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Science
Quarter 3 – Hybrid Module 4
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
Week 4

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

 Let’s Learn

Our body is made up of different systems. These systems coordinate with one
another to perform all their essential functions for us to continue living in this world.
Each system has its own function. Our body will become unbalanced if any of our
body systems fail to function well. As you go through this module, you will be able
to understand the how information stored in DNA is being used to make proteins,
how changes in the DNA molecule may cause change in the product, and how
mutation that occur in sex cells can be inherited. This module will help you:
1. Explain how protein is made using information from the DNA (S10LT-
IIId-37).
2. Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function
of a protein (S10LT-IIIe-38).

Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:
1. explain how DNA duplicate itself using a model;
2. explain the complimentary structure of DNA and RNA using a template;
3. explain the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis;
4. explain events of transcription and translation using a video clip;
5. explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a
protein using models/illustrations;
6. explain how mutation occurs by identifying the amino acid codon using the
genetic code table; and
7. explain how mutation may affect the growth and development of organisms
using video clips/illustrations.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on the space provided before each number.
________1. Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA?
A. messenger RNA C. ribosomal RNA
B. maker RNA D. transfer RNA
________2. Which of the following contains the genetic instructions for
the development and functioning of organisms?
A. Cell C. Mitochondria
B. DNA D. Tissue
_________3. Where does Transcription occur?
A. Lysosome C. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria D. Ribosome
_________4. Where does Translation occur?

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 A. Lysosome C. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria D. Ribosome
_________5. Which of the following does NOT occur during transcription?
A. RNA molecule breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin.
B. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the
second mRNA codon.
C. Ribonucleic Acid polymerase enzyme binds and opens the
DNA molecule that will be transcribed.
D. RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand and links free
RNA nucleotides that pair with the nitrogenous bases of
complimentary DNA strand.
_________6. Which of the following is TRUE about Mutation?
A. Mutation affects only one gene per organism.
B. Mutation cannot cause congenital problems in organisms.
C. Mutation in eggs cell or sperm cell does not affect future
generations.
D. Mutation disrupts the production of amino acids made from
the organisms’ affected genes.
For items 7-9: Arrange the sequence of events that occur during DNA
Replication. Write the numbers 7-9 on the blanks.
__________ The complementary nucleotides are added to each strand by DNA
polymerase to form new strands.
__________ An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond between nitrogenous
Bases causing the two strands to split.
__________ The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the free
nucleotides found in the cytoplasm.
__________10. Which major type of RNA is correctly paired with its function?
A. mRNA: carries the information from DNA to the ribosomes.
B. tRNA: translates the genetic code carried by the mRNA
through protein synthesis.
C. rRNA: forms the structural component of the ribosome.
D. All of the above.
__________11. Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
A. Adenine C. Cytosine
B. Guanine D. Uracil
__________12. Which type of mutation occurs when one or more gene is
lost?
A. Deletion C. Substitution
B. Insertion D. Inversion
__________13. Which of the following occurs during translation?
A. DNA sequence is copied into RNA.
B. One or more DNA pairs is added in the gene.
C. Information in mRNA is converted into a sequence of amino
acids in a protein.
D. All of the above.

For items 14 – 15: Given below is the base pair on one strand of a DNA
molecule.
TTA CGG TCA CCT

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 __________14. If this strand is replicated, which of the following is the
complementary strand that is produced?
A. AAT GCC AGT GGA
B. GCC GGA ATT AGT
C. AAU GAA AGA GTG
D. CCT TTG ATG GGT
___________15. If transcribed into an mRNA, what would be the resulting
strand?
A. GCC GGA AUU AGU
B. CCU UUG AUG GGU
C. AAU GCC AGU GGA
D. AAU GAA AGA GUG

Lesson
Inheritance and Variation
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Let’s Recall

In the last Module we were able to discuss about the role of the nervous system
in the human body. Its parts, functions and the hormones involve to help the body
perform its best. Lets review what we have learned on the past lesson about the
nervous system.

MATCHING TYPE: Match the definition in Column A to the term it describes

in Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the blanks provided.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Functions as organizer and distributor of
information for the body. A. Brain
2. Part of the brain that controls activity and B. Brainstem
thought.
3. Part of the brain that controls posture, balance C. Cerebellum
and coordination.
4. Part of the brain that controls automatic D. Cerebrum
functions such as breathing, heart rate,
digestion, and blood pressure. E. Homeostasis
5. Activated when body is in dynamic role/stress.
6. Maintains body functions and restores the body F. Hypothalamus
to normal or relaxed mode.
7. A term which means maintaining a constant
G. Negative
internal environment. Feedback
8. The process where the brain uses either Mechanism
hormone or nervous system to send a signal to
the part of the body that can fix the problem. H. Parasympathetic

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 9. The part of the brain that is responsible for
homeostasis. I. Spinal cord
10. controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes without
input from the brain. J. Sympathetic

Let’s Explore

This module we will be discussing about the DNA and mRNA and its
role in performing a very important task of transferring codes to proteins that will be
manifested in the body. But first, lets have this quick activity to get to know DNA ad
mRNA well.

LET US PAIR!

The sequence of bases in one DNA / RNA (indicated per item) strand is given
below. Identify the complementary sequence of bases in the other strand of
DNA/RNA. The first one is done for you.

DNA RNA

A always pairs with T A always pairs with U

C always pairs with G C always pairs with G

DNA:

G A A C A T C T G A C A

C T T G T A G A
C C T G T

1. DNA:

A T A G T T C C G T C C

2. RNA:

G C C U A A C C G C U A

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 3. DNA:

C A T C A A G C T A G C

4. RNA:

C G U U C A U G G A C U

Let’s Elaborate

All living things have DNA. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. The DNA
stores the genetic information of an organism. Our appearance and the whole
structure and function of the organs we have depends on what is contained in our
DNA. What we inherit from our parents are the DNA with nitrogenous base
sequences that codes for a gene. These nitrogenous base sequences or genes
determines the kinds of proteins our cells will make, which in turn, determines the
expression of a particular trait. So, if your DNA has a gene for curly hair, your body
will produce a protein that will express the formation of a curly hair.

Where do we find our DNA?

SOURCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsocratic.org%2Fquestions%2Fhow-are-dna-chromosomes-genes-and-
alleles-
related&psig=AOvVaw1VAhMviLy13zh_eEEv_pmM&ust=1612231601578000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKCJzPXMx-

In eukaryotes, DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell. Organisms have

many DNA molecules per cell. Each DNA molecule is tightly packaged in the form of
chromosome. In humans, everybody cell contains 46 chromosomes, each made
up of 2 chromatids. Each chromatid consists of DNA and protein molecules. Each

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strand of DNA contains genes. Genes carry information that determines your traits
whether you have blue eyes or brown eyes.

DNA REPLICATION

As organisms reproduce, the genetic information of the parent is being passed

on to the offspring via the DNA. Thus, DNA must be able to replicate itself.
The following show the process of how DNA copies itself:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologydictionary.net%2Fdna-replication%2F&psig=AOvVaw3BTuhaRlrS-
O2vOAGKRdIK&ust=1612242571816000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJjyz-b1x-4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Step 1: An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond between nitrogenous bases. The
two strands of the DNA split.
Step 2: The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the free nucleotides
found in the cytoplasm.
Step 3: The complimentary nucleotides are added to each strand by DNA polymerase
to form new strands. Two new DNA molecules, each with a parent strand and a new
strand, are formed. This process of DNA replication is called semi-conservative
replication because one of the old strands is conserved in each new molecule.

DNA to TRAIT
The process of expressing a trait requires not just the DNA, it also requires
another ribonucleic acid which will play a role in translating the coded DNA
sequences into proteins. These are called RNA or Ribonucleic acid. In this discussion
RNA has 3 kind. These RNA’s are all present during the process of making the basic
form of protein, amino acids or protein synthesis. But first let’s take a closer look at
the difference between the DNA strand and the RNA strand.
RNA vs DNA

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fnucleic-acids-
373552&psig=AOvVaw2VSRAcrGyUDkH4zIU_Bf1T&ust=1612232511353000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIjD6
b7Qx-4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAF

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 RNA DNA
(Ribonucleic Acid) (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Is single stranded - Is double stranded
- Sugar is ribose - Sugar is deoxyribose
- Contains 4 nitrogenous - Contains 4 nitrogenous
bases: bases:
Adenine (A) Adenine (A)
Uracil (U) Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G) Guanine (G)

A always pairs with U A always pairs with T

C always pairs with G C always pairs with G

- Has 3 major types: - made up of nucleotides as

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) its chemical building blocks.
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Components of a nucleotide:
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 1. Phosphate group
2. Sugar group
3. Nitrogenous base

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein performs various roles in our body: It helps repair or body tissues,
maintains proper pH and fluid balance, they keep our immune system strong,
transport and store nutrients in our body, and many more! The process in which
cells make proteins is known as Protein synthesis.
Protein Synthesis consists of two processes: Transcription and
Translation.
TRANSCRIPTION takes place inside the nucleus, it includes the DNA
strand and mRNA strand.
STEPS:
1. RNA polymerase unwinds and
unzips the two strands of DNA that
contain the protein-making gene. (Only
one of these two strands will be
replicated).
2. Complementary RNA nucleotides
then base pair with the chosen strand.
RNA polymerase also binds to the RNA
nucleotides together making a new
RNA strand. This will be called mRNA
(messenger RNA).
3. The mRNA then travels from the cell
nucleus and out into the cytoplasm,
until it reaches and attaches to a
ribosome.
SOURCE:https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-
content/uploads/sites/110/2016/06/13153312/steps.png

TRANSLATION takes place inside the ribosome and involves the mRNA
and tRNA.

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 SOURCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AProtein_Synthesis-
Translation.png&psig=AOvVaw2v3X0034bNQ3afXU7sdz6b&ust=1612314348878000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOCYrZmByu4CFQAAAAAdA
AAAABAP

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FSacramento_City_College%2FSCC%253A_Chem_309_-
_General_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Bennett)%2FText%2F17%253A_Nucleic_Acids%2F17.5%253A_Mutations_and_Genetic_Diseases&psig=AOvVaw0eZVmCzRGNM3eT5
UIGd4mw&ust=1612749868160000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCPDl4sjX1u4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

STEPS:
1. As translation begins, mRNA binds to a ribosome. Then, the tRNA
molecules each carrying a specific amino acid, approach the ribosome
to translate the codons on the mRNA strand. The tRNA anticodon pairs
with the first mRNA(start) codon to form the initiation complex. The two
molecules temporarily join together. A codon is composed of three
nitrogenous bases that sits together in a nucleic acid.
2. The first codon signals the start of protein synthesis. Then, the
ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next set of codon.
3. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the second
mRNA codon
4. When the first and second amino acids are in place, an enzyme joins
them by forming a peptide bond between them.
5. As the process of translation continues, a chain of amino acids is
formed until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand.
The polypeptide chain is released. Protein synthesis is complete.

MUTATION
A mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA. Mutations
may affect one genome, or they may affect whole chromosomes. Mutations
happen when one or more nucleotide is SUBSTITUTED, INSERTED, or
DELETED for a different nucleotide. This results in a change in sequence of
the nucleotides bases.

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The following are some human examples of genetic disorders caused by mutations.
1. CRI DU CHAT – is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of
chromosome 5. Infants with this condition often have high-pitched cry that
sound like that of a cat. They often have wide-set eyes, a small head and
jaw, and are moderately to severely mentally retarded.
2. DOWN SYNDROME - is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome
21. A few of the common physical traits of Down syndrome are low muscle
tone, small stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease
across the center of the palm – although each person with Down syndrome
is a unique individual and may possess these characteristics to different
degrees, or not at all. People with down syndrome can have physical
problems as well as intellectual abilities.
3. KLINEFELTER SYNDROME – (also known as 47,XXY). Men with this
condition are usually infertile and have small, poorly functioning testicles.
They tend to have longer arms or legs. Children with Klinefelter syndrome
may have low muscle tone (hypotonia) and problems with coordination that
may delay the development of motor skills, such as sitting, standing, and
walking. Affected boys often have learning disabilities, resulting in mild
delays in speech and language development and problems with reading.

Although Mutations are always associated negative idea of having a

disorder, there are also what we call beneficial mutation in which
organisms are changing to adopt to the needs in the environment. The
prolific growth of crop plants brought by the mutation in genes for
reproduction is an example of it.

Let’s Dig In

VIDEO CLIP WATCHING:

https://youtu.be/x5ZXQo-xeMo

BEFORE YOU WATCH:

Try to answer the following questions:
1. What is the role of DNA and RNA in protein sysnthesis?
2. What happens during transcription?
3. What happens during translation?

AS YOU WATCH:
Fill in the graphic organizer with your answers.

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 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Includes two phases:

1. 2.

Events that happen during this Events that happen during this
phase are: phase are:

AFTER YOU WATCH:

Arrange the following steps in Protein Synthesis by writing the letters numbers
1-5 on the blanks provided before the sentences.
_________The tRNA transports the amino acids to the ribosomes.
_________Protein production occurs in ribosomes containing rRNA.
_________The sysnthesis of protein starts with transcribing the
instructions in DNA into mRNA.
_________The mRNA is then carried out of the cells nucleus into the
cytoplasm, specifically into the ribosomes.
_________The code sequence in mRNA is then translated and specific
proteins are synthesized by stringing amino acids together.

Let’s Remember

Directions: Transcribe and write the transcript the original DNA sequence below.
Then, do the same for each mutated DNA sequences that follow. Use the genetic code
chart to identify the specific amino acid for each mRNA codon.
ORIGINAL DNA
SEQUENCE
TAC ATC TTG GCG ACG ACT
mRNA
Transcript
Amino acids

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MUTATED DNA
SEQUENCE 1
TAC ACC TTG GCG ACG ACT
mRNA
Transcript
Amino acids
KIND OF MUTATION:__________________________
MUTATED DNA
SEQUENCE 2
TAC ATC GTT GGC GAC GAC T
mRNA
Transcript
Amino acids
KIND OF MUTATION:__________________________
MUTATED DNA
SEQUENCE 3
TAC TCT TGG CGA CGA CTC
mRNA
Transcript
Amino acids
KIND OF MUTATION:__________________________

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fopenoregon.pressbooks.pub%2Fmhccbiology112%2Fchapter%2Fthe-genetic-
code%2F&psig=AOvVaw3u5F0el8giwB8OMCwqFLxR&ust=1612755104902000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCPi76JPr1u4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Let’s Apply

VIDEO CLIP WATCHING:

https://youtu.be/mCOMD291oBM
A. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER: Fill in the graphic organizer with the missing data
using the information from the video clip.

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 MUTATIONS

Alterations in DNA/Gene

Chromosomal Aneuploidy
aberrations:
Examples:
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.

5.

B. GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What will happen if the sequence of the gene changes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What will be the result in the alterations in the number of chromosomes
in humans?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on the space provided before each number.

________1. Which of the following is NOT a component of the DNA?

A. Alkaline group C. Phosphate group
B. Nitrogenous base D. Sugar group
________2. DNA can be found in which part of the cell?
A. nucleus C. mitochondria
B. ribosome D. lysosome
_________3. Transcription occurs in which of the following sites?

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 A. Lysosome C. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria D. Ribosome
_________4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Mutations always affect a whole chromosome.
B. DNA contains a single strand.
C. Genes are segments of DNA that may code for RNA or
proteins.
D. Messenger RNA serves as the site for attachment of rRNA and
tRNA for protein synthesis.
_________5. Which of the following events does NOT occur during translation?
A. A chain of amino acids is formed until the ribosome reaches
a stop codon.
B. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the
second mRNA codon.
C. tRNA molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid,
approach the ribosome.
D. Ribonucleic Acid polymerase enzyme binds and opens the
DNA molecule that will be transcribed.
_________6. Which of the following disorders is NOT an example of mutation?
A. Cri du chat C. Klinefelter Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome D. SARS
For items 7-9: Arrange the sequence of events that occur during translation.
Write the numbers 7-9 on the blanks.
__________ A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pair with the second
mRNA codon. When the first and second amino acids are in place,
an enzyme joins them by forming a peptide bond between them.

__________As the process continues, a chain of amino acids is formed until the
ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand. The
polypeptide chain is released. Protein synthesis is complete.

__________The first codon signals the start of protein synthesis. Then, the
ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon.

__________10. Which major type of RNA functions to translate the genetic

message carried by the mRNA through protein synthesis.?
A. mRNA C. rRNA
B. tRNA D. All of these
__________11. Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not in RNA?
A. Adenine C. Cytosine
B. Guanine D. Thymine
__________12. Which type of mutation occurs when one or more DNA pairs is
added?
A. Deletion C. Substitution
B. Insertion D. Inversion
__________13. Which of the following occurs during translation?
A. DNA sequence is copied into RNA.
B. One or more DNA pairs is added in the gene.

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 C. Information in mRNA is converted into a sequence of amino
acids in a protein.
D. All of the above.
__________14. Which enzyme functions to separate the two strands of DNA
during transcription?
A. Amylase C. Lipase
B. Helicase D. RNA Polymerase
___________15. What would be the resulting strand if the given sequence of
bases below is transcribed into an mRNA?
GGA AAC UAC CCA

A. GCC GGA AUU AGU

B. CCU UUG AUG GGU
C. AAU GCC AGU GGA
D. AAU GAA AGA GUG

Let’s Extend

Using the internet, research one case of gene mutation. Describe the
consequences of such mutation. What is the implication of gene mutation
relevance to the growth of newfound COVID-19 variant?

References
PRINTED MATERIALS
DepEd. Science Grade 10 Learner’s Material First Edition 2015 Philippines: Vibal Publishing House,
Inc.
Ditan, C.D. 2015. Introduction to Biological Science Fourth Edition. National Bookstore
Marieb, E.N. 2006. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.
Rabago, L. M. et al..2003. Functional Biology: Modular Approach. Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

www.quipperschool.com

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327222318_Role_of_DNA_and_RNA_in_Protein_Synthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5ZXQo-
xeMo&feature=youtu.behttps://www.healthline.com/nutrition/functions-of-protein#Is-too-much-
protein-harmful?

https://www.ndss.org/about-down-syndrome/down-
syndrome/#:~:text=A%20few%20of%20the%20common,degrees%2C%20or%20not%20at%20all.

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-dna-replication?fbclid=IwAR13EwIgrXCYlRRSJAWljNqfSbKB8LSTc6gny6Cp-
8KP_jcNIr4wTeKgyv0

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/dna/#:~:text=Nearly%20every%20cell%20in
%20a,called%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20or%20mtDNA).

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR3FlH6s08T5WMUHm
5Yg6-s4GGes8NNLvM9YeZTAGWX1lcWBqQMwXOogpNc

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/bio1/chapter/reading-steps-of-genetic-
transcription/?fbclid=IwAR3XsqoLow8kZWAz6l0SBvdjDHFg3pK9QcMAJes7_7rOYgLkv5fezbVgEpE

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/4.5/primary/lesson/transcription-of-dna-to-rna-
bio?fbclid=IwAR3T2UYq6fOW6xxBGPvD2aKaunSWatzaC6_ibwnYVLyjq4Y0sI6U7qZQcfk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?fbclid=IwAR2JjeNEIbKbPHpGTUEWPxXjA2XDjQRZir25mv_9Na3fR
31Lj5rAhecYJeU&v=lzhp5NuXo-k&feature=youtu.be

https://www.youtube.com/watch?fbclid=IwAR0s6WFYft9b1MpXpucJ63NX1PEI6Jjsef4JaHcQX5nYe1
EHpr0wv2SZKQE&v=mCOMD291oBM&feature=youtu.be

Development Team of the Module

Writer: MARY ANNE G. CAMBA, TI
Editor: AGAPE GRACE D. RIVEZA, T II

Content Evaluators: MINERVA M. CONTRERAS, MT II,

JANETH G. MAMANSAG, MT II,
JENNY G. BELZA, T II
Language Evaluator: GERALD A. ESPERIDION
Reviewer: RENAVIL J. SARIL, T III
Illustrator: MARY ANNE G. CAMBA, TI
Layout Artist: ROBEEMANE B. BALISI, TIII
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Team Leader)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS-SCIENCE
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City
Telefax: 8384251
Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

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