] x]udf
180
 ;+3sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] < cfly{s PsLs/0f
 sf7df08f}df o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] /fhb'tfjf; slxn] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !((@ df
 g]kfnsf] nflu xfnsf] /fhb't sf] x'g\ < Nona Deprez
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] Motto s] /x]sf] 5 < United in Diversity
 ;+3sf] ;b:otf TofUg] jf ;+3df /xg] eGg] ;DaGwdf xfn} sxfF hgdt ;+u|x ePsf] lyof] < a]nfot -@)!^ h'g @# df
ePsf] hgdt ;+u|xdf ;b:otf TofUg] ;DaGwdf %!=*( Ü dt k/]sf]n] of] d'n's ;+3af6 cnu x'g] k|lqmofdf uPsf] lyof]
/ of] d'n's ;g\ @)@) sf] hgj/L #! df ;+3af6 ljlwjt alxu{dg ePsf] 5 .
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogn] cGtl/Ifdf cfˆgf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{sf] nflu :yfkgf u/]sf] cGtl/If s]Gb|nfO{ s] elgG5 < ESA
(Europion Space Agency)
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogn] slxn] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ kfPsf] xf] < ;g\ @)!@ df
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] cf}krfl/s efiff slt /x]sf] 5 < @$
 o'/f]k]nL o'lgogdf s'g wdf{anDaL w]/} /x]sf 5g\ < lqmlirog -&!=^%_

181