3 Lecture

Civil Engineering
Principals
CE 1307
Introduction to Structural Engineering
What is Structural Engineering???
-It is the branch of civil engineering that deals with large modern
buildings and similar structures.
Structural engineering is the science and art of designing and making,

with economy and elegance, buildings, bridges, frameworks, and other
structures so that they can safely resist the forces to which they may be
subjected.
- Official Journal of the British Institute of Structural Engineers

Introduction to Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering deals with:
Structural engineering is concerned with the planning, designing and the

construction of structures. Structural analysis involves the determination
of the forces and displacements of the structures or components of a
structure. Design process involves the selection and or detailing of the
components that make up the structural system.
What do Structural Engineers do?
Structural engineers
are responsible for the
detailed analysis and
design of Buildings,
Bridges, Towers, Air
ports, Dams, Storage
structures like water
tanks, Silo’s, Bunkers,
off shore
platforms, Harbour
docks, Retaining walls,
Stadiums, Tunnels etc.
What do Structural Engineers do?
Designer
• Consultant
• Take a design, and fit a structural system to that
• Expert witnesses in lawsuits
• Inspector
• Fieldwork, Job site inspections
• Oversee the materials (concrete, steel, etc.)
• Inspect the building – pre- and post-construction
• Demolitions
• Building deconstruction
• Structural Retro-fits
What is Structure????
• A structure can be defined as a body which can resist the applied loads without
appreciable deformations. A structure is an assemblage of individual elements like axial
load resisting elements (truss elements), beam element, column, shear wall slab cable
or arch.
• Civil engineering structures are created in a safe and economical way to serve some
specific given requirement like human habitation, transportation, bridges, storage etc.
Any structure consist of two portion:
1. Sub structure: below EGL/ ground

2. Super structure: above EGL/ ground
Types of Structure:
1. Massive or Lintelled Structure
2. Vaulted Structure
3. Framed Structure
4. Truss Structure
5. Suspended or Cable-stayed Structure
6. Dome Structure
7. Shell Structure
Framed/
Truss/
Dome Structure
• A dome is a hollow semi-spherical structural element.
• The ‘Building Construction Handbook’ describes domes as:

‘Double curvature shells which can be rotationally formed
by any curved geometrical plane figure rotating about a
central vertical axis.’
• Domes evolved from arches
• Can be constructed with bricks, concrete, cast iron, timber,

steel etc.
• Type: Beehive dome, Crossed-arch dome, Geodesic dome

etc..
Beehive dome
Shell Structure (vaulted)
• A shell is a structure defined by a curved surface. It is thin in
the direction perpendicular to the surface, but there is no
absolute rule as to how thin it has to be.
• They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with

steel mesh
• Examples are: water and oil tanks, pipelines

Opera House in Sydney
The Pont du Gard in France, the tallest ancient bridge (47.4 m)
Bangabandhu Novo Theater
Rangamati hanging bridge
Tomb of Three leaders
Hardinge bridge in Bangladesh over Padma River
Types of Structure: (based on the method of load
transfer)
1. Load Bearing Structures:
• Load transfers downward through walls

• Load from roof and floor > walls
• Old technique
• Generally used in residential building where room dimension is less
• Residential buildings up to 2 story can be built economically
2. Framed Structures:
• Frame work of column, beams & floors are built first

• Then walls are built to make partition
• Walls does not transfer any loads
• For high rise buildings
Difference between Arch & Vault
Types of Structure: (based on the method of load transfer)
1. Load Bearing Structures:
2. Framed Structures:
Basic Elements of Building
Slab
Beam Shear wall
Column
Loading types
1. Compression
2. Tension
3. Bending
4. Torsion
5. Shear
Earthquake load, wind load, load due to rainfall, machinery vibrations etc. are the
examples of dynamic load
Load Transfer in Building Structure
Rain or
Lateral loads
Earthquake load
This load is caused due to seismic motion. Seismic motion consists of horizontal and vertical
ground motions, with the vertical motion usually having a much smaller magnitude. The
horizontal motion of the ground causes the most significant effect on the structure by shaking
the foundation back and forth. The mass of building resists this motion by setting up inertia
forces throughout the structure. The damping and stiffness of the structure controls the flow
of this force.
Wind loads
Wind loads are caused when wind interacts with the structure. This interaction can be of
many types like obstruction of wind by the structure or drag of wind on the structure etc.
Depending on the shape of the structure the wind loads vary.

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Civil Engineering

Structural engineering is the science and art of designing and making,

- Official Journal of the British Institute of Structural Engineers

Structural engineering is concerned with the planning, designing and the

1. Sub structure: below EGL/ ground

• The ‘Building Construction Handbook’ describes domes as:

• Domes evolved from arches

• Can be constructed with bricks, concrete, cast iron, timber,

• Type: Beehive dome, Crossed-arch dome, Geodesic dome

• They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with

• Examples are: water and oil tanks, pipelines

• Load transfers downward through walls

• Frame work of column, beams & floors are built first

1. Load Bearing Structures:

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