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    IB Chemistry 1.3 Electron Configurations pt1

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    rellomharaz
    The document summarizes electron configurations and orbitals in atoms. It describes the quantum mechanical model where electrons are found in probability clouds around the nucleus. There are different atomic orbitals - s, p, d and f orbitals - that have specific shapes and number of electrons. Electrons fill these orbitals according to Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule to give the electron configuration of elements. The configurations are represented as shorthand using noble gas notations. Emission line spectra are used to identify elements based on their unique spectral lines.

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    IB Chemistry 1.3 Electron Configurations pt1

    Uploaded by

    rellomharaz
    20 views5 pages
    The document summarizes electron configurations and orbitals in atoms. It describes the quantum mechanical model where electrons are found in probability clouds around the nucleus. There are different atomic orbitals - s, p, d and f orbitals - that have specific shapes and number of electrons. Electrons fill these orbitals according to Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule to give the electron configuration of elements. The configurations are represented as shorthand using noble gas notations. Emission line spectra are used to identify elements based on their unique spectral lines.

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    The document summarizes electron configurations and orbitals in atoms. It describes the quantum mechanical model where electrons are found in probability clouds around the nucleus. There are different atomic orbitals - s, p, d and f orbitals - that have specific shapes and number of electrons. Electrons fill these orbitals according to Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule to give the electron configuration of elements. The configurations are represented as shorthand using noble gas notations. Emission line spectra are used to identify elements based on their unique spectral lines.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    20 views5 pages

    IB Chemistry 1.3 Electron Configurations pt1

    Uploaded by

    rellomharaz
    The document summarizes electron configurations and orbitals in atoms. It describes the quantum mechanical model where electrons are found in probability clouds around the nucleus. There are different atomic orbitals - s, p, d and f orbitals - that have specific shapes and number of electrons. Electrons fill these orbitals according to Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule to give the electron configuration of elements. The configurations are represented as shorthand using noble gas notations. Emission line spectra are used to identify elements based on their unique spectral lines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    1.

    3 Electron Configurations
    Tuesday, 6 February 2024
    11:23 AM

    Modern Models of the Atom- Quantum Mechanical Model


     Electrons do not follow in specific paths around the nucleus
    o Based on probability
     Uses a cloud model to describe where the electron is likely to be found
     The clouds take on shapes based on where an electron with specific energy is most
    likely to be found
    Orbitals
     Quantum mechanics keeps the idea of energy levels
    o The rows on the periodic table
     Adds sublevels, known as atomic orbitals
     An atomic orbital is an area of space that has a high probability of
    containing an electron
     The orbitals are referred to as s, p, d, f
     The shapes of atomic orbitals depend on the energy levels
     S orbitals
    o Circular and hold 2 e-
    o spherical
     P orbitals
    o 3 orientated clouds, each holding 2 e- (6 e- in total)
    o Dumb-bell shaped arranged at right angles with the nucleus at the centre
     D orbitals
    o 5 orientated clouds, each holding 2 e- (10 e- in total)
     F orbitals
    o 7 orientations, each holding 2 e- (14 e- in total)

    Energy Level Number of e- Number of Sublevels


    Type of Sublevel

    1 2 1 1s

    2 8 2 2s, 2p
    3 18 3 3s, 3p, 3d

    4 32 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

    Examples
     Fluorine: 1s2, 2s2, 2p5
     Krypton: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6
     Scandium: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d1
     Potassium: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1
     Calcium: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
     Boron: 1s2, 2s2, 2p1
    Exceptions (for greater stability)
     Chromium: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1 (not 2) , 3d5 (not 4)
     Copper: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1 (not 2) , 3d10 (not 9)
    Shorthand and Configurations
     Aluminiums full electron configuration is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
     To write this in shorthand, we use the previous noble gas which came before
     We write the noble gas in square brackets followed by the remaing orbitals to reach
    aluminium
    o [Ne] 3s2, 3p1

    Aufbau Diagrams
     The Aufbau principle (building up) describes a model building method in which an
    atom is 'built up' by progressively adding electrons
     As electrons are added, they assume the most stable shells with respect to the
    nucleus and the electrons already present
     Electrons arrange themselves in the most stable configuration possible according to
    three rules
    o Aufbau Principle - electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital first
    o Pauli Exclusion Principle - an orbital can hold only two electrons, which must
    have opposite spin
    o Hund's Rule - orbitals of the same energy level are filled individually before
    electrons pair up
    Electromagnetic Spectrum
     Electromagnetic radiation comes in different forms
     All forms travel at the same speed of light but have different wavelengths
     The higher energy forms have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies

    Line Spectrum
     A line spectrum is an emission spectrum that has sharp lines produced by specific
    frequencies of light
     It is produced by excited atoms and ions as they fall back to a lower energy level
     Different elements have different line spectra so they can be used to identify
    unknown elements
    Hydrogen Spectrum
    When the energy levels are drawn around the nucleus, they are spaced farther apart near the
    nucleus and much closer together at higher energy levels.

    If you had to draw the line spectrum for hydrogen, you would draw the lines closer together
    at higher energy. The lines represent energy emitted when electrons fall from a high energy
    level to a lower one.

    HL Ionization
     In an emission spectrum, the limit of convergence at higher frequency corresponds to
    ionization
    o Levels in the hydrogen atom converge at higher energy
    o At the convergence limit, the lines merge to form a continuum
    o Beyond this point, the electron is free from any influence of the
    nucleus
    o We can calculate the ionization energy from the convergence limit
    o The transition from n = 1 to n = ~ corresponds to ionization which is
    the removal of the electron from the 1s orbital
     Calculate the value of the first IE form spectral data that gives the wavelength or
    frequency of the convergence limit
    o The value of the Planck constant h and the equations E = h f and c = (funky
    thing) f are given in the data booklet
     Solve problems using E = hv = hc/(funky thing)
    o h = Planck's constant (6.63 x 10-34 Js)
    o v = frequency of light (Hz or l/s)
    o c = speed of light (3.00 x 108 m/s)
    o λ = wavelength (m) (1 x 109 nm = 1m)
    o You may have to convert from nanometers

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