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19 views1707999056
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CONTENTS
Fs Bonds and Forms of Molecules
E
z From: i
= Lesson One | "2%: The concept of the chemical reaction.
Until: Before the octet rule.
From: The octet rule.
n Two
ooo fore the valence
bond theory.
Fromé
Lesson Three | "2" The valence bond theory.
Until: Before the physical bonds.
>
Exam
=
From: The physical bonds. \ Ste
Lesson Four | ti: The end ofthe chapter. ee)
The Representative Elements of some
4 Regular Groups in the Periodic Table
CHAPTER
Lesson One | Elements of s-block.
Lesson Two | Elements of p-block.
(\
SA
1 gitte
2 11 Open Book exam models, including :
.
+10 exam models on curriculum.
* Guiding model of the Ministry, of Education 2021
. 1p | SN lee ye AS cat wlll
4 P The concept of the chemical reaction.
ee a Z a imical reas
nti
Before the octet rule.
c= The octet rule.
Until: Before the valence bond theory.
es ‘The valence bond theory.
Until: Before the physical bonds.
1
Pesson Four | The physical bonds.
Until: The end of the chapter.
on the chapter.
“General objectives of the chapter -
By the end of this chapter, the student will be able to
Construe why atoms tend to form chemical bonds. Describe ionic and covalent bonds.
Define shapes ot molecules on the view of valence shell cleetron pairs repulsion theory
Define the type of bond on the basis of electronegativity
Recognize the electronic theory of valency. Explain the inadequacies of the octet rule
Recognize the formation of covalent bond in hydrogen and hydrogen fluoride molecules on
the hasis of the valence bond theory
Recognize the concept of liybridization.
Explain the overlap of hydrogen and carbon orbitals to form methane molecules:
Recognize the molecular orbital theory.
Compare between sigma and pi bonds.
(Compare the type uf hybridization of carbon atom in methane, ethylene and acetylene.
Define the donor and acceptor atoms in the coordinate bond. = Recogitize the hydrogen bond.
Draw a diagram to explain the hydrogen bonds formed between water and hydrogen fluoride molecules
Conclude the melting point and hardness of metals according to their valence electrons GED The concept of the chemical reaction
CIN Before the octet rule
The concept of the chemical reaction
* You have previously studied that :
The most stable atoms are those of noble gases such as helium, neon, argon ... etc,
because their outermost energy level is completely filled with electrons,
as shown in the following table :
Noble gas Electronic structure
Helium He eo
Neon jgNe [He] , 2s”, 2p° :
Argon jgAr [Ne] , 357, 3p°
| Krypton 4gKr [ar] 4s? ,3d!° ,4p° si
Xenon s4Xe [Kr] , 5s? ad! 598 :
Radon ggRn [Xe] 65° ,4f!% ,5a!° , 6p® ;
® Therefore :
\
» The atoms of these elements don’t undergo any chemical reaction (at normal conditions)
with other elements or with each other, '"
i
Their molecules are mono-atomic (monatomic). rcs
a Bonds and Forms of Molecules — ae es a a
« All of the other elements are reactive to some extent They tindergo chemical reactions
to complete their outermost shell by accepting, losing or sharing a number of electrons to
acquire an electronic configuration similar to that of the nearest noble gas in the periodic
table.
© As a result of this change in the number of electrons in the outermost shells of atoms,
bonds between the atoms of the reactant molecules are broken to form new bonds
between the atoms of the product molecules, this is called a chemical reaction.
\ w+ ee =
Breaking the bonds Forming bonds
between the atoms hetween the atoms
of the molecules of the new molecules
The concept of
the chemical reaction
SOVIET Chemical reaction concept :
© The mixture of iruu filings with ‘If this mixture is heated to a high
sulphur powder does not form a new temperature, a chemical reaction occurs /
chemical compound, because there (formation of chemical bond) between
is no chemical reaction occurs iron and sulphur producing iron (I)
between them. sulphide compound
The mixture properties are The compound properties
the same as those of its components differ from those of its components
Cleary
=
®
=
a
oa
ry
a
Fy
=|
se
! ‘The valence electrons play an important role in the formation of
§ the bonds. So the scientist Lewis introduced a simple method to represent
: the valence electrons by using dots G.N. Lewis
yi | _ Lesson One |
(wT TA. Dot-representation of the valence electrons of oxygen atom ,O
ig Welence electrons.
© The electronic configuration of oxygen atom : [s? , 2s” . apt
« First, the valence electrons are distributed singly
as dots on the four sides of the symbol,
then these dots are paired till being fully distributed, as follows :
Gis FO a aa
‘© The following table shows dot-representation symbols of the valence electrons of
the third period elements :
Group 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A TA 0
Elements of
third period oN2 Mg AL Si P PS nel Ar
The electronic
configuration 3s’ 3s” 35°, 3p’ 38°, sp 38°, Sp? 38°, 3p* 38°, 3p 38°, 3p®
ends with
ie Lewis . . . oe oe oe oe
electron-dot) Na -Mg-) -Al- | «Sir | + P+ | +S | :Cle | cars
symbols . . oe ee alia
e The scientist Lewis differentiated between the lone pair and bond pair of electrons :
Lone pair is the electron pair which is found in one of P _7 bone pair
HN — ayt-H
Bond pair jy
the outer orbitals and doesn’t share in bond formation.
Bond pair is the electron pair which is responsible
for the hand formation H
Dot-representation
of ammonia molecule NH3
(Rote) anes :
The elements of the same group in the moder periodic table are similar
in the numbers of the lone pairs and the bond pairs of electrons
in their'similar compounds with other elements
a
Example: H: Js! | Hids!
0: [He] ,25?,2p* |) 4S: [Ne] , 357, 3p* | rs
) Bonds and Forms of Molecules.
CEES
Which of the following represents the number
of each of the free electrons and the bond electrons
in a molecule of the opposite compound 7
Choices No. of the free electrons __No. of the bond electrons
6 12
® 8 uv
© 6 14
@ 8 12
Idea of answering :
+ The molecule of this compound contains 7 bond pairs of electrons.
+. Nu. of the bond clectrons
=2x7= 14 electrons
«. The choices (@) and (d) are excluded
+1 Nitrogen atom carries | lone pair of electuuns.
. fluorine atom carries 3 lone pairs of electrons.
-. No. of the free electrons = 2 x (1 + 3) =8 electrons.
Answer : The correct choice is (h)
XN ae,
What is the number of the bond electrons between r
o-H
sulphur atom and oxygen atoms in the molecule of eno
sulphuric acid shown in the opposite figure ? 6
@eo Nee @©s
©12 ~ @e
Answer : The correct choice is /. = __. Lesson One
pes of bonds
CNET)
Ptr T cy
Tunic EEN. Coordinate ‘Hydrogen Metallic
bond ond bond bond
Covalent
bond
Chemical bonds
This bond is usually formed between the elements of the two sides of the periodic table
which are :
Metal Nonmetals
They are characterized by ‘They are characterized by
their large atomic sizes their small atomic sizes
and their low ionization energies and their high electron affinities
Therefore, during the chemical reaction
Their atoms tend to gain the electrons
(which are lost by metal atoms) and change
into anions (negative ions) with an electronic
configuration similar to the nearest noble gas
that follows them in the periodic table
Their atoms tend to lose the electrons
of the outermost shell and change
into cations (positive ions) with an
electronic configuration similar to
the nearest noble gas that precedes them
in the periodic table
Consequently, ‘an electrostatic attraction occurs between
the positive cations and the negative anions which is known as the ionic bond
t
© The ionic bond has no materialistic exigtence or particular direction. rc
3 Bonds and Forms of Molecules, ——__ —— a =
ts SEH ‘The ionic bonding in potassium chloride molecule KCI
eee ot =
Potassium metal Recs es Chlorine nonmetal
{Cl INel 38 , 3p"
| oS: fAtI 4s |:
[Kk] en [
).
Recause of this unequal sharing of the electron pair towards chlorine,
the hydrogen atom acquires « partial positive charge (8°).
Which of the following represents the polarity of the bond ?
aes
@c-H
se
©uH-F
Answer : The correct choice is ..............
eet
®a-c
@o-¢
( Examples for the polar compounds.
Water molecule
The difference in electronegativity
=35-21=14
Water molecule is polar,
because the difference in
electronegativity between
oxygen atom and hydrogen atom,
is higher than 0.4
and lower thau 1.7
Ammonia molecule
sgt
st
H ON LA,
Ose
H
The difference in electronegativity
=3-21=09
Ammonia molecule is polar,
because the difference in
electronegativity between
nitrogen atom and hydrogen atom
is higher than 0.4
and lower than 1.7 Cros
) Bonds and Forms of Molecules. -
Note }
The polarity of water molecule is stronger than that of ammonia molecule,
because the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water
molecule is higher than that between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in ammonia mulecule
Illustrate by drawing Lewis electron-dot diagram the combination between phosphorus
atom ;
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