TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

HELD AT

GOLDEN STONE LIMITED

PREPARED BY:

OPAWOLE SAMUEL OLUWASEGUN

MATRICULATION NUMBER:

2022703020028

SUBMITTED TO:

SWIES COORDINATOR IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT TO REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA.

IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

THE POLYTHENIC, IBADAN, IBADAN, OYO STATE.

NOVEMBER, 2023
CERTIFICATION

This is to clarify that the work during the four months industrial training was carried

out by OPAWOLE SAMUEL OLUWASEGUN of the department of BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY at The Polytechnic Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State. Held at The

GOLDEN STONE LIMITED at FADARE close, Bestway, Ibadan, Oyo State. And

that this report is written by me in the best of the practical knowledge I gained during

the course of the training.

Coordinator. Signature and Date.

This is to certify that the research work, SIWES technical report, on student
industrial work experience by OPAWOLE SAMUEL OLUWASEGUN,
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a National Diploma
has been approved.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

BACKGROUND

In the earlier stage of science and technology education in Nigeria, students were

graduating from their respective institutions without any technical knowledge or

working experience. It was in this view that student undergoing science and

technology related courses were mandated for students in different institutions in

view of widening their horizons so as to enable them have technical knowledge or

working experience before graduating from their various institution.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established by the

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to enable students of tertiary institution

have technical knowledge on industrial work based on their course of study

before the completion of their program in their respective institutions. The

scheme was designed to expose students to industrial environment and enable

them develop occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their

quota to national economic and technological development after graduation . The

major background behind the embankments of student in SIWES was to expose

them to the industrial environment and enable them develop occupational

competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to national economic

and technological development after graduation. The major benefit accruing to

students who participate conscientiously in Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) are the skills and competencies they acquire. The relevant

production skills remain a part of the recipients of industrial training as life-long

skills acquired through training are internalized and became relevant when

required to perform the jobs or functions

1.1 OBJECTIVES

The Industrial Training Fund policy Documented No. 1 of 1973 which established

SIWES outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to:

1. Provide an avenue for students in higher institution of learning to acquire

industrial skills during their course of study.

2. Prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet after

graduation

3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions

4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance

students contact for later job placements

5. Provide students with the opportunity to apply their educational knowledge in

real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

6. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process

and prepare students for employment in industry and commerce (Information and

Guideline for SIWES, 2002)

THE BODIES INVOLVED ARE

 The Federal Government

 Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

Other supervising agents are

 National University Commission (NUC)

 National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)

 National Council For Colleges Of Education (NCE)

The functions of these Agencies above include ;

 Establishing SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved institutions

 Supervise student at their places of attachment and sign their log book and IT

form

 Ensure payment of allowances for the students and supervisors.

 Ensure adequate funding of the scheme

 Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and institutions as well

as appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting staff.

The Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary was established in 1898 Unit to advice on

capital projects and liaise with external consultants, where necessary, within the frame

work of an approve master plan, the Unit prepares development programs, and

monitor and co-ordinates physical development activities .

With its professional staff , the company reviews building stock and infrastructural

facilities to determine performance. For future purpose and development, the

company had adopted two types of building. They are the Arts-type of building and

the Science and Technology type of buildings. The former accommodates facilities

such as Arts, Social Science, Business Administration, etc., while the latter is

structured to meet the needs of facilities such as Science, Environmental Sciences.

Engineering et
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 WORK EXPERIENCE DURING ATTACHMENT

I was introduced to my industrial based supervisor on my first day at work Eng’r

Michael A.A at the building department at Golden Stone limited, I was also

introduced to my other colleagues at other departments, the procurement department,

Architectural department, structural department, maintenance department, the

administrative department and the accounting department, and I was briefed how the

company runs.

2.1 SETTING OUT

and I was lucky to arrive at the start of the new project about that was about to start

where I was shown the architectural and the structural designs of the 4 bedroom

duplex and was put through some measurements in millimeters the concrete grade to

be used while as the building will be erected, we visited the site for proper

investigation and the necessary preparations mounting a sink store for materials to be

kept in it, that would be needed on site, the site clearance, which includes the removal

of top soil, uprooting of hard wood stems and roots from the soil.

Beginning with the setting out we used the common method, using the

Pegs : this are sharp edge wood that are pinned to the earth

Profile board: this are ply wood 12feet long that are placed on the pegs

Nails: nails are used to hold woods together, and also a used in marking on the profile

board

Hammer: used to hit nails

Lines: are used to joined a wall from one end on the marking nails to the other for

excavating

2.2 EXCAVATION

Excavation begins using the manual method, employing Mallams to dig using digger

and shovel, and digging 900mm deep, which tooks two days,

Digger: was used to dig the hard soil on the lined part of the setting out

Shovel: to pack out the soil and form a depth on the land

We excavated the setting out for the building Septic tank excavation

Soak-away excavation

2.3 BLOCK SETTINGS

225 by 450 blocks were used for the foundation setting out round the perimeters of

the building and also for the internal partitioning using stretcher bond, pad and strip

foundation was the foundation type,

The height of the foundation block work was 1.15m.

Also from the over site concrete, 225 by 450 blocks were used to the setting out and

some internal part of the building block size 150 by 450 were used for partitioning,,

the block setting was done up to the the Sil level, marked the openings and up to the

lintel level the height of the block wall from the over site concrete to the lintel level

was 2.1m, and after the finishing of the lintel concrete blocks were used to reach the

top building finishes

On the 6th week I was at the office, the architectural department learning

Architectural drawings using AutoDesk AutoCad 2018, I was taught by Architect

Adediran Opeyemi, where I was taught the basics of AutoCad, Revit, Lumion, how to

set the Units, the drawing limits and the text size, important key codes, mouse

moving, placing a line, offsetting, trimming, E.T.C,

2.5 CONCERTE

Concrete is a building material made from a mixture of water, aggregate (such as sand

and gravel), and cement. When it hardens, concrete is very strong and can be used to

build all kinds of structures, from sidewalks to buildings to dams. In the construction

industry, concrete is often reinforced with steel to make it even stronger. There are

many different types of concrete, including lightweight concrete, high-strength

concrete, and ultra-high performance concrete.

Concrete was used for the foundation laying with 150mm thickness using grade

20N/m^2

Concerte was used for the over site Concerte with 200mm thickness

Concerte was used for the column and lintel using design strength of 25N/m^2

Concerte was also used for the first floor slab with 200mm thickness using the design

strength of 25N/m^2.

Concerte was used for the slab of both the septic tank and soak away with 250mm

thickness

The first floor slab form work started it took days to complete, and after the DPM has

been placed , the reinforcement was arranged on the form work, biscuits was used to
raise the iron up a bit,the electrician and plumbers came to lay their pipes under the

reinforcement.

On Friday the 3rd of November the first floor concrete slab was poured using the

concrete mixer, with the design strength of 25N/m^2 and thickness of 200mm.

2.6 PLASTERING

Plastering is the process of applying a plaster coating to a wall or ceiling. Plaster is a

mixture of cement, sand, and water that is applied in a thin layer and dries to a hard,

smooth surface. Plastering is used in construction to finish interior and exterior walls,

and it can also be used to repair cracks and holes in walls. It is often used in

combination with other materials, such as lath (wood strips) or metal mesh, to create a

stronger and more durable surface.

The septic tank was plastered using the mix ratio of 1:6

INTRODUCTION TO SITE MATERIALS EQUIPMENTS AND

MACHINERIES.

In the process of my work experience program I was introduced to various materials,

equipment and machinery used in the construction and development of a building.

MATERIALS

Example of materials used in the building construction are as follows ;

Cement: This is a powdered substance that develops strong adhesive properties when

mixed with water. It is used in Block Work, Plastering, Rendering and Concreting.

The establishment of Cement is achieved by burning a mixture of clay and chalk or

limestone in a kiln. A proportion of the raw materials in a definite proportion are

converted into a liquid state by grinding, mixing and watering, termed Slurry. The
slurry is then conveyed through a set of pipes to rotary kiln which dry and burn the

constituent in higher temperature to form hard lumps.

This process changes the slurry to hard lumps called clinker, which afterwards pass on

through a conveyor belt to the grinding, small quantity of gypsum of between 2 and

5% of the whole materials is added to retard the setting time. Tests are usually carried

out on the finished product occasionally to ensure higher quality.

This process is mainly on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) used for general

purposes. There are other types of cement made for special purposes, including Rapid

Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC), Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement And Low

Heat Portland Cement, Water Repellent Portland Cement, White Cement and so on.

Reinforcement: Reinforcement is provided in concrete structures to enhance its

tensile strength. Therefore in all structural elements, the reinforcement is provided in

the region of the element that will be subjected to tension. Standard bar diameters~

6,8,10,12,16,20,25,32 and 40 mm.

Aggregates: This consist of sand, ground crushed stone, pebbles, broken blocks and

similar such materials. Aggregates may either be light or heavy weight and also All-

in-Aggregates. Aggregates must be clean and inert in the presence of water.

Aggregates are of two types:

Fine aggregate; this should be clean, sharp and passes through the sieve size of

4.5mm.
Coarse aggregates: aggregates which consist of largely of particles over 5mm in

diameter. This is usually gravel or crushed stones.

Mineral Fibre Felt: a waterproofing membrane consisting of a thin fibrous mat of

polyester or glass fibre saturated with bitumen or a bitumen-polymer, it lies between

the actual roof and the house and the layer of protection from the element. It is always

36” wide and they come in a rectangular shape, the mineral fibre felt was used during

the repair of roof slabs leakages, it was applied after the roof slab has been primed,

this was carried out by heating the primed surface and the felt together with the aid of

glass.
EQUIPMENT'S

The following are examples of various tools used in construction;

1. Tape

It consists of a flexible ribbon of plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip

with linear-measurement markings. This is used to measure

length, size, or distance.

2. Masonry Trowel

It is a hand tool used in brickwork, stonework, or plastering for

placing, leveling, shaping, and smoothing mortar or concrete.

They are available in various shapes and sizes depending upon

the work.

Floating Slab – Construction, Advantages, & Disadvantages

3. Head Pan

It is a round container, like a bowl used to transport construction

Materials

4. Plumb Bob

Plumb bob is a small weight with a pointed tip, hangs from a

string. This is one of the most important construction tools used

to check vertical alignment for civil works.

5. Hoe

It is a long-handled tool with a sharp metal blade used for

digging, mixing concrete ingredients, placing mortar/concrete in

head pan etc.

This tool has a plane surface used to make concrete surface

smooth during plastering and finishing.

7. Spade

A long-handled tool consisting of a blade, stunted and less

curved than that of a shovel mainly used for digging purposes.

8. Concrete Mixer

This is a construction tool used to mix cement, sand, aggregates

and water manually and produce concrete.

9. Sand Screening Machine

It is used to sieve sand for use in construction work. Sand is

poured on the sieve or mesh which vibrates and separate fine

grain sand easily.

10. Drill

Drill machine is used to make a hole of circular cross-section in

solid materials like wood, steel, concrete, etc.

This is generally referred to as casting. It is a process of working with freshly mixed

concrete especially the placing of concrete. Before the establishment of the ground

floor some procedures where undertaken. Such procedures includes:

1. Material supply and storage: this is the receiving on site of the basic materials

namely cement, the fine and coarse aggregates and storing them under satisfactory

condition.

Cement is supplied in bags from and stored on racks to prevent moisture penetration

from the ground in a dry store free from draught which can introduce moist air and

cause air set of the material. Cement should not be stored on the site for long period of

time on site; therefore provision should be made for rational use so that the materials

being used comes from older stocks.

Aggregates were stored in bays on a clean firm base to ensure that foreign matter is

not included when extracting materials from the base of the stock pile.

Batching: Batching is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients either by

volume or by mass and introducing them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is

done by volume but most specifications require that batching be done by mass rather

than volume. Percentage of accuracy for measurement of concrete materials as

follows.

Mixing: The purpose of mixing is to coat the surfaces of Aggregate particles with

cement paste and to make it a uniform mass. The quality of mixture depends on the

accuracy of proportioning of the materials and the method of mixing. The method of
mixing was carried out mechanically through the use of a Tilting Drum Concrete

mixer

Transportation: This involves the means of conveying concrete from the point of

mixing to the point of placement. The choice of transportation depends on the size

and complexity of the site, weather condition and the height of the placement of the

concrete. The mode of transportation used was the manual method with the use of

head pans and labour. A mason`s ladder made of both bamboo and timber was

constructed to enhance vertical/inclined movements.

Placing: Before the concrete was placed in the form-work, the inside of the form-

work is thoroughly cleaned and a release agent (lubricant) was applied after the form-

work was blown off of dust. The concrete was placed at a reasonable height of not

more than 1m so as to avoid the segregation of its component materials.

Compacting: The Compacting of freshly placed concrete is to make it a unit mass by

eliminating voids within it. The method and type of compaction given to concrete

depend on the nature of work. Poker was used for the compacting of concrete during

the pouring of concrete.

Curing: After the placing and compacting of the concrete it is allowed to sufficiently

harden for a day then the curing process come in which involves the prevention of the

evaporation of moisture in the concrete. The concrete was watered 7days with use of a

hose pipe connected to a tank. This was done to avoid shrinkage of the concrete and

cause a more permanent and durable material produced .

After 21 days the form-work are removed completely to enhance the full setting of the

reinforced concrete floor

Hence, concreting was carried out on almost all the construction work during my

period of attachment
 SETTING OUT

Refers to the act of measuring and marking out a full size plan of a building or

element of a building on a site. This is accomplished by transferring the architectural

details from paper to the ground.

FOUNDATION WORKS

Foundation consist of firm strata to prevent differential settlement of the structure

and it provides stability to the structure. It transfers the weight of the structure

(live,dead and other loads) to the earth.

BLOCKWORK

The walling system was mostly carried out using sand-crete hollow blocks. The sizes

of blocks were used in respect to their functions. The 6 inches blocks were used

mostly for internal walls while the 9inches blocks were used in load bearing areas and

external walling. The bonding process used in the union of these block is Stretcher

Bond; which is when the stretcher faces of the blocks appear on the front or rear

elevation of the wall

LINTELS

Lintel is referred to as the beam above an opening in a building, which supports the

weight above it and transmits such weight of the imposed materials to the vertical

sides of the wall opening. The lintel used for the opening in construction of fence was

Precast Reinforced Concrete Lintel that was constructed on site by using a wooden

mould while the cast in-situ lintel was used for the construction of the new university
hostel. The precast lintel was transported and placed manually. One of the advantages

of precast lintel is that it quickens production.

GROUND BEAM

Ground beam is a beam of reinforced concrete at or near ground level supporting a

wall, and either resting directly on the ground or transferring its load to piles or piers

in the manner of a lintel.

3.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING ATTACHMENT.

1. Access Road: The access road to the site is extremely poor due to lack of

drainage and constant passage of heavy vehicles such as lorries and trailer.

2. Land Pollution: The soil and water of the land is polluted as a result of oil

spillage from trailers that were formerly abandoned on the land.

3. Nature of soil: The area of the site appears to be water logged thereby

providing ponds of water in excavated trenches.

4. Site Accommodation: The site is a bit not conducive, because of the non

availability of lack of bed, mosquito nets, for laborers to use, instead they sleep on

plywood and cover themselves with unhealthy cloths from harmful insects.

RECOMMENDATION

The following recommendation is referred to the establishment I undergo during

my SIWES program, my college, Industrial Training Fund And The Government; in

other to improve and enhance the expected results of the Student Industrial Work

Experience Scheme;

1. The Federial Government should establish and promote laws and agencies that

regulate land use to prevent pollution.

2. The Federal Government should provide and construct adequate roads in less

developed areas.

3. The Federal Government should provide industries and organizations with

incentives to encourage and solicit cooperation and contribution to the programme.

special forum for students on attachment, this will help in discovering students

potentials and to appropriately use then effectively.

5. The management of the Golden stone Limited should provide adequate social

amenities for their workers and enhance the welfare of their workers.

6. The management of the Golden Stone Limited should try to encourage workers

initiatives and contributions to projects so as to enhance their esteem and

contributions to such projects.

7. The Industrial Training Fund should provide a network in which establishment

and school could communicate better so as promotes easier means of finding

placements.
REFRENCES

1. Dictionary of architecture and building construction by Nikolas Davis and Erkki

Jokiniemi.

2. Building Construction Handbook By Roy Chudley And Roger Grreno.

3. Building Construction Illustrated By Francis D.K Ching (4th edition).

4. Essential Elements Of Block-Work Construction By Udoh Christopher Timothy

(Vol. 1).

5. The Construction Of Building By Barry r. Vol 1&2 (1971).

6. Encyclopedia Britannica; Ultimate Refrence Suit (2014).

7. Oxford English University.