()

c
c
c
c
(

c
0
c
c
c
c
0
c
(.

c
(

(
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(

c
(

l
(

(_

( 1
 (

m!.f..E_tg (

2
 Outline
Introduction

Section 1 - Earth Pressure Theory

Section 6- Piled (Embedded) Walls
Section 2 - Earthquake Earth
Pressure Section 7 - Interface Structural
Design
Section 3 -Types of retaining walls
r Section 8 - Earthquake Performance
.... Section 4 - Stability of Retaining
Walls
Section 9- Practical Considerations

Section 5 - Design of Retaining

Summary
Walls

c
c
c
0
G
0
G
c
c
(.

(
(

l
(

l
(

c
( 3
4
....

,...

c
c
0
G Earth Pressure
c • Vertical Pressure
c =Y.h
c
( • Lateral pressure in the
ground
(
= K. Y. h
(
- Y l.o.NI .....eoo-.. d. JOEl (icN/ml)
- K Coetf\c::iem of uneral e.artn press.ure (dwnenStOnle$.5)
( - • <>epctt(m)

(
(.

l
(

5
 (

c
c
(

(
At-Rest Earth Pressure (

• Lateral pressure in c
the ground when the c
soil is "at rest"
(

(
• Ko = 1- Sin 0
(
Where
0 angle of internal fnction of soil c
Note that Ko IS dimensionless
(

(
1/
(
...af Ylllf - u r-e~./!::.fur 19-t:.J' /
(

At Rest Earth Pressure (

(
• Lateral pressure in
(
the ground when the Retaining
soil is "at rest" (

(
• Ko = 1- Sin 0 (

Where (
0 angle of internal friction of soil
Note that Ko is dimensionless (

(
m!.f..EJU
(

6
 Active Earth Pressure
• Excavation • Ka

• Wall moves
- displacement
- rotation
- deformation

• Ground relaxes
• Pressure reduces

0
c p,·s /vvt.J.t:t,.._&_ c;lw- f.~~ 1 or"'/ ~., ~
..ft..... ~ f $71?.1 4 .bt.. t/\ ''~f>e " .r fr.k
c
14.- f:., =-9 r~ ~ s{ywl
c (!_ tU.(P"l<l.A /

c
c
c Passive Earth Pressure
c
• Ground pushed against • Kp
c
( • Wall moves inwards
- displacement
( - rotation
- deformation
(
( • Ground pressured
l • Pressure increases

(.
m!..tEJU
(

( 7
 (

(
Earth Pressure Theories (

William Rankine. 1857 (

• Rankine Earth Ronkono. W (1M7)0n1htsUit>hryoflooseeoM
Phtlosoptue~t Tt'lnsacbons of the Royal Sooety o' London.
Pressure Vof 147 (

• Coulomb Earth Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, 1776

Coulombe A, (1776) Esuo sur uno opphe.bon des regles
cres mlx•m•s e1m•n•m•s a quelquu ptOblemes de ~~bQue (
Pressure Theory relatlfs a l'archltectul9 Memo•ret de I'Aeadem•e Royale
pres O•wrs Savanll Vot 7

Rankine Earth Pressure Theory

William Rank1ne. 1857
• Rankine Earth Pressure Ronkone, W (1857) On lho sUibol•ty of loose eor11>
Pt'ulosophteal Tren11ct•ons ot the RoyaiSoaety of
London . Vol 147
Scon•lh eng.n.eer

+ Assumed
- Smooth, vertical wall

8
 Rankine -Active Earth Pressure

• for sloping backfill

0 angle of tnternal friction of soli
13 backfill slope

c Active eanh pressure coefficient

c
(

0
c
c
0
(, Rankine -Active Earth Pressure
(
• Active state of plastic equilibrium

c.. 1 - Sin 0
c. • Ka =
1 +Sin 0

(.
( • for flat backfill
K
• = tau
, (ts -z<>) = l +siu(¢)
I -sin(¢}
(
0 angle of internal friction of soil
l 13 backfill slope = 0

(.
mlf..EJtl
<..
(

( 9
 (

(
Rankine Passive Earth Pressure (

• Passive earth pressure coefficient (

(
• for sloping backfil l
(
• where (

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure '

(

(
• Passive earth pressure coefficient
(

• 2 ( ~) I - sin(¢) (
/\,.= tan 45+2 = 1 -sin(¢)
for horizontal backfill (
K =1 + Sm 0
P 1-Sin0 (

(
• where
0 et~Qie Of ·~ tntoon ol ~ (
• ~ bod<fil slope • 0

10
(

c
(
('
Earth Pressure Coefficients
c
c
0 Earth pressure coefficients are dimensionless

c for
0 angle of Internal fnction of soil • 30
degrees
~ backfill slope ~ 0
c
K0 = 0.5
c
• Ka = 0.33
c
c
(

c
0
0
c
c
0
c At Rest Earth Pressure
(
• Vertical Pressure
c =Y.H
(
• Lateral pressure in the ground ~iii)
(
when the soil is "at rest"
( Po = i<o· Y. H
(
- Y unfl WI!Mght of SQtl l kN/ml)
- K, Coeffioent of at ~ pressure
( - H neog~l of reta1ned sool (ml

(
(

( 11
 (

c:
c
c
c
Active Earth Pressure c
• Vertical Pressure c
=Y.H c
• Lateral pressure in the
c
ground when the soil is at c
"active" state
Pa = Ka· Y. H c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(

c
c
Passive Earth Pressure c
• Vertical Pressure
c
=Y.H c
c
• Lateral pressure in the
ground when the soil is at (
"passive" state (
Pp = KP. Y. H
(

<..
(

<.
(

12
c
(

c
c
(

c Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory

c Carried out research when
building forts
('
Considered a limit equilibrium
approach
('
The stability of a wedge of soil
0 and the forces acting on it

( Consider a number of wedges to Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, 1776

derive critical wedge CoulombC A. (1776) E11at sur uno apphcahon des
regtes des INixun•s t 1 mtn.rnts • quelques problemes
( de sttttque ret1t1ts 1 l'aretu1octure MefnOires de
I'Acado moo Royole p<es O.vers Slvonts Vol 7

c French Soentls1

0
c
c

c Coulomb Failure Wedge Approach

c
c
(.

c
(
(
FAILURE WEOGE FOR
ACTIV£ STATE
l ACTIVE PRESSURE ON
BACII OF WALL.

(
Ea!.f..EJU
(

(
~~t 6"'-1:.~ orf~ (/'e~ ~"'k.t~ ~~
~~ YtA/~ 'd ,t..).,._eP)
l ~ VCM-7 ,_s, (~._.,

( 13
 (

c
c
c
('
Coulomb Earth Pressure
)I () ~
C, 4'1rI 1•
r- -
J.-t. . -
! II'J....il rn~~h'o-. ~...,i.e.
0 ongle of lntemol kietlon of soil
~ backfill slope
Charles-Augusti n de Coulomb, 1776
(

c
\ •O I) - 9 wall-soli Interface sk)pe

~ ·r Active Earth Pressure Coefficient

Modified by

Mayniel (1908) for wall lriCbon

c
ff\l/"'
MuUer-Brestau {1906) for non·horizonta1 backfill, non-
vertical soit-waU interface c
c
Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient
c
c
(

c
c
c
c
c
(

c
Earth Pressure c
(
Soil with cohesion
(
- Active earth pressure
lTh = l<ot1, - 2cfi<,. (
Passive earth pressure
(
lTh = I<,P., + 2cJKP
<..
- K,. pas.srve ear1h pressure coeff!Cien1 (
- Ov vertlcai etvertM.If'tlen stress

- c OOhesron (

l
(

14
(

c
c
('

('

r Caquot and Kerisel charts r

( Caquot and Kerisel (1948)

c - Used logarithmic spiral failure

surface (instead of planar) 1t

(' - Particularly important for

passive earth pressure
c - Allows for sloping backfill,

c sloping wall, wall friction etc

c
c
c
c
c k J~&fu...R ,;.,~~ .w,i-y. Cfl"'~ +t--;; ~

c
ta ·if' AJ ~"'£. ~o ~ fw- r~ r(p,J..
-- ~J-.A(v4 Auf 1 ,ll~ r 1~.,~ ~~~
c n '~ ~~ ~~ - -~ v-
0
0
c Wall Displacement
c • Wall displacement
c required ...

c • to reduce earth pressure

from at-rest to active
( state
- How much?
(
• to mobilise passive
( pressure
- How much?
(_

(.

( 15
 (

c
c
('

c
(

c
c
(
IV,JI wvt!V~
~e~f
p ~',N_. g
c
C~b WI It c
tA}t(.~~
002& 000* cooo o 0001 0009 ooza
t- 1 ISJo. c
Towards soil
(passive) +--------t-----+
WALL loiOIIEMENT /WALL HEl liT-AJH

Away from soil

(active)
c
(

ft.-/ MW '\ /VI"yt'..f I' '(L- ,....,.......eR .,.....?/ ~ ~ f.

G-,,' vt:..-IA
c
f~'v-l... f ~ ..--<... · Jf-rvv.w-u. f1v- rn 11..-<..t. ~ ~"' f , f 0AN~i-
l/-A?f rtA>f- ~ ?,.h'tr< ft-.- (tfvYY1·.,....., I y~~ . L f/vtAd/u../ W'(_
c
~~ svJo 7 fM-47·~ c
r v~y-<_ ~ f. ~~ (

c
Role of Displacement c
• Small displacement required to reach
active state c
- 0.1% to 0.4% of Height
(

c
c
0 049 ocu oeoo. 011)01 0 0001 QCIIM oott (
Large displacement required to reach WAl.L MC)YDIOn' /WALL HeiGHT- c.Af

passive state . (
- 5% of Height (translation)
- 10% of Height (rotation about base)
(.
- More for cohesive soils

(.

(
(

16
(

c
(

(
(
Passive Pressure
0 • Typically take only a
proportion of passive
pressure mobilised

0 • say 50%

c
c
c Fang, 1991

c
0
0
0
0
0
0
c Questions?
0
c
(

c
(

c
(

l
(

(
( 17
 (

(
(

('

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(

c
c
c
c
(
(
Calculate earth pressures (

(
Soil 0 ~ 30 degrees
~
Cohesion, c 0
Umt weight, Y = 20 kN/m 3 c
c
• Calculate the earth pressure
distributions on the wall. (

18
(

r
c
/k ~p'rY>s :
c i. 9kff'r.. .-.t ~ --t
c (~·.
-It ""'"""" ?1 s..1-<
lft-'1 m. /'A-t-
A-fA-,"1'£

<yo,'•(.'
f

c ,'s IV"'" 1 "t.·,_..fl

(~~· . .I....,..,.{-1.., -t.v.f, '..-£ w....d
a e:: jcA 'f/1 &· ·n(?-<>)f
21
<>

c 1.o...... - - ~ 2-v ·fJ t- M

c
c
! I.
r~
• 1 - b 'n (? o)
/ -f- y,',., (? o)
"""~· '3)

c f/ . . Jr( H e ~( ~)1·o ~:=., -; J=.,.-' ... .3. 0

• (,o /c-f4.,
('
~Yl1S+-L ~'0 2· ft ~ Jo ;;f.....
c
0
0
c
c
G
0
c
c
c
(

c
(

c
(.

l
c..
(

19
 (

Mononobe - Okabe Theory

• Earthquake increment in
earth pressure

• Earthquake decrement in
earth pressure

• Assumes flexible wall that can

displace I rotate to bring active
or passive pressure conditions

20
c
(

c
(

c
(
M-0 Active Earthquake Earth Pressure
c
K =------------~~~==~~==~~
c - COSt,// cos 2 acos{IJf +a+ o{1+

c
c • where
-
-
0 anglO ot wuornol 'nccion of soil
Jl bad<tlll slope
- a slope angle of bad< of wall
0 - 6 waii·S<"I fna.on angle
- \to' se•sm•c tnertta angle

(i - 4' =arctan (k./ (1-k.,.))

c
c
0 t~-,. U/vl·~ ~~ ~~ ~

c tv <- VtN/1~ '--

c
c
0
M-0 Passive Earthquake Earth Pressure
c K _ cos 2(q>-w+a)
c PI - ( .---......--_,.....----.------..-)2
coswcos 2 acos{w- a+8} 1- sin(q>+ a)sin(q>-w+ ,8}
( 'cos{8+w-a)cos(,B-a)
(
where
( - 0 ang• ot ~n1etnel hiec.on ot so•
- p bad<U slope
- o $lOpe angle of bad< of wan
( - 6 waft·SO<I lnctJon angle
- "'I setsmtc: •ner1Ja 1ng1e

(
- 4' = arctan (k.f(1-k.,.))
(

(.

(.

(
( 21
 (

c
c
c
Mononobe-Okabe Earthquake c
Earth Pressure Chart c
Charts can be used to derive active (
earthquake earth pressure increments

c
Published in Road Research Unit RRU
Bulletin 84 fYVood and Elms, 1990) ::~
,,~
c
.•;::::==;==t;~:z:;;~~ (
.,.. - ...,_-f"-,_--

k.._., C (0) ; earthquake acceleration coeff•e~enl ~~~§

c
C (0) g =peak ground accefe<a~on
.. c
6KA£ e coeffioen1 of acteve earthquake earth pressure increment
(

c
c
~~·,..__,_.J ,f,j~ fo c--.1~/-<. r0n'c.. t..,. ~ 4t/tr
c
J<r~~ o/J~~ tf ~ cttr ~ Cr-J? -f-In~ 1'\ .
c
kv.. :: o. tf ;';, vv~·"rt-u-n rv~:ro .) (

c
(

Earthquake Earth Pressures (

(
New Zealand research in the 1970s and
1980s led to:
1 !1exible Wall (use M-0 theory)
I c
. Understanding that earthquake earth (
pressures depend on wall rig idity
Wall top displacement of> 0.5% H
(
. Approximate pressures published for
stiff and rigid walls (

. Published in Road Research Unit

RRU Bulletin 84 (Wood and Elms,
1990)
H-l h1'11, •!K;,c-1(,, '51;
AP.ot • t~:~~~AL lH1
""*'' l:lll,oe- K:.c-K• (

(
m!.f..E_~
(

22
(

c
(

c
c Earthquake Earth Pressures
c
Stiff Wall Rigid Wall
Wall top displacement of 0.2% H Rigid Wall that does not displace.
c
c
c
0 SMf ....u
C (0) = earthquake acceleratoon coeffiCtent

C (0) g = peak ground acceleratiOn

G
c
(

c J J..~~f,'u_ 1 ~~ (Y..t.V:.{&..,._C:._tf VV~ tJ ~~ ~~b~

. - " IL . A~ ~if(
c tf fw.. W,J!l fl j?~fc-{ I 'rV'"" I,N'.......c.-< ~A
I /. . .
(/(0< Y>f?V.AI,/ .A-"
• • /"
J'1 eA.
J..t v.--.1-e ~-f f1N ~,, ~ ~f/V?f" Y- Pv-
0
~Nt~rf-... F""u. , ~ ~ fv--~Jrrt',(.J( ~'r/-v.~"'/J'n-.. ~ ~-
c
0
(J Questions?
c *' Hrv... d)1 F~~l<. (IV~ ~ jfv, '~r-,.f',.., . . .
c ~AlL, 4r r~~ff, 17 r·~~{ Pr
( "",J..f 7 d ·S'j. H ft",.L( 0.-pflfL (<.1-S}If- /rt~ c. O·Z.."j, If
-
c 1/f/ - ...

c
(
(
(
m!.f..E_~g
(

l
t
(
( 23
 c
(

c
c
(

c
c
(

c
(

c
c
c
c
(

c
Exercise 2 (

(
Calculate earth pressure
distributions on the wall Retaining (
wall
Where
(
0 angle of Internal friction I
~ 30 degrees 3m : (
Y unit weight of soil
• 20 kN/m 3
(
Design peak ground acceleration
a 0.4g ( m/s~ )
(
~,tMt- c (0) ~ 0.4
7/:: g gravitauonal acceleration (

(.

24
r

r
~(l'ry-t
r I.· t.' 't''p( ~ ~f Yt.11f
/co ~ /- Yl~ I
:: I - ;,'v, (~·}
r ry~arn· ,f ~"'-

c ti'. S~fh ~ v.vo.A'c-R. ~

c ...
-f..t,..,..f., ~

((I
~ bAt~f't/1 ? "vpf~w..,/A--..
0
P' ~rAt~
c
c
c I

c
c
c
0
0
c
 (
(

c
(

Types of retaining walls (

Simplified explanation of typical retaining walls (

r:::=.-0::
...........
,.,..._ ,Ca.otilhH" waU _.,.._
c!::=-...-::
...... -.. ---
Aoc-bortd wa.ll •--~-
....,_tor.,..
-·-
(

, 11111111 ,,,,,,,,,,
________ ....,.._ ..... ..... ____ ____
lT
_..,....,_,... ___ .....
_-------·-
_..,. c;.o -----------
.....
...,.
---------
.,
.,.
., _
-------·----
:=:-.·:.::.::::: ~=;.

also Reinforc.e d soil wall

26
r

c
r
c Gravity Walls
('

('

c
0
c
c
c m!.f..E_tg
c
c
c
c
c
0
0 Gravity Walls
(;
- ~l.-Jc ~.J.P. 1 ~ J~ w4
(

c
(

(
(

c..
mLtE_tU
(

27
Crib Wall

dn.,W\Ihi.I *""""J
akpC.w-.. .,
.,..,.._"' I1'Wft

CO"'C"'- ....,....., _.,

IOcorrKI boiUr

Soldier Pile Wall

28
(

r
r
(

r Timber Pole Wall

c

0
c
c
c
c
c m!f..EJU
0
G
c

0
Concrete Soldier Pile Wall -
anchored
c
c
c
c
c
(

(
(

( 29
 (

(
Cantilever Retaining Wall (

Common Termlnology (

<

Propped Concrete Wall - top and

bottom

30
r
r
[

c
Anchored Concrete Retaining Wall
r
0
(

c
c
c
(

c
(

<.:
0 ~ 1 ~, fw._,>U-(..
~h. ~h; f<--n...eil. tr
c ft<r "1 .- fo J.c PriJ ~ f.
c ( ttf~ vrvvv~ ~ jqIA-,tvw .
c

c Reinforced Soil Wall

(.

c
c.
(

(
(

c
c.
(

(
(

( 31
 (

c
c
Reinforced Earth Wall (

c
(

m!.f..E_tU (

Questions? (

<
(
mJn...ru

32
(

c
r
(

c
c
.hr'i /~ ~~ ~~~
c r=w u ~ !n )/;1 7-r
0
0 /~
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
(

(!

c
(

c
(
(

( 33
 (

c
(

34
c
c
(

c
(

(' Exercise 3.1

Property
c Select a retaining wall
Boundary

type and configuration ??

0 1 What
! type of
j.,, wall
~
c \

~- ~--------~--------~
,; I

0
:i:
1: I
Fill
; I

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
_,. ~~~ P7~ , ;..
(J ~C-~i-'1 ~ v~ af
c /Zv.. ~ (?4 ~ ;-r-
~~.
c - ~·UA ~~ D\.-C.. ~ ~ fl' ~v.oY_
c v-/c ;v..,-y ~ p~'y<.. f~Y<....
7!Jf StJtAAnutV : ~/\~ 41C-/h ~fct~
(,

(
(

(
(

c
(
( 35
 c
c
(

c
Exercise 3.2 (
Property
Boundary
Select a retaining wall (
type and configuration (

~f !}! ~'o~ t~'r.f (

I/Vf-(A fa · ll1w ~ ~rf..-vf (

A ...,,JJ R ~I~ jA-..__ (
~'( S'~bu r VJiv.~~
(
~ try< fH- ~jt. ~"'
(
;..__ / ·,. ~·-- ./.
(

'JOf Jn.Aft.n nJ ·. /)l<'!J /..~ VV,.j_p KV

hwtv~-f: ttv-J= vvJ..P

36
(

c
0
(

0
( Exercise 3.3 Property
Boundary
0 Select a retaining wall
type and configuration
0
0
0

c
c
0
0
0
0
c

~ y~I/VI\'-)1·~ . J-k.~llltJ i ~N~I

c ~~~
c
c
(

G
c
(

c
(
mLf..E...'U
(

( 37
 (
(:

r
c
c
(

c
(

Mechanisms of Failure- Gravity

c
Wall c
(
• Sliding
(

• Overturning
(
• Bearing capacity ...
l
l
• Global stability
(

38
c
r
(
('

0
Mechanisms of Failure
(
(

{c) Overturning Faflutt

0
(

c
ldl Btorlng Capoclty FaHurt
0
0 After Hong Kong Geoguide 1 (1994)

G
0
0

0
0
0
c Loads on Retaining Walls
0
• Self weight • Earthquakeloads
c - Earthquake increment
(; I decrement of earth
• Earth pressure
pressure
G
- Seismic inertia force
( • Water pressure
(
• Friction
l
(.
mlf..EJU
(

( 39
 (

c
('

Forces acting on the wall (

Assume
c
• Water pressures are fully drained
• Smooth wall
c
• Horizontal backfill c
• Surcharge uniformly distributed, q
c
c
c
c
c
c
;:,_p i
1'\.lA., 11 Pve_ w .e-.. ·"J tr-t I frvu-.J c
cc") [w4't·~]
c
c
c
c
Forces acting on the wall c
c
(

c
(
+ +
(

c
Ka . Y. H
(

(
(.

40
c
c
c
c
c
c Analyses for Stability
c Sliding Overturning
_... ~

0
Force equilibrium Moment equilibrium
0
Forces resisting sliding Forces resisting overturning
c > Forces inducing sliding > forces inducing overturning

0
(

G
(J

c
c
0

0 Wall Friction and Sloping backfill

(
• Virtual back of wall {slv:tM~,"r.,) ~
c wj f-N-~1~ ~w4/?- vir-~ ~A fCM7 i ..ftv. w..d r>-;s'
(
• Wall friction 1fv- Y' b~
( s:: 1
J tto,l-h ~i r·(;t,~

( • Inclined active thrust

(
.. ,_._ A

•• •
c
(
(

(
( 41
 c
c
c
c
(
Questions? (
t)VIblht,VV1,·~ ~ ( ~~~P<{:-t)
(
,__., ,.......,
c

t>
#,l;±;:~
-z:M.:o-0) ?-'1(-1)CJ-) r ~~-· Z-(1/s) -i(4,_ -t 12/a-t/) [2.·2--~)f- ~ (o 4j{o-~)
c
c
c
t'h( 0·4) {0·1>) j 'Z-S'· ~2 t"{O·s;- -t )~ · ~ f 3 1 6-:: ~ (I J. 1./l-. c
i(~)~ ·o'fl~ t Z<>(O•I/)(1-v) t }O(O ·tl) I· ~C f 4~(p·{)(2. zr) c
c
c
fl-t'ch'b ~ { .!rh-f.::, Ca.¥) c
s.?,·p[.·~ s-f,,,,·tA·~ 7 · Hl~4) f -£(2-1-~)1 = rz,.,~
g~~,.,'t-;e;,' 9?7., f{.)110·o) -r 1?-(o ·us) c
0
av'-lAf!AVJM'~ ~L ( r-<.A·f'YI.-v>·~ c~)
... 11>3 ?SlJ~f'<>~
c
c
c
c
c
c
(

c
c
(

<.
(_

l
(

42
c ~ srfob1 h~ : a-- o) /
3 ·n}(~ -t i {21- If) 1+ f.~~· Y)1 + 1r,- ¥' M
/ /

c / - f. {51)J o~f4s-(qz) / ~ #1 ~ .c) - e ~

c (p a. """'th.fJ.. <a<~f-<. h . 1-f, I<.J ..- ./
(' vfu-<l , ·'- · ~ ! ~ Vv.d1 l ~5 ~,_s~f-~
w..tt
~~
~~ ~~~t~
C' Calculate earth pressure ~ Vv1 ) ( -ftv-
C' distributions Uw"/),'> f,'r., f f""" ~V< ~
~ fl-1 f t--o''Y''<-G-( /o
c Umformly distributed load 12 kN/ m2
'i
=
Soil 0 35 degrees
..
05m ;.._._ !~
f4nv't.f~r<_
Soil cohesion 0 = t
Unit weight of soil = 20 kNim3 1
(' =
Unit Weight of Concrete 24 kN/m 3 m :
3
Design PGA =0.4g
c Friction factor - base concrete I soil =0.65
1
1
I

c I

c
c .dktc:::• z.o
C(tJ)
G LJI<,(• ...o<J
/
c

0
c -- . . ----- ;

c 3 .0

G
~ _l w,,
c A A~~1 -"" ·- w..
c !J!:r~ -6 l- t-r Y~-+l-
1?-rff-v
c ~ 3-1-(z.)i. 3h :: {2-( 4 z:r)" 3 J-'{/cr..._ /
(
,_= -1-y ~(),_
f-. ~'tift. /=.oo?; H-1 .. O· ~r( ~) 1~ ?.f.~ bf,., /
c -= (flJllt >·r -D·'l )1- o(~)
(Jfct?J. ~ ~~-, o·rr, uf) )1-=- 3r, ·8 ~::rA.. /
, se !=ft:(,
y

(
(

(
/VOlf= : l4e ~o,_ f ~-n ern~. 0~ r~ ·s) {Jf)"' 1z.PfJ
(;VC.d -:.

l f>\ t.,P.. hC. ~<.. lf{,_::. 2-s(cJ· >) (7Af):. ;o~tJ

tv5 " ( 2. -S - U· >) () .s-('h) ._ l-ohJ
( ~-=- 'j2-{er} / 43
p_-
 (
(

(
(

c
c
c
(

c
c
(

(
(

Retaining Wall Form (

(
• Consider purpose
(
• Relationship with other
structures {

(
• Construction methods on the
site
(

• Performance expectations (

(
m!nJu
(

44
c
c
c
r
c
c Site Constraints
0 • Ground Conditions

0 • Property Boundaries
0
• Aesthetics
0
• Economics
c
0
c
c

0
c
c
0
0
0 Ground Conditions
0 • Geology & Geomorphology
c • Site reconnaissance
c
• Engineering geology
() mapping

( • Geotechnical investigations

(. • Laboratory testing
(

c
l
l
(

(
( 45
 (

c
c
Soil Parameters c
• Understanding of geology c
• Geotechnical investigations and
field testing
c
-
-
Static Cone Penetration Test
Standard Penetration Tests
c
- Dynamic Cone Penetration Tests
c
• Laboratory Tests
(
• Experience in similar conditions
c
c
m!!..~tU c
(

c
c
c
c
Design Loads c
(
• Earth pressures
(
• Surcharge
- Adjacent buildings I earthworks c
- Traffic loading
(
• Groundwater conditions
(

• Earthquakeloads c
(.

(
mLt~tU
(

c
(

46
[

c
('
Groundwater ?
c • Important consideration • Precautions

0 • Current groundwater levels • Can the groundwater drainage

fail?
0 • Would construction alter
groundwater regime? • Maintenance of drainage
c • Can the groundwater be
measures

drained? • What if a water main breaks and

0 floods ground?
( • Can drainage measures cope
with storm conditions?
0
c
c
0
0
0
c

0 Ground Levels
c Current ground levels
c
• Changes during construction
G
c • Temporary cases during
construction
c • Excavations during service life
( - eg for installing utilities

(
(,
(

l
(
( 47
 (

Legal/Boundary /Insurance matters

When ccnsuuew>g a retaon.ng wall near a boundary. be
nmc!fiA 01 exactly whefe that reta ..ng wall ,. to be
located II the reta.nong wallrs mrsplace<l. " CO\Ad
encroech onto a nergl>bounng pt01>0rty /WaiWIIhonpr~

In cases where a retamtng waD Will be constnJCted near

8 ~dary , 1\ IS recommended that a survey be /Allow for accurate poSI~onmg wtthrn property
obl"'ned to allow rt to be posrnoned accurately Thrs may
be reqUired by the temtonal authority
/ Assocoated c~taonage etc also "'th'n property
Remember tNt not only the wal!otself. but also the
assOCiated wocks suCh as dra&nage. need to be placed
Wlthtn the property boundary
II on shared boundary, hOw recorded - easement or
/ simtlar
If a retaining wall ts to be a shared boundary wall that •s
k>cated across two neighbouring properties. then
~~~~~~ ~R~":' ~r~~n~:~ ~~:':Je;:'!'!ment. /
W1thin property to grve certatnty over ownetsh4p and
using a Similar arrangement to a party wall lnSUf'ance

https//Www bu1ld1ng govt nz/assets/Uploadslresolvmg·problemsldetermlnatlons/201512015·003 pdf

https//Www bulld1ng. govt nz/assets/UploadslresoiVlng·problemsldetermlnauons/2007/2007·67 pdf

48
r
c
c
c
(' Earthquake Loads
............ ._...._.. . ..,............_.
( / • NZS 1170.5 Earthquake Actiqns ,
..................... a..en.......
...___.,_ ....,_-
.,._ __...., .... .--..----
[-===-==~=-----·
----.1
..-....-
v ~'f~n';;;5 t::/;~~.~~1 .......
""'--~----..--..---.--
0
·-
• Canterbury: MBIE Guidelines,
November 2014- for residential
________ ___ __
0 =~.:..::;:-.:..;::.:-=::::=-=-:
structures in Greater _____
---
..........
_ ......
..,._:.c::!-..---~-·
_,_.......,.
._.e-------.---..---
....... ....,_..,__...,.
__ _____
c Christchurch
----
...........---~
......,
..-.-------·--' __ _
.......
..... .. ....
....... --.-...- .......-._,...,.
c • NZ Geotechnical Society
Module 6 (2017)
_.---
.._
0
_____________
-- __________
..._... __
,....,
====::::=--=--==-~:=-
,,__
.....,_--·-·-·......-
(

c
• Bridge Manual (NZTA, 2014) for
highway and road structures
·-
G
c
c
c

0
0
0 Earthquake Design Guidelines
c • New guidelines under
development
c - by NZ Geotechnical Society
& NZ Society for Earthquake
c Engineering and MBIE

c • Will provide specific

guidelines for use nationally
c
• Currently Bridge Manual
( provides good guidelines

l
(

( 49
 c
c
r
c
('
Peak Ground Acceleration from NZS 1170.5 (

• C(O) = Ch(O) . Z . Ru . N(T,D) C(O) design acceleration coefficient c

. z zone factor
Ru
N (T,D)
return period factor
near fault factor
c
Z from NZS 1170.5- table or map
c
N(T,D) =1 for ground acceleration c
li'§3hii :mJI,t).J. Ertl!JM Return Period Factor
c
A, B rock 1
c Shallow soil 1.33
(
1.000 yrs 1.3
0 Deep soil 112
E Very soft soil 1 12
2,500 yrs 1.8 ('

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Earthquake Motions c
(
• Peak Ground Accelerations Derived from relevant guidelines
or standards
(PGA) (

• Assess critical acceleration,

(
Assess likely displacements using
when Factor of Safety for fu ll PGA and published methods (
sliding equals 1 (eg Jibson, 2007, Ambraseys &
Srubulov, 1995)
c
• Simplified approach using
• MBIE Canterbury guidelines or (
factored down PGA to allow for NZGS Module 6
limited displacements
(

c
(
(

(
(

50
(

r
r
c
r Earthquake Displacements
( • Bridge Manual extract showing
acceptable displacements for
0 highway situations

0 ==--==-
.........,_........ ,_
- _
__
c
c
....... _....,.
--.
.......
___....,.....
.-MOJ>1100
_
..._,._,.., •• a . .. -... ,."""

......
:.::::.:.:~-
,.....
--
&-.:

._

c ~::.,.-::--"---
( -
.OAA)i<Jl(IO -

IO Ma .................... - ............. ., . . . . . _,._ .. ._.,.....,.,. ....

IO ANif• . . ......,-. . . . ..,_......_.
Cll) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . -~...., .. ...._ ........... ·- · ~

c
c
c
c
0
0
0
c
c
c
( MBIE Guidelines for Christchurch
c and NZGS Module 6
(
(

(.

c
l
(

c 51
 (
(

Retaining Walls in Residential c

Situations (

DO rr:':""_______/
DO
j · -------'

c
After MBIE (201 4) Guidance on se1smic des1gn of reta1mng structures for res1den11a1 srtes m Greater
Chnstchurch

/.rrt c
H .v:.;'; r) ~w
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
v.... ___.... ................... .
.......................
....... .......,. ...... ...,....,.......,01',........ C811*'

..._ ,~ .... ....,..,

..............
,_... . . . . . .,. . . . . . ..........
....., ....... ~.~)111)&)

....,.,.~
b. _~--Ca.t

. . . . . t . . . . . . . . ......_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -...... (

--........
~-NlS--1

.....,.....
~
......... ................
T..... \NIIollllt . . . ........... ~t/ll"'lt _. WJJJj

.....................................
~
..., (

_-
.._ .....,.~ ................. Ceog.._

--
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~c.etj

,..........................fill.,. .. W4 (
............ ....... ,...be .. ~--.-.

.
e.. Cow
.,...
... ...
W\111(. . . , , . . , . , .. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . ~
--~kat~ ~ )

52
c
c
0
G Retaining Walls in Residential
c Situations
0
Tat». 2.: WaHdlspbe.tn..m f~c:tot, w., fOf' pseudo-stadc du.Sgn of
f"•s•CS.ntbl r•l:al'nlng W.lfb l n Cbrbt.chureh Pon Hills fOf' Ul$

c... L ....
0
(lr...,Tobl• ll
ease l 2
I 07

J+l=
I C:ase I~ OS
· ~2 05
0
0
taseJ
C:ase ~
cases
c-e
2
05
04
03
0.3
Ern
---·-
......-::::::

0
r-:J~
0
0
0
().f- C/?/\Mf~ ~ (7J 11-1M c/A ~~~
c 0 ·) ~~ fr, jn,.,....-.... .
0
0

Retaining Walls in Residential

c Situations
0 • Topographical amplification
0 • (after Eurocode 8, Part 5)

(J
An 01111Plrfte:abon factor~ should be apPbe<llO the ~lid ground design acce~rotlon USing Equollon 12 tn

c the lolow1ng Sttuauons

• For dl1! featwes >30m tn hetghl. " - = 1 '2 at the chtf ~and 1he ~on top of the clltl of Width
equal to the heighl ollhe ci1f

c • For ndg~ lines >30m In hetghl With aest Wldlh Slgnlficanlly leu !han base Wldlh. and llllefa!je slope
aogl~ grea~r !han =
30 ckgrl!t'S. " - 1 4 at the crest dmn5hlng to uruty at the base

c • For~ lines >30m tn hetghl wrlh crest wldlh ~nlly leu than base Width, and .weroge $lope
onglf! gre:.tet than 15 ~~ and less thal1 30 degrees, ~ :: 1 '2 ot the uest drnlnlshlng to ur.ty

c •
at the base
Fonveroge $lope angles ol less than 15 degrees the l.ll!l09mphy "llectS may be negtected
C(T,A...,) • C(T)A_. (Equa110n 1.2)
(
(
(

( 53
 c
(
(
('

Retaining Walls in Residential c

Situations (

c
c
.. •C(TJI..JW,
flwlld>
c
11,•~111-.....corl!loonllot~<klllflll

w•• ~~-._. .. roble2 (

c
c
m!.f..E..ti~ c
c
c
c
(

(
Questions? (

(
m!.f..E..ta
(

54
c
c
c
c
(I

0
0
0
0
0
c

c
0
0
0
c

0
0
Design Approaches
0 Consistent with structural design
• Load and Resistance approaches
c Factor Design 81/ VM4 provides an example

c Difficult to apply to some cases - like

soldier pile walls

c...
• Achieve specified factors of safety
(

( • Limit Equilibrium
approach using Factor of
( safety

c
c 55
 c
c
(

c
Load and Resistance Factors c
Tat..l a 1

IMd_.........
StrMteh R.d«1:aon F.cton f~ S haUow Ftlouf'Mh,IJeR 0-'tn
Pwi'I9'IIIIC:Ih )~ 1 c
... ___
Fot........,. ,._,
lold~~~l.~toflgll\

/ti.O!'Wia.s~
I« ...... ...~ ........., __,_
.nd I>Mo'lli~ Ml1h '" ....... ••.,.

080 - 010
c
c
c
. . . . ~ ._.,_.,..,.,-...,. -..'It
L..;.~CJt

LOidl.tolr fa -...c...,__,.....,_
I0

••
c
t.McJt.ao-klr~tiiW'f'I1."W'UUIl""""_...,...

~~f«wa::r~tnd£0.._..1..... ,.....
10

c
Extracts from Building
Bode 81 I VM4
010
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Questions? (

Lf_h) N f-3. . P.-t--r·;~ ? (

(
Tfs· ~~~ ~ ~ ~---~ f
1
(
~~ -;;~~bhvs
{4~ t'/" L~ ,';. ;~volvJ (

(
Frv ~ t,N~ ~~ ~~ ~ G-~ (
~ pt - ~~ ~0<-c-k, .y;-.·~
(
{ e- ~, 8-' // s/v~rL.''o) ,/-i f~K ~ ~F .s.
(
m!.f..E...tU
(

56
c
c
c
(

0
(I

c
0

()

0
0
0
c
c
0

0
0

0 Sheet Pile Walls

0
(

c
(

(
(
(

(
(

l
(

( 57
 (

r
('

('
Soldier Pile Wall (

c
c
c
c
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(

c
Timber Pole Wall c
(

c
(

c
(
(

58
(

c
c
(

0
c Mechanisms of Failure
c
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 Sheet Pile Wall
c
c t
I • Simplified Approach
c H
I
I
I
I
I
I
• Calculate Zo from
0 I
I overturning stability

(
• Take D = 1.2 Zo
(
(

(
Ea!.f..E_tg
(

c
(

( 59
 (

c
c

c
(

c
c
c
c
(

c
c
c
(

c
c
Exercise 8.1 - Sheet Pile Wall (

t
I =
Soil 0 35 degrees
c
4m
I
I
I
1
I
=
Soil cohes1on 0
Unit weight of soil = 20 kNJm3
c
I
I
I
(
Design PGA = 0.4g
(

<.
(

60
('

c
(

c
c
c
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
0
0
c Sheet Pile Wall
c
c So1l 0 = 35 degrees

c Soil cohesion = 0
Un1t weight of soil =20 kN/m3

(
Des1gn PGA =0.4g
c
(

(.

(_

( 61
 (
(
('

c
('

c
(
(

c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
(

c
Soldier Piles c
(
• Active pressure mobilised on
full retaining wall width (

• Passive pressure mobilised on (

embedded pile width only?
f,M/~ ·to- .. . c
• Passive pressure can be taken (
on 3 x width of pile, due to
3 dimensional effects (

l
(.

(
(

62
(

c
0
(
('

('
Soldier Piles
0 Pile relelnlng welle (ahoring)

0
0
0
c
c
c
0
0
0
c
0

c Timber Pole Wall

c -
-·... lttol_ .....

A type of soldier pile wall

(;

(;

c
(

(_
--
·-
-
(_
m!.f..EJU
(_

( 63
 (

c
c
c
c
c
c

c
(

c
Exercise 8.2 - Timber Pole Wall c
(

=
So1l 0 35 degrees
c
=
I

2m:
I
Soil cohes1on 0
UM weight of soil = 20 kNJm3 c
Design PGA =0.4g (

<.
(

64
c
c
c
(

0
c
0

0
0
0
0
0
c m!.fJJg
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
G
c
c
c
(

c
(_

l
m!.f.tN..l
(

l
(

( 65
 (

c
c

c
c
c
c
(

c
Interface with Structural Design c
(
• Need to ensure good interface
with structural design (

• Need to calculate loads, shear c

forces and bending moments
(

(.

(
(

66
c
c
('
(

c Anchors for Walls

c
G • Important to ensure durability

• From Bridge Manual

c
( ._..,.ud.,.c•-•E_..
__. n._..-,•.,_..,.,.....,
DNIIr _ _ .., ........ , .......... """"""-
.........,~---CJAI-·-...­

ldt

sqtt----·..-!lt~~.~..-­
_,.._\bi.ITIIM)oi"'•ASNOJIC.,., .......... , _....
..... .................. ,.., .. ..........
c ,...,....w...~- ~
. . . . . . . . . fA .................. ~ . . . . . , ............ ~, . . ...,..

0
c
0
0

0
c
c
c
(

(
(

c m!.f..E..~
(

(_

(.

( 67
 (
(

c
(

c
(

c
(

c
c
c
c
Performance in Canterbury
c
Earthquakes c
(

(
Ea!.f..E_til
(

68
c
c
c
c
0 Performance in Canterbury
c Earthquakes
c
0
0
0

c
c

0
c
0
c
Performance in Canterbury
0
Earthquakes
c
(

0
c
(
c
(_

(.

( 69
 (

c
c
('

(
Performance in Canterbury
Earthquakes (

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(

c
Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan c
c
(

(
(

70
(

c Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan

c

G
c
c

0
0
G
0
0

0 Wall displacement
c
c
c
(

c
(

l
l
(

(.

c 71
 c
(

c
(

c
Discussion of Design (

• Keep wall flexible and " • Reduces forces on the wall (

accommodate displacement
c
c
• Post-yield ductility of anchors c
c
o /)tJ u-of uM_ I f'l ~.sir·~ at< c, tvvv~
c
~ (/V)'/1 ~k_ f2-rW 0'-p~ ,.( fro& -sir~ fA-oil
1/!~
1M"
p<-..t ~
c
c
c
c
(

c
c
c
c
(

72
(

('

c
('

c
('

c
0

Design Features to Enhance

c Performance
c • What features can we use to
c enhance stability?

c • Long term performance?

c
(

(
(.

c..
(.
(

(
J h.J -1 ~1/1 1 fo 1o ~ r ~ r~ ~~~ ~'ot'-o ~ -ft,~
(

(
-'J1J c~1
!--11./> g():A-
73
 (

Sloping Ground in Front c

c
c

c
c
(

c
c
c
c
(
Sloping Ground in Front c
(

(
• Consider passive
wedge in front that can (
be mobilised
(

(.

(.

<.
(.

74
c
c
c
c
c
0
Tiered Walls
c

c
0
0
0

c
0
c
0

0
0
c Tiered Walls
c
(

c
(
(

c
(
(.

l
(
(

( 75
 (

Tiered Walls
~lx [u.< r£f
/IYrn.Y€ Y ~~e_
~ ~1'14'(
/A~(

76
c
c
("
('

0
c
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c Summary
G
• Earth pressure theories • Effects of displacements
c
• Earthquake earth • Dependence on wall
c pressures on wall stiffness/ displacement
c
• Types of retaining walls • Suited to site constraints
c
( • Stability of retaining walls • Sliding, overturning ,
bearing capacity, global
( stability

(.
(

(,
(

( 77
Summary
• Design of retaining walls • Performance
expectations
• Form- wall selection
• Soil parameters
• Constraints
• Design loads, earthquake
• Ground conditions, loads
geology
• Sliding , overturning,
bearing capacity, global
stability

Summary
• Design approaches • Groundwater and
drainage
• Structural interface

• Earthquake
performance

78
c
c
c
0
0
Questions?
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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NOTES
NOTES
NOTES