MATHEMATICS: Introduction to Calculus

Integration (Definite Integrals)

Integration 1 / 25
Overview

1 Intended Learning Outcomes

2 Introduction

3 Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

4 Properties of Definite Integral

5 Properties of Definite Integral

Integration 2 / 25
Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:

State the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Evaluate definite integrals (apply the fundamental theorem of
calculus).
State the properties of definite integrals.
Apply properties of definite integrals.

Integration 3 / 25
Introduction
The area of a plane figure is very easy to determine. For example, the
area of a rectangle is obtained by multiplying the length and the
breadth. The area of a right-angled triangle is given by half the base
times the height.
Areas bounded by curved lines are a much more difficult to obtain.
The area of a figure is quantified by asking ’how many units of area
would be needed to cover it?’
Let us suppose that we are given a positive function f (x) and we
want to find the area enclosed between the curve y = f (x), the x-axis
and the lines x = a and x = b.

Integration 4 / 25
Introduction...

Assume that the graph of y = f (x) is not a straight line. We can,

however, approximate to the area.
We will divide the area up into strips by dividing the interval from a
to b into n equal subintervals (each with length ∆x), and we draw
vertical lines at these points.

Integration 5 / 25
Introduction...
Then we choose the least value of f (x) in each subinterval and
construct a rectangle with that as its height- the width is ∆x. The
sum of the areas of these rectangles is clearly less than the area we
are want to find, A. This sum is called a lower sum.

0
Suppose the least value of f (x) in the ith subinterval is f (xi ). Thus
the area is
n
0 0 0 0 0
X
f (x1 )∆x + f (x2 )∆x + f (x3 )∆x + ... + f (xn )∆x = f (xi )∆x.
i=1
n
P 0
We said f (xi )∆x < A.
i=1
Integration 6 / 25
Introduction...
We also choose the greatest value of f (x) in each subinterval and
construct a rectangle with that as its height- the width is ∆x. The
sum of the areas of these rectangles is clearly greater than the area
we are trying to find, A. This sum is called an upper sum.

Suppose the greatest value of f (x) in the ith subinterval is f (xi∗ ).

Thus the area is
Xn
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
f (x1 )∆x + f (x2 )∆x + f (x3 )∆x + ... + f (xn )∆x = f (xi∗ )∆x.
i=1
n
f (xi∗ )∆x.
P
We said A <
i=1
Integration 7 / 25
Introduction...
The area lies between the lower sum and the upper sum.
n n
0
X X
f (xi )∆x < A < f (xi∗ )∆x.
i=1 i=1

The area is equal to the limit of the lower sum or the upper sum as
the number of subdivisions tends to infinity.
n n
0
X X
A = lim f (xi )∆x, or A = lim f (xi∗ )∆x.
n→∞ n→∞
i=1 i=1

Thus in short the area is given by

n
X
A = lim f (xi )∆x.
n→∞
i=1

where the interval [a, b] has been divided up into n equal subintervals
each of width ∆x and where xi is a point in the ith subinterval.
Integration 8 / 25
Introduction...
The expression we have considered on the previous slide for area is a
very clumsy, and mathematicians have developed a simpler notation
for such expressions. This is denoted by

Zb
f (x)dx
a

which is read as ’the integral from a to b of f (x)dx’.

R P
The sign stands for sum, just as does. The difference is that in
this case it means ’the limit of a sum’ rather than a finite sum. The
dx comes from the ∆x as we pass to the limit.
The the definite integral is defined as the limit of a particular type of
sum (the sums like the one we have come across) as the width of
each subinterval approaches zero and the number of subintervals
approaches infinity.
Integration 9 / 25
Introduction...
Despite using the area under a curve as the motivation, definite
integral is not defined to be the area under a curve but simply the
n
P
limit of the sums of the form lim f (xi )∆x.
n→∞ i=1

The restriction that f (x) be a positive function is NOT necessary for

the definition of definite integral.
The definition can be made more general, by removing the
requirement that all the subintervals have to be of equal widths, but
we shall not bother with such generalisations here.
Pn
Sums such as lim f (xi )∆x are called Riemann sums after the
n→∞ i=1
mathematician Georg Riemann who first gave a definition of the
definite integral.
The definition of a definite integral requires that f (x) should be
defined everywhere in the interval [a, b]. Thus f (x) is supposed to be
continuous in the interval [a, b] for the Riemann sum to exist.
Integration 10 / 25
Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

Note that
Zb
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a).
a

F (b) − F (a) can also be written as F (x)|ba or [F (x)]ba .

This tells us how to evaluate a definite integral.
First, find an anti-derivative of the function.
Then, substitute the upper and lower limits of integration into the
result and subtract.
Rx
 
d
Note also that dx f (x)dx = f (x).
a

Integration 11 / 25
Example

Let us evaluate the integral below.

Z3
3x 2 dx
1

Integration 12 / 25
Example

Working:
3x 2+1
An anti-derivative of 3x 2 is 2+1 = x 3 . We will use the fundamental
theorem of calculus. Thus
Z3
 3
3x 2 dx = x 3 1
1
= 33 − 13
   

= 26.

Integration 13 / 25
Example

Let us evaluate the integral below.

Z2
2(2x − 1)2 dx
0.5

Integration 14 / 25
Example

Working:
If we use substitution the limits will have to change too so that
everything is in terms of the new variable. Let u = 2x − 1. Then
du
dx = 2. Thus du = 2dx.

Let us change the limits now. We have u = 2x − 1. When x = 0.5,

u = 2(0.5) − 1 = 0 (lower limit); also when x = 2, u = 2(2) − 1 = 3
(upper limit).

Thus
Z2 Z2 Z3 3
u3

2 2 2
2(2x − 1) dx = (2x − 1) 2dx = u du =
3 0
0.5 0.5 0
33
  3

0
= − = 9.
3 3
Integration 15 / 25
Example

Let us evaluate the integral below.

Z1
xe x dx
0

Integration 16 / 25
Example

Working:Let u = x and dv x
dx = e . Differentiating u = x with respect
to x gives du
dx = 1, which is the same as du = dx.

dv
dx = e x is the same as dv = e x dx. Integrating dv = e x dx gives
v = ex .
R R
Then using udv = uv − vdu we have

Z1 Z1
x
xe dx = [xe x ]10 − e x dx = [xe x − e x ]10
0 0
= 1.e 1 − e 1 − 0.e 0 − e 0 = 1.
   

Integration 17 / 25
Properties of Definite Integral
Ra
f (x)dx = 0.
a
Rc Rb Rc
If a≤b≤c, then f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a b
Rb Rb
cf (x)dx = c f (x)dx.
a a
Rb Rb Rb
[f (x)±g (x)]dx = f (x)dx± g (x)dx.
a a a
Rb Rb
If f (x)≤g (x) in [a, b], then f (x)dx≤ g (x)dx.
a a
Ra
cdx = c(b − a).
a
Rb Ra
f (x)dx = − f (x)dx.
a b
Integration 18 / 25
Example

Let us evaluate the integral below.

Z2
8x 3 − 2x + 5 dx
 

Integration 19 / 25
Example

Working: We have

Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2
 3   3
8x − 2x + 5 dx = 8x dx − [2x] dx + [5]dx
1 1 1 1
2 2
8x 4 2x 2
 
= + [5x]21
−
1 4 2
h i 1h i
= 2(2) − 2(1) − (2)2 − (1)2 + [5(2) − 5(1)]
4 4

= 32.

Integration 20 / 25
Example

Let us evaluate the integral below.

π
Z2
4cos(θ)dθ
π
6

Integration 21 / 25
Example

Working: We have
π π
Z2 Z2
4cos(θ)dθ = 4 cos(θ)dθ
π π
6 6
π
= 4[sin(θ)] π2
h  π6  π i
= 4 sin − sin
2 6
= 4[1 − 0.5]
= 2.

Integration 22 / 25
Try

Try: Evaluate
R4 
2x + 8 − x 2 dx [36]

(a)
−2
R1 
1 − 2x − x 2 dx [ 31 ]

(b)
0
R4 h x
i √
(c) x 2 −1
dx [ln 5]
2
R3 h i √
(d) √2πx dx [2π 13 − 4π]
x 2 +4
0
Rπ
(e) [sin(x)] dx
0
R3
(f) e 2x dx [198]
1
Integration 23 / 25
Try (cont...)

Try (cont...):
π
R4
(g) [cos(x) − sin(x)] dx
0
π
R2
(h) sin(2x)dx
π
3
π
R4
(i) [5 − 2sec(x)tan(x)] dx
π
6

R2 7 −6
(j) xe 6x dx [ 11
36 e
12 +
36 e ]
−1
R4
(k) x 2 e 2x dx [ 25 8 5 4
4 e − 4e ]
2

Integration 24 / 25
The End

Integration 25 / 25