GROWTH OF GINGER (Zingiber-officinale) AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT

RATE OF COW DUNG MANURE.

BY

BENJAMIN, RACHEAL

KASU/17/AGR/1125

BEING A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE DEGREE (B agric)

JANUARY, 2024

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this work entitled “GROWTH OF GINGER AS INFLUENCED BY

DIFFERENT RATE OF COW DUNG MANURE” submitted as a project for the award of

Bachelor’s Degree in Agriculture of Kaduna State University, is the result of my experiment

except where reference is made to published literature and where assistance is acknowledged.

No part of this project was previously presented for another degree at any higher institution.

___________________ ___________________

Benjamin Racheal Date

The above declaration is confirmed by,

___________________ ___________________
Prof. M.S Yahaya Date
(Project Supervisor)

i
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby declare that this research project is a product of my findings on the topic growth of

ginger as influenced by different rate of cow dung manure. Materials used have been

adequately referenced.

This research project was carried out under the supervision of Prof. M. S. Yahaya and has

been read and approved as satisfying part of the requirements for the award of bachelor of

agriculture degree (B agric).

___________________ _________________ ___________________

Benjamin Racheal Signature Date

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty for His divine knowledge and inspiration given to

me, which enabled me to complete this programme successfully.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to God, who has made everything possible for me to

complete my programme.

I also appreciate the effort of project supervisor Prof M. S.Yahaya who devoted his time,

energy and resources to inspire and see to the success of this project.

I also acknowledge the effort of my HOD Dr I. W. Arolu for his encouragement toward this

project.

I also acknowledge the effort of my dedicated lectures who also contributed to see the

success of this project especially my project coordinator.

In a special way, I acknowledge the effort of my beloved parents, guidance, uncles, aunties,

brothers, sisters,course mates, and those I could not mention their names, may God reward

you accordingly.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE. i

CERTIFICATION. ii

APPROVAL PAGE. iii

DEDICATION. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi

ABSTRACT vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Justification of the Study 3

1.4 Objectives of the Study 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Botanical Classification and Description of Ginger 5

2.2 Production Trend of Ginger 5

2.3. Cow Dung Manure

2.4 Cow Dung Manure and its Content 8

v
2.5 The Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Cow Manure 9

2.5.1. Advantages. 9

2.5.2. Disadvantages 10

2.6 Climatic and Soil Requirements of Ginger

2.6.1 Soil Requirements 10

2.6.2 Climatic Requirements 10

2.7 Economic Importance of Ginger. 11

2.7.1 Ginger in Medicine. 13

2.7.2 Ginger in Food Production 13

2.8 Morphology 13

2.9 Production and Cultivation of Ginger 14

2.10 Uses of Ginger 14

2.11 Effect of Cow Dung Manure on the Growth of Ginger 16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 18

3.1 Experimental Site 18

3.1.1. Climate 18

3.1.2 Soils 18

3.2 Experimental Procedure and Treatments 18

3.3. Treatment and Experimental Design 19

3.3.1. Treatment Combination 19

3.4. Plot Size and Dimension 19

vi
3.5 Cultural Practices 19

3.5.1 Site Selection 19

3.5.2. Land Preparation 20

3.5.3 Planting 20

3.5.4 Fertilizer Application (Cow Dung Manure) 20

3.5.5 Weed Control 20

3.6. Plot Layout 20

3.7 Data Collection 21

3.7.1 Plant Height 21

3.7.2 Number of Leaves Per Plant 21

3.7.3 Stem Girth 21

3.7.4 Leaf Area 21

3.8 Data Analysis 21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS 22

4.1 Plants Height 22

4.2 Number of Leafs Per Plant 23

4.3 Stem Girth 24

vii
4.4 Leaf Area 25

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Discussion 27

5.2 Summary 28

5.3. Conclusion 29

5.4 Recommendation 29

REFERENCES 30

viii
 ABSTRACT
This research studied the growth of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as influenced by deferent
rates of cow dung manure in Kafanchan, Kaduna state Nigeria. The study conducted during
the wet season of 2023 at the teaching and research farm of faculty of agriculture Kaduna
state university, employed a randomized complete block design with three treatment
(0t/ha,3t/ha and 6t/ha) replicated three times. Parameters measured included plant height,
number of leaves, stem girth and leave area. Statistical analysis revealed no significant
difference in plant height and number of leaves while varying stem girth and leaf area
significantly. Result showed that 6t/ha has the highest vegetative growth of ginger plant.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

lntroduction

1.1. Origin and Distribution of Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is one of the spices grown in the world especially in

Nigeria for its increasing economic value. The plant produces an underground rhizome

valued for its pungent aroma, powder, oil and oleoresin. It is an important raw material for

medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. Increasing value addition through processing of

ginger has added more to its beneficial uses. Among all the root and tuber crops grown in

Nigeria, ginger is the most cultivated on a large scale for export (Emehute, 2003). Ginger is a

monocotyledonous herbaceous tropical plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It is a

perennial plant but is usually grown as an annual crop for harvesting as a spice. It has a long

and well documented history of both culinary and medicinal uses throughout the world's

history, especially in Chinese, Indian and Japanese medicinal Care. It is a valued export crop

in Nigeria whose demand in the international market is high due to its rich nutrients profile,

essential oils and oleoresin contents. Ginger is a rhizome, which consist of numerous short

finger-like structures or branches born horizontally near the surface of the soil. Ginger is

produce commercially in several parts of Nigeria particularly in the southern part of Kaduna

state (Kachia, Jaba, Kagarko, Jama’a, Zagon Kataf and Kaura Local Government Area) and

to a little extend in Keffi and Akwanga local government areas of Nasarawa state. In the

southern parts of the country, ginger is found in orchards in Barapa area within Oyo and

Ogun state (Dauda and Waziri, 2006).History have it that ginger's generic name zingiber is

derived from the Greek zingiberis, which comes from the sanskrit name of the spice,

singabera. Its use in India and China has been known from ancient times, and by the 1st

century traders had taken ginger into the Mediterranean region. By the 11th century it was

1
well known in England. The Spaniards brought it to the West Indies and Mexico soon after

the conquest and by 1547 ginger was being exported from Santiago to Spain. Ginger was

given its official botanical name Zingiber officinale; ginger belongs to the family

Zingiberaceae. Linnaeus derived the genus title Zingiber from its Indian Sanskrit name

singabera which means shaped like a horn. Ginger the underground stem, or rhizome, of the

plant Zingiber officinale – has been used as a medicine in Asian, Indian, and Arabic herbal

traditions since ancient times. In China, for example ginger has been used to help digestion

and treat stomach upset, diarrhea, and nausea for more than 2,000 years. Ginger has also been

use to help treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, and heart conditions. (Adodo, 2009). In addition to

being used as a medicine, ginger is used throughout the world as an important cooking spice.

The traditional medicine form of ginger historically was called Jamaica ginger; it was

classified as a stimulant and carminative and used frequently for dyspepsia, gastro paresis,

slow motility symptoms, constipation, and colic. In Nigeria, three types are in use. “Tafin

giwa” (elephant foot or yellowish variety) with plump rhizome, “Yatsun biri” monkey finger

or Black ginger with small compact rhizomes and a third “foreYa” rather smaller and darker

often referred to as, Main and China. Two varieties of ginger are popularly grown in Nigeria

at present. These are yellow ginger (Taffin giwa) and Black ginger (“Yaltsun biri). These are

highly rated for their oil and oleoresin. The crop is locally called Chitta in Hausa language,

Oso-ala or Oso-Chikwu in Igbo and Ata’le in Yoruba. Efforts are however being made by

National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI) to broaden the genetic base of ginger in

Nigeria through breeding works and collection. The production of ginger in Nigeria started in

1927. It is grown extensively, mainly in the North Central area of Nigeria in Kaduna,

Nasarawa, Benue, Niger and Gombe with Kaduna as the major producer. The important

active components of the ginger root are thought to be volatile oils and pungent phenol

compounds (such as gingerols and shogaols). Ginger or ginger root is the rhizome of the plant
2
Zingiber officinale, consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. It leads its name to its genus

and family (Zingiberaceae). Other notable members of this plant family are turmeric,

cardamom, and galangal. The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture

of zingerone, shogaols and ginger oils, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the

weight of fresh ginger. Ginger oil has been shown to prevent skin cancer in mice and a study

at the University of Michigan demonstrated that ginger oils can kill ovarian cancer cells. The

pungent taste of ginger is due to nonvolatile phenylpropanoid –derived compounds,

particularly ginger oils and shogaols, which is form from ginger oils when ginger is dried or

cooked.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Kaduna state particularly the southern part of the state is endowed with abundant resources of

land, rivers, human and material resources, favourable climatic conditions soil, rainfall,

temperature, and light which favours the production of ginger and all other categories of

crops and livestock. Ginger yields in Nigeria are comparatively very low, and this is ascribed

to various factors such as poor agro practices, unimproved varieties, laborious farming,

harvesting and processing operations among others. The major a biotic threats of ginger in

the study area were shortage of rainfall, soil type and improper fertilizer usage. While

bacterial wilt, nematodes and weeds were the major biotic that's of ginger cultivation. Some

of the major production challenges include pest and disease management, soil fertility and

nutrient management, post-harvest handling and processing, and market access and value

addition.

1.3 Justification of the Problem

Favourable environmental conditions of the southern parts of Kaduna state has placed Nigeria

as the leading exporter of ginger in Africa and second exporter in the world market as studies

3
has shown according to (Meadows, 2001) that the southern part of Kaduna state alone

accounts for the bulk of ginger production in the country. The use of organic manures in

ginger cultivation improves the yield and reduces the disease incidence (Sadanandan and

Iyer, 1985, Stirling 1989) practice of partial or full substitution of inorganic with organics, is

comparatively free from complex problem associated with modern agriculture and is eco-

friendly, as it conserves the natural resources of farming without polluting the atmosphere

soil and water. The production of ginger in this zone is high due to good soil, which helps

plant growth parameters (plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaves area) to

increase productivity and quality through improved production techniques and variety

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The specific objective of the study is to:

Determine the growth of ginger as influenced by different rates of cow dung manure.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATRETURE REVIEW

2.1 Botanical Classification and Description of Ginger

Ginger is one of the five (5) most important major spices in the world that originates from

South East Asia. The plant belongs to the family, zingiberaceae; species, Z officinale; genus,

Zingiber and kingdom, plantea. Ginger has leafy stems that grow about a meter high. The

leaves of the plant are 6-12inches (15-30cm) long, elongate, alternate, in two vertical rows

and arise from sheaths enwrapping the stem. The flowers are in dense cone-like spikes about

1inch thick and 2-3inches long that are composed of overlapping green bracts, which may be

edge with yellow. Each bract encloses a single, small, yellow-green and purple flower. The

consumed portion of the ginger plant is the rhizome, often called "ginger root" although it is

not an actual root .The rhizome of the plant has been used in the treatment of colds, asthma,

and bronchitis (Adodo,2009).The rhizome is the horizontal stem of the plant sends out the

root. Ginger is extensively used throughout the world in foods as a spice. For centuries, it has

been used as a natural medicine for the management of diabetes, catarrh, asthma,

rheumatism, stroke, gingivitis, toothache, constipation, and nervous system diseases (Adodo,

2009).

2.2 Production Trend of Ginger

Ginger is well known as a food spice across the world and, It is the underground rhizome of a

perennial tropical crop called Ginger plant (Zingiber officinale). Originally, the plant is a

native of South Eastern Asia but over centuries has been introduced to various parts of the

world like the Caribbean, the Americas and Africa. Presently, the top growers of the crop

include Jamaica, Indonesia, Fiji etc.

5
A mature ginger rhizome is fibrous and has a striated texture. The outer skin of the rhizome is

brownish in colour while the inner flesh depending on the variety may be red, yellow or

white.The commodity is so popular owing to its numbers uses. Some of them are herbal

medicines, spices of bread in bakeries, and its uses in breweries to produce drinks among

others. Going by official statistics, Nigeria is currently the third largest exporter of Ginger in

the world after China and India.Experts say the Nigerian ginger is highly regarded in the

international market for its quality and highly medicinal value. Specifically, its aroma,

pungency and high oil and Aleoresin content are other distinct features of ginger products

from Nigeria.In the Nigerian market, ginger is not only popular, it is a very high demand crop

commodity. At a time when the government is implementing various measures to boost the

agricultural sector, experts say this has provided entrepreneurs with a platform to key into the

economic diversification policy of the government.Ginger production is massive in Nigeria

and we want to give you an insight into what the industry currently looks like.

Globally, Nigeria has the 2nd largest production share of about 16% after India with a

production share of 33.9%.Every year, Nigeria averages a production volume of over 400,000

Metric tonnes of Ginger across the 36 states. In 2017, we had a production volume of about

349,895 and it was higher in 2016 with 522,096 metric tonnes.

Generally, ginger is usually exported in the fresh form, the dried form and the processed form

which is the powdered ginger. The dried rhizome commands the highest export price and can

sell for about 900 Naira per kilo in the global market.

Nigerian farmers can tap into the $3billion global ginger market to earn foreign exchange as

the country explores opportunities to grow its non-oil exports opportunities.Nigeria’s ginger

production is put at 31 million metric tons while demand is put at 65 million MT, leaving a

supply-demand gap of 34 million MT, according to data from the Ministry of Agriculture.The

6
country exports majority of its ginger which makes Nigeria the third highest exporter of the

crop globally.

Despite the potential in the production of the crop, the country is yet to fully harness the

economic benefits from growing ginger, on account of low quality seeds and low use of

technology, say farmers.Ginger is used for a wide range of things across Nigeria. The active

ingredient, Gingerol is known to help fight infections, lower blood sugar and reduce heart

risks. It is also used in the brewery/beverage industry, cosmetic industry and the cooking

Industry.The top 5 ginger producing states in Nigeria are Kaduna state, Bauchi state, Benue

State, Gombe State and Nasarawa state.In Nigeria, the average yield on a hectare of Farmland

is about 13–27 metric tonnes in comparison to the global average of about 35–40 metric

tonnes.

(https://medium.com/@thriveagric2020).

2.3. Cow Dung Manure

The application of cow dung manure to ginger cultivation positively impacts both growth and

growth parameters. Research affirms that cow dung manure improves soil fertility,

correlating with augmented rhizome growth, enhanced flowering, and overall plant vigour

(Liu et al., 2016). FAO, (2000) asserted that chemical fertilizers are commonly used to

improve soil fertility. However, (Okigbo et al.2000) found that the effect of chemical

fertilizer on highly weathered, low organic matter, low nutrient status, low cation exchange

capacity and low activity clay, poor soil without any compensatory organic input sources

have limited residual effects on crop production. Organic manure is a good source of

fertilizer which enhances soil productivity, increases the soil organic carbon content,

enhances the activities of soil microorganisms, and improves soil crumb structure and

nutrient status of the soil as well as crop yield. The use of organic manures is one technology
7
that have been exploited overtime and across ages because of its ability to restore soil

fertility, supply major plant nutrients, such as N. P. K., Ca, Mg and also stabilize soil pH

(Sanchez and Miller, 1986). Increase in soil chemical properties which are quite essential in

crop growth and yield have also been associated with organic manures (Adetunji, 1990). Cow

dung is high in nitrogen and potash which is good for root and tuber crops. Cow dung is

useful organic manure that can be utilized to supplement the quantity and quality of fertilizers

needed for root and tuber crops production (Asawalam and Onwudike, 2011).

2.4 Cow Dung Manure and its Content

Cow dung manure is the waste product of bovine animal which has no trace of synthetic

chemicals that provides nutrient for plant growth and leads to an increase soil pH, organic

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and sodium . As a general rule, cow

manure contains, among other elements: Macro elements: N, P, K — nitrogen, which

determines the protein levels in plants; phosphorus, which impacts seed, fruit, and flower

production in plants; potassium, which influences growth rate and water regulation.

Microelements, such as iron and carbon Secondary elements: calcium, magnesium, and

sulfur, all critical components in a plant’s cells. At the same time, cow manure includes high

quantities of water, making it easy for this fertilizer to balance soil pH levels and temperature

with a positive impact on plant root growth and the overall biological activity in the soil. Cow

manure, also known as cow dung, is mostly digested grass and, depending on the cattle’s diet,

grain, fruits, or vegetables. It’s not just cow droppings, as it contains tracks of hay, straw,

bedding, grains, and other organic matter used to feed the animals. Cow manure is rich in

nutrients and is suitable for plant growth. It has 3% nitrogen, 2% phosphorus, and 1%

potassium—3-2-1 NPK, making it the right type of fertilizer for almost all types of plants and

crops. That’s because it brings back nutrient balance to fields organically

8
(www.homebiogas.com>Blog). However, cow manure is also rich in ammonia and,

sometimes, can contain dangerous pathogens and bacteria, such as E Coli. So, an aging or

decomposition process is necessary to break down the organic matter and eliminate the

harmful substances before the manure gets to the fields. Cow dung manure is the waste

product of bovine animal which has no trace of synthetic chemicals that provides nutrient for

plant growth and leads to an increase soil pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium,

potassium, and sodium. In addition to supplying nutrients organic fertilizer are considered to be

one of the best measure to reclaim soil acidity (Chen et al., 2001) and thay improve soil fertility by

favorable chemical and physical attributes to the soil (Gas kel et al., 2007).

2.5 The Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Cow Manure

Fertilizing your crops with cow manure has pros and cons, so you should analyze the

implications before gathering cattle poop on your property. To help you make an educated

decision, here are the advantages and disadvantages of using cow manure

(www.homebiogas.com>Blog).

a. Advantages

1. Cow dung improves soil structure, helps regenerate the soil, and is an effective source of

nutrients needed for growing plants of all types, from grains to garden plants to fruit and

vegetables.

2. It’s organic, so you can grow plants with no need for chemical products. Moreover, using

cow manure as fertilizer is an eco-friendly way to manage cattle waste so that it doesn’t

end up in fields where it can impact air and water quality.

3. If you control the composting process to enable anaerobic digestion inside biogas units,

you can obtain biogas for cooking or heating, besides fertilizer.

b. Disadvantages

9
1. You need relatively large quantities of fertilizer to ensure high-quality crops.

2. Composting cow dung outside biogas units will release high amounts of methane into the

atmosphere.

3. Collecting, storing, and managing cow manure is time-consuming and dirty. Moreover,

incidents can quickly turn into public health issues.

2.6 Climatic and Soil Requirements of Ginger

2.6.1 Soil Requirements:

Ginger adapts well to variety of Soils ranging from peat to light clays, but performs best on

light textured soils.

Soil should be loose and friable so that little resistance is encountered as the rhizomes

develop.

A friable loam, rich in humus is ideal for ginger while stiff clay is unsuitable.

It is important that the soils are well drained to avoid root rot.

2.6.2 Climatic Requirements

Growing outdoors in the tropics, it needs a minimum annual rainfall of 150cm, temperatures

of 30°C or over, a short dry season and a deep fertile soil. It usually takes nine months to

produce a crop.Ginger thrives in a hot moist climate.Annual rainfall in excess of 3,000mm

accompanied by a prolonged hot season is preferred.

Ginger requires a moist climate for optimum growth during the early Rapid growth

phase.Ginger also requires along hot period for the development and maturity of rhizomes

Ginger requires tropical, subtropical and humid climate for its commercial production. It can

be successfully grown to an altitude of 1500mt.A well distributed rainfall during growing

season and dry season during the land preparation as well as before harvesting is required for

good growth and yield of the crop.Dry weather with a temperature range of 28-30 degree

10
Centigrade for about a month before harvesting is ideal.High humidity throughout the crop

period is necessary. Ginger prefers good garden soil, rich in humus, light, loose, friable, well

drained and of at least 30 cm depth. Rhizome growth is better on slightly acidic soil.The

presence of wind accelerates water loss and decreases the relative humidity which increases

water requirement (Okoli, and Nweke, 2015).

2.7 Economic Importance of Ginger.

Ginger was given its official botanical name Zingiber officinale; it belongs to the family

Zingiberaceae. Linnaeus derived the genus title Zingiber its Indian Sanskrit name singabera

which means shaped like a horn. Ginger the underground stem, or rhizome, of the plant

Zingiber officinale – has been used as a medicine in Asian, Indian, and Arabic herbal

traditions since ancient times. In China, for example ginger has been used to help digestion

and treat stomach upset, diarrhea, and nausea for more than 2,000 years. Ginger has also been

use to help treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, and heart conditions. (Adodo 2009). In addition to

being used as a medicine, ginger is used throughout the world as an important cooking spice.

The traditional medicine form of ginger historically was called Jamaica ginger; it was

classified as a stimulant and carminative and used frequently for dyspepsia, gastro paresis,

slow motility symptoms, constipation, and colic.In Nigeria, three types are in use. “Tafin

giwa” (elephant foot or yellowish variety) with plump rhizome, “Yatsun biri” monkey finger

or Black ginger with small compact rhizomes and a third “foreign” rather smaller and darker

often referred to as, Main and China. Two varieties of ginger are popularly grown in Nigeria

at present. These are yellow ginger (Taffin giwa) and Black ginger (“Yaltsun biri). These are

highly rated for their oil and oleoresin. The crop is locally called Chitta in Hausa language,

Oso-ala or Oso-Chikwu in Igbo and Ata’le in Yoruba. Efforts are however being made by

National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI) to broaden the genetic base of ginger in

11
Nigeria through breeding works and collection. The production of ginger in Nigeria started in

1927. It is grown extensively, mainly in the North Central area of Nigeria in Kaduna,

Nasarawa, Benue, Niger and Gombe with Kaduna as the major producer. The important

active components of the ginger root are thought to be volatile oils and pungent phenol

compounds (such as gingerols and shogaols). Ginger or ginger root is the rhizome of the plant

Zingiber officinale, consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. It leads its name to its genus

and family (Zingiberaceae). Other notable members of this plant family are turmeric,

cardamom, and galangal. It is a perennial reed-like plant with annual leafy stems, about a

meter (3 to 4 feet) tall.Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into

yellow flowers because of its anesthetic appeal and the adaption of the plant to warm

climates, ginger is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. Traditionally, the

rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers; it is immediately scalded, or washed and scraped,

to kill it and prevent sprouting.

The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture of zinger one, shogaols

and ginger oils, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the weight of fresh ginger.

Ginger oil has been shown to prevent skin cancer in mice and a study at the University of

Michigan demonstrated that ginger oils can kill ovarian cancer cells. Ginger oils (1- [4’-

hydroxy- 3’methoxypheny] -5-hydroxy -3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of

ginger. The pungent taste of ginger is due to nonvolatile phenylpropanoid –derived

compounds, particularly ginger oils and shogaols, which is form from ginger oils when

ginger is dried or cooked.

a. Ginger in Medicine.

Ginger helps in motion sickness.

It helps in pregnancy related nausea and vomiting

It helps in chemotherapy nausea

12
It helps in nausea and vomiting after surgery

It helps in osteoarthritis Adodo (2009).

b. Ginger in Food Production

Ginger produces a hot, fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy

with a very mild taste they are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or just cooked as

an ingredient in many dishes.They can also be steeped in boiling water to make ginger tea. To

which honey is often added; sliced orange or lemon fruit may also be added. Ginger can also

be made into candy, or ginger wine.The juice from old ginger roots is extremely potent and is

often used as a spice in Indian recipes, and is a quintessential ingredient of Chinese, Korean

and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood or goat meat and

vegetarian cuisine.Ginger acts as a useful food preservative.Powdered dry ginger root is

typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers and cakes,

ginger ale, and ginger beer.Candied ginger is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type

of confectionery.(https://annimpex.wordpress.com/).

2.8 Morphology of Ginger

Ginger is a herbaceous perennial plant that grows up to 1 metre high. The leaves grow in an

alternate manner and are long and elongate in nature. It produces white and pink clusters of

flower buds that grow into yellow flowers on maturity. The flowers are arranged in a cone-

like spike that is covered with overlapping green bracts. It is a monocotyledon plant. The

underground stem modification forms into a rhizome that is widely used as a spice. The

rhizome is palmately branched and bears leafy shoots. The leafy shoots are a pseudostem

formed from the leafy sheaths and bears 8-12 distichous leaves. The inflorescence arises

directly from the rhizome (https://www.go).

13
2.9 Production and Cultivation of Ginger

Ginger is mainly cultivated in Southeast Asian countries such as China, India, Indonesia,

Philippines, Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh. China and India are the major suppliers of the

spice all over the world. The plant is cultivated by planting root stalk cuttings and does not

require seeds for propagation. The rhizome is harvested by simply lifting it from the soil,

cleansing it and drying it in the sun. The dried rhizome is irregular, palmate and branched in

appearance. Its colour varies from dark yellow to light brown to pale buff. It grows well in

medium temperature regions and moisture in the air. Ginger cultivated 1500 meters above sea

level. But it grows well in 300 meters to 900 meters above the sea level. At regular intervals

throughout the year from 1500 to 3000 mm of rain per year available rainfall areas should be

chosen. Land preparation and harvesting periods of dry weather are needed. If cultivated in

areas where rainfall is less watering should be done at regular intervals it is essential to

determine the right amounts of water needed for plants during the growth cycles, (Sahin et al,

2015).

2.10 Effect of Cow Dung Manure on the Growth of Ginger

Organic manure is a good source of fertilizer which enhances soil productivity, increases the

soil organic carbon content, enhances the activities of soil microorganisms, and improves soil

crumb structure and nutrient status of the soil as well as crop product. The use of organic

manures is one technology that have been exploited overtime and across ages because of its

ability to restore soil fertility, supply major plant nutrients, such as N. P. K., Ca, Mg and also

stabilizer soil pH (Sanchez and Miller, 1986). Increase in soil chemical properties which are

quite essential in crop growth and yield have also been associated with organic manures

(Adetunji, 1990).

14
Cow dung manure is the waste product of bovine animal which has no trace of synthetic

chemicals that provides nutrient for plant growth and leads to an increase soil pH, organic

carbon, nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and sodium. Cow dung is high in

nitrogen and potash which is good for root and tuber crops. Cow dung is useful organic

manure that can be utilized to supplement the quantity and quality of fertilizers needed for

root and tuber crops production (Asawalam and Onwudike, 2011). Application of well rotten

cow dung may be made as a basal dose while planting the rhizomes in the pits. Enriched

compost giving a start to phosphorus and potassium requirements may be highly useful.

15
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Experimental Site

The study was conducted at the teaching and research farm of department of crop science

Kaduna State University Kafanchan Campus Kaduna State, in the 2023 wet season. The

research site is located 205 km south-west of Kaduna Town, Kafanchan located within

latitude 9º 3'N and longitude 8º 17' E

3.1.1. Climate

The study area is in the coastal lowland agro-ecological zone 3 (CL3) characterized by semi-

humid conditions with high relative humidity of more than 80%. The rainfall in Kafanchan is

bimodal in nature with the long rains commencing in the month of April/May and extending

to August and the short rains starting in the month of October and extending to December.

The area receives an annual average rainfall of 9.5 inches. And the maximum and minimum

temperatures are 16.1°C and 35.5°C, respectively.

3.1.2 Soils

The soil of the area is characteristically a reddish-brown clay soil with a pH ranging from

5.07 to 6 (Abaje and Ishaya, 2009). They are somewhat excessively drained to well drained

and very deep (80 – 120 cm thick).

3.2 Expiremental Procedure and Treatments

A field trial conducted during the wet season, June to October 2023, at the teaching and

research farm of the faculty of Agriculture, Kaduna State University, Kafanchan. (09 degree

35 north and 08 degree 18 east) in the southern guinea savannah of Nigeria. The average

16
annual rainfall in this region is 1540mm and an average annual temperature is 24.4 degree cl

cu.

3.3. Treatment and Experimental Design

The experiment consist 1 source of verity of local ginger, known as common ginger, laid out

in a Randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times.

Table 1: Treatment Details

Cow Dung Manure Application Rate

Treatment. Application Rates (t\ha)

P1. 0 tons

P2. 3 tons

P3. 6 tons

3.4. Plot Size and Dimension

The gross plot size is 3.4, consisting of 3 rows per plot, net plot size is 2cm by 3cm, the area

of land use is 15.1m by 8.1m with the total number of 9 plots.

3.5 Cultural Practices

3.5.1 Site Selection

Cultural practices such as selection of well drained soils for planting is important, stagnation

of water predisposes the plant to infection. The soil may be solarized before planting by

covering the moist soil with a thin layer of the soil.

17
3.5.2. Land Preparation

The land is ploughed with a tractor, with receipt of early rain showers to bring the soil to fine

tilth. Measurement of area of land 15.1m by 8.1m, to set out 3 plot, each plot is 3 by 2, Alley

is 1m, space between plot to plot is 0.5m, each plot consist of 3 rows.

3.5.3 Planting

The common ginger seed was planted on June 2 nd 2023, at the rates of 120 seed per plot, an

sown on flat surface of the soil, spacing(inter row spacing 20cm, intra row spacing 25cm,

depth of 10cm.

3.5.4 Fertilizer Application (Cow Dung Manure)

The organic fertilizer, cow dung is applied on February 2nd 2023, before planting by

broadcasting method, at different tons for each plot and covered during the process of

planting.

3.5.5 Weed Control

The trial is spread with selective herbicide (rooter) of 16 litters of knapsack sprayer for 12

treatment, one month after planting. Manual hand picking of weed also applied for every 3

weeks after grown to a certain stage within 2 month.

3.6 Plot Layout

After the land was cleared and ploughed to medium tilth, three blocks, each measuring 1 m

wide and 50 m long with 2 m paths between them were laid out using a tape measure, pegs

and sisal twine. The block was divided into 9 plots measuring 1 m by 2 m with a 1 m path

separating each plot from the other.

18
3.7. Data Collection

5 plants were randomly selected from each plot in the field and all the plants were tagged for

observation on growth.

3.7.1 Plant Height

This was carried out by measuring the heights of the five(5)tagged plants with a meter ruler

from the top soil to the tip

3.7.2 Number of Leaves Per Plant

This was taken by counting all fully expanded leaves of the five tagged plants.

3.7.3 Stem Girth

This was taken by measuring the stem girth of the five tagged plants.

3.7.4 Leaf Area

This was taken by measuring the length and the width of the leaves of the five tagged plants

that were randomly selected using a meter rule.

3.8. Data Analysis

The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistics 10.0

statistical package. The differences between means were compared using least significant

Ducan Multiple Range Test(DMRT) at P=0.05 as opined By Obi (2005).

19
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

4.1. Plants Height

The response of plant height to the application of different rates of cow dung manure during

the crop growth period is contained in Table 1.

The data collected indicated that the application of different rates of cow dung manure had

resulted in a significant effect on plant height during the growth period. The data collected

indicated that at all the periods, the application of cow dung manure at 6t/ha resulted in

significantly higher plant height of ginger compared to other treatments in the field.

Also, cow dung manure applied at 3t/ha resulted in a progressive increase in plant height

from 11 WAP to 17 WAP but the increase was statistically significant. In addition, cow

dung manure at 0t/ha showed no significant increase in the plant height from the 8 WAP to

the 11WAP however number of leaves was significantly higher at 14 WAP up to the 17 WAP

under the same treatment.

20
TABLE 1: GROWTH OF GINGER AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT RATE(S)

OF COW DUNG MANURE ON PLANT HEIGHT

Treatment t/ha 8 WAP 11 WAP 14 WAP 17 WAP

0 30.30 35.83 32.20 37.85

3 33.34 39.75 35.86 35.78

6 30.72 42.35 38.34 40.74

SE± 1.781 2.602 2.589 3.080

In the above table, value means in the same column having the same latter(s) are not significantly different by Duncan’s

Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05% probability level; WAP -Weeks after planting

4.2 Number of Leaves Per Plant

The effect of the application of different rates of cow dung manure on the number of leafs per

ginger plant is presented in Table 2.

The result showed that the application of different rates of cow dung manure had resulted in a

significant effect on the number of leaves during the growth period. The data collected

indicated that at all the sampling periods except at 17 WAP the application of cow dung

manure at 6t/ha resulted in significantly higher number of leaves of ginger compared to other

treatments in the field. Also, cow dung manure applied at 3t/ha resulted in a progressive

increase in number of leaves from 11 WAP to 17 WAP but the increase was statistically

significant. In addition, cow dung manure at 0t/ha showed no significant increase in the

number of leaves from the 8 WAP to the 11WAP however number of leaves was

significantly higher at 14 WAP up to the 17 WAP under the same treatment.

TABLE 2: GROWTH OF GINGER AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT RATE(S)

OF COW DUNG MANURE ON NUMBER OF LEAFS PER PLANT

21
Treatment t/ha 8 WAP 11 WAP 14 WAP 17 WAP

0 8.60 14.13 15.26 15.46

3 8.66 14.93 16.60 16.60

6 8.06 14.00 16.33 17.53

SE± 0.386 0.688 0.830 0.982

In the above table, value means in the same column having the same latter(s) are not

significantly different by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05% probability level;

WAP -Weeks after planting

4.3. Stem Girth

The effect of the application of different rates of cow dung manure on stem girth is contained

in Table 3.

The result showed that the application of different rates of cow dung manure had resulted in a

significant effect on stem girth during the growth period. The data collected indicated that at

all the periods, the application of cow dung manure at 6t/ha resulted in significantly higher

stem girth of ginger compared to other treatments in the field. Furthermore, cow dung manure

applied at 3t/ha resulted in successive increase in stem girth from 3 WAP to 12 WAP and

then at the 6 WAP it was highly significant and the increase was statistically significant. In

addition, cow dung manure at 0t/ha showed no significant increase in stem girth from the 8

WAP to the 11 WAP however stem girth was significantly higher at 14 WAP up to the 17

WAP under the same treatment.

22
 TABLE 3: GROWTH OF GINGER AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT RATE(S)

OF COW DUNG MANURE ON STEM GIRTH

Treatment t/ha 8 WAP 11 WAP 14 WAP 17 WAP

0 2.13 2.10b 2.40 2.05

3 2.16 2.48a 3.60 3.03

6 2.28 2.56a 3.79 3.02

SE± 0.230 0.113 0.186 0.103

In the above table, value means in the same column having the same latter(s) are not significantly different by

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05% probability level; WAP -Weeks after planting

4.4 Leaf Area

The result of the effect of applying varying levels of cow dung manure on ginger leaf area is

found in Table 4.

The result showed that the application of different rates of cow dung manure had resulted in a

significant effect on leaf area during the growth period. The data collected indicated that at all

the periods especially at 17 WAP the application of cow dung manure at 6t/ha resulted in

significantly higher leaf area of ginger compared to other treatments in the field. Cow dung

manure applied at 3t/ha resulted in progressive, highly significant, increase in leaf area from

8 WAP to 17 WAP and the increase was statistically significant. In addition, cow dung

manure at 0t/ha showed no significant increase in leaf area from the 8WAP to the 11 WAP

however leaf area was significantly higher at 14 WAP up to the 17 WAP under the same

treatment.

23
 TABLE 4: GROWTH OF GINGER AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT RATE(S)

OF COW DUNG MANURE ON LEAVE AREA

Treatment t/ha 8 WAP 11 WAP 14 WAP 17 WAP

0 21.17 21.80 25.64 24.96

3 22.20 24.21 26.59 28.05

6 23.69 26.99 29.73 29.54

SE± 4.696 2.759 2.149 4.218

In the above table, value means in the same column having the same latter(s) are not significantly different by

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05% probability level; WAP -Weeks after planting

24
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. DISCUSSION

The present study investigate effects of organic fertilizer in form of cow dung manure in
some growth attributes. The results revealed positive effect of organic fertilizer in improving
performance of ginger plant in Kafanchan Kaduna State.The findings of this study was in
harmony with previous studies on the response of ginger to Inorganic fertilizer (Oke et al,
2020).
The characteristics mostly associated with the growth of ginger are plant height, number of

leaves per plant, leaf area and stem girth (Maaz et al, 2017).

The application of inorganic fertilizer (cow dung manure) in this study significantly

increased the growth parameters and out yielded the control. Another researcher (Enujeke,

2013). reported that some plant nutrients, when added to the soil in the inorganic form have

low efficiency when comparing to the effect of inorganic fertilizers. under organic useful for

soil improvement and environment conservation. The different soil amendments supplied the

soil with considerable levels of- N and which resulted in increase in plant height over the

control. This is in conformity with the work of (Asawalam and Onwudike, 2011),who

reported that nitrogen forms the basis of cell components and as a result promotes vigorous

plant growth. There was a variation in plant height with respect to the treatment received. The

general trend in the parameters observed was the increase of the cow dung manure treated

crops in comparison with the control treatments which had 0 t/ha, with the highest rate

applied having the highest growth. Several experiments have shown similar findings. One of

which was carried out by Oke et al, (2020), which showed that the growth parameters

increased significantly with increase in the application rate of cow dung manure. The nutrient

use efficiency of crops tends to be better with increases N application the form of compost
25
fertilizers. Nutrients seemed more available to ginger plant with the mixes than the organic

materials alone, a similar trend of response had been earlier observed with other crops such as

maize (Zea mays) and with sorghum (Sorghum bichlor L. ).

5.2 SUMMARY

The lowest vegetative growth was observed in plots without cow dung manure (control),

followed by the plots treated with 3t/ha which had a vegetative growth higher than the control

and the highest vegetative growth was observed in plots treated with 6t/ha. The result of the

study showed that cow dung manure had an influence on the growth of ginger. Since the

highest vegetative growth observed was recorded in plots treated with 6t/ha, therefore the

cow dung manure level at 6t/ha was observed to be the most appropriate quantity for

improving the growth of ginger in the Southern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria

(Kafanchan).

5.3. CONCLUSSION

From this study, it was observed that all the soil treatments used increased the vegetative

growth of the ginger plant over the control. On average, application of 6t/ha of cow dung

manure gave the highest total, suggesting it to be the most effective treatment. Application of

lower cow dung manure dosages like 3t/ha only showed improvement of the vegetative

growth of ginger over the control while 6t/ha remained the most effective treatment of cow

dung manure for the growth of ginger plant.

5.4 RECOMENDATION

Even though the application of 6t/ha of cow dung manure gave the highest vegetative growth

suggesting it to be the most effect amendment; it is more economical to use 3t/ha of cow

dung manure since it gave significantly similar results.

26
27
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