MY3 Bonding
MY3 Bonding
MY3 Bonding
These refer to the sublevels within the principal quantum level (n).
So, for n = 1, there is only one sublevel, s.
n = 2, there are 2 sublevels: s & p
n = 3, there are 3 sublevels: s, p, & d
So, within each level, there are n sublevels.
Chemical Bond
Counting
Valence Electrons
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*Atoms of elements in Groups 1 and 2 have the same number of valence electrons as their group
number.
*Atoms of elements in Group 3-12 do not have a general rule relating their valence electrons to their
group number. However, they typically have between 1 or 2 valence electrons.
*Atoms of elements in Groups 13-18 have 10 fewer valence electrons than their group number.
(Exception-helium atoms have only 2 valence electrons, even though they are in group 18)
EXO: Use the periodic table to find How Many Valence Electrons?
• Hydrogen
• Lead
• Xenon
• Sulfur
• Rubidium
The Octet Rule
• Atoms will combine to form compounds in order to reach eight electrons in their outer energy level.
– Atoms with less than 4 electrons tend to lose electrons.
– Atoms with more than 4 electrons tend to gain electrons.
• Be aware that there are some exceptions!
CONSIDER EIGHT A HAPPY NUMBER FOR ATOMS!
Where do you think Chlorine finds that one electron that it needs?
Oxidation Number
• The charge that an atom would have if it lost or gained electrons; ion charge.
• Can be helpful in determining which atoms will interact or bond with each other
Example: Mg:
According to electron dot diagram for Magnesium, it has two valence electrons. Because Magnesium is
“unhappy” with two, it will typically lose them. If this happens it will turn into a Magnesium ion. At this
point it will have an oxidation number of +2.
Magnesium: Mg2+
What can you describe about each of these bonds just by looking at the name?
IONIC BONDS
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Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Their opposite charges attract each other!
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An Easy Trick…
• Sodium hydroxide
• MgO
•
•
Tin (II) fluoride
NH4F
• Iron (II) sulfate • K2CO3
COVALENT BOND
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H O H
- -
- -
++ + -
+ + + + +
- + + -
- - -
Example – Water (H2O)
Naming Covalent Compounds
Each element is named using a prefix to indicate the number of atoms of that element.
The second element ends with the suffix “ide”.
Example: CO2 = Carbon dioxide
Metallic Bond
• A force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the electrons in a metal.
• Many properties of metals, such as conductivity, ductility, and malleability, result from the
freely moving electrons in the metal.
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Notice how the electrons do not just stay with one ion
Results of Bonding
1. Molecule
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Example: Diatomic - molecules consisting of two atoms of the same element bonded together
Examples: H2, F2, O2, N2
2. Compound
Composed of two or more DIFFERENT atoms that are chemically bonded.
Example:
CO, NO2, NaCl
Chemical Reaction
The process by which a chemical change occurs.
Atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and reformed.
One or more substances change & produce one or more different substances.
Chemical Equation
Represents a chemical reaction.
Reactants on the left side.
Products on the right side.
Arrow indicates the direction of the reaction.
Examples:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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Energy and Chemical Reactions
Respiration Photosynthesis
Rates of Chemical Reactions
The rates at which chemical reactions can take place are based on the interaction (collisions) between
the different particles. These rates can be impacted by the following:
• Temperature –a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter
• Surface area – amount of material that comes into contact with the reactants
– Ex. Adding extra potatoes will slow down how fast they will cook.
• Catalysts (enzymes) – organic substances that help speed up chemical reactions, but are not
consumed in the reaction
– Ex. Digestive enzymes speed up the breakdown of potatoes in your gut.
In its present form, does this chemical equation show a conservation of mass?
2H2 + O2 2H2O
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Hints For Balancing Equations
– List the number of atoms of each element to see which elements must be balanced
– Start with the reactant or product that has the greatest number of different elements
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