Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

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Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Discovered oxygen

Joseph Priestley Bell jar experiment to


show restoration of air by
plants

Importance of sunlight
Jan Ingenhousz and green parts in
photosynthesis

Production of glucose by
Julius von Sachs plants and storage as
starch
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Action spectrum of
photosynthesis and
showed that maximum
absorption occurs in blue
T.W Engelmann and red light

Experimented on green
alga Cladophora

Proved that oxygen is


evolved from splitting of
water and not from CO2
Cornelius van Niel
Experimented on purple
and green sulphur
bacteria
Occurs in the membrane
system of chloroplasts, i.e.
grana thylakoids and stroma
lamellae
Light reaction
light energy is trapped,
photolysis of water to
liberate oxygen and ATP and
NADPH are produced
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Occurs in stroma matrix

Biosynthetic phase of
sugar synthesis
Dark reaction
Utilises ATP and NADPH
produced in the light
reaction

Hundreds of pigments
forming antennae
Light Harvesting
Complex (LHC) Increase efficiency by
absorbing different
wavelengths of light

Reaction centre-
Chlorophyll ‘a’ P700
PSI Primary electron
acceptor is Fe-S
protein
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Reaction centre-
Chlorophyll ‘a’ P680
PSII Primary electron
acceptor is pheophytin

Z-scheme, occurs only in


grana thylakoid

Noncyclic First PSII and then PSI work


in series
photophosphorylation
Phosphorylation of ADP to
ATP and reduction of NADP
to NADPH + H+ and O2
Only PSI

Occurs in stroma lamellae, it


Cyclic lacks PSII and NADP
photophosphorylation reductase enzyme

Phosphorylation of ADP to
form ATP
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Peter Mitchell

ATP synthesis is coupled with


development of proton gradient
across membrane
Chemiosmotic
Oxidative phosphorylation
hypothesis (respiration)- mitochondria

Photophosphorylation-
chloroplast

Thylakoid lumen - low pH, High


H+ due to splitting of water

NADP reductase present


towards stroma utilises protons
Photophosphorylation and electrons to reduce NADP+

ATP Synthase- CF0


(transmembrane proton
channel), CF1 (catalyses ATP
synthesis)
Melvin Calvin

First CO2 fixation product- 3


carbon acid PGA (3-
C3 pathway phosphoglyceric acid)

Occurs in all photosynthetic


plants (C3, C4, CAM)
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

1- Carboxylation of RuBP to
3PGA

Calvin cycle 2- Reduction of 3PGA to


reactions triose phosphate utilising
ATP and NADPH

3- Regeneration of RuBP

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

CO2 acceptor is C3 cycle.


RuBP Enzyme RuBisCO catalyses
carboxylation and
oxygenation reaction
(photorespiration)

Six rounds of the cycle


to produce a glucose
molecule which utilises
C3 cycle utilises
6 CO2, 18 ATP and 12
NADPH
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Hatch Slack Pathway

First CO2 fixation product-


OAA (oxaloacetate)
C4 pathway Primary CO2 acceptor- PEP
(phosphoenolpyruvate)

Occurs in maize, sorghum,


etc. having Kranz anatomy
Mesophyll cells- CO2 fixation
by carboxylation of PEP by
PEPcase to form OAA
C4 cycle reactions Bundle sheath cells-
Decarboxylation of OAA to
release CO2 which enters
Calvin cycle.

RuBP is oxidised to form 1


molecule of PGA and 2
molecules of
Phosphoglycolate and CO2
Photorespiration is released. The process
competes with Calvin cycle
in C3 plants and wastes
energy produced.
Flashcards for NEET Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Law of limiting
Blackman
factors

C3 and temperate
plants- low optimum
temperature
Affect of temperature
on photosynthesis C4 and tropical plants-
high optimum
temperature

Rate of photosynthesis
increases with increased
level of CO2 at high light
Affect of CO2 level intensity.
on photosynthesis
C4 plants have lower
saturation level compared
to C3

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