G10 MUSIC

Afro-Latin American and Popular Music

G10 MUSIC

➢ Music has always play an important role in the daily lives of Africans. Itcan
be for work, religion, ceremonies, or even communication.
➢ For the African ceremonies, singing, dancing, clapping, and beating ofdrums
have essential roles even in religious expressions and political events.
➢ The wide influence of African music spread throughout the world. It
permeated contemporary American, Latin American, and European styles.
➢ Africanmusic is a result of the
collective cultural and musical
variety of more than 50 ethnic
divisions of the continent.
➢ Theorganization of this vast
continent is a colonial legacy
from European rule of different
nations up to the 19th century,
enabling it to incorporate its
music with language, environment,
political development,
immigration, and cultural
diversity.
➢ Inthe particular subject of
research are its rhythmic
structures and spiritual
characteristic that have led to the
birth of jazz forms.
Traditional Music
of Africa
Basically, African music has
interlocking structural format.
It ismainly overlapping and has
dense texture as well as its
rhythmic complexity. Its many
sources of influence have
produced such varied styles
andgenres as the following:
TYPES OF TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

Afrobeat - It is used to describe fusion of Western African

with Black American music.
Apala (Akpala) - It is a musical genre from Nigeria in the
Yoruba tribal style. It used to
wake-up worshippers after fasting during Muslim holy feast
of Ramadan. Percussion instrumentation includes the rattle
(sekere), thumb piano(agidigbo), bell (agogo), and two or
three talking drums.
Axe - It is a popular genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil.
It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha and reggae
and is played by carnival bands.
Jit - It is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance
music played on drum with guitar accompaniment,
influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.
TYPES OF TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

Jive - It is a popular form of South African music featuring a

lively and uninhibited variation of the jitterbug. Jitter is a
form of swing dance.
Juju - It is a musical style from Nigeria that relies on the
traditional Yoruba rhythms, where instruments are more
Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and
accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking
drum or squeeze drum).
Kwassa kwassa - It is a dance style that began in Zaire in the
late 1980s, popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this style, the
hips move back and forth while arms follow the hip movements.
Marbi - It is South African three-chord township music of the
1930s-1960s which evolved into African jazz. It is characterized
by simple chords in
varying vamping patterns with repetitive harmony over an
extended period of time to give the dancers more time on the
dance floor.
Music of Latin America
The Latin American music is the product of three major influences of
indigenous Spanish, Portuguese and Africa. It pertains to Latin music
because of the impact on the countries colonized by Spain and
Portugal, spanning the following areas:
Andean region (a mountain system of western South American along
the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) - Argentina,
Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Central America—Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama.
Caribbean—Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique,
and Puerto Rico.
Brazil
Latin American as Influenced by African Music
▪ Reggae
It is a Jamaican musical style that was influenced by the island’s
traditional mento music. Its offbeat rhythm and staccato chords
are the most distinctive qualities of reggae.
▪ Salsa
It is dance music from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Colombia. It is
composed of various genres including the Cuban son montuno,
guaracha, chachacha, mambo, and bolero.
Samba
It is a Brazilian musical genre and style. Its roots can be traced
to Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious
tradition particularly in Angola and the Congo. It has basic
underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is
lively and has rhythmical beat with three steps to every bar,
making the samba feels like a timed dance.
Latin American as Influenced by African Music
▪ Soca
It is also called as the “soul of calypso”. It originated as a fusion
of calypo with Indian rhythms, thus combining the musical
traditions of the two major ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago. It
is a modern Trinidadian and Tobagonian pop music combining soul
and calypso music.
▪ Were
It is a Muslim music often performed as a wake-up call for the
early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations. Relying
on pre-arranged music, it fuses the African and European music
styles.
▪ Zouk
It is a carnival–like rhythm, from the creole slang word for “party”.
It originated in the Caribbean Islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
and popularized in the 1980s. It has pulsing beat supplied by the gwo
ka and tambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern played on the
rim of snare drum, a rhythm guitar, a horn section, and keyboard
synthesizers.
 Vocal Form of
Maracatu
It first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco,

African Music
combining the strong rhythm of African percussion
instruments with Portuguese melodies.The maracatu
group called nacoes (nations) who paraded with a
drumming assemble numbering up to 100, are
accompanied by singer, a chorus, and coterie of
dancers.
Blues
The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century
that had deep roots in African-American communities,
located in the so called “Deep South” of the United
States, where the slaves and their descendants used to
sing as they worked in the cotton and vegetable fields.
The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful
sound. The feelings that are evoked are normally
associated with misfortune, lost love, frustration, or
loneliness. From extreme joy to deep sadness, the
blues can communicate various emotions more
effectively than other musical forms.
 Vocal Form of
Soul
It was a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s. It

African Music
originated in the United States, and combined elements
of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues,
and often jazz. The catchy rhythm is accompanied by
handclaps and extemporaneous body moves which are
among its important features. Other characteristics
include “call and response’’ between the soloist and
the chorus, and an especially intense and powerful
vocal sounds.
Spiritual
It is associated with deeply religious person. It
pertains to a song form, known as the “Negro spiritual”
sang by the African slaves in America who became
enslaved by their white communities. This form of
music is used as outlet to express loneliness and
anger. It was a result of the interaction of music and
religion from Africa with that of American. The text,
mainly religious, and sometimes taken from Biblical
psalms or passages, while the music utilizes deep bass
voices. The vocal inflections, African accents, and
dramatic changes in dynamic add to the musical
interest and effectiveness of the singing.
 Vocal Form of
Call and Response
It is a method of a succession of two distinct musical
African Music
phrases usually rendered by different musicians,
where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary
on or response to the first. It is somewhat same with
question and answer sequence in human communication.
It also resembles to the verse-chorus form in many
vocal compositions.
Vocal and
Dance Form of
Latin American
Music
▪ The development of the jazz genre was an offshoot of the
music of African slaves who were brought to America. As an
outlet for their deepest feelings, the Africans used music to
recall their nostalgic past in their home country as well as
to voice out their sentiments on their desperate condition
as slaves in America. Jazz evolved into different upbeat
forms which the world adopted and incorporated into other
contemporary styles.
 TYPES OF JAZZ MUSIC

1. Ragtime - It is a popular American music style mainly for piano. It

originated in the Afro-American communities of St. Louis and New Orleans.
It was said to be a modification of the “marching mode” made popular by
John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated by an internally
syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward
bass line. The music is written unlike jazz which is characterized mainly
improvised and consist of regular meters and clear phases, with an
alternation of low bass or bass octaves and chords. Scott Joplin is known
as the “King of Ragtime”.
2. Big Band - It refers to a large ensemble originated in the United States
in the mid–1920s closely associated with the Swing Era and its jazz
elements. The style relied heavily on percussion (drums), wind, rhythm
(guitar, piano, double bass, vibes), and brass instruments (specifically
saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and other
stringinstruments) to accompany a lyrical melody.
 TYPES OF JAZZ MUSIC

3. Bebop - Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz that

emerged during World War II. It was recognized by its tempo,
instrument virtuosity, and improvisation. The speed of the
harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted to heavy performance
where the instrument sound more intense and freer.
4. Jazz Rock - It is the music of 1960s and 1970s bands that
inserted jazz elements into rock music. A synonym for “jazz
fusion”, jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B (rhythm and blues)
where the music used amplification and electronic effects,
complex time signature, and extended instrumental
compositions with lengthy improvisations in the jazz style.
POPULAR MUSIC
POP MUSIC
▪ It literally means “ music of the populace”, similar to traditional music of
the past. In the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be called)
generally consisted of music for entertainment of large number of people,
whether on radio or in live performances.
 TYPES OF POP
MUSIC
▪ FOLK MUSIC - Traditionally, folk music
pertains to melodies and songs of the
common people handed down one generation
to the next.
▪ COUNTRY AND WESTERN MUSIC - It is the
combination of popular musical forms
originally found in the southern United
States.
▪ BALLAD - It is about expressive folksong in
narrative verse with text dealing typically
with love.
 TYPES OF POP
MUSIC
▪ STANDARD - It is used to denote the most
popular and enduring songs from a particular
genre or styles. Its style is mostly moderate
tempo with a relaxed mood and highly
playable melodies within the range and
technical capacity of armature singers.
▪ ROCK AND ROLL - It was greatly popular song
from United States during the late 1940s to
the 1960s. It combined the Afro-American
forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and
gospel music with Western swing and country
music.
 TYPES OF POP
MUSIC
▪ Disco
Disco music pertained to rock music that was
more danceable. The disco style had a soaring and
reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by a
steady beat for ease of dancing, and accompanied
by stringed, horns, electric guitars, and electric
pianos or synthesizers.
▪ Pop Music
Like disco era, other pop music superstars
continued to emerge including pop superstars
like Celine Dion, Madonna, Michael Jackson (The
King of Pop) and the today’s pop music idols, such
Boyzone, Westlife, Black Eyed Peas, K-pop groups,
etc.
 TYPES OF POP
MUSIC
▪ Hip Hop and Rap
The musical style is a highly rhythmic type of
music that usually includes rap (rhythmic chanted
words). In rapping, the artist performs along within
the instruments, or the synthesizer beat.
Alternative Music
It is an underground and independent form of music
that arose in the 1980s. It was recognized as
unconventional practices such as distorted guitar
sounds, oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitudes. It
was also characterized by high energy levels that
bred new styles such as new wave, punk rock, post-
punk, indie rock, gothic rock, jangle pop, noise pop,
C86, Madchester, Industrial Rock, and Shoegazing.