Numerical Heat Transfer

NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER
M. Turhan ÇOBAN
EGE UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY
www.turhancoban.com
INDEX
1
PART I HEAT CONDUCTION
1. HEAT CONDUCTION INTRODUCTION

1.1 HEAT CONDUCTION FORMULATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
1.2 HEAT CONDUCTION FORMULATION IN GENERAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
1.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
1.4 PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATERIALS
2. ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION SOLUTIONS

2.1 THE WALL
2.2 CYLINDER-PIPE
2.3 LUMPED SOLUTION OF FINS
2.4 ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSIENT (TIME DEPENDENT) LUMPED SOLUTION
2.5 STEADY STATE SHAPE FACTOR SOLUTIONS
3. ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS: SEPARATIONS OF VARIABLES

3.1 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES FOR UNIFORM MEDIUM
3.2 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES FOR COMPOSITE MEDIUM
4. FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS

4.1 FINITE DIFFERENCES
4.2 METHOD OF LINES: A METHOD COMBINE FINITE DIFFERENCE AND ONE
DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL D:E: SOLUTIONS
5. FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

5.1 FINITE ELEMENT
5.2 SOLUTION OF STEADY STATE HEAT CONDUCTION BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
5.3 SOLUTION OF TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
6. FURTHER ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS

6.1 DUHAMEL’S THEOREM
6.2 GREEN’S FUNCTIONS
6.3 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
7. INTEGRAL TRANSFORM METHOD
8. APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS: INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
9. PHASE CHANGE PROBLEMS
10. HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS
PART II HEAT CONVECTION
11. NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

11.1 CONSERVATION OF MASS
11.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
11.3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
11.4 TURBULENT FLOW
11.5 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES
12. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OVER BODIES

12.1 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY AND SIMILARITY SOLUTIONS OF BLASSIUS FLAT
PLATE PROBLEM AND WEDGE FLOW PROBLEM
12.2 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS AND EXAMPLES OVER A FLAT
PLATE
12.3 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS AND EXAMPLES ACROSS THE
CYLINDER
12.4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS AND EXAMPLES ACROSS THE
SPHERE
2
12.5 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS AND EXAMPLES OVER A BANK OF
PIPES
13. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN PIPES AND TUBES

13.1 ONE PHASE PRESSURE DROP IN PIPES
13.2 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULAR PIPES
13.3 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN NON-CIRCULAR TUBES
14. NATURAL (FREE) CONVECTION

14.1 NATURAL CONVECTION SIMILARITY SOLUTION
14.2 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN VERTICAL PLATE
14.3 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN INCLINED PLATE
14.4 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE
14.5 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN HORIZONTAL PIPES
14.6 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN CAVITIES
14.7 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN CHANNELS
15. BOILING AND CONDENSATION

15.1 POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER
15.2 INSIDE PIPES CONVECTIVE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER
15.3 CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER
15.4 INSIDE PIPES MULTIPHASE PRESSURE DROP
16. HEAT EXCHANGERS

16.1 HEAT TRANSFER CLASSIFICATION
16.2 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
16.3 LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
16.4  -NUMBER OF TRANSFER UNITS (NTU) METHOD
16.5 FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROACH
16.6 FINNED SURFACES HEAT TRANSFER FOR HEAT EXCHANGER APPLICATIONS
16.7 CHEVRON PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER HEAT TRANSFER
PART III HEAT RADIATION
17. RADIATION BASIC DEFINITIONS
18. BLACK BODY RADIATION FUNCTION
19. SPECTRAL AND TOTAL EMMISSIVITY
20. ABSORTIVITY, REFLEVTIVITY AND TRANSMISSIVITY OF REAL SURFACES
21. SHAPE FACTOR (CONFUGURATION FACTOR) FOR SURFACES SEPERATED BY A

TRANSPARENT MEDIUM
22. SURFACE EXCHANGE – NO PARTICIPATING MEDIUM
23. SURFACE EXCHANGE – PARTICIPATING MEDIUM
3
Mustafa Turhan Çoban, Borned in Bolu, Seben, Turkey in 1957. He received his B.Sc. degree from Ege
University School of Mechanical Engineering, department of mechanical engineering in 1978, his M.Sc. degree in
Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University(U.S.A.) in 1982. He Graduated From
University of Utah(U.S.A.) in 1986 with a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. In 1995, he received Postgraduate
degree in Computer Science from Victoria Technological University(Australia). He worked as a teacher and
researcher at University of Nebraska, Lincoln(U.S.A.), Victoria Technological University(Australia), Ballarat
University (Australia), Dokuz Eylül University, School of Engineering, Department of mechanical
engineering(Turkey), Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Computer science(Turkey), Ege University, School of
Engineering, Department of mechanical engineering. He worked at Aras compressors (Turkey), Mineral Research
and Exploration Institute of Turkey, division of drilling, section of geothermal energy, TUBITAK (Turkish
Technological and Scientific Research Foundation) Institute of Energy, Imperial Chemical Industries (Australia),
Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited (Australia) as an engineer/senior engineer/researcher; TUBITAK UME ( National
Metrology Institute of Turkey) as technical vice-chairman.
PREFACE
I started to teach heat transfer classes in Ege University in 2005 B.Sc. and Ph.D. levels and doing so
since then. Class notes and programs to calculate several heat transfer problems are accumulated since
then, but they has not been converted into a textbook format until I was in a hospital for a gall blader
operation. Hospital a bussy place but as far as you are concerned, you do not have much to do except
laying down and waiting for te recovery. So I begin to convert the collected material from class works
into a book form and afford continued after the hospital and ended up as this book. The basic difference
of this book is that it offers solutions of the problems in the form of computer programs. Due to the
large extension of the program lists, all of them are not listed in the book, you can find the extension in
my web site www.turhancoban.com. You will find three subchapters: conduction, convection and
radiation. In classical textbooks conduction heat transfer is usually subgroup according to number of
independent variables of the problem. In this book, for conduction solution methods, such as analytical
solution methods, finite element methods, finite difference methods .., are considered for subgrouping.
In convection and radiation topics it is more or less similar to classical approaches of grouping such as
external forced flow, internal forced flow, natural convection, boiling, heat exchangers etc. The book is
aimed to give relatively simple computer solutions to students and heat transfer community while trying
to teach the topics of heat transfer. In modern times this dummy calculators called computer should be
use effectively in engineering calculation and I am hoping that this book could be a useful tool in this
voyage. Another nice effect of the computer solutions is that it opens a good way of visualisation of
temperatures and heat flux. Visualisation of temperature and heat flux variations make it simpler to
understanding heat transfer problems. Have a good trip through the world of heat transfer. I hope you
enjoy it as much as ı do.
Dr. M. Turhan ÇOBAN, Ege University, 23.01.2020
4
I. HEAT CONDUCTION
1. HEAT CONDUCTION INTRODUCTION
1.1 HEAT CONDUCTION FORMULATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

Fourier’s Law of Conduction(in x direction) ;
Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
The Fourier law of thermal conductive heat transfer states that the time rate of heat transfer in solid
materials is proportional to the negative gradient of temperature and to area. In cartesian coordinates, x
direction thermal conductive heat transfer then expressed as
𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = = −𝑘𝑥
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
Where Qx is total conductive heat transfer in Watt, qx is the conductive heat transfer per unit area in
Watt/m2 , kx is called thermal conductivity coefficient (W/(mK), T is temperature (degree K) and x is the
distance in x coordinates (meters).
First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy) states that:

𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑
Where 𝐸𝑖𝑛 energy input, 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 is energy output, 𝐸𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 energy generated inside the solid material
and 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 is the energy stored as a function of time.
Let us condider infinitely small rectangular prism with sides dx,dy and dz and apply the first law of
thermodynamics for this infinitesimal prism.
5
(qx (dydz) + q y (dxdz) + q z (dxdy)) − (qx + dx (dydz) + q y + dy (dxdz) + qz + dz (dxdy)) + Egenerated = Estored
𝜕𝑞𝑥 1 𝜕 2 𝑞𝑥 1 𝜕 3 𝑞𝑥 1 𝜕 4 𝑞𝑥
𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 + 𝑑𝑥 4 + ⋯
𝜕𝑥 2! 𝜕𝑥 2 3! 𝜕𝑥 3 4! 𝜕𝑥 4
Taylor’s formula
Due to small (differential nature of prism all upper terms of Taylor’s formula can be ignored so:
𝜕𝑞𝑥
𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑞𝑦
𝑞𝑦+𝑑𝑦 = 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑞𝑧
𝑞𝑧+𝑑𝑧 = 𝑞𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑧
So energy equation becomes:
𝜕𝑞𝑥 𝜕𝑞𝑦 𝜕𝑞𝑧 𝜕𝑈
−[ + + ] (𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) + 𝑔(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) = 𝜌(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
Substituting Fourier law of conduction into the First law of thermodynamics for solid in differential
cartesian element
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) 𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘𝑦 (𝑇) 𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘𝑧 (𝑇)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
Equation becomes
𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑈
[ (𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) ) + (𝑘𝑦 (𝑇) ) + (𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) )] + 𝑔 = 𝜌
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑡
If internal energy be approximated as (note that specific heat at constant pressure is equala to specific
heat at constant temperature, 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) = 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇) for solids)
𝜕𝑈 ≅ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 equation becomes
𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇
[ (𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) ) + (𝑘𝑦 (𝑇) ) + (𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) )] + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇)
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑡
If it is assumed that thermal conductivity coefficient is independent of time and homogeneous in all
direction 𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) = 𝑘𝑦 (𝑇) = 𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) equation becomes
𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝑔 𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
+ + + = =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝑘(𝑇) 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Where
𝑘(𝑇)
𝛼(𝑇) =
𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇)
6
is called thermal diffusivity. Most of the metals has homogeneous thermal conductivity coefficients,
materials like wood has non homegeneous (direction dependent) thermal conductivity.
1.2 HEAT CONDUCTION FORMULATION IN GENERAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
Let us consider a general coordinate system of (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) and investigate its relation with respect to
cartesian coordinate system (x,y,z)
For a general coordinate system a path dS can be expressed as a function of cartesian coordinate system
as
(𝑑𝑆)2 = (𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2 + (𝑑𝑧)2
If the relation between orthagonal coordinate system (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) and cartesian coordinate system(x,y,z)
is given as
𝑥 = 𝑋(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) 𝑦 = 𝑌(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) 𝑧 = 𝑍(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 )
Then the differential lengths dx,dy and dz can be obtained as:
𝜕𝑋(𝑢1 ,𝑢2 ,𝑢3 ) 𝜕𝑌(𝑢1 ,𝑢2 ,𝑢3 ) 𝜕𝑍(𝑢1 ,𝑢2 ,𝑢3 )
𝑑𝑥 = ∑3𝑖=1 𝑑𝑦 = ∑3𝑖=1 𝑑𝑧 = ∑3𝑖=1
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖
Substituting these back into the path equation
(𝑑𝑆)2 = 𝑎12 (𝑑𝑢1 )2 + 𝑎22 (𝑑𝑢2 )2 + 𝑎32 (𝑑𝑢3 )2
where
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑎𝑖2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖
Heat transfer in orthagonal coordinate system becomes:
3
𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘∇𝑇 = −𝑘 ∑ 𝑢𝑖
𝜕𝑢𝑖
𝑖=1
Or
1 𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘∇𝑇 = −𝑘
𝑎𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖
And
𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
In this case general first law of thermodynamics for this coordinate system becomes:
1 𝜕 𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
[ (𝑘𝑢1 (𝑇) 2 )+ (𝑘𝑢2 (𝑇) 2 )+ (𝑘𝑢3 (𝑇) 2 )] + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇)
𝑎 𝜕𝑢1 𝑎1 𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢2 𝑎2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢3 𝑎3 𝜕𝑢3 𝜕𝑡
Example case:
Relation between cartesian coordinate system and cylindrical coordinate system given as:
𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔() 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏() z=z
7
𝑢1 = 𝑟 𝑢2 =  𝑢3 = 𝑧 , The scale factors:
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑎12 = 𝑎𝑟2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 () + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 () + 0 = 1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2
𝑎22 = 𝑎2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = (−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠()) + (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛()) + 0 = 𝑟 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑎32 = 𝑎𝑧2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1 so
𝜕z 𝜕z 𝜕z
𝑎𝑟 = 1 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑎𝑧 = 1
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑟 so heat transfer equations becomes:
𝜕𝑇 𝑘(𝑇) 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) 𝑞 = − 𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) and
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝑟 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑟 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑟 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
[ (𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) 12 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝜕 (𝑘 (𝑇) 𝑟2 𝜕) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) 12 𝜕𝑧 )] + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝑟2 𝜕 (𝑘 (𝑇) 𝜕 ) + + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑡
Relation between cartesian coordinate system and spherical coordinate system given as:
𝒙 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)𝒄𝒐𝒔() 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)𝒔𝒊𝒏() 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)

𝑢1 = 𝑟 𝑢2 =  𝑢3 = 𝜃, The scale factors:
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2
𝑎12 = 𝑎𝑟2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = (sin⁡(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠()) + (sin⁡(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛()) + (cos⁡(𝜃))2 = 1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2
𝑎22 = 𝑎2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 𝑟 2 (sin⁡(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛()) + 𝑟 2 (sin⁡(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠()) + 0 = 𝑟 2 sin2 ⁡(𝜃)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2
𝑎32 = 𝑎𝜃2 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 𝑟 2 (cos⁡(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠()) + 𝑟 2 (cos⁡(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛()) + 𝑟 2 sin2 ⁡() ⁡ = 𝑟 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝑎𝑟 = 1 𝑎 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) ⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑎𝜃 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) so heat transfer equations becomes:
𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑇 𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) = −𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) 𝑞 = −𝑘 (𝑇) = −𝑘 (𝑇)
𝑎𝑟2𝜕𝑟 12 𝜕𝑟 𝑎 𝜕 
2
𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃) 𝜕
𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝜃 = −𝑘𝜃 (𝑇) 2 = −𝑘𝜃 (𝑇) and
𝑎𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕 2
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
[ (𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) ) + (𝑘 (𝑇) 2 2 ) + (𝑘𝜃 (𝑇) )] + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇)
2
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝑟 12 𝜕𝑟 𝜕 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) 𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑡
8
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘 (𝑇)𝑟 2 ) + 2 2 (𝑘 (𝑇) ) ⁡ + 2 (𝑘 (𝑇)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) ) + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇 )
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) 𝜕  𝜕 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜕𝜃 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑡
1.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
In order to solve above differential equations, baundary values on the surfaces of the solid are also
required. In the boundary heat can be supplied directly( for example as electrical heating), or
through convective or radiative heat transfer. Surface temperature variation can also be specified as
a boundary condition
Convective heat flux in the surface can be expressed as
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
In this equation T is the temperature of solid in the surface, 𝑇∞ is the temperature of the fluid at the
boundary of the solid surface, and h is the thermal convection coefficient. The thermal convectivity
or thermal convection coefficients will change with pysical conditions of boundary fluid sech as
temperature velocity, density etc. In second part of this book it will be investigated more throughly.
For most of boundary problems of thermal conduction, it will be assumed to be constant to simplify
equation solving process.
Radiative heat flux in the surface can be expressed as
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑟4 )
In this equation 𝜀 is called emmissivity coefficient. Emmisisvity is surface characteristicscify emitted

radiative energy. When the energy coming from outside and absorbed by the surface absorbtivity
should be used for this term, but According to Kirchoff law, if the system is in thermal equilibrium, it
can be shown that absorbtivity coefficient(𝛼) is equal to emmissivity. 𝛼 = 𝜀. Radiative energy is also
wvavelenth dependent, but it is ommitted in here. For more details please refer to radiation section of
the book. 𝜎 is Stephan-Boltsman constant 𝜎 =5.6703744192x10-8 W/m2K4 . Tr is the temperature of the
surface radiation emmitted. Tr does not have to be in vicinity of the surface, it can be far away as long as
it see the boundary surface of our solid. T is the surface temmperature of the solid.
On the solid part of the surface heat transfer can be expressed as fourier conduction normal to the
surface. In order to investigate changing values of internal conduction and external boundary heat
transfer should be considered constant for a small area of boundary value application. Conditions can
be change throughout the surface. These changes can be taken into acount by considering cchanges as
function of surface coordiantes or as constant vales in exach small part of the surface by considering
finite difference or finite element solutions of the energy equation.
For a differential surface element

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑛 = −𝑘∇𝑇 = −𝑘 ( 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑙𝑦 + 𝑙𝑧 ) = −𝑘 where lx, ly and lz are unit vectors in x,y and z
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑛
directions.
Energy balance at the surface: Heat supply=heat loss
T is surface temperature
9
⁡𝑇∞ outside fluid temperature
⁡𝑇𝑟 ⁡⁡ radiative surface temperature
n surface normal vector
𝜕𝑇
⁡𝑞𝑛 = −𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡
𝜕𝑛
𝑞𝑛 + 𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 + 𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) + 𝜖𝜎(𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑟4 ) As addition to this generalised case, a temperature
𝜕𝑛
distribution on the surface can also be specified, such as:
T=f(x,t) on S or T=0 or T=Ti on S
In addition to the surface type of boundary, interphase of the contacting surfaces can also specify a
boundary. When two differnt material id connected by some physical processes (welding, brazing or just
contact with applied pressure) some small gap usually existed between this two solid layer interphase.
This gaps cause additional heat resistance, that should be considered as additional boundary conditions.
(Heat conduction through solid 1)=(heat conduction through solid 2)=(heat transfer across the gap)
T T
− k1 1 |i = h(T1 − T2 ) |i = − k 2 2 |i
x x
Instead of h term, thermal contact resistance R=1/h is usually given . Thermal contact resistance are
function of the gap between surfaces, therefore applied pressure when surfaces attached to each other
effects this parameter. Thermal contact resistances of some common materials are listed below:
Surface type R=1/h m2K/W

416 Stainless,ground, air 2.64
416 Stainless,ground, 0.0254 mm thickness brass 3.52
sheet in contact, air
304 Stainless,ground, air 5.28
Aliminium,ground, air 0.88
Aliminium ,ground, 0.0254 mm thickness brass 1.23
sheet in contact, air
Copper, ground, air 0.07
Copper, milled, air 0.18
Copper,milled,vacuum 0.88
Thermal contact resistance can be effected or changed by using some interfacial material between the
contact surfaces. Application of different interface material between aliminium junction is shown in the
figure below (Source: www.thermopedia.com/content/1188)
10
1.4 PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATERIALS
1.4.1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Fourier’s law of conductivity is the basic equation defining thermal conductivity.
𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘(𝑇)𝐴 therefore thermal conductivity expressed as
𝑑𝑥
𝑄
𝑘(𝑇) =
𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥
Thermal conductivity is a temperature dependent term. In metals thermal conductivity is usually
independent of orientations, but in composite materials and some other type of materials orientation is
also an important variable for thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivities of some materials are listed
below.
Table 1.4.1-1 Thermal conductivity of metals

Temperature Thermal
Metal -t- Conductivity
-k-
(oC) (W/m K)
Admiralty Brass 20 111
Aluminum, pure 20 204
Aluminum Bronze 20 76
Antimony 20 19
Beryllium 20 218
Beryllium Copper 20 66
Bismuth 20 8.5
Cadmium 20 93
Carbon Steel, max 0.5% C 20 54
Carbon Steel, max 1.5% C 1,200 29
Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) 20 120
Cast Iron, gray 21 47 – 80
11
Chromium 20 90
Cobalt 20 69
Copper, pure 20 386
Copper, pure 300 369
Copper, pure 600 353
Copper bronze (75% Cu, 25% Sn) 20 26
Copper brass (70% Cu, 30% Zi) 20 111
Cupronickel 20 29
Gold 20 315
Hastelloy B 10
Hastelloy C 21 8.7
Inconel 21 - 100 15
Incoloy 0 – 100 12
Iridium 20 147
Iron, nodular pearlitic 100 31
Iron, pure 20 73
Iron, pure 300 55
Iron, pure 1,000 35
Iron, wrought 20 59
Lead 20 35
Lead 300 30
Manganese Bronze 20 106
Magnesium 20 159
Mercury 20 8.4
Molybdenum 20 140
Monel 0 – 100 26
Nickel 20 90
Nickel Wrought 0 – 100 61 – 90
Niobium (Columbium) 20 52
Osmium 20 61
Phosphor bronze (10% Sn, UNS C52400) 20 50
Platinum 20 73
Plutonium 20 8
Potassium 20 100
Red Brass 20 159
Rhodium 20 150
Selenium 20 0.52
Silicon 20 84
Silver, pure 20 407
Sodium 20 134
Stainless Steel 20 12 – 45
Tantalum 20 54
Thorium 20 42
Tin 0 62 – 68
Titanium 20 19 – 23
Tungsten 20 163 – 173
Uranium 20 24
Vanadium 20 61
Wrought Carbon Steel 0 59
Yellow Brass 20 116
Zinc 116
Zirconium 0 23
Table 1.4.1-2 Thermal conductivity of some materials

Temperature
25 oC 125 oC 225 oC
Material/Substance
Diamond 1000
slica eorogel 0.003
Acetals 0.23
Acetone 0.16
12
Acetylene (gas) 0.018
Acrylic 0.2
Air, atmosphere (gas) 0.0262 0.0333 0.0398
Air, elevation 10000 m 0.02
Agate 10.9
Alcohol 0.17
Aluminum 205 215 250
Aluminum Brass 121
Aluminum Oxide 30
Ammonia (gas) 0.0249 0.0369 0.0528
Antimony 18.5
Apple (85.6% moisture) 0.39
Argon (gas) 0.016
Asbestos-cement board 0.744
Asbestos-cement sheets 0.166
Asbestos-cement 2.07
Asbestos, loosely packed 0.15
Asbestos mill board 0.14
Asphalt 0.75
Balsa wood 0.048
Bitumen 0.17
Bitumen/felt layers 0.5
Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture) 0.43 - 0.48
Benzene 0.16
Beryllium 218
Bismuth 8.1
Bitumen 0.17
Blast furnace gas (gas) 0.02
Boiler scale 1.2 - 3.5
Brass 109
Breeze block 0.10 - 0.20
Brick dense 1.31
Brick, fire 0.47
Brick, insulating 0.15
Brickwork, common (Building Brick) 0.6 -1.0
Brickwork, dense 1.6
Bromine (gas) 0.004
Bronze 110
Brown iron ore 0.58
Butter (15% moisture content) 0.2
Cadmium 92.1
Calcium silicate 0.05
Carbon 1.7
Carbon dioxide (gas) 0.0146
Carbon monoxide 0.0232
Cast iron 58
Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated 0.23
Cellulose acetate, molded, sheet 0.17 - 0.33
Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 0.12 - 0.21
Cement, Portland 0.29
Cement, mortar 1.73
Ceramic materials
Chalk 0.09
Charcoal 0.084
Chlorinated poly-ether 0.13
Chlorine (gas) 0.0081
Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni) 16.3
Chromium 94
Chrom-oxide 0.42
Clay, dry to moist 0.15 - 1.8
Clay, saturated 0.6 - 2.5
13
Coal 0.2
Cobalt 69
Cod (83% moisture content) 0.54
Coke 0.184
Concrete, lightweight 0.1 - 0.3
Concrete, medium 0.4 - 0.7
Concrete, dense 1.0 - 1.8
Concrete, stone 1.7
Constantan 23.3
Copper 401 400 398
Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06
Cork board 0.043
Cork, re-granulated 0.044
Cork 0.07
Cotton 0.04
Cotton wool 0.029
Carbon Steel 54 51 47
Cotton Wool insulation 0.029
Diamond 1000
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06
Diatomite 0.12
Duralium 129
Earth, dry 1.5
Ebonite 0.17
Emery 11.6
Engine Oil 0.15
Ethane (gas) 0.018
Ether 0.14
Ethylene (gas) 0.017
Epoxy 0.35
Ethylene glycol 0.25
Feathers 0.034
Felt insulation 0.04
Fiberglass 0.04
Fiber insulating board 0.048
Fiber hardboard 0.2
Fire-clay brick 500oC 1.4
Fluorine (gas) 0.0254
Foam glass 0.045
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (gas) 0.007
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (liquid) 0.09
Gasoline 0.15
Glass 1.05
Glass, Pearls, dry 0.18
Glass, Pearls, saturated 0.76
Glass, window 0.96
Glass, wool Insulation 0.04
Glycerol 0.28
Gold 310 312 310
Granite 1.7 - 4.0
Graphite 168
Gravel 0.7
Ground or soil, very moist area 1.4
Ground or soil, moist area 1
Ground or soil, dry area 0.5
Ground or soil, very dry area 0.33
Gypsum board 0.17
Hairfelt 0.05
Hardboard high density 0.15
Hardwoods (oak, maple..) 0.16
Helium (gas) 0.142
Honey (12.6% moisture content) 0.5
14
Hydrochloric acid (gas) 0.013
Hydrogen (gas) 0.168
Hydrogen sulfide (gas) 0.013
Ice (273.15 K) 2.18
Ingot iron 47 - 58
Insulation materials 0.035 - 0.16
Iodine 0.44
Iridium 147
Iron 80 68 60
Iron, wrought 59
Iron, cast 55
Iron-oxide 0.58
Kapok insulation 0.034
Kerosene 0.15
Krypton (gas) 0.0088
Lead Pb 35
Leather, dry 0.14
Limestone 1.26 - 1.33
Lithium 301
Magnesia insulation (85%) 0.07
Magnesite 4.15
Magnesium 156
Magnesium alloy 70 - 145
Marble 2.08 - 2.94
Mercury, liquid 8.3
Methane (gas) 0.03
Methanol 0.21
Mica 0.71
Milk 0.53
Mineral wool insulation materials, wool blankets .. 0.04
Molybdenum 138
Monel 26
Neon (gas) 0.046
Neoprene 0.05
Nickel 91
Nitric oxide (gas) 0.0238
Nitrogen (gas) 0.024
Nitrous oxide (gas) 0.0151
Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6 0.25
Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50 0.15
Olive oil 0.17
Oxygen (gas) 0.024
Palladium 70.9
Paper 0.05
Paraffin Wax 0.25
Peat 0.08
Perlite, atmospheric pressure 0.031
Perlite, vacuum 0.00137
Phenolic cast resins 0.15
Phenol-formaldehyde moulding compounds 0.13 - 0.25
Phosphorbronze 110
Pinchbeck 159
Pitch 0.13
Pit coal 0.24
Plaster light 0.2
Plaster, metal lath 0.47
Plaster, sand 0.71
Plaster, wood lath 0.28
Plasticine 0.65 - 0.8
Plastics, foamed (insulation materials) 0.03
Platinum 70 71 72
Plutonium 6.7
15
Plywood 0.13
Polycarbonate 0.19
Polyester 0.05
Polyethylene low density, PEL 0.33
Polyethylene high density, PEH 0.42 - 0.51
Polyisoprene natural rubber 0.13
Polyisoprene hard rubber 0.16
Polymethylmethacrylate 0.17 - 0.25
Polypropylene, PP 0.1 - 0.22
Polystyrene, expanded styrofoam 0.03
Polystyrol 0.043
Polyurethane foam 0.03
Porcelain 1.5
Potassium 1
Potato, raw flesh 0.55
Propane (gas) 0.015
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.25
Polyvinylchloride, PVC 0.19
Pyrex glass 1.005
Quartz mineral 3
Radon (gas) 0.0033
Red metal 128
Rhenium 71
Rhodium 88
Rock, solid 2.Tem
Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) 0.5 - 2.5
Rock Wool insulation 0.045
Rosin 0.32
Rubber, cellular 0.045
Rubber, natural 0.13
Rubidium 58
Salmon (73% moisture content) 0.5
Sand, dry 0.15 - 0.25
Sand, moist 0.25 - 2
Sand, saturated 2.Nis
Sandstone 1.7
Sawdust 0.08
Selenium 0.2
Sheep wool 0.039
Silica aerogel 0.02
Silicon cast resin 0.15 - 0.32
Silicon carbide 120
Silicon oil 0.1
Silver 429
Slag wool 0.042
Slate 2.01
Snow (temp < 0oC) 0.05 - 0.25
Sodium 135 (solid) 86 (liquid)
Softwoods (fir, pine ..) 0.12
Soil, clay 1.1
Soil, with organic matter 0.15 - 2
Soil, saturated 0.6 - 4
Soot 0.07
Steam, saturated 0.0184
Steam, low pressure 0.0188
Steatite 2
Steel, Carbon 1% 43
Stainless Steel 16 17 19
Straw slab insulation, compressed 0.09
Styrofoam 0.033
Sulfur dioxide (gas) 0.0086
Sulfur, crystal 0.2
16
Sugars 0.087 - 0.22
Tantalum 54
Tar 0.19
Tellurium 4.9
Thorium 38
Timber, alder 0.17
Timber, ash 0.16
Timber, birch 0.14
Timber, larch 0.12
Timber, maple 0.16
Timber, oak 0.17
Timber, pitchpine 0.14
Timber, pockwood 0.19
Timber, red beech 0.14
Timber, red pine 0.15
Timber, white pine 0.15
Timber, walnut 0.15
Tin Sn 67
Titanium 22
Tungsten 174
Uranium 27.6
Urethane foam 0.021
Perfect Vacuum 0
Vermiculite granules 0.065
Vinyl ester 0.25
Water 0.606
Water, vapor (steam) 0.0267 0.0359
Wax 0.084
Wheat flour 0.45
White metal 35 - 70
Wood across the grain, white pine 0.12
Wood across the grain, balsa 0.055
Wood across the grain, yellow pine, timber 0.147
Wood, oak 0.17
Wool, felt 0.07
Wood wool, slab 0.1 - 0.15
Xenon (gas) 0.0051
Zinc Zn 116
Table 1.4.1-3 Thermal conductivities of some materials as a function of temperature[93],[94]

C Mn Si
C9
0.57 0.55 0.38
Steel 3 TK k W/mK
273.1 51
5
373.2 47.7
473.2 44.8
573.2 41.8
673.2 39.2
773.2 38.1
k C Cu Mn P S Si Ni Cr As
C129 TK
W/mK 0.8 0.07 0.32 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.02
British steel 7 273.1 49.8 1
5
323.1 49.4
5
373.1 48.3
5
423.1 46.9
5
473.1 45.2
5
523.1 43.1
5
573.1 41.4
5
623.1 39.8
5
673.1 38.1
5
723.1 36.6
5
773.1 35.4
5
17
823.1 34.1
5
873.1 29.9
5
923.1 31.6
5
973.1 30.3
5
993.1 29.7
5
1013. 23.9
2
1023. 23.9
2
1073. 24.3
2
1123. 24.7
2
1173. 25.1
2
1223. 25.9
2
1273. 26.8
2 k C Cu Mn P S Si
C124 TK
W/mK 0.64 0.09 0.27 0.01 0.028 0.06
12 Forged 283.1 K
43.9
5
303.1 43.9
5
391.1 43.9
5
420.1 43.9
5
469.1 43.5
5
521.1 43.1
5
527.1 41.4
5
641.1 41
5
690.1 41
5
796.1 36.8
5
851.1 35.8
5
912.1 36
5
967.1 38.5
5
999.1 29.7
5
1044. 28.9
2
1100. 30.5
2
1134. 28.9
2
1199. 31.8
2 k C Cu Mn P S0.01 Si
C127 TK
W/mK 1.3 0.06 0.4 0.04 8 0.08
26 283.1 36 6
5
303.1 36
5
383.1 36
5
407.1 36.8
5
460.1 36.8
5
487.1 36.4
5
541.1 36.8
5
595.1 36.8
5
638.1 34.3
5
693.1 35.6
5
728.1 35.6
5
760.1 34.3
5
803.1 32.6
5
863.1 31.8
5
910.1 31
5
973.1 41.4
5
1022. 27.6
2
1102. 26.8
2
1147. 28
2 k C Cu Mn P S Si Ni Cr As Mo Al
C132 TK
W/mK 0.8 0.07 0.32 0.00 0.009 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.02 <0.0 0.00
British steel 7 273.1 49.8 8 1 1 4
5
323.1 49.4
5
373.1 48.3
5
423.1 46.9
5
473.1 45.1
5
523.1 43.1
5
573.1 41.4
5
623.1 40.1
5
18
k Cr C Mn Ni P S Si Al Cu V As
T328 C26 TK
W/mK 12.95 0.13 0.25 0.14 0.018 0.024 0.17 0.034 0.06 0.012 0.015
chromium steel 273.1 27
5
323.1 27.2
5
373.1 27.6
5
423.1 27.6
5
473.1 27.8
5
523.1 27.8
5
573.1 28
5
623.1 28
5 k Cr C Mn Ni P S Si Al Cu V As
T328 C32 TK
W/mK 26 0.13 0.56 0.1 0.01 0.007 0.5 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.01
chromium steel 273.1 22.8 2 4 2 5
5
373.1 23.8
5
473.1 25.5
5
573.1 27.2
5
673.1 28.5
5
773.1 30.1
5
873.1 31.8
5
973.1 33.5
5
1073. 35.1
2
1173. 36.4
2 k Cr Nı C
T330 C2 TK
W/mK 17- 7-9 0.11
chromium-nickel 273.2 14.9 19
SS 304 373.2 16.3
405.9 17.2
423.2 17.6
444.1 17.8
457.2 17.9
463.2 18.1
473.2 18.1
483.3 18.4
512.2 18.8
523.2 18.8
534.2 19.2
547.8 19.3
583.7 19.7
599.6 19.9
614.3 20.1
637.8 20.5
670.5 20.7
678.7 21
695 21.2
757.7 22
773.2 22.4
839 23.1
851 23.3
904.1 24.2
920.5 24.5
934.1 24.8
991.4 25.4
1008 25.9
k Cr Ni C Mn Si P
T331 C3 TK
W/mK 16-18 6-8 0.08 2 0.11 0.002
AISI 301 SS 136.8 10.9 -0.2 2
184 13
225 13.4
266 14.2
329.8 16.3
355.5 16.7
380.3 17.6
405 16.7
19
536.4 18.8
602.5 19.7
722.3 20.9
831.8 22.6
887.8 23.4
1032. 25.5
4
1038. 25.1
8
1216. 26.4
7 Cr Ni C Mn Mo P Si S
T331 C4 TK k W/mK
16.82 11.6 0.10 1.59 2.18 0.01 0.26 0.02
AISI 316 SS 135.7 10.5 6 8 8 3
184.4 11.3
228.9 12.6
270 13.4
367.8 14.6
433.8 15.5
482.1 15.1
497.8 15.9
552.5 15.9
560.9 18
592.5 18.4
660.7 18.8
759.8 20.1
812.6 20.5
825.6 20.9
944.7 22.2
1031. 23.4
5
1114 23.8
1220. 25.1
4 Cr Ni C Co Mn Mo P Nb Si S
T331 C5 TK k W/mK
17.65 10.9 0.06 0.09 1.64 0.02 0.013 0.73 0.58 0.01
AISI 347 SS 137.7 11.7 4 7
185.4 13
228.6 14.2
269.2 14.6
361.9 15.1
427.9 15.9
429.5 16.7
490.8 16.7
540.7 18.4
550.1 17.6
552.1 16.7
576.5 18.8
662.8 18.8
741.5 20.5
768.9 20.1
801 21.3
919.1 23.4
996.9 23.4
1079. 24.7
9
1173. 25.9
6 k Cr Ni C Cu Mn Mo P Si Co S
T331 C64 TK
W/mK 17.45 12.6 0.06 0.09 1.59 2.55 0.023 0.6 0.19 0.01
AISI 316 3A SS 273.7 13 0 3 7
334.8 14.2
343.7 14.6
388.7 15.4
391.5 15.4
413.7 15.8
417.6 15.7
430.9 16.5
431.5 15.9
457.1 16.3
20
460.9 16.5
481.5 17.1
500.9 17.3
514.3 17.5
520.4 17.5
589.8 18.9
605.4 19.6
613.7 18.9
659.3 19.6
670.4 19.5
679.8 19.9
712.6 20
722.1 20.4
799.8 22.1
800.4 22
897.1 23.6
958.2 24.4
982.6 24.6
1113. 26.5
2
1185. 27.7
9 k Cr Ni C Mn Mo P Si S
T331 C65 TK
W/mK 17.45 12.6 0.06 1.88 2.70 0.021 0.54 0.01
AISI 316 4A SS 272.6 13.3 2 3 4
335.4 14.6
346.5 14.8
375.4 15.7
394.3 15.7
408.7 15.4
433.7 16.6
438.2 16
439.8 16.5
459.3 17
472.6 16.9
494.3 17
507.1 17
558.2 17.9
597.6 18.2
600.9 18.7
657.6 19.2
662.6 19.2
667.6 19.4
703.7 19.6
743.7 21.1
792.1 22.3
796.5 21.1
822.1 22.3
892.6 22.8
952.6 23.7
1012. 25.1
1
1140. 28.2
9
1218. 29.1
7 k Cr Ni Mn
TS331R C A TK
W/mK 18-20 8-12 2
SS304 25 2.7 max
50 5.8
75 8
100 9.5
150 11.5
200 13
250 14.2
273.1 14.7
5
300 15.2
350 16.2
21
400 17
450 17.7
500 18.4
600 19.8
700 21.2
800 22.5
900 23.9
1000 25.3
1100 26.7
1200 28.1
1300 29.5
1400 30.9
1500 32.3
1600 33.7
1665 34.7
k Cr Ni Mn Si
TS331R C B TK
W/mK 17-19 9-13 2 1
SS347 25 2.5 max max
50 5.4
75 7.6
100 9.1
150 11.1
200 12.6
250 13.8
273.1 14.3
5
300 14.8
350 15.7
400 16.5
450 17.2
500 17.9
600 19.2
700 20.5
800 21.9
900 23.2
1000 24.6
1100 25.9
1200 27.3
1300 28.6
1400 30
1500 31.3
1600 32.7
1665 33.6
T12R Pure copper TK k W/mK
0 0
10 19600
20 10500
30 4300
40 2050
50 1220
60 850
70 670
80 570
90 514
100 483
150 428
200 413
273.1 401
5
300 398
350 394
400 392
500 388
600 383
22
700 377
800 371
900 364
1000 357
1100 350
1200 342
1300 334
1356 330
T12R Pure Aluminium TK k W/mK
0 0
10 23500
20 11700
30 5180
40 2380
50 1230
60 754
70 532
80 414
90 344
100 302
150 248
200 237
273.1 236
5
300 237
350 394
400 340
500 237
600 232
700 226
800 220
900 213
933.2 211
k Cu Zn Mn Sn
T270 C1 TK
W/mK 60.7 38.5 0.32 0.5
Bronze bar 4 293 78.7
348 84.9
373 87.9
423 93.7
473 99.6
523 105.4
k Cu Al
T99 C1 TK
W/mK 90 10
Aluminium bronze 293.1 51
5
348.1 55.2
5
373.1 57.3
5
423.1 41.5
5
473.1 65.3
5
523.1 69.5
5 k Cu Ni
T100 C1 TK
W/mK 99.73 0.23
cupro nickel 293 321
473 324.3
k Cu Ni
T100 C49 TK
W/mK 99.96 0.30
cupro nickel 273.2 345.6 1 3
353.2 352
373.2 353.5
403.2 356
k Cu Ni
T100 C50 TK
W/mK 99.96 0.30
cupro nickel 273.2 331.8 1 3
353.2 338.9
373.2 340.6
23
403.2 343.1
k Cu Zn
T118 C15-16 TK
W/mK 70 30
Brass 70/30 108.2 74.5
123.2 77.8
135.2 80.8
152.2 83.3
170.2 88.7
188.2 92.5
204.2 95.4
238.2 100.4
260.2 105.4
281.2 105.9
296.2 109.6
298.2 109.2
351.2 127.6
367.2 128
372.2 132.6
386.2 130.1
394.2 135.1
413.2 140.6
437.2 142.3
448.2 141
481.2 143.1
511.2 149.4
541.2 143.1
571.2 145.6
610.2 149.4
634.2 150.2
648.2 147.7
703.2 146.4
T363 C1 TK k W/mK
GaAs (solar cell) 90 39.7
100 39.1
110 38.4
120 37.8
130 37.2
140 36.8
150 36.4
160 36.1
170 35.8
180 35.6
190 35.3
200 35.1
210 34.9
220 34.6
230 34.4
240 34.3
250 34.1
260 34
270 33.7
280 33.6
290 33.5
300 33
T50R TK k W/mK
Single crystal silisium 10 2110
pure 20 4940
30 4810
40 3530
50 2680
60 2110
70 1680
24
80 1340
90 1080
100 884
150 409
200 264
250 191
273.1 168
5
300 148
350 119
400 98.9
500 76.2
600 61.9
700 50.8
800 42.2
900 35.9
1000 31.2
1100 27.9
1200 25.7
1300 24.4
1400 23.5
1500 22.7
1600 22.1
1685 22
T52R Pure silver TK k W/mK
10 16800
20 5100
30 1930
40 1050
50 700
60 550
70 497
80 471
90 460
100 450
150 432
200 430
250 428
273.1 428
5
300 427
350 424
400 420
500 413
600 405
700 397
800 389
900 382
1000 374
1100 366
1200 358
1234 355
T19 C1 TK k W/mK
Gold 99.999% pure 10 2820
20 1500
30 760
40 520
50 420
60 380
70 358
80 352
90 348
100 345
150 335
25
200 327
250 320
273.1 319
5
300 315
350 313
400 312
500 309
600 304
700 298
800 292
900 285
1000 278
1100 271
1200 262
1300 251
1336. 247
T239R 2
TK k W/mK
Platinium pure 99.999% 10 1230
20 495
30 215
40 139
50 109
60 94.7
70 86.2
80 81.5
90 78.9
100 77.5
150 74
200 72.4
250 71.7
273.1 71.5
5
300 71.4
350 71.5
400 71.6
500 72.2
600 73
700 74.1
800 75.5
900 77
1000 78.6
1100 80.5
1200 82.5
1300 84.8
1400 87.1
1500 89.6
1600 92.1
1700 94.7
1800 97.3
k Ni Cu Fe Al Mn Si Co S Mg P
T287 C15 TK
W/mK 67.1 29.1 1.72 0.04 0.98 0.01 0.33 0.01 0.13 0.02
Monel 273.1 21.3 8 4 4
5
373.1 24.3
5
473.1 27.6
5
573.1 30.5
5
673.1 33.5
5
773.1 36.8
5
873.1 39.8
5
973.1 42.9
5
1073. 46
2T367 C1 2
TK k W/mK
Cotton fabric 313.2 0.0753
2T367 C1 TK k W/mK
26
Cotton slicate 400.9 0.0582
402.7 0.0715
527.2 0.0885
582.2 0.1074
2T368 TK k W/mK
Cotton wool 92.2 0.0138
136 0.017
155.9 0.0211
188 0.0256
204.4 0.0275
217.2 0.0298
251.2 0.036
263.5 0.0384
278 0.0406
286.2 0.0422
2T373 TK k W/mK
Asbestos cement board 338.7 0.77
366.5 0.757
394.3 0.749
422.1 0.742
449.8 0.739
477.6 0.736
505.4 0.736
533.2 0.736
560.9 0.733
588.7 0.731
2T374 TK k W/mK
Asphalt-Glass wool 222.2 0.0304
233.7 0.0326
255.4 0.0348
272.2 0.0369
288.9 0.0394
305.5 0.0414
2T375 TK k W/mK
cardboard 273.2 0.138
density 0.79 g/cm^3 293.2 0.143
323.2 0.167
2T376 TK k W/mK
lignin impregnated 222 0.241
fireboard
238.7 0.247
255.4 0.251
272.2 0.255
288.9 0.261
305.5 0.265
2T380 TK k W/mK
Plywood 222 0.101
density 0.552 g/cm^3 238.7 0.104
255.4 0.107
272.2 0.111
288.9 0.114
305.5 0.117
2T381 C34 TK k W/mK
Fiberglass 260.7 0.036
density 0.033 g/cm^3 270.2 0.0389
275.7 0.0395
2T381 C36 TK k W/mK
density 0.12 g/cm^3 270.7 0.03
275.2 0.0307
280.2 0.0314
2T381 C37 TK k W/mK
27
density 0.088 g/cm^3 271.7 0.0325
277.2 0.0316
281.6 0.0322
286.2 0.0331
2T382 TK k W/mK
glass fiber board 289.1 0.0499
density 0.215 g/cm3 289.7 0.0495
290.1 0.0494
311.2 0.0324
311.6 0.0524
311.7 0.0518
315.7 0.053
2T385 TK k W/mK
Paper 294.7 0.18
297.2 0.18
310.2 0.184
321.2 0.184
335.2 0.186
339.2 0.18
353.2 0.186
359.2 0.182
360.2 0.184
361.7 0.186
365.2 0.184
385.2 0.18
2T387 C1 TK k W/mK
Vegetable fibreboard 222 0.0495
0.75 in thick 0.251 g/cm3 238 0.0516
moisture 24.1 % 255.4 0.0542
272.2 0.0565
288.9 0.0588
305.5 0.0611
2T387 C2 TK k W/mK
0.75 in thick 0.251 g/cm3 238 0.0441
moisture 3.1 % 255.4 0.046
272.2 0.0477
288.9 0.0495
305.5 0.0513
2T387 C3 TK k W/mK
0.75 in thick 0.251 g/cm3 238.7 0.043
moisture 0 % 255.4 0.0447
272.2 0.0466
288.9 0.0483
305.5 0.0502
2T389 C1 TK k W/mK
wood fiber blanket 222 0.0286
density 0.056 g/cm3 238.7 0.0304
255.4 0.0322
272.2 0.034
288.9 0.0361
305.5 0.0384
2T389 C2 TK k W/mK
wood fiber mat 222 0.027
density 0.056 g/cm3 238.7 0.0293
255.4 0.0316
272.2 0.034
288.9 0.0363
305.5 0.0392
2T390 TK k W/mK
wool felt 313.2 0.0623
28
SG 0.15 343.2 0.0732
2T393 C1 TK k W/mK
Mineral fiber 297.1 0.042
0.0264 g/cm3 311 0.0453
324.8 0.0494
2T393 C2 TK k W/mK
0.0561 g/cm3 311 0.0428
324.8 0.0463
2T393 C3 TK k W/mK
0.0396 g/cm3 311 0.0404
324.8 0.0438
2T393 C4 TK k W/mK
0.0529 g/cm3 311 0.0389
324.8 0.0418
2T393 C5 TK k W/mK
0.0681 g/cm3 311 0.0401
324.8 0.0433
2T393 C6 TK k W/mK
0.112 g/cm3 311 0.0388
324.8 0.0412
2T394 C5 TK k W/mK
Mineral wool 222 0.0366
density 0.252 g/cm3 238.7 0.0387
255.4 0.0405
272.2 0.0424
288.9 0.0444
305.5 0.0464
2T394 C6 TK k W/mK
Mineral wool 222 0.0346
density 0.232-0.264 238.7 0.0361
g/cm3 255.4 0.0389
272.2 0.0404
288.9 0.0418
305.5 0.0464
2T400 TK k W/mK
Bitumen 292.1 0.166
355.9 0.173
2T402 TK k W/mK
charcoal 293 0.36
2T264 TK k W/mK
olivine Basalt 209.3 0.142
density 1.49 g/cm3 249.9 0.254
267.1 0.165
279.9 0.246
338.2 0.157
367.1 0.228
2T268 TK k W/mK
dolomite 484 1.1
521 1.08
565 1.36
619 1.37
678 1.24
729 1.25
773 1.25
835 1.14
888 0.983
932 1.09
29
970 1.16
1051 0.699
1098 0.64
1173 0.356
1208 0.452
2T269 TK k W/mK
earth 293.2 0.186
333.2 0.199
403.2 0.234
503.2 0.289
618.2 0.337
708.2 0.383
813.2 0.423
2T271 C4 TK k W/mK
granite 330 1.51
383 1.63
448 1.76
483 1.87
573 1.76
658 2.01
728 1.74
793 1.74
811 1.52
873 1.64
943 1.8
2T272 TK k W/mK
limestone 392.1 1.43
395.9 1.42
450.4 1.41
472 1.19
512 1.2
513 1.28
546 1.15
553 1.21
610 1.21
683 1.19
736 1.12
813 1.11
878 1.11
952 1.12
1013 1.07
1075 1.03
1181 0.619
1253 0.573
1324 0.54
2T273 TK k W/mK
mica 92.2 0.0306
130.3 0.0374
155.2 0.0396
176.2 0.0436
192.2 0.0478
206.2 0.0509
216.4 0.053
225.2 0.0554
234.2 0.0571
248.2 0.0602
260.2 0.0635
265.2 0.0647
275.2 0.0656
288.9 0.0659
305.5 0.0687
2T274 TK k W/mK
30
expanded perlite 170.7 0.025
density 0.048 228.2 0.0325
283.2 0.0395
2T275
rock 287.3 0.606
consisted of fine grade TK k W/mK
quartz diorite
2T276 332 2.91
salt 375 2.83
439 2.89
464 2.78
496 2.6
532 2.65
600 2.51
2T277 C60 TK k W/mK
sand 180.4 0.209
212.6 0.243
235.4 0.296
279.3 0.172
279.9 0.138
303.8 0.236
312.1 0.22
332.1 0.222
342.6 0.246
2T278 TK k W/mK
sandstone 303.2 0.0264
2T302 TK k W/mK
nylon 357.9 0.0138
2T303 TK k W/mK
phenolic resin 293.5 0.3
2T305 C7 TK k W/mK
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 118.6 0.15
123.2 0.15
127.3 0.151
131.8 0.151
136.1 0.153
139.6 0.153
144.2 0.154
148.1 0.154
151.5 0.155
156.3 0.156
158.9 0.156
162.6 0.157
166.6 0.157
169.5 0.158
173.2 0.158
177.6 0.158
181 0.158
183.6 0.159
188 0.159
190.7 0.159
193.7 0.16
197.5 0.161
201.2 0.161
203.7 0.161
207.2 0.161
209.8 0.161
213.4 0.162
216.3 0.162
219.4 0.162
223.1 0.162
231.2 0.162
233.4 0.162
31
236.9 0.161
242.7 0.162
245.3 0.161
247.9 0.16
252.8 0.16
253.7 0.16
258.8 0.16
260.9 0.159
263.7 0.159
266.6 0.159
268.8 0.158
271.5 0.157
272.5 0.158
276.4 0.157
278.7 0.157
281.7 0.157
283.9 0.156
286.6 0.156
289.1 0.156
291.3 0.155
294.2 0.155
296.8 0.155
298.8 0.155
301.4 0.155
304.2 0.154
306.1 0.154
308.4 0.154
310.7 0.153
312.7 0.153
316.7 0.153
317.3 0.153
320.7 0.152
322.7 0.152
324.8 0.152
326.8 0.151
329.4 0.151
332.7 0.151
335.1 0.15
336.8 0.151
339.4 0.15
341.7 0.15
345.1 0.15
349.1 0.15
350.6 0.149
352.7 0.149
354.5 0.148
356.7 0.148
359.4 0.148
362.1 0.148
2T306 C1 TK k W/mK
Polyethylene MW 21000 305.2 0.28
317.2 0.278
322.2 0.268
333.7 0.264
343.7 0.268
352.7 0.276
362.7 0.274
2T306 C2 TK k W/mK
Polyethylene MW 70000- 293.2 0.349
80000 313.2 0.331
319.2 0.32
326.2 0.316
32
328.2 0.314
333.2 0.31
344.7 0.301
349.7 0.295
360.2 0.285
371.2 0.272
2T308 TK k W/mK
Plexiglass 183.3 0.105
polymethylmethacrylate 184.4 0.106
244.8 0.134
245.6 0.135
300.3 0.154
332.1 0.158
332.2 0.157
2T309 TK k W/mK
Polystyrene 249.2 0.109
273.2 0.116
306.2 0.126
339.2 0.129
350.2 0.118
363.2 0.128
373.2 0.129
423.2 0.136
466.2 0.139
2T316 TK k W/mK
Teflon 358.7 0.42
394.3 0.411
439.3 0.401
470.9 0.317
481.5 0.346
485.4 0.346
527.6 0.352
532.1 0.337
553.2 0.375
563.2 0.426
572.1 0.404
2T311 TK k W/mK
polytrifluorochloroethyle 317.6 0.146
ne 350.7 0.185
370.9 0.211
383.2 0.245
390.9 0.232
402.6 0.237
408.2 0.249
435.9 0.235
437.6 0.251
460.9 0.267
464.6 0.248
2T312 TK k W/mK
Rubber 109.2 0.0941
113.2 0.1
117.2 0.105
143.2 0.117
149.2 0.119
156.2 0.118
157.2 0.118
171.2 0.123
181.2 0.126
193.2 0.13
217.2 0.146
239.2 0.14
263.2 0.142
33
285.2 0.159
301.2 0.172
Values can also put into a program format. The following program uses cubic spline interpolation
formula to fit temperature dependent curve fitting.
public class thermal_conductivity_CS_Data extends Object

{
//this class reads and store thermal conductivity data
public double a[][];
public String solidName;
public String additional_info;
double kmin,kmax;
public double kl[][]; // thermal conductivity
public int n;
// order of data
// a[0] temperature degree K
//a [1] kl thermal conductivity
public thermal_conductivity_CS_Data(String solidNamei,String additional_infoi,double ai[][])
{
solidName=solidNamei;
a=ai;
n=a[0].length;
additional_info=additional_infoi;
int n=a[0].length;
int i,j;
if(n>2) kl=cubic_spline(a[0],a[1],0.0,0.0);
}
public void additional_info(String s)
{additional_info=s;}
public static double [] thomas(double a[][],double r[])
{
int n=a.length;
double f[]=new double[n];
double e[]=new double[n];
double g[]=new double[n];
double x[]=new double[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {f[i]=a[i][i];}
for(int i=0;i<(n-1);i++) {g[i]=a[i][i+1];}
for(int i=0;i<(n-1);i++) {e[i+1]=a[i+1][i];}
for(int k=1;k<n;k++)
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
for(int k=(n-2);k>=0;k--)
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}
public static double [] thomas(double f[],double e[],double g[],double r[])

{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}
//cubic spline curve fitting
public static double [][] cubic_spline(double xi[],double yi[],double c0,double cn)
{
int n=xi.length;
double h[]=new double[n];
double w[]=new double[n];
34
double d[]=new double[n];
double S[][]=new double[4][n];
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{h[k]=xi[k+1]-xi[k];
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[2]=thomas(f,e,g,d);
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}
//cubic spline curve fitting function
public static double funcSpline(double S[][],double x)
{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
for(int k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
y=S[0][k]*xx1+S[1][k]*xx2+(xx1*xx1*xx1*S[2][k+1]+xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(6.0*hk);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}
//Cubic spline interpolation output
public static double[][] funcSpline(double xi[],double yi[],int numberofmidpoints)
{
//numberofmidpoints:in x--o--o--x--o--o--x if x is x
// are experimental points number of midpoints are 2
int n=xi.length;
int nn=(n-1)*(numberofmidpoints+1)+1;
double z[][]=new double[2][nn];
double S[][]=cubic_spline(xi,yi,0,0);
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
{ z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcSpline(S,z[0][k]);k++;
for(int j=0;j<numberofmidpoints;j++)
{dx=(xi[i+1]-xi[i])/((double)numberofmidpoints+1.0);
z[0][k]=z[0][k-1]+dx;z[1][k]=funcSpline(S,z[0][k]);k++;}
}
z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcSpline(S,z[0][k]);
35
return z;
}
// derivative formulas
// =================
public static double dfSpline(double xi[],double yi[],double c0,double cn,double x)
{ //kübik şerit türev formülü
double S[][]=cubic_spline(xi,yi,c0,cn);
return dfSpline(S,x);
}
public static double dfSpline(double S[][],double x)

{
//cubic spline derivative formula
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
y=S[0][k]-S[1][k]+(xx1*xx1*S[2][k+1]-xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(2.0*hk);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}
public static double dfSpline(double xi[],double yi[],double x)

{
//natural cubic spline derivative formula
}
public static double intSpline(double S[][],double a,double b)

{
//cubic spline function integral
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
{toplam=0;
}//condition 1
else if(S[3][k]<=a && a<=S[3][k+1] && b>S[3][k+1])//şart 2
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
y1=S[0][k]*xx1*xx1/2.0-S[1][k]*xx2*xx2/2.0+(xx1*xx1*xx1*xx1*S[2][k+1]-xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else if(S[3][k]<=a && a<=S[3][k+1] && S[3][k]<=b && b<=S[3][k+1])//şart 3
{ //condition 3
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
36
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else if(a<S[3][k] && b>=S[3][k+1]) //condition 4
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else if(S[3][k]<=b && b<=S[3][k+1])//condition 5
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}
public static double s0(double S[][],double a,double b)

{
// cubic spline function integral of (S(x)/x)
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0; //x
//ak S[0][k]
//bk S[1][k]
//ck S[2][k]
//xk s[3][k]
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
double xk1=0,xk=0,ak=0,bk=0,ck=0,ck1=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xk=S[3][k];
xk1=S[3][k+1];
ak=S[0][k];
bk=S[1][k];
ck=S[2][k];
ck1=S[2][k+1];
if(a>xk1)
{toplam=0;
}//şart1
else if(xk<=a && a<=xk1 && b>xk1)//şart 2
{
xx1=(xk1-a);
xx2=(xk1/a);
y1=(ak-bk)*xx1+(bk*xk1-ak*xk)*Math.log(xx2);
xx1=xk1;
xx2=a;
y1+=ck1*((xx1*xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2*xx2)/3.0-
1.5*(xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2)*xk+
3.0*xk*xk*(xx1-xx2)-
xk*xk*xk*Math.log(xx1/xx2))/6/hk;
y1+=ck*(xk1*xk1*xk1*Math.log(xx1/xx2)-
3.0*xk1*xk1*(xx1-xx2)+1.5*xk1*(xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2)-
1.0/3.0*(xx1*xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2*xx2))/6/hk;
toplam+=y1;
}
{
xx1=(b-a);
xx2=(b/a);
xx1=b;
xx2=a;
37
1.0/3.0*(xx1*xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2*xx2))/6/hk;
toplam+=y1;
}
else if(a<S[3][k] && b>=S[3][k+1]) //şart 4
{
xx1=(xk1-xk);
xx2=(xk1/xk);
xx1=xk1;
xx2=xk;
1.0/3.0*(xx1*xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2*xx2))/6/hk;
toplam+=y1;
}
else if(S[3][k]<=b && b<=S[3][k+1])//şart 5
{ xx1=(b-xk);
xx2=(b/xk);
xx1=b;
xx2=xk;
1.0/3.0*(xx1*xx1*xx1-xx2*xx2*xx2))/6/hk;
toplam+=y1;
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}
public static double intSpline(double xi[],double yi[],double c0,double cn,double a,double b)

{double S[][]=cubic_spline(xi,yi,c0,cn);
return intSpline(S,a,b);
}
public double k_l(double t)

{ if(n==1) return a[1][0];
else if(n==2)
{double R=(t-a[0][0])/(a[0][1]-a[0][0]);
return a[1][0]+R*(a[1][1]-a[1][0]);}
else
{ if(t<a[0][0]) return a[1][0];
else if(t>a[0][n-1]) return a[1][n-1];
else{
return funcSpline(kl,t);}
}
}
}
//======================================================
// java Termodynamic- heat transfer package
// Class thermal_conductivity_CS thermal conducticity of solids
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// Ege Üniversitesi Mühendislik fakultesi
// Makina Bölümü
//
//===========================================================
// program name : thermalconductivity_CS.java
// ==========================================================
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
38
import java.util.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class thermal_conductivity_CS

{ private static final long serialVersionUID =76986793L;
String s[];
public thermal_conductivity_CS_Data rd;
public String solidName;
public String additional_info;
public thermal_conductivity_CS(String rName)

{
String s2[]={
"C9 Carbon Steel 3",
"C129 British steel 7",
"C124 12 Forged steel",
"C127 26 carbon steel",
"C132 British carbon steel 7",
"T328 C26 chromium steel",
"T328 C32 chromium steel",
"T330 C2 chromium-nickel stainless steel SS304",
"T331 C3 AISI 301 SS stainless steel",
"T331 C64 AISI 316 3A SS stainless steel",
"T331 C65 AISI 316 4A SS stainless steel",
"TS331R C A SS304 stainless steel",
"TS331R C B SS347 stainless steel",
"T12R Pure copper %99.999",
"T12R Pure Aluminium %99.999",
"T270 C1 Bronze bar 4",
"T99 C1 Aluminium bronze",
"T100 C1 cupro nickel",
"T100 C50 cupro nickel",
"T118 C15-16 Brass 70/30",
"T363 C1 GaAs(solar cell)",
"T50R Single crystal silisium pure",
"T52R Pure silver",
"T19 C1 Gold 99.999% pure",
"T23R Platinium pure 99.999%",
"T287 C15 Monel",
"2T367 C1 Cotton fabric",
"2T367 C1 cotton slicate",
"2T368 Cotton wool",
"2T373 Asbestos cement board",
"2T374 Asphalt-Glass wool",
"2T375 cardboard density 790 kg/m^3",
"2T376 lignin impregnated fireboard",
"2T380 Plywood density 552 kg/m^3",
"2T381 C34 Fiberglass density 33 kg/m^3",
"2T382 glass fiber board density 215 kg/m^3",
"2T385 paper",
"2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 24.1 %",
"2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 3.1 %",
"2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 0 %",
"2T389 C1 wood fiber blanket density 56 kg/m^3",
"2T389 C2 wood fiber mat density 56 kg/m^3",
"2T390 wood felt SG 0.15",
"2T393 C1 mineral fiber density 26.4 kg/m^3",
"2T393 C6 mineral fiber density 112 kg/m^3",
"2T394 C5 mineral wool density 252 kg/m^3",
"2T394 C5 mineral wool density 232-264 kg/m^3",
"2T400 Bitumen",
"2T402 charcoal",
"2T264 olivine basalt density 1490 kg/m^3",
"2T268 dolomite",
"2T269 earth",
"2T271 C4 granite",
"2T272 limestone",
"2T273 mica",
"2T274 expanded perlite density 48 kg/m^3",
39
"2T275 rock consisted fine grade quartz diorite",
"2T276 salt",
"2T277 C60 sand",
"2T278 sandstone",
"2T302 nylon",
"2T303 phenolic resin",
"2T305 C7 polyvinylcholoride",
"2T306 C1 Polyethylene MW 21000",
"2T306 C2 Polyethylene MW 70000-80000",
"2T308 Plexiglass (polymethylmethacrylate)",
"2T309 Polystyrene",
"2T316 teflon",
"2T311 polytrifluorochloroethylene",
"2T312 rubber"};
s=s2;
readref(rName);
}
public String[] list()
{ return s;}
public String readNames()

{ String s1="";
for(int i=0;i<s.length;i++) {s1+=s[i]+"\n";}
return s1;
}
public boolean readref(String rName)

{ String s="";
boolean b2=false;
if(readref1(rName)) {b2=true;}
solidName=rd.solidName;
additional_info=rd.additional_info;
return b2;
}
public boolean readref1(String rName)
{
boolean b1=false;
if(rName.equals("C9 Carbon Steel 3"))
{double a[][]={{ 273.15,373.2,473.2,573.2,673.2,773.2},
{51,47.7,44.8,41.8,39.2,38.1}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("C9 Carbon Steel 3","C 0.57 Mn 0.55 Si 0.38",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("C129 British steel 7"))
{double
a[][]={{273.15,323.15,373.15,423.15,473.15,523.15,573.15,623.15,673.15,723.15,773.15,823.15,873.15,923.15,973.15,993.15,1013.15,10
23.15,1073.15,1123.15,1173.15,1223.15,1273.15},
{49.8,49.4,48.3,46.9,45.2,43.1,41.4,39.8,38.1,36.6,35.4,34.1,29.9,31.6,30.3,29.7,23.9,23.9,24.3,24.7,25.1,25.9,26.8}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("C129 British steel 7",
"C 0.8 Cu 0.07 Mn 0.32 P 0.08 S 0.09 Si 0.13 Ni0.13 Cr 0.11 As0.021",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("C124 12 Forged steel"))
{double
a[][]={{283.15,303.15,391.15,420.15,469.15,521.15,527.15,641.15,690.15,796.15,851.15,912.15,967.15,999.15,1044.15,1100.15,1134.15,
1199.15},
{43.9,43.9,43.9,43.9,43.5,43.1,41.4,41,41,36.8,35.8,36,38.5,29.7,28.9,30.5,28.9,31.8,}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("C124 12 Forged steel",
"C0.64 Cu0.09 Mn0.27 P0.01 S 0.028 Si 0.06",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("C127 26 carbon steel"))
{double
a[][]={{283.15,303.15,391.15,420.15,469.15,521.15,527.15,641.15,690.15,796.15,851.15,912.15,967.15,999.15,1044.15,1100.15,1134.15,
1199.15},
{43.9,43.9,43.9,43.9,43.5,43.1,41.4,41,41,36.8,35.8,
36,38.5,29.7,28.9,30.5,28.9,31.8}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("C127 26 carbon steel",
"C1.3 Cu0.06 Mn0.4 P0.046 S0.018 Si0.08",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("C132 British carbon steel 7"))
{double a[][]={{273.15,323.15,373.15,423.15,473.15,523.15,573.15,623.15},
{49.8,49.4,48.3,46.9,45.1,43.1,41.4,40.1}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("C132 British carbon steel 7",
"C0.8 Cu0.07 Mn0.32 P0.008 S0.009 Si0.13 Ni 0.13 Cr 0.11 As 0.021 Mo <0.01 Al 0.004",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T328 C26 chromium steel"))
{double a[][]={{273.15,323.15,373.15,423.15,473.15,523.15,573.15,623.15},
{27,27.2,27.6,27.6,27.8,27.8,28,28}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T328 C26 chromium steel",
40
"Cr12.95 C0.13 Mn0.25 Ni0.14 P0.018 S0.024 Si 0.17 Al 0.034 Cu 0.06 V 0.012 As 0.015",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T330 C2 chromium-nickel stainless steel SS304"))
{double
a[][]={{273.2,373.2,405.9,423.2,444.1,457.2,463.2,473.2,483.3,512.2,523.2,534.2,547.8,583.7,599.6,614.3,637.8,670.5,678.7,695 ,757.7,77
3.2,839,851,904.1,920.5,934.1,991.4,1008},
{14.9,16.3,17.2,17.6,17.8,17.9,18.1,18.1,18.4,18.8,18.8,19.2,19.3,19.7,19.9,20.1,20.5,20.7,21,21.2,22,22.4,23.1,23.3,24.2,24.5,24.8,25.4,25
.9}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T330 C2 chromium-nickel stainless steel SS304",
"Cr 17-19 Ni 7-9 C 0.11",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T331 C3 AISI 301 SS stainless steel"))
{double a[][]={{136.8,184,225,266,329.8,355.5,380.3,405,536.4,602.5,722.3,831.8,887.8,1032.4,1038.8,1216.7},
{10.9,13,13.4,14.2,16.3,16.7,17.6,16.7,18.8,19.7,20.9,22.6,23.4,25.5,25.1,26.4}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T331 C3 AISI 301 SS stainless steel",
"Cr 16.82 Ni 11.66 C 0.108 Mn 1.59 Mo 2.18 P 0.018 Si 0.26 S 0.023",a);
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{135.7,184.4,228.9,270,367.8,433.8,482.1,497.8,552.5,560.9,592.5,660.7,759.8,812.6,825.6,944.7,1031.5,1114,1220.4},
{10.5,11.3,12.6,13.4,14.6,15.5,15.1,15.9,15.9,18,18.4,18.8,20.1,20.5,20.9,22.2,23.4,23.8,25.1}};
"Cr 16.82 Ni 11.66 C 0.108 Mn 1.59 Mo 2.18 P 0.018 Si 0.26 S 0.023",a);
b1=true;}
{double
a[][]={{137.7,185.4,228.6,269.2,361.9,427.9,429.5,490.8,540.7,550.1,552.1,576.5,662.8,741.5,768.9,801,919.1,996.9,1079.9,1173 .6},
{11.7,13,14.2,14.6,15.1,15.9,16.7,16.7,18.4,17.6,16.7,18.8,18.8,20.5,20.1,21.3,23.4,23.4,24.7,25.9}};
"Cr 17.65 Ni 10.94 C 0.06 Co 0.09 Mn1.64 Mo0.02 P 0.013 Nb0.73 Si 0.58 S 0.017",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T331 C64 AISI 316 3A SS stainless steel"))
{double
a[][]={{273.7,334.8,343.7,388.7,391.5,413.7,417.6,430.9,431.5,457.1,460.9,481.5,500.9,514.3,520.4,589.8,605.4,613.7,659.3,670.4,679.8,
712.6,722.1,799.8,800.4,897.1,958.2,982.6,1113.2,1185.9},
{13,14.2,14.6,15.4,15.4,15.8,15.7,16.5,15.9,16.3,16.5,17.1,17.3,17.5,17.5,18.9,19.6,18.9,19.6,19.5,19.9,20,20.4,22.1,22,23.6,24.4,24.6,26.5
,27.7}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T331 C64 AISI 316 3A SS stainless steel",
"Cr 17.45 Ni12.60 C0.063 Cu0.09 Mn 1.59 Mo 2.55 P 0.023 Si 0.6 Co 0.19 S 0.017",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("TS331R C A SS304 stainless steel"))
{double a[][]={{25,75,100,150,200,250,273.15,300,350,400,450,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500,1600,1665},
{2.7,5.8,8,9.5,11.5,13,14.2,14.7,15.2,16.2,17,17.7,18.4,19.8,21.2,22.5,23.9,25.3,26.7,28.1,29.5,30.9,32.3,33.7,34.7}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("TS331R C A SS304 stainless steel",
"Cr 18-20 Ni 8-12 Mn 2 max ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("TS331R C B SS347 stainless steel"))
{double a[][]={{25,50,75,100,150,200,250,273.15,300,350,400,450,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500,1600,1665,},
{2.5,5.4,7.6,9.1,11.1,12.6,13.8,14.3,14.8,15.7,16.5,17.2,17.9,19.2,20.5,21.9,23.2,24.6,25.9,27.3,28.6,30,31.3,32.7,33.6}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("TS331R C B SS347 stainless steel",
"Cr 17-19 Ni9-13 Mn 2 max Si 1 (mx)",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T12R Pure copper %99.999"))
{double a[][]={{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,273.15,300,350,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1356},
{19600,10500,4300,2050,1220,850,670,570,514,483,428,413,401,398,394,392,388,383,377,371,364,357,350,342,334,330}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T12R Pure copper %99.999",
"Cu %99.999",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T12R Pure Aluminium %99.999"))
{double a[][]={{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,273.15,300,350,400,500,600,700,800,900,933.2},
{23500,11700,5180,2380,1230,754,532,414,344,302,248,237,236,237,394,340,237,232,226,220,213,211}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T12R Pure Aluminium %99.999",
"Al %99.999",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T270 C1 Bronze bar 4"))
{double a[][]={{293,348,373,423,473,523},
{78.7,84.9,87.9,93.7,99.6,105.4}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T270 C1 Bronze bar 4",
"Cu 60.7 Zn 38.5 Mn 0.32 Sn0.5",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T99 C1 Aluminium bronze"))
{double a[][]={{293.15,348.15,373.15,423.15,473.15,523.15},
{51,55.2,57.3,41.5,65.3,69.5}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T99 C1 Aluminium bronze","Cu 90 Al 10",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T100 C1 cupro nickel"))
{double a[][]={{293,473},
{321,324.3}};
41
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T100 C1 cupro nickel",
"Cu 99.73 Ni 0.23",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T100 C50 cupro nickel"))
{double a[][]={{273.2,353.2,373.2,403.2},
{345.6,352,353.5,356}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T100 C50 cupro nickel",
"Cu 99.96 Ni 0.303",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T118 C15-16 Brass 70/30"))
{double
a[][]={{108.2,123.2,135.2,152.2,170.2,188.2,204.2,238.2,260.2,281.2,296.2,298.2,351.2,367.2,372.2,386.2,394.2,413.2,437.2,448.2,481.2,
511.2,541.2,571.2,610.2,634.2,648.2,703.2},
{74.5,77.8,80.8,83.3,88.7,92.5,95.4,100.4,105.4,105.9,109.6,109.2,127.6,128,132.6,130.1,135.1,140.6,142.3,141,143.1,149.4,143.1,145.6,1
49.4,150.2,147.7,146.4}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T118 C15-16 Brass 70/30",
"Cu 70 Zn 30",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T363 C1 GaAs(solar cell)"))
{double a[][]={{90,100,110,120,130,140,150,160,170,180,190,200,210,220,230,240,250,260,270,280,290,300},
{39.7,39.1,38.4,37.8,37.2,36.8,36.4,36.1,35.8,35.6,35.3,35.1,34.9,34.6,34.4,34.3,34.1,34,33.7,33.6,33.5,33}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T363 C1 GaAs(solar cell)",
" ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T50R Single crystal silisium pure"))
{double
a[][]={{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,250,273.15,300,350,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500,1600,168
5},
{2110,4940,4810,3530,2680,2110,1680,1340,1080,884,409,264,191,168,148,119,98.9,76.2,61.9,50.8,42.2,35.9,31.2,27.9,25.7,24.4,23.5,22
.7,22.1,22}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T50R Single crystal silisium pure",
"Si % 99.999 ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T52R Pure silver"))
{double a[][]={{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,250,273.15,300,350,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1234},
{16800,5100,1930,1050,700,550,497,471,460,450,432,430,428,428,427,424,420,413,405,397,389,382,374,366,358,355}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T52R Pure silver",
" ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T19 C1 Gold 99.999% pure"))
{double a[][]={{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,250,273.15,300,350,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1336.2},
{2820,1500,760,520,420,380,358,352,348,345,335,327,320,319,315,313,312,309,304,298,292,285,278,271,262,251,247}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T19 C1 Gold 99.999% pure",
" ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T23R Platinium pure 99.999%"))
{double
a[][]={{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,250,273.15,300,350,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500,1600,170
0,1800},
{1230,495,215,139,109,94.7,86.2,81.5,78.9,77.5,74,72.4,71.7,71.5,71.4,71.5,71.6,72.2,73,74.1,75.5,77,78.6,80.5,82.5,84.8,87.1,89.6,92.1,9
4.7,97.3}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T23R Platinium pure 99.999%",
" ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("T287 C15 Monel"))
{double a[][]={{273.15,373.15,473.15,573.15,673.15,773.15,873.15,973.15,1073.15},
{21.3,24.3,27.6,30.5,33.5,36.8,39.8,42.9,46}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("T287 C15 Monel",
"Ni 67.1 Cu 29.18 Fe 1.72 Al 0.04 Mn 0.98 Si 0.01 Co 0.33 S 0.014 Mg 0.13 P 0.024",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T367 C1 Cotton fabric"))
{double a[][]={{313.2},{0.0753}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T367 C1 Cotton fabric",
" ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T367 C1 cotton slicate"))
{double a[][]={{400.9,402.7,527.2,582.2},{0.0582,0.0715,0.0885,0.1074}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T367 C1 cotton slicate"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T368 Cotton wool"))
{double a[][]={{92.2,136,155.9,188,204.4,217.2,251.2,263.5,278,286.2},
{0.0138,0.017,0.0211,0.0256,0.0275,0.0298,0.036,0.0384,0.0406,0.0422}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T368 Cotton wool"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T373 Asbestos cement board"))
{double a[][]={{338.7,366.5,394.3,422.1,449.8,477.6,505.4,533.2,560.9,588.7},
{0.77,0.757,0.749,0.742,0.739,0.736,0.736,0.736,0.733,0.731}};
42
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T373 Asbestos cement board"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T374 Asphalt-Glass wool"))
{double a[][]={{222.2,233.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},
{0.0304,0.0326,0.0348,0.0369,0.0394,0.0414}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T374 Asphalt-Glass wool"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T375 cardboard density 790 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{273.2,293.2,323.2},{0.138,0.143,0.167}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T375 cardboard density 790 kg/m^3"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T376 lignin impregnated fireboard"))
{double a[][]={{222,238.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.241,0.247,0.251,0.255,0.261,0.265}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T376 lignin impregnated fireboard"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T380 Plywood density 552 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{222,238.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.101,0.104,0.107,0.111,0.114,0.117}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T380 Plywood density 552 kg/m^3"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T376 lignin impregnated fireboard"))
{double a[][]={{222,238.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.241,0.247,0.251,0.255,0.261,0.265}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T376 lignin impregnated fireboard"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T380 Plywood density 552 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{222,238.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.101,0.104,0.107,0.111,0.114,0.117}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T380 Plywood density 552 kg/m^3","density 552 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T381 C34 Fiberglass density 33 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{260.7,270.2,275.7},{0.036,0.0389,0.0395}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T381 C34 Fiberglass density 33 kg/m^3","density 33 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{263.2,270.7,275.2,280.2},{0.0291,0.03,0.0307,0.0314}};
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{260.7,271.7,277.2,281.6,286.2},{0.0291,0.0325,0.0316,0.0322,0.0331}};
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T382 glass fiber board density 215 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{289.1,289.7,290.1,311.2,311.6,311.7,315.7},{0.0499,0.0495,0.0494,0.0324,0.0524,0.0518,0.053}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T382 glass fiber board density 215 kg/m^3","density 215 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T385 paper"))
{double a[][]={{294.7,297.2,310.2,321.2,335.2,339.2,353.2,359.2,360.2,361.7,365.2,385.2},
{0.18,0.18,0.184,0.184,0.186,0.18,0.186,0.182,0.184,0.186,0.184,0.18}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T385 paper"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 24.1 %"))
{double a[][]={{222,238,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.0495,0.0516,0.0542,0.0565,0.0588,0.0611}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 24.1 %","0.75 in thick 251
kg/m^3 moisture 24.1 %",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 3.1 %"))
{double a[][]={{222,238,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.0424,0.0441,0.046,0.0477,0.0495,0.0513}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 3.1 %","0.75 in thick 251
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 0 %"))
{double a[][]={{222,238,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.0411,0.043,0.0447,0.0466,0.0483,0.0502}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T387 C1 Vegetable fibreboard 0.75 in thick 251 kg/m^3 moisture 0 %","0.75 in thick 251
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T389 C1 wood fiber blanket density 56 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{222,238,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.0286,0.0304,0.0322,0.034,0.0361,0.0384}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T389 C1 wood fiber blanket density 56 kg/m^3","density 56 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T389 C2 wood fiber mat density 56 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{222,238,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.027,0.0293,0.0316,0.034,0.0363,0.0392}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T389 C2 wood fiber mat density 56 kg/m^3"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T390 wood felt SG 0.15"))
{double a[][]={{313.2,343.2},{0.0623,0.0732}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T390 wood felt SG 0.15"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T393 C1 mineral fiber density 26.4 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.042,0.0453,0.0494}};
43
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T393 C1 mineral fiber density 26.4 kg/m^3","density 26.4 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.0398,0.0428,0.0463}};
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.0375,0.0404,0.0438}};
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.0361,0.0389,0.0418}};
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.0361,0.0389,0.0418}};
b1=true;}
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.0378,0.0401,0.0433}};
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T393 C6 mineral fiber density 112 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{297.1,311,324.8},{0.0362,0.0388,0.0412}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T393 C6 mineral fiber density 112 kg/m^3","density 112 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T394 C5 mineral wool density 252 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{222,238.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.0366,0.0387,0.0405,0.0424,0.0444,0.0464}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T394 C5 mineral wool density 232-264 kg/m^3","density 252 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T393 C6 mineral fiber density 112 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{222,238.7,255.4,272.2,288.9,305.5},{0.0346,0.0361,0.0389,0.0404,0.0418,0.0464}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T394 C5 mineral wool density 232-264 kg/m^3","density 232-264 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T400 Bitumen"))
{double a[][]={{292.1,355.9},{0.166,0.173}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T400 Bitumen"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T402 charcoal"))
{double a[][]={{293},{0.166,0.36}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T402 charcoal"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T264 olivine basalt density 1490 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{209.3,249.9,267.1,279.9,338.2,367.1},{0.142,0.254,0.165,0.246,0.157,0.228}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T264 olivine basalt density 1490 kg/m^3","density 1490 kg/m^3 ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T268 dolomite"))
{double a[][]={{484,521,565,619,678,729,773,835,888,932,970,1051,1098,1173,1208},
{1.1,1.08,1.36,1.37,1.24,1.25,1.25,1.14,0.983,1.09,1.16,0.699,0.64,0.356,0.452}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T268 dolomite"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T269 earth"))
{double a[][]={{293.2,333.2,403.2,503.2,618.2,708.2,813.2},{0.186,0.199,0.234,0.289,0.337,0.383,0.423}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T269 earth"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T271 C4 granite"))
{double a[][]={{330,383,448,483,573,658,728,793,811,873,943},{1.51,1.63,1.76,1.87,1.76,2.01,1.74,1.74,1.52,1.64,1.8}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T271 C4 granite"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T272 limestone"))
{double a[][]={{392.1,395.9,450.4,472,512,513,546,553,610,683,736,813,878,952,1013,1075,1181,1253,1324},
{1.43,1.42,1.41,1.19,1.2,1.28,1.15,1.21,1.21,1.19,1.12,1.11,1.11,1.12,1.07,1.03,0.619,0.573,0.54}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T272 limestone"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T273 mica"))
{double a[][]={{92.2,130.3,155.2,176.2,192.2,206.2,216.4,225.2,234.2,248.2,260.2,265.2,275.2,288.9,305.5},
{0.0306,0.0374,0.0396,0.0436,0.0478,0.0509,0.053,0.0554,0.0571,0.0602,0.0635,0.0647,0.0656,0.0659,0.0687}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T273 mica"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T274 expanded perlite density 48 kg/m^3"))
{double a[][]={{170.7,228.2,283.2},{0.025,0.0325,0.0395}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T274 expanded perlite density 48 kg/m^3","density 48 kg/m^3",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T275 rock consisted fine grade quartz diorite"))
{double a[][]={{287.3},{0.606}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T275 rock consisted fine grade quartz diorite"," ",a);
b1=true;}
44
else if(rName.equals("2T276 salt"))
{double a[][]={{332,375,439,464,496,532,600},{2.91,2.83,2.89,2.78,2.6,2.65,2.51}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T276 salt"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T277 C60 sand"))
{double a[][]={{180.4,212.6,235.4,279.3,279.9,303.8,312.1,332.1,342.6},
{0.209,0.243,0.296,0.172,0.138,0.236,0.22,0.222,0.246}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T277 C60 sand"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T278 sandstone"))
{double a[][]={{303.2},{0.0264}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T278 sandstone"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T302 nylon"))
{double a[][]={{357.9},{0.0138}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T278 sandstone"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T303 phenolic resin"))
{double a[][]={{293.5},{0.3}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T303 phenolic resin"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T305 C7 polyvinylcholoride"))
{double
a[][]={{118.6,123.2,127.3,131.8,136.1,139.6,144.2,148.1,151.5,156.3,158.9,162.6,166.6,169.5,173.2,177.6,181,183.6,188,190.7,1 93.7,197.
5,201.2,203.7,207.2,209.8,213.4,216.3,219.4,223.1,231.2,233.4,236.9,242.7,245.3,247.9,252.8,253.7,
258.8,260.9,263.7,266.6,268.8,271.5,272.5,276.4,278.7,281.7,283.9,286.6,289.1,291.3,294.2,296.8,298.8,301.4,304.2,306.1,308.4 ,310.7,31
2.7,316.7,317.3,320.7,322.7,324.8,326.8,329.4,332.7,335.1,336.8,339.4,341.7,345.1,349.1,350.6,352.7,354.5,356.7,359.4,362.1},
{0.15,0.15,0.151,0.151,0.153,0.153,0.154,0.154,0.155,0.156,0.156,0.157,0.157,0.158,0.158,0.158,0.158,0.159,0.159,0.159,0.16,0.161,0.16
1,0.161,0.161,0.161,0.162,0.162,0.162,0.162,0.162,0.162,0.161,0.162,0.161,0.16,0.16,0.16,0.16,0.159,
0.159,0.159,0.158,0.157,0.158,0.157,0.157,0.157,0.156,0.156,0.156,0.155,0.155,0.155,0.155,0.155,0.154,0.154,0.154,0.153,0.153 ,0.153,0.
153,0.152,0.152,0.152,0.151,0.151,0.151,0.15,0.151,0.15,0.15,0.15,0.15,0.149,0.149,0.148,0.148,0.148,0.148}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T305 C7 polyvinylcholoride"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T306 C1 Polyethylene MW 21000"))
{double a[][]={{305.2,317.2,322.2,333.7,343.7,352.7,362.7},
{0.28,0.278,0.268,0.264,0.268,0.276,0.274}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T306 C1 Polyethylene MW 21000"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T306 C2 Polyethylene MW 70000-80000"))
{double a[][]={{293.2,313.2,319.2,326.2,328.2,333.2,344.7,349.7,360.2,371.2},
{0.349,0.331,0.32,0.316,0.314,0.31,0.301,0.295,0.285,0.272}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T306 C2 Polyethylene MW 70000-80000"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T308 Plexiglass (polymethylmethacrylate)"))
{double a[][]={{183.3,184.4,244.8,245.6,300.3,332.1,332.2},
{0.105,0.106,0.134,0.135,0.154,0.158,0.157}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T308 Plexiglass (polymethylmethacrylate)"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T309 Polystyrene"))
{double a[][]={{249.2,273.2,306.2,339.2,350.2,363.2,373.2,423.2,466.2},
{0.109,0.116,0.126,0.129,0.118,0.128,0.129,0.136,0.139}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T309 Polystyrene"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T316 teflon"))
{double a[][]={{358.7,394.3,439.3,470.9,481.5,485.4,527.6,532.1,553.2,563.2,572.1},
{0.42,0.411,0.401,0.317,0.346,0.346,0.352,0.337,0.375,0.426,0.404}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T316 teflon"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T311 polytrifluorochloroethylene"))
{double a[][]={{317.6,350.7,370.9,383.2,390.9,402.6,408.2,435.9,437.6,460.9,464.6},
{0.146,0.185,0.211,0.245,0.232,0.237,0.249,0.235,0.251,0.267,0.248}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T311 polytrifluorochloroethylene"," ",a);
b1=true;}
else if(rName.equals("2T312 rubber"))
{double a[][]={{109.2,113.2,117.2,143.2,149.2,156.2,157.2,171.2,181.2,193.2,217.2,239.2,263.2,285.2,301.2},
{0.0941,0.1,0.105,0.117,0.119,0.118,0.118,0.123,0.126,0.13,0.146,0.14,0.142,0.159,0.172}};
rd=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Data("2T312 rubber"," ",a);
b1=true;}
return b1;
}
public String[][] toString(double t)
{
String s1[][]=new String[4][4];
s1[0][0]=" name ";
s1[1][0]=" additional info";
s1[2][0]=" temperature";
s1[2][1]=" "+t;
45
s1[3][0]=" k ,thermal conductivity";
s1[2][2]="degree Celcius";
s1[3][2]="W/(mK)";
s1[0][1]=rd.solidName;
s1[1][1]=rd.additional_info;
s1[3][1]=""+k(t);
return s1;
}
double k(double t)
{double T=t+273.15;return rd.k_l(T);}
public static void main(String arg[])
{thermal_conductivity_CS tc=new thermal_conductivity_CS("C9 Carbon Steel 3");
double t=100.0;
System.out.println("k="+tc.k(t)+" W/mK");
}}
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.table.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
class thermal_conductivity_CS_Model extends AbstractTableModel

Object[][] veri;
String[] baslik={"Name ","Value ","Units"};
thermal_conductivity_CS g;
public thermal_conductivity_CS_Model()
{
g=new thermal_conductivity_CS("C9 Carbon Steel 3");
veri=g.toString(20);
}
public thermal_conductivity_CS_Model(String s,double t)

{
g=new thermal_conductivity_CS(s);
veri=g.toString(t);
}
public thermal_conductivity_CS_Model(String s)
{
veri=g.toString(20);
}
public int getRowCount() {return veri.length;}

public int getColumnCount() {return baslik.length;}
public Object getValueAt(int satir,int sutun) {return veri[satir][sutun];}
public String getColumnName(int c) {return baslik[c];}
public void setValueAt(Object val, int row, int col)
{
veri[row][col] = val;
}
public void setValues(String s,double t)

{
veri=g.toString(t);
}
public void setValues(double t)

{veri=g.toString(t);}
public boolean isCellEditable(int row, int col) {return true;}

}
import java.lang.Integer;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.font.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
46
import java.util.Locale;
import java.text.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.*;
public class thermal_conductivity_CS_Table extends JApplet implements ItemListener,ActionListener

Container c;
Color bg;
JTabbedPane tabPane = new JTabbedPane();
JScrollPane skrolPane;
JScrollPane skrolPane1;
final static String say1 = "substance ";
final static String say2 = "additional information ";
//ImageIcon sogutucuakiskanlar;
JPanel panel1;
JPanel girisPaneli;
JScrollPane cikisPaneli;
JLabel l1[]=new JLabel[2]; // Label prompt unit
JLabel l2[]=new JLabel[2]; // Label prompt unit
JTextField t1[]=new JTextField[2];
JComboBox<String> c1;
JTextArea output;
JTable jt;
thermal_conductivity_CS_Model samodel;
//condYTOK cond;
double aa[]=new double[10]; // çıktı değerleri
//Icon turkoglu_logo;
JButton b1;
double ts;
String isim;
String s1[];
JTextArea LSK;
public void init()
{
isim="C9 Carbon Steel 3";
samodel=new thermal_conductivity_CS_Model();
ts=20.0;
s1=samodel.g.list();
c =getContentPane();
panel1 = new JPanel();
panel1.setBackground(c.getBackground());
panel1.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
//==========================
output=new JTextArea(toString());
output.setBackground(bg);
l1[0]=new JLabel("name of the solid : ");

l1[0].setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder(Color.blue,Color.yellow));
Font fo16=l1[0].getFont();
fo16=new Font(fo16.getFontName(),Font.BOLD,10);
Font fo12=new Font(fo16.getFontName(),Font.BOLD,12);
Font fo10=new Font(fo16.getFontName(),Font.BOLD,10);
l1[0].setFont(fo10);
output.setFont(fo10);
//panel1.add(b1,BorderLayout.NORTH);
panel1.add(output,BorderLayout.NORTH);
LSK=new JTextArea(toString());
l1[1]=new JLabel(" temperature");
l2[0]=new JLabel(" ");
l2[1]=new JLabel(" degree Celcius");
c1=new JComboBox<String>(s1);
c1.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder(Color.blue,Color.yellow));
t1[1]=new JTextField(""+ts);
t1[1].setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder(Color.blue,Color.yellow));
jt=new JTable(samodel);
girisPaneli = new JPanel();
girisPaneli.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,3));
girisPaneli.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.blue));
cikisPaneli=new JScrollPane(jt);
girisPaneli.add(l1[0]);
47
girisPaneli.add(c1);
girisPaneli.add(t1[1]);
t1[1].setBackground(bg);
l1[0].setBackground(bg);
c1.setBackground(bg);
jt.setBackground(bg);
t1[1].setFont(fo12);
jt.setFont(fo12);
c1.addItemListener(this);
t1[1].addActionListener(this);
panel1.add(girisPaneli,BorderLayout.CENTER);
//cikisPaneli.add(jt,BorderLayout.NORTH);
panel1.add(cikisPaneli,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
//==========================
skrolPane=new JScrollPane(panel1);
skrolPane1=new JScrollPane(output);
tabPane.addTab(say1,skrolPane);
tabPane.addTab(say2,skrolPane1);
c.add(tabPane);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)

{
isim=(String)c1.getSelectedItem();
Double V1=new Double(t1[1].getText());
ts=V1.doubleValue();
t1[1].setText(""+ts);
samodel.setValues(isim,ts);
repaint();
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

{
if(e.getSource()==t1[1])
{Double V1=new Double(t1[1].getText());
ts=V1.doubleValue();}
t1[1].setText(""+ts);
samodel.setValues(ts);
repaint();
}
public static String toString(double left, int w, int d)

// converts a double to a string with given width and decimals.
{
NumberFormat df=NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.US);
df.setMaximumFractionDigits(d);
df.setMinimumFractionDigits(d);
df.setGroupingUsed(false);
String s = df.format(left);
while (s.length() < w)
s = " " + s;
if (s.length() > w)
{
s = "";
for (int i=0; i<w; i++)
s = s + "-";
}
return s;
}
public String toString()
{
String s=" Thermal conductivity of solids\n\n";
s+=" M. Turhan ÇOBAN\n";
s+=" EGE Üniversity, Schoool of Engineering. Department of mechanical eng. Izmir Turkey\n";
s+=" e-mail : turhan_coban@yahoo.com\n";
s+=" web : www.turhancoban.com\n";
s+="================================================================\n\n";
s+="list of solids : \n";
s+="================================================================\n";
48
s+=samodel.g.readNames();
return s;
}
public static void main(String s[])

{
//main program
JFrame f = new JFrame("Thermal conductivity of solids");
f.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {System.exit(0);}
});
JApplet applet = new thermal_conductivity_CS_Table();
f.getContentPane().add("Center", applet);
applet.init();
f.pack();
f.setSize(new Dimension(400,400));
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" thermal_conductivity_CS
k=47.70153484397837 W/mK
> Terminated with exit code 0.
thermal_conductivity_CS_Table.java
In this particular program cubic spline curve fitting method is applied. Polynomial Least square curve
fitting method can also be applied. This approach prefferred by most due to simplistic representation of
the temperature dependency equation. An example case is given here. As an example case 2T309
Polystyrene data is taken. A general curve fitting program SCO11B4.java is used here to calculate
polynomial coefficients.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.Color;
class SCO11B4
{
//least square curve fitting
public static double[] pivotlugauss(double a[][],double b[])
{ //gauss elimination with partial pivoting
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //partial pivoting
p=k;
buyuk=Math.abs(a[k][k]);
for(ii=k+1;ii<n;ii++)
{ dummy=Math.abs(a[ii][k]);
49
if(dummy > buyuk) {buyuk=dummy;p=ii;}
}
if(p!=k)
{ for(jj=k;jj<n;jj++)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//back substitution
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
{ carpan=a[i][k]/a[k][k];
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
{ a[i][j]-=carpan*a[k][j]; }
b[i] =b[i] -carpan*b[k];
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{ toplam+=a[i][j]*x[j];}
x[i]=(b[i]-toplam)/a[i][i];
}
return x;
}
//least square curve fitting
public static double[] EKK(double xi[],double yi[],int n)
{
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
A=new double[np1][np1];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
else for(k=0;k<l;k++) A[i][j] += Math.pow(xi[k],(i+j));
}
for(k=0;k<l;k++) { if(i==0) B[i]+= yi[k];
else B[i] += Math.pow(xi[k],i)*yi[k];}
}
X=pivotlugauss(A,B);
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
if(Math.abs(X[i]) > max) max = Math.abs(X[i]);
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
if((Math.abs(X[i]/max) > 0) && (Math.abs(X[i]/max) < 1.0e-100)) X[i]=0;
return X;
}
public static double funcEKK(double e[],double x)

{
// this function calculates the value of
// least square curve fitting function
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
for(int i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}
50
public static double hata(double x[],double y[],double e[])
{
//calculates absolute square root error of a least square approach
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
total+=(y[k]-funcEKK(e,x[k]))*(y[k]-funcEKK(e,x[k]));
}
total=Math.sqrt(total);
return total;
}
public static double[][] funcEKK(double xi[],double yi[],int polinomkatsayisi,int aradegersayisi)

{
//number of subdivision: x--o--o--x--o--o--x in the given chain if x is experimental data
// number of subdivision is 2
int n=xi.length;
int nn=(n-1)*(aradegersayisi+1)+1;
double E[]=EKK(xi,yi,polinomkatsayisi);
String ss[]={"a0","a1","a2","a3","a4","a5","a6","a7","a8","a9","a10","a11","a12","a13","a14","a15","a16","a17"};
String ss1="";
for(int i=0;i<polinomkatsayisi;i++)
{ss1+=ss[i]+" = "+E[i]+"\n";}
System.out.println(ss1);
double hata=hata(xi,yi,E);
//System.out.println("hata="+hata+"\nkatsayılar :\n"+Matrix.toStringT(E));
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
{z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcEKK(E,z[0][k]);k++;
for(int j=0;j<aradegersayisi;j++)
{dx=(xi[i+1]-xi[i])/((double)aradegersayisi+1.0);
z[0][k]=z[0][k-1]+dx;z[1][k]=funcEKK(E,z[0][k]);k++;}
}
z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcEKK(E,z[0][k]);
return z;
}
public static double yavg(double y[])
{
int n=y.length;
double total=0;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++) total+=y[i];
return total/n;
}
public static double R2(double y[],double f[])
{
double yavg=yavg(y);
int n=y.length;
double SStot=0;
double SSerr=0;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{SStot=(y[i]-yavg)*(y[i]-yavg);
SSerr=(y[i]-f[i])*(y[i]-f[i]);
}
return (1-SSerr/SStot);
}
public static double R2(double x[],double y[],double e[])

{ int n=y.length;
{f[k]=funcEKK(e,x[k]);}
return R2(y,f);
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException

{
double x[];
double y[];
String s1=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("file name (aaa.txt)");
//JFileChooser fc=new JFileChooser();
//if (fc.showOpenDialog(null) == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {File file = fc.getSelectedFile();s1=file.getName(); }
double a[][]=Text.readDoubleT(s1);
51
x=a[0];
y=a[1];
int n=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("degree of polynomial n:"));
double z[][]=funcEKK(x,y,n,4);
Text.printT(z);
//System.out.println("E.K.K.\n"+Matrix.toStringT(z));
Plot pp=new Plot(a[0],a[1]);
pp.setPlabel(""+n+"th degree least square curve fitting");
pp.setXlabel("T temperature degree Kelvin");
pp.setYlabel("k Thermal conductivity W/(mK)");
pp.setPlotType(0,23);
pp.addData(z[0],z[1]);
pp.setGrid(1,1);
pp.setColor(0,Color.BLUE);
pp.plot();
}
}
2T309 Polystyrene
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" SCO11B4
a0 = 2.8019055476787833
a1 = -0.10631833488379154
a2 = 0.0018150980667831751
a3 = -1.7277946213139326E-5
a4 = 1.004258052091839E-7
a5 = -3.6486771049148165E-10
a6 = 8.090773720795419E-13
a7 = -1.0016212077805614E-15
So k(T) for polystyrene can be represented as an 8th degree polynomial as:

𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1𝑇 + 𝑎2𝑇 2 + 𝑎2𝑇 3 + 𝑎2𝑇 4 + 𝑎2𝑇 5 + 𝑎2𝑇 6 + 𝑎2𝑇 7 + 𝑎2𝑇 8
Graphic representation of data and 8th degree polynomial curve fitting line is shown in the plot.
Let us check out least square solution for few other cases:
C129 British steel 7
---------- Capture Output ----------
a0 = -155.75784551326365
a1 = 2.886754338818323
a2 = -0.017156888192827912
a3 = 5.6797499876122244E-5
a4 = -1.1478717651898844E-7
a5 = 1.440049314436008E-10
a6 = -1.0906823369518688E-13
a7 = 4.552235513057068E-17
52
T330 C2 chromium-nickel steel SS304
---------- Capture Output ----------
a0 = 629.219544213965
a1 = -8.785673170339718
a2 = 0.05300263682552713
a3 = -1.7711104936578227E-4
a4 = 3.603113322948669E-7
a5 = -4.5810482232978316E-10
a6 = 3.561454476094692E-13
a7 = -1.5503051690194676E-16
T12R pure Copper

---------- Capture Output ----------
a0 = 20293.272431383157
a1 = -562.0064310567664
a2 = 5.3430057235494175
a3 = -0.02393680237368781
a4 = 5.7953278916051136E-5
a5 = -8.025743120123928E-8
a6 = 6.354980774994162E-11
a7 = -2.6752151949041078E-14
53
As it is seen from the plot 8th degree curve fitting is not very successful to represent this data. But when
cubic spline interpolation used, data is successfully represented
Only problem is big coefficient set in cubic spline, but as long as computer handles coefficients, it will
not give any problems. Coefficient set for cubic spline for pure copper:
54
T12R Pure Aliminium 99.999%
---------- Capture Output ----------
a0 = 29598.093432158155
a1 = -1065.8583855894676
a2 = 13.868870066959282
a3 = -0.08701054491280114
a4 = 2.987435927883477E-4
a5 = -5.909789569020431E-7
a6 = 6.713037470011706E-10
a7 = -4.064445243707968E-13
The same problem existed in least square curve fitting of aliminium
Cubic spline curve:
Even the increase temperature effect around 360 K is represented with CS curve properly.
55
1.4.2 SPECIFIC HEAT
specific heat of a solid or liquid is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of a unit mass of
the solid through 1° C. Thermodynamic definition can be given as:
𝜕𝑠
𝐶𝑃 = 𝑇 ( ) (1.4.2-1)
𝜕𝑇 𝑃
𝜕𝑠
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑇 ( ) (1.4.2-2)
𝜕𝑇 𝑣
The first equation is called specific heat at constant pressure and the second one is called specific heat at
constant volume. For solids, the value of both is the same. In this equations T is temperature (degree
Kelvin), s is entropy (J/kgK) P is Pressure (Pa) and V is specific volume (m 3/kg). Some of the specific
heat values of the solids are given in table 1.4.2-1
Table 1.4.2-1 Specific heat of some solids[116]

Name Cp kJ/kgK Name Cp kJ/kgK
Agate 0.8 Iodine 0.218
Aluminum bronze 0.44 Iridium 0.13
Aluminum,(0 C) 0.87 Iron,_ 20℃ 0.46
Antimony 0.21 Labradorite 0.8
Apatite 0.84 Lava 0.84
Arsenic 0.35 Limestone 0.91
Artificial_wool 1.36 Litharge 0.88
Asbestos_cement_board 0.84 Lead 0.13
Asbestos_mill_board 0.84 Leather,dry 1.5
Ashes 0.84 Lithium 3.58
Asphalt 0.92 Magnetite 0.67
Augite 0.8 Malachite 0.75
Bakelit_wood_filler 1.38 Manganese 0.46
Bakelite_asbestos filler 1.59 Magnesia(85%) 0.84
Barite 0.46 Magnesium 1.05
Barium 0.29 Marble,mica 0.88
Basalt_rock 0.84 Mercury 0.14
Beeswax 3.4 Mica 0.5
Beryl 0.84 Mineral_wool_blanket 0.84
Beryllium 1.02 Molybdenum 0.27
Bismuth 0.13 Nickel 0.46
Boile_scale 0.8 Oliglocose 0.88
Bone 0.44 Orthoclose 0.8
Borax 1 Osmium 0.13
Boron 1.3 Oxide_o_chrome 0.75
Brass 0.38 Paper 1.34
Brick,common 0.9 Paraffin_wax 2.9
Brick,hard 1 Peat 1.88
Bronze,phosphor 0.38 Phosphorbronze 0.36
56
Cadmium 0.25 Phosphorus 0.8
Calcite_0-38C 0.8 Pig_iron,white 0.54
Calcite_0_100C 0.84 Pinchbeck 0.38
Calcium 0.63 Pit coal 1.02
Calcium_carbonat 0.76 Plaster,_light 1
Calcium_sulfate 1.1 Plaster,_sand 0.9
Carbon,_Diamond 0.52 Plastics,_foam 1.3
Carbon,_Graphite 0.71 Plastics,_solid 1.67
Carborundum 0.67 Platinum,_℃ 0.13
Cassiterite 0.38 Porcelain 1.07
Cement_dry 1.55 Potassium 0.54
Cement_powder 0.84 Pyrex_glass 0.84
Cellulose 1.6 Pyrolusite 0.67
Celluloid 1.5 Pyroxyli_plastics 1.51
Charcoal 1 Quartz_mineral 55 - 212℉ 0.8
Chalk 0.9 Quartz_mineral(0 ℃) 0.71
Chalcopyrite 0.54 Red_lead 0.09
Charcoal,_wood 1 Red_metal 0.38
Chromium 0.5 Rhenium 0.14
Clay 0.92 Rhodium 0.24
Coal,_anthracite 1.26 Rock salt 0.92
Coal_bituminous 1.38 Rosin 1.3
Cobalt 0.46 Rubber 2.01
Coke 0.85 Rubidium 0.33
Concrete,stone 0.75 Salt 0.88
Concrete,light 0.96 Sand,_dry 0.8
Constantan 0.41 Sandstone 0.92
Copper 0.39 Sawdust 0.9
Cork,Corkboard 1.9 Selenium 0.33
Corundum 0.42 Serpentine 1.09
Cotton 1.34 Silica_aerogel 0.84
Diamond 0.63 Silicon 0.75
Dolomite_rock 0.92 Silicon,carbide 0.67
Duralium 0.92 Silk 1.38
Earth,_dry 1.26 Silver, 20℃ 0.23
Electron 1 Slate 0.76
Emery 0.96 Sodium 1.26
Fats 1.93 Soil,dry 0.8
Fiberboard,_light 2.5 Soil,wet 1.48
Fiber_hardboard 2.1 Steatite 0.83
Fire_brick 1.05 Steel 0.49
Fluorite 0.92 Stone 0.84
Fluorspar 0.88 Stoneware 0.8
Galena 0.21 Sulphur,sulfur 0.71
Garnet 0.75 Tantalium 0.14
Glass 0.84 Tar 1.47
Glass,_crystal 0.5 Tellurium 0.21
Glass,_plate 0.5 Thorium 0.14
Glass,_Pyrex 0.75 Tile_hollow 0.63
Glass_window 0.84 Tin 0.24
Glas_wool 0.67 Titanium 0.47
Gold 0.13 Topaz 0.88
Granite 0.79 Tungsten 0.134
Graphite 0.71 Uranium 0.12
Gypsum 1.09 Vanadium 0.5
Hairfelt 2.1 Vermiculite 0.84
Hermatite 0.67 Vulcanite 1.38
Hornblende 0.84 Wax 3.43
Hypersthene 0.8 Welding_iron 0.52
Ice_-59C 1.47 White_metal 0.15
Ice_-40C 1.8 Wood, balsa 2.9
Ice_-20C 1.97 Wood,oak 2
57
Ice_0C 2.09 Wood,white pine 2.5
Indi_rubber_min 1.13 Wool,loose 1.26
India_rubber_max 4.1 Wool,felt 1.38
Ingo_iron 0.49 Zinc 0.38
1.4.3 DENSITY
The density (more precisely, the volumetric mass density; also known as specific mass), of a substance
is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ. density is defined as mass
divided by volume.
𝑚
𝜌= (1.4.3-1)
𝑉
where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. Densities of some solids are listed in the table
below.
Tablo 1.4.3 Densities of some solids[115]

Material  low  high Material  low  high
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
ABS-copolymer_of_acrylonitrile,butadiene_and_styrene 1060 Hornblende 3000
Acetals 1420 Ice 917
Agate 2500 2700 Iron,_cast 7000 7400
Acrylic 1190 Iodine 4950
Agate 2600 Iridium 22500
Alabaster_carbonate 2700 2800 Ivory 1800 1900
Alabaster_sulfate 2300 Kaolin 2600
Alum,_lumpy 881 Lead 11350
Alum,_pulverized 752 Leather,_dry 860
Alumina(aluminium_oxide) 3950 4100 Lime,_slaked 1350
Aluminum 2700 Limestone 2700 2800
Aluminum_Bronze 7700 Linoleum 1200
Albite 2600 2650 Lithium 530
Amber 1060 1100 Magnesia 3200 3600
Amphiboles 2900 3200 Magnesium 1740
Andesite,_solid 2770 Magnetite 4900 5200
Anorthite 2740 2760 Malachite 3700 4100
Antimony,_cast 6700 Manganese 7430
Arsenic 4700 Marble 2600 2800
Artificial_Wool 1500 Meerschaum 1000 1300
Asbestos 2000 2800 Metals 0
Asbestos,_shredded 350 Mica 2600 3200
Asbestos,_solid 2450 Mineral_wool_quilt 50
Ashes 650 Molybdenum 10200
Asphalt,_compacted 2360 Muscovite 2800 3000
Asphalt,_crushed 720 Nickel 8900
Bakelite 1360 Nylon_6 1120 1170
Baking_powder 720 Nylon_6,6 1130 1150
Balsa_Wood 130 Oak 720
Barite,_crushed 2890 Ochre 3500
Barium 3780 Opal 2200
Bark,_wood_refuse 240 Osmium 22480
Barytes 4500 Palladium 12000
Basalt 2400 3100 Paper 700 1150
Bauxite,crushed 1280 Paraffin 900
Beeswax 960 Peat_blocks 850
Beryl 2700 Phenolic_cast_resin 1240 1320
Beryllia 3000 Phosphorbronce 8800
Beryllium 1850 Phosphorus 1820
Biotite 2700 3100 Pinchbeck 8650
Bismuth 9800 Pitch 1100
58
Boiler_scale 2500 Pit_coal 1350
Bone 1700 2000 Plaster_board 800
Bone,_pulverized 880 Platinum 21500
Borax,_fine 850 Plywood 540
Brasses 8470 8750 Polyacrylonitrile 1160 1180
Bronzes 8740 8890 Polyamides 1150 1250
Brown_iron_ore 5100 PC-poly_carbonate 1200
Brick 1400 2400 PBT-poly_butylene_terephthalate 1350
Brick,_fire 2300 LDPE-low_density_poly_ethylene 910
Brick,_hard 2000 HDPE-(PEH)-_high_density_poly_ethylene 960
Brick,_pressed 2200 PET-poly_ethylene_terephthalate 1350
Brickwork_in_cement 1800 PMMA-poly_methyl_methacrylate 1200
Brickwork_in_mortar 1600 POM-poly_oxy_methylene 1400
Butter 860 870 PP-poly_propylene 910 940
Cadmium 8640 PPO-poly_penylene_ether 1100
Calamine 4100 4500 PS-poly_styrene 1030
Calcium 1550 PTFE-poly_tetra_fluoro_ethylene,_Teflon 2280 2300
Calcspar 2600 2800 PU-poly_urethane_foam 30
Camphor 1000 PVDF-poly_vinylidene_fluoride 1760
Carbon 3510 Porcelain 2300 2500
Caoutchouc 900 1000 Porphyry 2600 2900
Cardboard 700 Potassium 860
Cast_Iron 7200 Pressed_wood,_pulp_board 190
Celluloid 1400 PVC-poly_vinyl_chloride 1390 1420
Cellulose,_cotton,_wood_pulp,_regenerated 1480 1530 Pyrex 2250
Cellulose_acetat,_moulded 1220 1340 Pyrite 4900 5100
Cellulose_acetat,_sheet 1280 1320 Quartz 2650
Cellulose_nitrate,_celluloid 1350 1400 Radium 5000
Chlorinated_polyether 1400 Red_lead 8600 9100
Cement,_set 2700 3000 Red_metal 8800
Cement,_Portland 1500 Resin 1070
Cerium 6770 Rhenium 21400
Chalk 1900 2800 Rhodium 12300
Charcoal,_oak 600 Rock_salt 2200
Charcoal,_pine 300 400 Rock_wool 220 390
Chromium 7100 Rosin 1070
Chrom_oxide 5210 Rubber,_hard 1200
Cinnabar 8100 Rubber,_soft_commercial 1100
Clay 1800 2600 Rubber,_pure_gum 910 930
Coal,_anthracite 1400 1800 Rubber,_foam 70
Coal,_bituminous 1200 1500 Rubidium 1520
Cobalt 8800 Sand,_dry 1400 1600
Cocoa,_butter 900 Sandstone 2100 2400
Coke 1000 1700 Sapphire 3980
Concrete,_lightweight 450 1000 Selenium 4400
Concrete,_medium 1300 1700 Serpentine 2500 2650
Concrete,_dense 2000 2400 Silica,_fused_transparent 2200
Constantan 8890 Silica,_translucent 2100
Copal 1000 1150 Silicium_carbide 3160
Copper 8790 Silicon 2330
Cork 200 250 Silver 10500
Cork,_linoleum 550 Slag 2000 3900
Corundum 4000 Slate 2600 3300
Cotton 80 Snow 100
CPVC-Chlorinated_poly_vinyl_chloride 1600 Soapstone 2600 2800
Lead_Crystal 3100 Sodium 980
Diamond 3000 3500 Soil 2050
Dolomite 2800 Solder 8700 9400
Duralium 2800 Soot 1600 1700
Earth,_loose 1200 Spermaceti 950
Earth,_rammed 1600 Starch 1500
Ebonite 1150 Steatite 2600 2700
59
Emery 4000 Steel 7820
Electron 1800 Stone 2300 2800
Epidote 3200 3500 Sulfur,_cryst. 2000
Epoxy_cast_resin 1110 1400 Sugar 1600
Epoxy_glass_fibre 1500 Talc 2700 2800
Expanded_polystyrene 15 30 Tallow,_beef 950
Feldspar 2600 2800 Tallow,_mutton 950
Fire_brick 1800 2200 Tantalum 16600
Flint 2600 Tar 1050
Fluorite 3200 Teflon 2200
Galena 7300 7600 Tellurium 6250
Gallium 5900 Thoria 4160
Gamboge 1200 Thorium 11700
Garnet 3200 4300 Timber 0
Gas_carbon 1900 Tin 7280
Gelatin 1300 Titanium 4500
Germanium 5320 Topaz 3500 3600
Glass,_common 2400 2800 Tourmaline 3000 3200
Glass,_flint 2900 5900 Tungsten 19200
Glass,_Pyrex 2210 Tungsten_carbide 14000 15000
Glass-wool 25 Uranium 19100
Glue 1300 Urethane_foam_(Urea_formaldehyde_foam) 80
Gneiss 2690 Vanadium 6100
Gold 19290 Vermiculite 120
Granite 2600 2800 Wax,_sealing 1800
Graphite 2300 2700 White_metal 7500 10000
Gum_arabic 1300 1400 Wood_(seasoned) 0
Gypsum 2300 Wood_woo_slab 500 800
Hardboard 1000 Zinc 7120
Hematite 4900 5300
1.4.4 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

Thermal diffusivity is the rate of transfer of heat of a material from the hot side to the cold side - a
measure of how quickly a material can absorb heat from its surroundings. It can be calculated by
taking the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
Thermal diffusivity has the SI derived unit of [m²/s], and is usually denoted α but a, κ, K, and D are
also used. The formula is:
𝑘(𝑇)
𝛼(𝑇) = (1.4.4-1)
𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇)
where
k = is thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)]
ρ = density [kg/m³]
𝐶𝑝 = specific heat capacity [J/(kg·K)]
Eventhogh it is just a derived property, due to simplification of the differential equation, it is

frequently used in heat conduction problem solving.
2.0 ONE DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS

As it is seen previously developed thermal conductivity conservation of energy equation
𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝑔 𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
+ + + = =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝑘(𝑇) 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
It requires four dimensional treatment of the problem. Four dimensional differential equation solutions
involve a high degree of mathematics. Before developing multidimensional solutions, some simplified
one dimensional solutions can be investigated.
60
2.1 THE WALL
Let us consider a one dimensional steady state problem, general cartesian equation
𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑔 𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ = = will reduce to
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 𝑘(𝑇) 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕2 𝑇
= 0 we will consider two boundary conditions. As the first condition let us assume that
𝜕𝑥 2
temperature at both side of the wall is known. So boundary conditions for the D.E. will become:
x=0 T=T1
𝑥 = ∆𝑥𝐴 T=T2
Solving of the differential equation yields
𝜕𝑇 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑇
= 𝐶1 (This equation indicates that heat transfer is constant 𝑞𝑥 = = −𝑘𝐴 )
𝜕𝑥 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝑇 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (This equation indicates that temperature profile is a linear function)
Applying boundary conditions:
𝑇1 = 𝐶2
𝑇2 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑥𝐴 + 𝑇1
𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑇 𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇1 −𝑇2
= 𝐶1 Also note that 𝑞𝑥 = = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴 𝐶1 = −𝑘𝐴 = ∆𝑥 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
∆𝑥𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥𝐴 ( 𝑘 𝐴) 𝑅𝐴
𝐴
Where R is called thermal resistance
If we have more than one layer of wall like 3 layers A,B and C shown in the figure and since
61
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 due to solution of the differential equation
𝑄𝑥 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇2 −𝑇3 𝑇3 −𝑇4
𝑞𝑥 = = ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥𝐶
𝐴 ( 𝐴) ( 𝐵) ( )
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶
𝑄𝑥 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇2 −𝑇3 𝑇3 −𝑇4 𝑇1 −𝑇4 𝑇1 −𝑇4
𝑞𝑥 = = = = = =
𝐴 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐵+𝑅𝐶 𝑅
Thermal resistance concept works similar to electrical resistances, so when you have a wall in the figure
below
Resistances of parallel thermal layers (like A,B and C or F and G) behave like parallel resistances
1 1
𝑅 = 𝑅𝐴 + 1 1 1 + 𝑅𝐸 + 1 1
+ + +
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐺
𝑄𝑥 𝑇1 −𝑇5
𝑞𝑥 = =
𝐴 𝑅
Now consider convective heat transfer outside of the first layer.
𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕𝑇
=0 = 𝐶1 𝑇 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
The boundary condition
𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑇 (𝑇1∞ −𝑇1 ) (𝑇1∞−𝑇1 )
x=0 𝑞𝑥 = = −𝑘𝐴 = ℎ1 (𝑇1 − 𝑇1∞ ) = −𝑘𝐴 𝐶1 = 1 = 1 =
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
ℎ1 ℎ1
(𝑇1∞ −𝑇1 )
𝑅1
𝑥 = ∆𝑥𝐴 T=T2
Therefore for a wall with convective heat transfer in both sides
𝑄𝑥 (𝑇1∞ −𝑇1 ) 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇2 −𝑇3 𝑇3 −𝑇4 (𝑇4 −𝑇2∞ )

𝑞𝑥 = = 1 = ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥 = 1
𝐴 ( ) ( 𝐴) ( 𝐵) ( 𝐶) ( )
ℎ1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶 ℎ2
62
𝑄𝑥 (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇1 ) 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 (𝑇4 − 𝑇2∞ ) 𝑇1∞ − 𝑇2∞ 𝑇1∞ − 𝑇2∞
𝑞𝑥 = = = = = = = =
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅2 𝑅
or
𝑇1∞ −𝑇2∞
𝑄𝑥 = 1 ∆𝑥𝐴 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 1 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇1∞ − 𝑇2∞ )
( )+( )+( 𝐵 )+( 𝐶 )+( )
ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 ℎ2𝐴
Where U is called overall heat transfer coefficient
Another case for one dimensional wall: Assume that thermal conductivity is changing as a function of
temperature
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥)
(𝑘(𝑇) ) = 0 B.C: x=0 T=T1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = ∆𝑥 T=T2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥) 𝑇2
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝐶1 (1 + 𝛽𝑇) = 𝐶1 ∫𝑇=𝑇 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)𝑑𝑇 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 1
𝛽
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + (𝑇22 − 𝑇12 ) = 𝐶1 ∆𝑥
2
𝑄𝑥 𝑘0 𝛽
𝑞𝑥 = = − 2∆𝑥 [(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + 2 (𝑇22 − 𝑇12 )]
𝐴
Another case for one dimensional wall: Assume a constant heat generation 𝑔0 ⁡in the wall
𝜕2 𝑇 𝑔0
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘
𝜕𝑇 𝑔0
=− 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑔0 𝑥 2
𝑇( 𝑥 ) = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
B.C. x=0 T=T1
𝑥 = ∆𝑥 T=T2
𝑔0 ∆𝑥 2 T2 −𝑇1 𝑔0 ∆𝑥
𝑇1 = 𝐶2 T2 = − + 𝐶1 ∆𝑥 + 𝑇1 + = 𝐶1 𝑅 = ∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑘 2 ∆𝑥 𝑘 2
PROBLEM: The inner and outer surfaces of a 5 m

x 5 m brick wall of thickness 0.3 m and thermal
conductivity k=0.7 W/mK are maintained at
temperatures of 20 C and 5 C, respectively.
Determine the heat transfer through the wall.
A 25 m^2
k 0.7 W/mK
T1 20 C
T2 5 C
L 0.3 m
Q 875 W k*A*T/L
63
PROBLEM: Surface of a brick wall of a 5 m x
5 m of thikness 0.3 m and thermal conductivity
k=0.7 W/mK exposed of air 𝑇1∞ =20 C and
ℎ1=20 W/m2K on one side and 𝑇2∞ =5 C and
ℎ1=40 W/m2K on the other side. Determine the
heat transfer through the wall.
A 25 m^2
k 0.7 W/mK
T1inf 20 C
h1 20 W/m^2K
T2inf 5 C
h2 40 W/m^2K
L 0.3 m
R1 0.05 m^2K/W 1/h1
R2 0.4285714 m^2K/W L/k
R3 0.025 m^2K/W 1/h2
R=R1+R2+R3 0.5035714 m^2K/W
Q 744.68085 W A/R*T
PROBLEM:
A brick wall of thickness L1=15x10-2 m has

thermal conductivity k1=0.76 W/(mK). Inside
surface is exposed to air at Ti=20 C, hi=10
W/(m2K) and and the outside surfaces T0 =0
C, h0=40 W/(m2K). Determine the rate of
heat loss per square meter of Wall surface
A 1 m^2
k 0.76 W/mK
T1inf 20 C
h1 10 W/m^2K
T2inf 0 C
h2 40 W/m^2K
L 0.15 m
R1 0.1 m^2K/W 1/h1
R2 0.1973684 m^2K/W L/k
R3 0.025 m^2K/W 1/h2
R=R1+R2+R 0.3223684 m^2K/W
3Q 744.68085 W A/R*DT
64
PROBLEM: Surface of a brick wall of a 5
m x 5 m has three layers. The first layer is
concrete 1 cm thick and has a thermal
conductivity coefficient of k=0.5 W/(mK),
The second layer is an insulation of 5 cm
thick and has a thermal conductivity
coefficient of k=0.05 W/(mK). The thisd
layer is brick wall of thikness 0.3 m and
thermal conductivity k=0.7 W/mK. The
composit wall is exposed of air 𝑇1∞ =20 C
and ℎ1=20 W/m2K on one side and
𝑇2∞ =5 C and ℎ1=40 W/m2K on the other
side. Determine the heat transfer through
the wall.
A 25 m^2
k1 0.5 W/mK
k2 0.05 W/mK
k3 0.7 W/mK
T1inf 20 C
h1 20 W/m2K
T2inf 5 C
h2 40 W/m2K
L1 0.01 m
L2 0.05 m
L3 0.3 m
R1 0.05 m2K/W 1/h1
R2 0.02 m2K/W L1/k1
R3 1 m2K/W L2/k2
R4 0.4285714 m2K/W L3/k3
R5 0.025 m2K/W 1/h2
R=
1.5235714 m2K/W
R1+R2+R3+R4+
R5
Q 246.13221 W A/R*T
LA 0.04 m
LB 0.1 m
LC 0.05 m
LD 0.1 m
H 2 m
W 1 m
kA 20 W/mK
kB 70 W/mK
kC 50 W/mK
kD 20 W/mK
RA 0.001 K/W
RB 0.0014286 K/W
RC 0.0005 K/W
RD 0.005 K/W
RE 0.0011111 K/W
Rtotal 0.0026111 K/W
T 400 K
Q 153191.49 W
65
PROBLEM: A composite wall consisting of
four different materials is shown in the side
sketch. Since the upper and lower surfaces are
insulated, the heat flow can be assumed to be
one dimensional. Surface temperature
difference T=400 ℃ between the outer
surfaces. Depth of the wall is W=1 m.
Calculate heat transfer.
𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐷
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑘 𝑅𝐷 = 𝑘
𝐴 (2𝑊) 𝐵 (𝑊) 𝐷 (𝑊)
𝐿𝐶
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑘
𝐶 (2𝑊)
1 1 1
=[ + ]
𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐷
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝐶
∆𝑇
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
LA 0.04 m
LB 0.1 m
LC 0.05 m
LD 0.1 m
H 2 m
W 1 m
kA 20 W/mK
kB 70 W/mK
kC 50 W/mK
kD 20 W/mK
RA 0.001 K/W
RB 0.0014286 K/W
RC 0.0005 K/W
RD 0.005 K/W
RE 0.0011111 K/W
Rtotal 0.0026111 K/W
T 400 K
Q 153191.49 W
PROBLEM : A composite plane wall consist of two layers. First layer is sandstone( k =1.7 W/(mK))
and second layer is portland cement(k=0.29 W/(mK)). The contact conductance between layers A and B
is h=3 W/(m2K). Outside of sandstone layer lays air at T=200 ℃ and thermal convectivity of boundary
is h=20 W/(m2K) and Outside of cement layer lays air at T=20 ℃ and thermal convectivity of boundary
is h=20 W/(m2K). Sandstone layer thickness is 2x10 -2 m and Portland cement layer thickness 0.08 m.
Calculate heat loss per m2 of wall area
sandstone wall
thickness 2.00E-02 m
k 1.7 W/(mK)
R 1.18E-02 m2K/W
Portland cement wall
thickness 0.08 m
k 0.29 W/(mK)
R 0.275862 m2K/W
contact conductance
h 3 W/(m2K)
R 0.333333 m2K/W
air outside sandstone layer
T 200 derece C
h 20 W/m2K
R 0.05 m2K/W
air outside portland cement layer
66
T 20 degree C
h 20 w/m2K
R 0.05 m2K/W
Total R 7.21E-01 m2K/W
dT 180 K
Q 1.30E+02 W/m2
PROBLEM : A window consist of two layer of glasses seperated by still air. The thermal conductivity
of the glass is k=0.96 W/(mK). Thermal conductivity of still air can be taken as: k=0.05 W/(mK). The
thickness of glasses are 5x10-3 m each and thickness of air layer is also 5x10-3 m. Convection heat
transfer coefficient for outside is h=20 W/(m2K) and inside h=10 W/(m2K). If outside temperature is 0
℃ and inside temperature is 20 ℃, and window area is A=4 m2. Calculate the total heat loss from the
window.
kglass 0.96 W/mK)
kair 0.05 W/(mK)
dx glass 5.00E-03 m
dx air 5.00E-03 m
h outside 20 W/(m2K)
T outside 0 Degree C
h inside 10 W/(m2K)
T inside 20 Degree C
A 4 m2
R outside 0.05 (m2K) /W
R glass 1 5.21E-03 (m2K) /W
R air 1.00E-01 (m2K) /W
R glass 2 5.21E-03 (m2K) /W
R inside 0.1 (m2K) /W
R total 0.260417 (m2K) /W
Q 307.2 W
PROBLEM : A window consist of one layer of glass The thermal conductivity of the glass is
k=0.96 W/(mKThe thickness of glas is 5x10 -3 m. Convection heat transfer coefficient for outside is
h=20 W/(m2K) and inside h=10 W/(m2K). If outside temperature is 0 ℃ and inside temperature is 20
℃, and window area is A=4 m2. Calculate the total heat loss from the window.
kglass 0.96 W/mK)

dx glass 5.00E-03 m
h outside 20 W/(m2K)
T outside 0 0
h inside 10 W/(m2K)
T inside 20 0
A 4 m2
R outside 0.05 (m2K) /W
R glass 1 5.21E-03 (m2K) /W
R inside 0.1 (m2K) /W
R total 0.155208 (m2K) /W
Q 515.4362 W
PROBLEM: A plane Wall of thickness L is exposed to a uniform heat flux of q 0 W/m2 on one side
and dissipates heat by convection with a heat transfer coefficient h ambient into the ambient air
temperature Tambient on the other side. Write the mathematical formulation of this problem for the
determination of one dimensional steady state temperature distribution T(x) within the Wall
67
𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝑔 𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
+ + + = = will reduce to
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝑘(𝑇) 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2𝑇
= 0 we will consider two boundary conditions.
𝜕𝑥 2
Boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 = 𝑞0 ⁡ x=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 = ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 )
𝜕𝑥
PROBLEM: A pressure vessel for nuclear reactor is approximated as a large flat plate of thickness
L. The inside surface of the plate at x=0 is insulated, the outside surface at x=L is maintained at a
uniform temperature T2 and the gamma ray heating of the plate can be represented as a heat
generation term in the form
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡W/m3
Where g0 and  are constants and x measured from the insulated inside surface.
a) Develop an expression for temperature distribution in the plate.
b) Develop an expression for the temperature at the insulated surface x=L
𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝑔 𝜌(𝑇)𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
2
+ 2
+ + = = will reduce to
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝑘(𝑇) 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2𝑇 𝑔(𝑥)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘
Boundaryconditions:
𝜕𝑇
x=0 =0
𝜕𝑥
x=L T=T2
solution:
𝜕 2𝑇 𝑔0 𝑒 −x ⁡⁡ 𝜕 2𝑇 𝑔0 𝑒 −x ⁡⁡
𝜕𝑥 2+ 𝑘
=0
𝜕𝑥 2 = − 𝑘
𝜕𝑇 𝑔0 𝑒 −x ⁡⁡
= + 𝐶1
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇
From boundary condition x=0 =0
𝜕𝑥
𝑔0 ⁡
𝐶1 = −
𝑘
𝑔0 𝑒 −x ⁡⁡ 𝑔0 ⁡
𝑇(𝑥) = − − 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ⁡
2 𝑘 𝑘
From boundary condition x=L T=T2
𝑔0 𝑒 −L ⁡⁡ 𝑔0 ⁡
𝑇2 = − − 𝐿 + 𝐶2 ⁡
2 𝑘 𝑘
𝑔0 𝑒 −L ⁡⁡ 𝑔0 ⁡
𝐶2 = 𝑇2 + + 𝐿
2 𝑘 𝑘
PROBLEM: A pressure vessel for nuclear reactor is approximated as a large flat plate of thickness L.
The inside surface of the plate at x=0 is maintained at a uniform temperature T 1, the outside surface at
x=L is maintained at a uniform temperature T 2 and the gamma ray heating of the plate can be
represented as a heat generation term in the form
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡W/m3
68
Where g0 and  are constants and x measured from the insulated inside surface. Thermal conductivity of
the rod is given as a polynomial
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇 3
Develop an expression for temperature distribution in the plate.
𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 𝑑𝑇
[𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑘𝑦 (𝑇) 𝑑𝑦) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) 𝑑𝑧 )] + 𝑔 = 0
will reduce to
𝜕 𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑥
(𝑘𝑥 (𝑇) 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑔 = 0
𝜕 𝑑𝑇
([𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇 3 ] ) + 𝑔0 𝑒 −x = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
x=0 T=T1 and x=L T=T2
𝜕 𝑑𝑇
([𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇2 + 𝑎3 𝑇 3 ] ) = −𝑔0 𝑒 −x
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
𝑑 ([𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇 3 ] ) = −𝑔0 𝑒 −x𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Integrating the equation gives
𝑑𝑇
∫ 𝑑 ([𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇 3 ] ) = − ∫ 𝑔0 𝑒 −x 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡
([𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇3 ] )= + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 
𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡
[𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇3 ]𝑑𝑇 = [ + 𝐶1 ] 𝑑𝑥

𝑔0 𝑒 −x ⁡⁡
∫[𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇3 ]𝑑𝑇 = ∫ [ + 𝐶1 ] 𝑑𝑥

𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4 𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡
[𝑎0 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 ]=− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 3 4 𝛾2
First boundary condition: x=0 T=T1

𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4 𝑔0 ⁡⁡
[𝑎0 𝑇1 + 𝑇1 + 𝑇1 + 𝑇1 ] = − 2 + 𝐶2
2 3 4 𝛾
𝑔0 ⁡⁡ 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝐶2 = 2
+ [𝑎0 𝑇1 + 𝑇12 + 𝑇13 + 𝑇14 ]
𝛾 2 3 4
Second boundary condition: x=L T=T2
𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4 𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡ 𝑔0 ⁡⁡ 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
[𝑎0 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 ]=− 2
+ 𝐶1 𝑥 + 2 + [𝑎0 𝑇1 + 𝑇12 + 𝑇13 + 𝑇14 ]
2 3 4 𝛾 𝛾 2 3 4
𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4 𝑔0 𝑒 −L ⁡⁡ 𝑔0 ⁡⁡ 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
[𝑎0 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 ] = − 2
+ 𝐶1 𝐿 + 2 + [𝑎0 𝑇1 + 𝑇12 + 𝑇13 + 𝑇14 ]
2 3 4 𝛾 𝛾 2 3 4
69
1 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑔0 𝑒 −L ⁡⁡ 𝑔0 ⁡⁡
𝐶1 = [𝑎0 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + (𝑇22 − 𝑇12 ) + (𝑇23 − 𝑇13 ) + (𝑇24 − 𝑇13 )] + − 2
𝐿 2 3 4 𝐿𝛾 2 𝐿𝛾
So temperature profile becomes:
𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4 𝑔0 𝑒 −x⁡⁡
[𝑎0 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 + 𝑇 ]=− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 3 4 𝛾2
Solving of T form this equation directly is not possible. A numerical root finding method should be
apply to solve this equation
PROBLEM:
Fluid temperature and convection heat transfer coefficient are 25°C and 1000 W/m2 K. There is no
generation in walls A and C. However, wall B experiences uniform heat generation. T 1= 261 oC and
T2= 211 oC. Determine the volumetric heat generation qB and the thermal conductivity kB.
T∞ 25.000000 degree C
h 1000.000000 W/m2K)
T1 261.000000 degree C
T2 211.000000 degree C
kA 25.000000 W/(mK)
kC 50.000000 W/(mK)
LA 0.030000 m
LB 0.030000 m
Lc 0.020000 m
Rconv=1/h 0.001000 m2K/W
RA=LA/kA 0.001200 m2K/W
R1=Rconv+RA 0.002200 m2K/W
Q1=( T∞-T1)/R 107272.727273 W/m2
RC=LC/kC 0.000400 m2K/W
R2=Rconv+RC 0.001400 m2K/W
Q2=(T2- T∞)/R2 132857.142857 W/m2
QB=Q2+Q1 240129.870130 W/m2
gB=QB/(2*LB) 4002164.502165 W/m3
C2=T1 261.000000 degree C
kB=(-gB*2*LB^2+Q1*LB)/(T2-T1) 15.350649 W/(mK)
C1=Q1/kB 6988.155668 degree C/m
(𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ ) (𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄1 = = = 107272.727273⁡⁡W/𝑚2
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑅𝐴 1 𝐿𝐴
+
ℎ 𝑘𝐴
70
(𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ ) (𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄2 = = = 132857.142857⁡⁡W/𝑚2
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑅𝐶 1 𝐿𝐶
+
ℎ 𝑘𝐶
𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑔𝐵 = = 4002164.502165⁡⁡W/𝑚3
2𝐿𝐵
Let us select x axis from the starting point of heat generation region
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥) 𝑔𝐵
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘𝐵
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥) 𝑔𝐵
2
=−
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝐵
𝜕𝑇(𝑥) 𝑔𝐵
= − 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝐵
𝑔𝐵 𝑥 2
𝑇(𝑥) = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘𝐵 2
𝑇(𝑥 = 0) = 𝐶2 = 261⁡℃
𝜕𝑇(𝑥) 𝑔𝐵
𝑄(𝑥) = −𝑘𝐵 = −𝑘𝐵 (− 𝑥 + 𝐶1 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝐵
𝜕𝑇(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥 = 0) = −𝑘𝐵 = −𝑘𝐵 𝐶1 = −𝑄1
𝜕𝑥
𝑄1
𝐶1 =
𝑘𝐵
𝑔𝐵 𝑥 2
𝑇(𝑥) = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘𝐵 2
𝑔𝐵
𝑇(𝑥 = 2𝐿𝐵 ) = − 2𝐿2𝐵 + 𝐶1 2𝐿𝐵 + 𝐶2
𝑘𝐵
𝑔𝐵 2 𝑄1
𝑇2 = − 2𝐿𝐵 + 2𝐿𝐵 + 𝑇1
𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐵
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑘𝐵 = = 15.350649⁡W/(mK)
−𝑔𝐵 2𝐿2𝐵 + 𝑄1 2𝐿𝐵
2.2 CYLINDER – PIPE

PROBLEM: A solid bar of Radius r=b is initially at a uniform temperature T0. For times t>0, it
is cooled by convection from the surface at r=b into ambient air at temperature T air with a heat
transfer coefficient hair . Write the mathematical formulation of this heat conduction problem for
the determination of one dimensional time dependent temperature distribution T(r,t) within the
rod
71
Let us consider a one dimensional steady state problem, general cylindrical coordinates
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑡 in 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏 t>0
𝜕𝑇
= 0⁡ at r=0 t>0
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) = ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 ) at r=b t>0
𝜕𝑟
𝑇 = 𝑇0 at t=0 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
One dimensional steady state case:
Let us consider a one dimensional steady state problem, general cylindrical coordinates
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = 0
Bounday conditions:
r=r1 T= 𝑇1
r=r2 T= 𝑇2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝐶
𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 = 𝐶1 = 1 𝑇 = 𝐶1 ln(𝑟) + 𝐶2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
72
𝑇1 = 𝐶1 ln(𝑟1 ) + 𝐶2
𝑇2 = 𝐶1 ln(𝑟2 ) + 𝐶2
(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
𝑟 = 𝐶1
ln(𝑟2 )
1
2𝜋𝑘𝐿(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) (𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) (𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
𝑞= 𝑟 = 𝑟 =
ln( 2 ) ln( 2 )
𝑟1
𝑅
𝑟1
2𝜋𝑘𝐿
For the serial case of resistances as shown in the figure
(𝑇4 −𝑇1 ) (𝑇4 −𝑇1 )
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟 =
ln( ) ln( 3 ) ln( 4 ) 𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝐶
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
⁡+⁡ ⁡+⁡
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐶 𝐿
Now consider convective heat transfer outside of the first layer. The boundary condition
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝐶1
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = 0 𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 = 𝐶1 𝜕𝑟
=
𝑟
𝑑𝑇 (𝑇1∞ −𝑇1 ) (𝑇1∞ −𝑇1 )
𝑟 = 𝑟1⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑄𝑟 = −𝑘𝐴 (2𝜋𝑟𝐿) = ℎ1 (2𝜋𝑟𝐿)(𝑇1 − 𝑇1∞ ) = 1 =
𝑑𝑟 𝑅1
ℎ1 (2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿)
For the serial case of serial resistances
(𝑇1∞ −𝑇2∞ ) (𝑇1∞ −𝑇2∞ )
𝑄𝑟 = 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟 =
1 ln( ) ln( 3 ) ln( 4 ) 1
𝑅1+𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐵+𝑅𝐶 +𝑅2
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
⁡+⁡ ⁡+⁡ ⁡+⁡ ⁡+⁡
ℎ1 (2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿) 2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐶 𝐿 ℎ2 (2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿)
It should be note that inverse of the overall thermal resistance is called overall heat transfer coefficient
1 1
𝑈𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 =
ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 ) ln ( 4 ) 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅2
1 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3 1
⁡+⁡ ⁡ +⁡ ⁡+⁡ ⁡ +⁡
ℎ1 (2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿) 2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐶 𝐿 ℎ2 (2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿)
PROBLEM: A steel tube has 5x10-2 m ID, 7.6 x10-2 m OD, and thermal conductivity coefficient k=15
W/mK. A hot gas Ta=330 C, ha=400 W/m2K flows inside the tube. The outer surface is exposed to
cooler air at Tb=30 C with hb=60 W/m2K. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for H=10 m of
the tube.
PROBLEM
ID 5.00E-02 m
OD 7.60E-02 m
K1 1.50E+01 W/mK
Ta 3.30E+02 C
ha 4.00E+02 W/M^2K
Tb 3.00E+01 C
hb 6.00E+01 W/m^2K
H 1.00E+01 m
r0 2.50E-02 m
r1 3.80E-02 m
A0 1.57E+00 m^2
A1 2.39E+00 m^2
R0 1.59E-03 K/W
R1 4.44E-04 K/W
R2 6.98E-03 K/W
R 9.02E-03 K/W
Q 3.33E+04 W
73
PROBLEM :
A steel tube with 5x10-2 m ID, 7.6 x10-2 m
OD, and k=15 W/mK is covered with an
insulative covering of thickness t=2 x10-2 m
and k=0.2 W/mK. A hot gas Ta=330 C,
ha=400 W/m2K flows inside the tube. The
outer surface of the insulation is exposed to
cooler air at Tb=30 C with hb=60 W/m2K.
Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air
for H=10 m of the tube.
PROBLEM
ID 5.0000000E-02 m
OD 7.6000000E-02 m
K1 1.5000000E+01 W/mK
t 2.0000000E-02 m
k2 2.0000000E-01 W/mK
Ta 3.3000000E+02 C
ha 4.0000000E+02 W/M^2K
Tb 3.0000000E+01 C
hb 6.0000000E+01 W/m^2K
H 1.0000000E+01 m
r0 2.5000000E-02 m
r1 3.8000000E-02 m
r2 5.8000000E-02 m
A0 1.5707963E+00 m^2
A2 3.6442475E+00 m^2
R0 1.5915494E-03 K/W
R1 4.4866505E-04 K/W
R2 3.3649879E-02 K/W
R3 4.5734179E-03 K/W
R 4.0263511E-02 K/W
Q 7.4509150E+03 W
PROBLEM :
PROBLEM
ID 5.00E-02 m
OD 7.60E-02 m
K1 1.50E+01 W/mK
t 2.00E-02 m
74
k2 5.00E-02 W/mK
Ta 3.30E+02 C
ha 4.00E+02 W/M^2K
Tb 3.00E+01 C
hb 6.00E+01 W/m^2K
H 1.00E+01 m
r0 2.50E-02 m
r1 3.80E-02 m
r2 5.80E-02 m
A0 1.57E+00 m^2
A2 3.64E+00 m^2
R0 1.59E-03 K/W
R1 4.44E-04 K/W
R2 1.35E-01 K/W
R3 4.57E-03 K/W
R 1.41E-01 K/W
Q 2.12E+03 W
PROBLEM :
PROBLEM
ID 5.00E-02 m
OD 7.60E-02 m
K1 1.50E+01 W/mK
t 5.00E-02 m
k2 5.00E-02 W/mK
Ta 3.30E+02 C
ha 4.00E+02 W/M^2K
Tb 3.00E+01 C
hb 6.00E+01 W/m^2K
H 1.00E+01 m
r0 2.50E-02 m
r1 3.80E-02 m
r2 8.80E-02 m
A0 1.57E+00 m^2
A2 5.53E+00 m^2
R0 1.59E-03 K/W
R1 4.44E-04 K/W
R2 2.67E-01 K/W
R3 3.01E-03 K/W
R 2.72E-01 K/W
Q 1.10E+03 W
PROBLEM :
A solid cylinder with a constant heat generation where the surface temperature at r=R is T=T w and
thermal conductivity is constant. Calculate temperature profile.
75
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑔0
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝑔0 = 0 (𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = − 𝑟
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘
𝜕𝑇
B.C. T=Tw r=R = 0 r=0 (maximum temperature at the center due to heat generation)
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇 𝑔0 𝑟2 𝜕𝑇 𝑔0 𝑟 𝐶1 𝑔0 𝑟 2
(𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = − + 𝐶1 =− + 𝑇=− + 𝐶1 ln(𝑟) + 𝐶2
𝑘 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 2 𝑟 𝑘 4
𝜕𝑇 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
B.C 𝜕𝑟
= 0 r=0 → ⁡⁡𝐶1 = 0
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑔0 𝑅2
B.C. T=Tw r=R → ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇𝑤 + = 𝐶2
𝑘 4
𝑔0 𝑟2 𝑔0 𝑅2 𝑔0 (𝑅2 −𝑟 2 )
𝑇=− + 𝑇𝑤 + 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤 =
𝑘 4 𝑘 4 𝑘 4
PROBLEM:
A solid bar of Radius r=b is initially at a uniform temperature T 0. For times t>0, it is cooled by
convection from the surface at r=b into ambient air at temperature T air with a heat transfer coefficient
hair . Write the mathematical formulation of this heat conduction problem for the determination of one
dimensional time dependent temperature distribution T(r,t) within the rod
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝑟2 𝜕 (𝑘 (𝑇) 𝜕 ) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑡
𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) = 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 r and t dimensions only 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) = 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
1𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)

(𝑟 )= =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑇0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
−𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
= 0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏
𝜕𝑟
PROBLEM :
A hollow cylinder (pipe), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, has its boundary surfaces at r=a and r=b maintained at uniform
temperatures T1 and T2, respectively Termal conductivity varies with temperature in the form:⁡𝑘(𝑇 ) = 𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)
where 𝑘0 and 𝛽are constants
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘(𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = 0 ([𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)]𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑇 = 𝑇1 at r=a
𝑇 = 𝑇2 at r=b
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘(𝑇)𝑟 = 𝐶1 [𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)]𝑟 = 𝐶1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇
𝑄 = (2𝜋𝑟𝐿) (−𝑘(𝑇) )
𝜕𝑟
𝑄 = −2𝜋𝐿𝐶1
𝜕𝑇
[𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)]𝑟 = 𝐶1
𝜕𝑟
𝐶1
[𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)]𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑟
𝑇2
𝑇2
[𝑘0 (𝑇 + 𝛽 2
)] = 𝐶1 ln⁡(𝑟)|𝑏𝑟=𝑎
𝑇1
𝑘0 𝛽 𝑏
𝑘0 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + (𝑇22 − 𝑇12 )) = 𝐶1 ln⁡( )
2 𝑎
76
2𝜋𝐿𝑘0 𝛽
𝑄= 𝑏 [1 + (𝑇2 + 𝑇1 )] (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
ln⁡( ) 2
𝑎
PROBLEM: A long cylindrical rod of Radius b=5 x10-2 m , k=10 W/(mK) contains radioactive
material which generates heat uniformly within the cylinder at a constant rate g 0=3x105 W/m3. The rod
is cooled by convection from its cylindrical surface into the ambient air at Tinf=50 C with a heat transfer
coefficient hinf=60 W/(m2K). Determine the temperature at the centre and outer surface of this cylinder
rod.
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(𝑘𝑟 (𝑇)𝑟 𝜕𝑟 ) + 𝑟2 𝜕𝜙 (𝑘𝜙 (𝑇) 𝜕𝜙 ) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘𝑧 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) 𝜕𝑡
𝑘𝑟 (𝑇) = 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 r dimension only g(x)=⁡𝑔0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
1𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑟) 𝑔0
(𝑟 )+ =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 = ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 )⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇
= 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 0⁡⁡⁡(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚⁡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇(𝑟) 𝑔0
𝑑 (𝑟 ) = − 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑘
𝜕𝑇(𝑟) 𝑔0 𝑟 2
𝑟 =− + 𝐶1
𝜕𝑟 𝑘 2
𝜕𝑇(𝑟) 𝑔0 𝑟 2 𝐶1
=− +
𝜕𝑟 𝑘 4 𝑟
𝑔0 𝑟 2
𝑇(𝑟) = − + 𝐶1 ln(𝑟) + 𝐶2
𝑘 4
𝜕𝑇
= 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 0 𝐶1 = 0
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 − T∞)⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏
𝜕𝑟
𝑔0 𝑏 𝑔0 𝑏 𝑔0 𝑏2
−𝑘 (− )= = ℎ (− + 𝐶2 − T∞)
𝑘 2 2 𝑘 4
𝑔0 𝑏 𝑔0 𝑏2
𝐶2 = + + T∞
2ℎ 𝑘 4
𝑔0 𝑏 1 𝑏
𝐶2 = ( + ) + T∞
2 ℎ 2𝑘
3x105 ∗ 5x10−2 1 5x10−2

𝐶2 = ( + ) + 50 = 193.75⁡
2 60 2 ∗ 10
𝑇(𝑟) = −7500𝑟 2 + 193.75
r=0 T=193.75 ℃
r=b=5x10−2 ⁡𝑚 T=175 ℃
77
2.3 LUMPED SOLUTION OF FINS
Fins are extensive surfaces to increase heat transfer by increasing the surface area exposed to
outside fluid. They are connected to base wall. Geometry of fins can change significantly depends
on the applications. In the figure below some of the fin geometres are represented.
Figure 2.3-1 Fin types

(a) Longitudinal fin – Rectangular profile
(b) Longitudinal fin – Rectangular profile
(c) Longitudinal fin - Trapezoidal profile
(d) Longitudinal fin - Concave parabolic
(e) Radial fin – Rectangular profile
(f) Radial fin – Triangular profile
(g) Pin fin – Cylindrical
(h) Pin fin – Tapered profile
(i) Pin fin – Concave parabolic
Heat transfer equation for a fin can simply be written as
A(x) = cross sectional area of the disk
78
P(x) = perimeter of the disk
L = Length of the fin
∆𝑆(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑥)∆𝑥 =lateral surface area of the disk
h = convective heat transfer coefficient
k= thermal conductivity of solid
𝑇∞= ambient temperature
𝑇0 = base temperature (assumed to be constant)
Energy balance (First law of thermodynamics)
Net rate of heat gain by conduction +rate of gain by convection from the lateral surfaces=rate of
increase of internal energy
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 − 𝐴(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)𝑞𝑥+∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥) ⁡
𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 − 𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 − (𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 )∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥) ⁡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
− (𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 )∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Fourier’s law of conduction:
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 )∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥) ⁡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 ) − ℎ(𝑥) (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐴(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)−𝑇∞
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇0 −𝑇∞
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 ) − ℎ(𝑥) 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐴(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡
k≠ 𝑓(𝑥)
1 𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ(𝑥) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡)
𝐴(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥
(𝐴(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥
) − 𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 ∆𝑥
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
=𝛼 𝜕𝑡
If steady state (independent of time)
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) ∆𝑆(𝑥)
(𝐴(𝑥) )− 𝜃(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑘 ∆𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)𝑃(𝑥)
(𝐴(𝑥) )− 𝜃(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) =
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
Geometry 1: very thin plate (thickness 𝜹𝟎 )⁡with constant cross section
(x starting from tips going backward)
Conduction flow area:

𝐴(𝑥) = 𝐴0 = 𝛿0 𝑊 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Perimeter of fin (fin surface perimeter to convective heat transfer)
79
𝛿0
𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 𝑃0 = 2𝛿0 + 2𝑊 = 2𝑊 (1 + ) ≅ 2𝑊
𝑊
Assume that convective heat transfer coefficient is constant ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ
ℎ𝑃0 2ℎ𝑊 2ℎ 2ℎ
𝑚2 = = = 𝑚=√ M=mL
𝐴0 𝑘 𝛿0 𝑊𝑘 𝛿0 𝑘 𝛿0 𝑘
𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥)
2
− 𝑚 2 𝜃(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥
Boundary conditions : x=L 𝜃(𝑥) = 1
𝜕𝜃(𝑥) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥)
x=0 𝑄𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴(𝑥) | = 0 therefore | =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
solution:
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶1 sinh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 cosh(𝑚𝑥)
𝜕𝜃(𝑥)
= 𝐶1 mcosh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 msinh(𝑚𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
If heat transfer at the edge is ignored(remeber it is very thin):
𝜕𝜃(𝑥) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥)
B.C. x=0 𝑄𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴(𝑥) | (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) = 0 therefore | =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
𝜕𝜃(𝑥)
= 𝐶1 mcosh(𝑚0) + 𝐶2 msinh(𝑚0) = 0
𝜕𝑥
cosh(𝑚0) = 1 sinhh(𝑚0) = 0 therefore 𝐶1 = 0
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶2 cosh(𝑚𝑥)
B.C. x=L 𝜃(𝑥) = 1
𝜃(𝐿) = 𝐶2 cosh(𝑚𝐿) = 𝐶2 cosh(𝑀)=1
1 1
𝐶2 = =
cosh(𝑚𝐿) cosh(𝑀)
cosh(𝑚𝑥)
𝜃(𝑥) =
cosh(𝑀)
𝜕𝜃(𝑥) msinhh(𝑚𝑥)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝐴(𝑥) | (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝑘(𝛿0 𝑊) |
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 cosh(𝑀) 𝑥=𝐿
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘(2𝑊𝐿)(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ )𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑚𝐿) = 𝑘(𝛿0 𝑊)(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ )𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑀)
Maximum possible heat transfer ocur if all the fin surface at the base temperature T 0 (or
conductive heat transfer coefficient is infinitely big)
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚⁡𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛⁡𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) = ℎ(2𝑊𝐿)⁡(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ )
Fin efficiency: ratio of actual heat transfer to maximum possible heat transfer
2ℎ
)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑘(𝛿0 𝑊)(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ )𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑚𝐿) 𝑘(𝛿0 √𝛿0 𝑘 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑚𝐿)
𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 = = =
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚⁡𝑓𝑖𝑛 ℎ(2𝑊𝐿)⁡(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) ℎ(2𝐿)⁡
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑚𝐿) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑚𝐿) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑀)
𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 = = =
2ℎ 𝑚𝐿⁡ 𝑀⁡
√𝛿 𝑘 𝐿⁡
0
PROBLEM : For a longitudinal fin of rectangular cross section the following values are given: ℎ∞=30
W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.1 m, width W=0.4 m and thicknes=0.01 m. Calculate change of
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
dimensionles temperature profile 𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin efficiency for 0 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 2
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
If base temperature of the fin Tb=120 ℃ and environmental temperature is 𝑇∞ = 20⁡℃, calculate heat
transfer from the fin.
public class longitudinal_fin_rectangular_CS

80
{
{ double h=30; //W/m^2K
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.1; //m
double d=0.01; //m
double W=0.4;
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*d))*L;
if_x eta=(M)->Math.tanh(M)/M;
if_x teta=X->Math.cosh(M1*X)/Math.cosh(M1);
double teta1[]=new double[101];
Plot p1=new Plot(teta,0.0,1.0,100);
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" longitudinal fin rectangular cross section");
p1.setXlabel("X=x/L");
p1.setYlabel(""+'\u03F4');
p1.plot();
Plot p2=new Plot(eta,0.0,2.0,100);
p2.setPlabel("efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" longitudinal fin rectangular cross section");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.setYlabel(""+'\u03B7');
p2.plot();
double A=2*L*W;
double T1=120;
double T2=20;
double Qmax=h*A*(T1-T2);
double eta1=eta.func(M1);
double Q=eta1*Qmax;
System.out.println("M="+M1+"eta = "+eta1+"Qmax="+Qmax+"Q="+Q);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

"E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" longitudinal_fin_rectangular_CS
M=1.0954451150103324eta = 0.7292532634501073Qmax=240.00000000000003Q=175.02078322802578
Hand calculation of the problem:
ℎ∞=30 W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.1 m, width W=0.4 m and thicknes=0.01
2ℎ
𝑚=√ = M=mL
𝛿0 𝑘
2ℎ 2 ∗ 30
𝑚=√ =√ = 10.95445115
𝛿0𝑘 0.01 ∗ 50
81
𝑀 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐿 = 10.95445115 ∗ 0.1 = 1.095445115
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑚𝐿) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑀) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(1.095445115)
𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 = = = = 0.729253263
𝑚𝐿⁡ 𝑀⁡ 1.095445115 ⁡
𝐴 = 2 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑊 = 2 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 0.4 = 0.08⁡𝑚 2
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) = 30 ∗ 0.08 ∗ 100 = 240⁡𝑊
𝑄 = 𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.729253263 ∗ 240⁡𝑊 = 175.0207831⁡𝑊
Simplification of fin equation by assuming some general polynomial profiles

Instead of solving full differential equation by assuming some of the dimensions are not changing a
simplified differential equations can be derived (again by assuming energy balance is hold for a given
control volume). The following examples is assuming one dimensional steady state solution of a fin
structure. Consider a heat transfer problem given as in the figure shown above. An extended surface has
one dimensional conductive flow, and heat is removed by convection in each step.
Following normalisations and assumptions can be applied to this differential equation:

∆𝑆(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑥)∆𝑥 =lateral surface area of the disk
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)𝑃(𝑥)
(𝐴(𝑥) )− 𝜃(𝑥) = 0
Additional definitions are given as:
𝐴0 = base cross-sectional area
𝑃0 = base perimeter
hav=an average thermal convectivity
𝑥
𝑋 = normalised length 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1
𝐿
𝑨(𝒙)
𝑲(𝑿) = normalised cross-sectional area
𝑨𝟎
𝒉𝒂𝒗𝑷𝟎
𝒎𝟐 =
𝒌𝑨𝟎
ℎ(𝑥) ∆𝑆(𝑥) ∆𝑆(𝑥)
𝑊(𝑋) = Note that = 𝑃(𝑥) also
𝑃0 ℎ𝑎𝑣 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
82
ℎ(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑊(𝑋) =
ℎ𝑎𝑣 𝑃0
ℎ𝑎𝑣 𝑃0 2
𝑀 = 𝑚𝐿 𝑀2 = 𝑚2 𝐿2 = 𝐿
𝑘𝐴0
Equation becomes
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑋)
𝜕𝑋
(𝐾(𝑋) 𝜕𝑋
) − 𝑀2 𝑊(𝑋)𝜃(𝑋) = 0 0≤𝑋≤1
𝜃(𝑋) = 1 X=1 (𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇0 x=0)
𝑑𝜃(𝑋) 𝑑𝑇(𝑥)
= 0 at X=0 (𝑄(𝑥) = −𝑘 ∗ 𝐴(𝑥) = 0 x=L heat transfer at the edge is negligable)
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑥
Furthermore in order to simulate different geometries, some general polynomials are assigned with 3
different contants m,c and n
𝑲(𝑿) = 𝑿𝟏−𝟐𝒎
(change in the fin geometry)
𝑾(𝑿) = 𝒄𝟐 𝒏𝟐𝑿𝟐𝒄−𝟐𝑲(𝑿)
Then the fin equation becomes:

𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑋) 1 − 2𝑚 𝜕𝜃(𝑋)
+ − 𝑀2 𝑐 2 𝑛2 𝑋 2𝑐−2 𝜃(𝑋) = 0
𝜕𝑋 2 𝑋 𝜕𝑋
Solution of this differential equation for the boundary conditions given above:
𝐼 𝑚 (𝑛𝑀𝑋 𝑐)
𝑚 −( 𝑐 ) 𝑚
𝜃 (𝑋 ) = 𝑋 𝑐
<1
𝐼 𝑚 (𝑛𝑀)
−( )
𝑐
𝐼 𝑚 (𝑛𝑀𝑋 𝑐 )
𝑚 (𝑐) 𝑚
𝜃 (𝑋 ) = 𝑋 𝑐
>1
𝐼 𝑚 (𝑛𝑀)
( )
𝑐
Values of c,m and n for different geometries for cn=1 is given in the table below:
Name K(X) W(X) m c n =m/c
Longitudinal fin of rectangular profile 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2
Longitudinal fin of triangular profile X 1 0 1/2 2 0
Longitudinal fin of concave parabolic profile X2 1 -1/2 0 ∞ -∞
Longitudinal fin of convex parabolic profile X1/2 1 1/4 3/4 4/3 1/3
Radial fin of rectangular profile X X 0 1 1 0
Radial fin of hyperbolic profile 1 X 1/2 3/2 2/3 1/3
Conic spine X2 X -1/2 1/2 2 -1
Spine fin of concave parabolic profile X4 X2 -3/2 0 ∞ -∞
Spine fin of convex parabolic profile X X1/2 0 3/4 4/3 0
𝑚
𝐼 (𝑧) in the equation is called exponential Bessel function. It is given with the serial solution for =
𝑐
1 𝑧 2𝑘+
𝐼 (𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑘=0 ⁡( ) ⁡ where  is gamma function
𝑘!(k++1)⁡ 2
∞ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 𝑡 −1
Where gamma function defined as (z)= ∫𝑧=0 𝑡 𝑧−1 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ⁡ ⁡⁡∏∞
𝑛=1 (1 + 𝑛) ⁡⁡𝑒 𝑡/𝑛
𝑡
Where =0.57721566490153286... is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. A program is given to calculate I
below:
public class bessel_I
{ //C Euler-Mascheroni constant
public static double C=0.577215664901532860606512090082402431;
public static double I(double v,double x)
{ //I Bessel fonksiyonu
double JJ=0;double a=1.0;int fact=1;double b;
int vtest=(int)(v*10)/10;
if(v==0 && v==(double)vtest) JJ=bessi0(x);
else if(v==1 && v==(double)vtest) JJ=bessi1(x);
else if (v==(double)vtest) JJ=bessi((int)v,x);
else
83
{
double x1,x2,x3,x4;
long x5=1;
double lna=0.0;
x1=v*Math.log(0.5*x);
double lna1=Math.log(0.25*x*x);
for(int k=0;k<100;k++)
{
x2=lna;//Math.log(a);
x3=lngamma(k+1)[0];
x4=lngamma(v+k+1)[0];
b=x1+x2-x3-x4;
b=Math.exp(b);
lna+=lna1;
JJ+=b;
}
if(v==0 && x==0) JJ=1;
}
return JJ;
}
//natural logarithm of gamma function
public static double [] lngamma(double x)
{//logaithm of gamma function
//xx[0] value of logarithm of gamma function
//xx[1] sign of gamma functon
double xx[]=new double[2];
double result;
double a;
double b;
double c;
double p;
double q;
double u;
double w;
double z;
int i;
double logpi;
double ls2pi;
double tmp;
double sgngam = 1;
logpi = 1.14472988584940017414;
ls2pi = 0.91893853320467274178;
if( x<-34.0 )
{
q = -x;
double yy[]=lngamma(q);
w = yy[0];
tmp=yy[1];
p = Math.floor(q);
i = (int)Math.round(p);
if( i%2==0 )
{
sgngam = -1;
}
else
{
sgngam = 1;
}
z = q-p;
if( z>0.5 )
{
p = p+1;
z = p-q;
}
z = q*Math.sin(Math.PI*z);
result = logpi-Math.log(z)-w;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
if( x<13 )
{
z = 1;
p = 0;
u = x;
while(u>=3)
{
84
p = p-1;
u = x+p;
z = z*u;
}
while(u<2)
{
z = z/u;
p = p+1;
u = x+p;
}
if( z<0 )
{
sgngam = -1;
z = -z;
}
else
{
sgngam = 1;
}
if( u==2 )
{
result = Math.log(z);
//return result;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
p = p-2;
x = x+p;
b = -1378.25152569120859100;
b = -38801.6315134637840924+x*b;
b = -331612.992738871184744+x*b;
b = -1162370.97492762307383+x*b;
b = -1721737.00820839662146+x*b;
b = -853555.664245765465627+x*b;
c = 1;
c = -351.815701436523470549+x*c;
c = -17064.2106651881159223+x*c;
c = -220528.590553854454839+x*c;
c = -1139334.44367982507207+x*c;
c = -2532523.07177582951285+x*c;
c = -2018891.41433532773231+x*c;
p = x*b/c;
result = Math.log(z)+p;
//return result;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
q = (x-0.5)*Math.log(x)-x+ls2pi;
if( x>100000000 )
{
result = q;
//return result;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
p = 1/(x*x);
if( x>=1000.0 )
{
q = q+((7.9365079365079365079365*0.0001*p-2.7777777777777777777778*0.001)*p+0.0833333333333333333333)/x;
}
else
{
a = 8.11614167470508450300*0.0001;
a = -5.95061904284301438324*0.0001+p*a;
a = 7.93650340457716943945*0.0001+p*a;
a = -2.77777777730099687205*0.001+p*a;
a = 8.33333333333331927722*0.01+p*a;
q = q+a/x;
}
xx[0]= q;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
//I Bessel function of integer order 0
85
public static double bessi0(double x)
{
double ax,ans;
double y;
if ((ax=Math.abs(x)) < 3.75) {

y=x/3.75;
y*=y;
ans=1.0+y*(3.5156229+y*(3.0899424+y*(1.2067492
+y*(0.2659732+y*(0.360768e-1+y*0.45813e-2)))));
} else {
y=3.75/ax;
ans=(Math.exp(ax)/Math.sqrt(ax))*(0.39894228+y*(0.1328592e-1
+y*(0.225319e-2+y*(-0.157565e-2+y*(0.916281e-2
+y*(-0.2057706e-1+y*(0.2635537e-1+y*(-0.1647633e-1
+y*0.392377e-2))))))));
}
return ans;
}
//I Bessel function of integer order 1
public static double bessi1(double x)
{
double ax,ans;
double y;

y=x/3.75;
y*=y;
ans=ax*(0.5+y*(0.87890594+y*(0.51498869+y*(0.15084934
+y*(0.2658733e-1+y*(0.301532e-2+y*0.32411e-3))))));
} else {
y=3.75/ax;
ans=0.2282967e-1+y*(-0.2895312e-1+y*(0.1787654e-1
-y*0.420059e-2));
ans=0.39894228+y*(-0.3988024e-1+y*(-0.362018e-2
+y*(0.163801e-2+y*(-0.1031555e-1+y*ans))));
ans *= (Math.exp(ax)/Math.sqrt(ax));
}
return x < 0.0 ? -ans : ans;
}
//I Bessel function of integer order n
public static double bessi(int n, double x)
{
double ACC=40.0;
double BIGNO=1.0e10;
double BIGNI=1.0e-10;
int j;
double bi,bim,bip,tox,ans;
if (n < 2) System.out.println("Index n less than 2 in bessi");

if (x == 0.0)
return 0.0;
else {
tox=2.0/Math.abs(x);
bip=ans=0.0;
bi=1.0;
for (j=2*(n+(int) Math.sqrt(ACC*n));j>0;j--) {
bim=bip+j*tox*bi;
bip=bi;
bi=bim;
if (Math.abs(bi) > BIGNO) {
ans *= BIGNI;
bi *= BIGNI;
bip *= BIGNI;
}
if (j == n) ans=bip;
}
ans *= bessi0(x)/bi;
if(x<0) return -ans;
else return ans;
}
}
{ double x[]=new double[401];
double y[][]=new double[4][401];
for(int i=0;i<=400;i++)
{x[i]=0.01*i;
86
y[0][i]=I(0.0,x[i]);
y[1][i]=I((1.0/3.0),x[i]);
y[2][i]=I(0.5,x[i]);
y[3][i]=I(1.0,x[i]);
}
Plot pp=new Plot(x,y[0]);
pp.addData(x,y[1]);
pp.addData(x,y[2]);
pp.addData(x,y[3]);
pp.plot();
}
}
Modified Bessel Functions of first and second kind
Data is created by using Mathd.java (it existed in SCO1)
public class Bessel_Table

{public static void main(String arg[])
{
double x,K0,K1,I0,I1;
for(int i=0;i<101;i++)
{x=0.1*i;
I0=Mathd.I(0,x)*Math.exp(-x);
I1=Mathd.I(1,x)*Math.exp(-x);
K0=Mathd.K(0,x)*Math.exp(x);
K1=Mathd.K(1,x)*Math.exp(x);
System.out.println(x+" "+I0+" "+I1+" "+K0+" "+K1);
}}}
x 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼0 (𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼1 (𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 𝐾0(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 𝐾1(𝑥)

0 1 0 ∞ ∞
0.1000000000000 0.9071009244482 0.0452984467891 2.6823261024353 10.8901826860671
0.2000000000000 0.8269385469884 0.0822831233904 2.1407573119304 5.8333860435406
0.3000000000000 0.7575806163207 0.1123775602390 1.8526272735686 4.1251577717766
0.4000000000000 0.6974021575741 0.1367632234988 1.6626820448337 3.2586738912011
0.5000000000000 0.6450352542264 0.1564208019100 1.5241093260797 2.7310097214144
0.6000000000000 0.5993271850232 0.1721644177836 1.4167375507951 2.3739200504625
0.7000000000000 0.5593055082344 0.1846699805981 1.3301235813854 2.1150113240440
0.8000000000000 0.5241489249832 0.1944986909392 1.2582030499339 1.9179303074833
0.9000000000000 0.4931629517575 0.2021165283827 1.1971633186895 1.7623882254095
1.0000000000000 0.4657595966611 0.2079104129914 1.1444630331685 1.6361534902582
87
1.1000000000000 0.4414403703010 0.2122016111145 1.0983302532758 1.5314037579606
1.2000000000000 0.4197820752806 0.2152568578028 1.0574845189621 1.4428975581328
1.3000000000000 0.4004249120754 0.2172975868126 1.0209731627618 1.3669872939768
1.4000000000000 0.3830625169034 0.2185075918921 0.9880700111091 1.3010537533648
1.5000000000000 0.3674336118153 0.2190393873980 0.9582100832152 1.2431658877838
1.6000000000000 0.3533150008735 0.2190194902505 0.9309460278780 1.1918675752615
1.7000000000000 0.3405156908463 0.2185528071420 0.9059182013118 1.1460392450530
1.8000000000000 0.3288719518620 0.2177262793860 0.8828335934588 1.1048053556836
1.9000000000000 0.3182431642312 0.2166119116992 0.8614506675320 1.0674709013680
2.0000000000000 0.3085083232249 0.2152692896043 0.8415682686449 1.0334768336463
2.1000000000000 0.2995630948688 0.2137476722503 0.8230170924649 1.0023681332472
2.2000000000000 0.2913173335077 0.2120877326314 0.8056539353977 0.9737702339885
2.3000000000000 0.2836929866294 0.2103230049131 0.7893561120531 0.9473722578087
2.4000000000000 0.2766223246944 0.2084810884009 0.7740181420420 0.9229136713920
2.5000000000000 0.2700464439386 0.2065846492634 0.7595487023967 0.9001744154108
2.6000000000000 0.2639139986236 0.2046522541312 0.7458682582271 0.8789672669202
2.7000000000000 0.2581801263093 0.2026990639048 0.7329071651074 0.8591318742419
2.8000000000000 0.2528055356399 0.2007374112966 0.7206041344830 0.8405300522413
2.9000000000000 0.2477557310754 0.1987772816520 0.7089049819469 0.8230420375707
3.0000000000000 0.2430003531247 0.1968267132844 0.6977615983054 0.8065634824532
3.1000000000000 0.2385126160824 0.1948921308173 0.6871310977794 0.7910030220530
3.2000000000000 0.2342688281507 0.1929786227490 0.6769751082409 0.7762802913037
3.3000000000000 0.2302479812404 0.1910901725629 0.6672591762199 0.7623242968745
3.4000000000000 0.2264313997578 0.1892298511365 0.6579522653110 0.7490720719541
3.5000000000000 0.2228024393801 0.1873999768991 0.6490263310890 0.7364675579211
3.6000000000000 0.2193462282331 0.1856022491005 0.6404559590813 0.7244606692892
3.7000000000000 0.2160494440777 0.1838378586560 0.6322180550095 0.7130065076679
3.8000000000000 0.2129001299773 0.1821075833710 0.6242915785906 0.7020646976223
3.9000000000000 0.2098875283762 0.1804118566460 0.6166573138262 0.6915988228336
4.0000000000000 0.2070019252180 0.1787508395700 0.6092976700000 0.6815759452344
4.1000000000000 0.2042345330188 0.1771244752911 0.6021965086390 0.6719661931467
4.2000000000000 0.2015773893518 0.1755325255304 0.5953389925201 0.6627424070815
4.3000000000000 0.1990232608252 0.1739746095179 0.5887114534727 0.6538798339478
4.4000000000000 0.1965655607441 0.1724502351448 0.5823012762672 0.6453558620842
4.5000000000000 0.1941982778769 0.1709588242056 0.5760967963239 0.6371497908587
4.6000000000000 0.1919159144466 0.1694997330083 0.5700872093342 0.6292426296587
4.7000000000000 0.1897134319114 0.1680722692664 0.5642624911879 0.6216169219642
4.8000000000000 0.1875862033948 0.1666757059572 0.5586133268420 0.6142565909060
4.9000000000000 0.1855299718356 0.1653092926808 0.5531310469731 0.6071468032904
5.0000000000000 0.1835408130863 0.1639722649451 0.5478075714251 0.6002738495505
5.1000000000000 0.1816151033044 0.1626638517245 0.5426353586059 0.5936250374766
5.2000000000000 0.1797494900810 0.1613832815814 0.5376073601051 0.5871885979026
5.3000000000000 0.1779408668296 0.1601297875883 0.5327169799092 0.5809536007993
5.4000000000000 0.1761863500230 0.1589026112525 0.5279580376703 0.5749098804508
5.5000000000000 0.1744832589237 0.1577010056097 0.5233247355615 0.5690479685793
5.6000000000000 0.1728290975013 0.1565242376305 0.5188116283123 0.5633590344444
5.7000000000000 0.1712215382689 0.1553715900548 0.5144135960669 0.5578348310768
5.8000000000000 0.1696584078093 0.1542423627570 0.5101258197584 0.5524676469216
5.9000000000000 0.1681376737887 0.1531358737219 0.5059437587258 0.5472502622619
6.0000000000000 0.1666574332843 0.1520514597043 0.5018631303368 0.5421759098768
6.1000000000000 0.1652159022726 0.1509884766275 0.4978798914073 0.5372382394577
6.2000000000000 0.1638114061469 0.1499462997719 0.4939902212316 0.5324312853684
6.3000000000000 0.1624423711466 0.1489243237925 0.4901905060633 0.5277494373848
6.4000000000000 0.1611073165976 0.1479219626000 0.4864773248995 0.5231874140961
6.5000000000000 0.1598048478756 0.1469386491331 0.4828474364431 0.5187402386866
6.6000000000000 0.1585336500125 0.1459738350456 0.4792977671273 0.5144032168521
6.7000000000000 0.1572924818794 0.1450269903272 0.4758254001040 0.5101719166322
6.8000000000000 0.1560801708839 0.1440976028745 0.4724275651026 0.5060421499665
6.9000000000000 0.1548956081306 0.1431851780243 0.4691016290815 0.5020099558037
7.0000000000000 0.1537377439951 0.1422892380615 0.4658450875983 0.4980715846122
7.1000000000000 0.1526055840729 0.1414093217086 0.4626555568358 0.4942234841565
7.2000000000000 0.1514981854641 0.1405449836057 0.4595307662239 0.4904622864209
88
7.3000000000000 0.1504146533617 0.1396957937854 0.4564685516065 0.4867847955719
7.4000000000000 0.1493541379150 0.1388613371489 0.4534668489069 0.4831879768639
7.5000000000000 0.1483158313416 0.1380412129449 0.4505236882475 0.4796689464023
7.6000000000000 0.1472989652652 0.1372350342568 0.4476371884875 0.4762249616880
7.7000000000000 0.1463028082578 0.1364424274979 0.4448055521430 0.4728534128719
7.8000000000000 0.1453266635686 0.1356630319193 0.4420270606585 0.4695518146602
7.9000000000000 0.1443698670226 0.1348964991287 0.4393000700010 0.4663177988117
8.0000000000000 0.1434317850746 0.1341424926241 0.4366230065519 0.4631491071788
8.1000000000000 0.1425118130032 0.1334006873407 0.4339943632719 0.4600435852445
8.2000000000000 0.1416093732361 0.1326707692129 0.4314126961192 0.4569991761165
8.3000000000000 0.1407239137921 0.1319524347511 0.4288766206998 0.4540139149388
8.4000000000000 0.1398549068328 0.1312453906334 0.4263848091337 0.4510859236878
8.5000000000000 0.1390018473135 0.1305493533123 0.4239359871202 0.4482134063231
8.6000000000000 0.1381642517261 0.1298640486366 0.4215289311870 0.4453946442625
8.7000000000000 0.1373416569260 0.1291892114864 0.4191624661108 0.4426279921590
8.8000000000000 0.1365336190365 0.1285245854244 0.4168354624955 0.4399118739537
8.9000000000000 0.1357397124256 0.1278699223596 0.4145468344983 0.4372447791848
9.0000000000000 0.1349595287480 0.1272249822250 0.4122955376916 0.4346252595340
9.1000000000000 0.1341926760484 0.1265895326684 0.4100805670524 0.4320519255905
9.2000000000000 0.1334387779221 0.1259633487562 0.4079009550691 0.4295234438192
9.3000000000000 0.1326974727265 0.1253462126887 0.4057557699595 0.4270385337161
9.4000000000000 0.1319684128426 0.1247379135283 0.4036441139904 0.4245959651378
9.5000000000000 0.1312512639803 0.1241382469379 0.4015651218928 0.4221945557936
9.6000000000000 0.1305457045257 0.1235470149312 0.3995179593673 0.4198331688882
9.7000000000000 0.1298514249281 0.1229640256330 0.3975018216717 0.4175107109032
9.8000000000000 0.1291681271218 0.1223890930494 0.3955159322877 0.4152261295105
9.9000000000000 0.1284955239821 0.1218220368487 0.3935595416590 0.4129784116057
10.0000000000000 0.1278333388132 0.1212626821498 0.3916319259996 0.4107665814554
The ratio of fin heat transfer to maximum possible heat transfer is called fin efficiency
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
=
or
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
Maximum fin heat transfer is the heat transfer when fin thermal conductivity is infinitly large, or all fin
surface temperatures are equal to fin base temperature
𝑑𝑇
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = ℎ𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) = −𝑘𝐴0 |
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
One more point before going to actual fin geometries. Fins an a surface only occupies some certain area,
the remaining of the surface. For the base sırfaces fin efficiency is equal to 1 (fin surface is at base
temperature) . Therefore total heat transfer is equal to
𝑄 = [(𝐴 − 𝐴𝑓 )1 + 𝐴𝑓 ]∆𝑇 = [𝐴 − (1 − 𝐴𝑓 )]∆𝑇
89
Let us now consider the heat transfer from the fin, Let us consider an arbitrary Longitudinal fin of
𝛿(𝑥)
length L and width W. For this fin 𝐴(𝑥) = 𝛿(𝑥)𝑊 𝐴0 = 𝛿0 𝑊 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑊 [1 + ] ≅ 2𝑊 𝑃0 =
𝑊
𝛿(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)
2𝑊 𝐾(𝑥) = 𝑊(𝑥) =
𝛿0 ℎ0
2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2 𝑥
𝑀=( ) 𝐿 and dimensionless coordinates 𝑋 = normalised length 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 with X=0 at fin
𝑘𝛿0 𝐿
tip and X=1 at fin base. And if we further assume that heat transfer coefficient is constant ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ0 =
ℎ𝑎𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
Then 𝑊(𝑥) = 1 The heat transfer from the fin (at the base X=1):
𝑑𝜃(𝑋) 1 𝑑𝜃(𝑋)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝐴(𝑋) | = 𝑘𝛿0 𝑊(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) |
𝑑𝑋 𝑋=1 𝐿 𝑑𝑋 𝑋=1
The ratio of fin heat transfer to maximum possible heat transfer is called fin efficiency.
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 1 𝑑𝜃(𝑋)
= = | or 𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 2 𝑑𝑋 𝑋=1
Now we can look at fin efficiencies as a function of actual geometries. As a first geometry let us look at
Longitudinal fin of rectangular profile
m=1/2 c=1 n=1 =m/c=1/2

𝐼−(1/2) (𝑀𝑋) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑀𝑋) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑀)
𝜃(𝑋) = 𝑋 1/2 but also 𝐼−(1) (𝑋) = √ cosh⁡(𝑋) therefore: 𝜃(𝑋) = =
𝐼−(1/2) (𝑀) 2 𝜋𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑀) 𝑀
2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
𝑘𝛿0
If all fin temperature is at the base temperature of 𝑇0 maximum heat transfer will occur
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = ℎ𝑎𝑣 2𝑊𝐿(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ )
= = | or 𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 2 𝑑𝑋 𝑋=1
90
PROBLEM : For a longitudinal fin of rectangular cross section the following values are given: ℎ∞=30
W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.1 m, width W=0.4 m and thicknes=0.01 m. Calculate change of
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
dimensionles temperature profile 𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin efficiency for 0 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 2
If base temperature of the fin Tb=120 ℃ and environmental temperature is 𝑇∞ = 20⁡℃, calculate heat
transfer from the fin.
public class longitudinal_fin_rectangular_CS

{
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.1; //m
double d=0.01; //m
double W=0.4;
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*d))*L;
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" longitudinal fin rectangular cross section");
p1.plot();
p2.setPlabel("efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" longitudinal fin rectangular cross section");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
double A=2*L*W;
double T1=120;
double T2=20;
double Q=eta1*Qmax;
System.out.println("M="+M1+"eta = "+eta1+"Qmax="+Qmax+"Q="+Q);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" longitudinal_fin_rectangular_CS
M=1.0954451150103324eta = 0.7292532634501073Qmax=240.00000000000003Q=175.02078322802578
91
Longitudinal fin of triangualar profile
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑥 𝛿(𝑥) 𝛿0 𝑋 ℎ(𝑥)
𝛿(𝑥) = 𝛿0 = 𝛿0 𝑋 𝐾(𝑥) = = = 𝑋 𝑊(𝑥) = =1
𝐿 𝛿0 𝛿0 ℎ0
m=0 c=1/2 n=2 =m/c=0
𝐼0 (2𝑀√𝑋) 𝐼1 (2𝑀) 2ℎ 1/2
𝜃(𝑋) = = where 𝑀 = ( 𝑎𝑣) 𝐿
𝐼0 (2𝑀) 𝑀𝐼0 (2𝑀) 𝑘𝛿 0
PROBLEM : For a longitudinal fin of triangular cross section the following values are given: ℎ∞=30
W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.1 m, width W=0.4 m and thicknes at the base 𝛿0 =0.01 m. Calculate
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
change of dimensionles temperature profile 𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin efficiency for
0≤𝑀≤2
public class longitudinal_fin_tridiagonal_CS

{
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.1; //m
double d0=0.01; //m
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*d0))*L;
if_x eta=(M)->Mathd.I(1.0,2.0*M)/(M*Mathd.I(0.0,2.0*M));
if_x teta=X->Mathd.I(0.0,2.0*M1*Math.sqrt(X))/Mathd.I(0.0,2.0*M1);
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" longitudinal fin triangular cross section");
p1.plot();
p2.setPlabel("efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" longitudinal fin triangular cross section");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
92
System.out.println("M="+M1+"eta = "+eta.func(M1));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" longitudinal_fin_tridiagonal_CS
M=1.0954451150103324eta = 0.663436620996408
Hand calculation of the problem:
ℎ∞=30 W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.1 m, width W=0.4 m and thicknes=0.01
2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝑀=( ) 𝐿
𝑘𝛿0
2ℎ
𝑚=√ = M=mL
𝛿0 𝑘
2ℎ 2 ∗ 30
𝑚=√ =√ = 10.95445115
𝛿0𝑘 0.01 ∗ 50
𝑀 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐿 = 10.95445115 ∗ 0.1 = 1.095445115
2𝑀 = 2.19089023
𝐼0 (2𝑀√𝑋) 𝐼1 (2𝑀)
𝜃(𝑋) = =
𝐼0 (2𝑀) 𝑀𝐼0 (2𝑀)
Linear interpolation from table:
x 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼0 (𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼1 (𝑥)
2.1 0.299563095 0.213747672
2.2 0.291317334 0.212087733
2.19089023 0.292068503 0.212238949
93
𝐼0 (2𝑀) = 0.292068503 ∗ 𝑒 2.19089023 = 2.612018581𝐼1 (2𝑀) = 0.212238949 ∗
𝑒 2.19089023 =1.898089227
𝐼1 (2𝑀) 1.898089227
= = =0.6633607
𝑀𝐼0 (2𝑀) 1.095445115∗2.612018581
𝛿 2 0.01 2
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [2√( 0) + 𝐿2 ] 𝑊 = [2√( ) + 0.12 ] 0.4 =0.080099938
2 2
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) = 30 ∗0.800062498
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6633607 ∗240.2998127=159.405 W
Note that computer program calculates the same efficiency as =0.663436620996408 . Small difference is
due to linear interpolation error.
Longitudinal fin of concave parabolic profile

𝑥 2 𝛿(𝑥) 𝛿0 𝑋 2 ℎ(𝑥)
𝛿(𝑥) = 𝛿0 ( ) = 𝛿0 𝑋 2 𝐾(𝑥) = = = 𝑋 2 𝑊(𝑥) = =1
m=-1/2 c=0 n=∞ =m/c=-∞
1 1
−( )+√( )+𝑀2 2 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝜃(𝑋) = 𝑋 2 4 = where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
1+√1+(2𝑀)2 𝑘𝛿0
Longitudinal fin of convex parabolic profile

𝑥 1/2 𝛿(𝑥) 𝛿0 𝑋 1/2 ℎ(𝑥)
𝛿(𝑥) = 𝛿0 ( ) = 𝛿0 𝑋 1/2 𝐾(𝑥) = = = 𝑋 1/2 𝑊(𝑥) = =1
m=1/4 c=3/4 n4/3=m/c=1/3
𝐼 1 (4/3𝑀𝑋) 𝐼2 (4/3𝑀)
−(3) 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝜃(𝑋) = 𝑋 1/4 = 3
where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
𝐼 1 (4/3𝑀) 𝑀𝐼 1 (4/3𝑀) 𝑘𝛿0
−(3) − 3
PROBLEM For a longitudinal fin of convex parabolic profile the following values are given: ℎ∞=30
W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.1 m, width W=0.4 m and thicknes at the base 𝛿0 =0.01 m. Calculate
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
change of dimensionles temperature profile 𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin efficiency for
0≤𝑀≤2
public class longitudinal_fin_convex_parabolic_CS
{
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.1; //m
double W=0.4; //m
double d0=0.01; //m
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*d0))*L;
if_x eta=(M)->Mathd.I(2.0/3.0,4.0/3.0*M)/(M*Mathd.I(-1.0/3.0,4.0/3.0*M));
94
if_x teta=X->Math.pow(X,0.25)*Mathd.I(-1.0/3.0,2.0*4.0/3.0*M1*X)/Mathd.I(-1.0/3.0,4.0/3.0*M1);
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" longitudinal fin convex parabolic cross section");
p1.plot();
p2.setPlabel("efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" longitudinal fin convex parabolic cross section");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" longitudinal_fin_convex_parabolic_CS
M=1.0954451150103324eta = 0.6988647038726997
radial fin of arbitrary cross section
Let us now consider the radial fins in the form of circular disks. Thickness at the base r=rb coss sectional
area A(r) and perimeter P(r) of the pin is given as:
𝐴(𝑟) = 2𝜋𝑟𝛿(𝑟) 𝐴0 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑏 𝛿0 𝑃(𝑟) = 4𝜋𝑟𝑏 where 𝐴0 and 𝑃0 are the cross section area and
perimeter of the fin at the base of the fin.
𝑟 𝑟𝑏 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2 𝛿(𝑟) ℎ(𝑥)
𝑋=𝑅= 𝑋𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑋𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡 = 1⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡𝑀 = ( ) 𝑟𝑡 𝐾(𝑟) = 𝑅 𝑊(𝑟) = 𝑅=
𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑡 𝑘𝛿0 𝛿0 ℎ0
𝑅
𝑟
The heat transfer from the fin (at the base 𝑋𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑏 ):
𝑟𝑡
95
𝑑𝑇(𝑟) 𝑑𝜃(𝑅)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = −𝑘(2𝜋𝑟𝛿(𝑟)) | = −𝑘2𝜋𝛿0 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )𝑅 |
𝑑𝑟 𝑟=𝑟𝑏 𝑑𝑅 𝑅=𝑅𝑏
If all fin temperature is at the base temperature of 𝑇𝑏 maximum heat transfer will occur
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 2𝜋ℎ𝑎𝑣 𝑟𝑡2 (1 − 𝑅𝑏2 )(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )
The ratio of fin heat transfer to maximum possible heat transfer is called fin efficiency
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 2 𝑅 𝑑𝜃(𝑅)
= =− | or 𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 2 (1−𝑅2 ) 𝑑𝑅 𝑅=𝑅𝑏
Now radial fins with known profile can be investigated
radial fin of rectangular cross section
ℎ(𝑥) 𝑟
𝐾(𝑟) = 𝑅⁡⁡⁡𝑊(𝑟) = 𝑅 = 𝑅⁡⁡⁡𝑅 =
ℎ0 𝑟𝑡
m=0 c=1 n=1 =m/c=0
The temperature distribution
𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼0 (𝑀𝑅)+𝐼1 (𝑀)𝐾0 (𝑀𝑅)
𝜃(𝑅) =
𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )+𝐼1 (𝑀)𝐾0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )
Where K is hyperbolic Bessel function which defines as:
𝜋 𝐼-(𝑧)−𝐼(𝑧)
𝐾 (𝑧) = It should be also note that 𝐾− (𝑧) = 𝐾 (𝑧) 𝐼− (𝑧) = 𝐼 (𝑧)
2
sin⁡(𝜋)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 2 𝑅𝑏 𝐼1(𝑀)𝐾1 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )−𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼1 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 ) 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
= = 2 where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝑟𝑡
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 1−𝑅𝑏 𝐼1(𝑀)𝐾0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )+𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 ) 𝑘𝛿0
PROBLEM : For radial fin with the rectangular cross section the following values are given: ℎ∞=30
W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin tip Radius rt =0.1 m, fin base radius rb=0.05 m, and fin thickness is 10-3 m
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
Calculate change of dimensionles temperature profile 𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin
efficiency for 0 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 2
public class radial_fin_rectangular_cs

{
double k=200; //W/mK
double d=5e-3; //m
double rt=4e-3; //m
double rb=2.5e-3; //m
double Rb=rb/rt;
System.out.println("Rb="+Rb);
double Rt=1.0;
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*d))*rt;
double M0=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*d))*rb;
if_x eta=M->2.0/M*Rb/(1-Rb*Rb)*(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(1.0,M*Rb)-
Mathd.K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(1.0,M*Rb))/(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(0.0,M*Rb)+Mathd.K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(0.0,M*Rb));
if_x teta=R-
>(Mathd.K(1.0,M1)*Mathd.I(0.0,M1*R)+Mathd.I(1.0,M1)*Mathd.K(0.0,M1*R))/(Mathd.K(1.0,M1)*Mathd.I(0.0,M1*Rb)+Mathd.I(1.0,M
1)*Mathd.K(0.0,M1*Rb));
Plot p1=new Plot(teta,Rb,Rt,100);
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" radial fin rectangular cross section");
p1.setXlabel("R=r/rt");
p1.plot();
96
Plot p2=new Plot(eta,M0,10.0,100);
p2.setPlabel("efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" radial fin rectangular cross section");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" radial_fin_rectangular_cs
M=6.9282032302755105eta = 0.09703374200859885
PROBLEM: A radial fin of rectangular profile is exposed to surroundings at a temperature of T=35 °C

and a heat transfer coefficient of h = 40 W/m 2 · K. The temperature at the fin base is 110 °C and the fin
is made from a steel with k = 40 W/(mK) with outer and inner diameters of 25 and 10 cm. The fin
thickness is 0.25 cm. Determine
(a) the fin efficiency,
(b) the temperature at the tip of the fin, and
(c) the dissipation of the fin.
public class radial_fin_rectangular_cs_2
{
double k=40; //W/mK
double d=10e-2; //m
double D=25e-2;
double rt=D/2.0; //m
97
double rb=d/2.0; //m
double Rb=rb/rt;
double t=0.25e-2;
double t1=7e-3;
System.out.println("rt="+rt+"rb="+rb+"Rb="+Rb);
double Rt=1.0;
double m=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*t));
double M1=m*rt;
System.out.println("M1="+M1);
System.out.println("Rb="+Rb+"eta="+eta1);
if_x teta=R-
>(Mathd.K(1.0,M1)*Mathd.I(0.0,M1*R)+Mathd.I(1.0,M1)*Mathd.K(0.0,M1*R))/(Mathd.K(1.0,M1)*Mathd.I(0.0,M1*Rb)+Mathd.I(1.0,M
1)*Mathd.K(0.0,M1*Rb));
double Ta=110.0;
double Tinf=35.0;
double tetat=teta.func(Rt)*(Ta-Tinf);
System.out.println("tetat="+tetat);
double Tt=tetat+Tinf;
System.out.println("Tt="+Tt+"degree C");
double A=2.0*Math.PI*(rt*rt-rb*rb);
System.out.println("A="+A+" m^2");
double q=h*A*eta1*(Ta-Tinf);
System.out.println("q="+q+" W");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" radial_fin_rectangular_cs_2
rt=0.125rb=0.05Rb=0.4
M1=3.5355339059327378
Rb=0.4eta=0.3430647848803193
tetat=13.546948228559222
Tt=48.54694822855922degree C
A=0.08246680715673206 m^2
q=84.87437237097318 W
radial fin of hyperbolic cross section
𝑟𝑏 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2 2 𝑟𝑏
𝛿(𝑟) = 𝛿0 𝑀=( ) 𝑟𝑡 𝐾(𝑅) = 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑏 𝑊(𝑅) = 𝑅
𝑟 𝑘𝛿0 𝑟
To maket he equation homegenious M and K will be further divided by R b so
2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2 𝑟𝑡
𝑀∗ = ( ) 𝐾(𝑅) = 1 𝑊(𝑅) = 𝑅 for this case
𝑘𝛿0 √𝑅𝑏
m=1/2 c=3/2 n=2/3 =m/c=1/3
Then the solution for the temperature profile
𝑅 1/2 𝐼2/3 (2/3𝑀∗)𝐼1/3 (2/3𝑀∗ 𝑅3/2 )+𝐼−2/3 (2/3𝑀∗ )𝐼−1/3 (2/3𝑀∗ 𝑅3/2 )
𝜃(𝑅) = ( ) 2/3 2/3
𝑅 𝑏 𝐼2/3 (2/3𝑀∗)𝐼1/3 (2/3𝑀∗ 𝑅𝑏 )+𝐼−2/3 (2/3𝑀∗ )𝐼−1/3 (2/3𝑀∗ 𝑅𝑏 )
And fin efficiency will be:
3/2 3/2
2 𝑅 𝐼2/3 (2/3𝑀∗ )𝐼−2/3 (2/3𝑀∗𝑅𝑏 )−𝐼−2/3 (2/3𝑀∗ )𝐼2/3 (2/3𝑀∗𝑅𝑏 )
 = ( ∗) ( 𝑏 2 ) 2/3 2/3
𝑀 1−𝑅 𝑏 𝐼−2/3 (2/3𝑀∗ )𝐼−1/3 (2/3𝑀∗ 𝑅𝑏 )−𝐼2/3 (2/3𝑀∗ )𝐼1/3 (2/3𝑀∗𝑅𝑏 )
spine fin of arbitrary cross section
98
Let us now consider a spine of arbitrary cross section where L is height of spine and 𝑟𝑏 is the base
diameter
𝑟(𝑥) 𝑥
𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑋=
𝑟𝑏 𝐿
Then 𝑋𝑡 = 0 (spine tip) 𝑋𝑏 = 1 (spine base)
2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝑀=( ) 𝐿 𝐾(𝑋) = [𝑅(𝑥)]2 𝑊(𝑋) = 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑘𝑟𝑏
𝑑𝑇(𝑥) (𝑇𝑏 −𝑇∞) 𝑑𝜃(𝑋)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 = −𝑘(2𝜋𝑟𝑏2 ) | = −𝑘(2𝜋𝑟𝑏2 ) |
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝐿 𝑑𝑋 𝑋=1
1
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑏 𝐿 ∫𝑋=0 𝑅(𝑥)ℎ𝑎𝑣 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑋
= = 1 |
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 2 ∫𝑋=0 𝑅(𝑥)𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 𝑋=1
Cyclindrical spine cross section
𝑟
𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑏 = 1 𝐾(𝑋) = 1 𝑊(𝑋) = 1 0≤𝑋≤1
𝑟𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑀𝑋) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑀) 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2

𝜃(𝑋) = = where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑀) 𝑀 𝑘𝑟𝑏
PROBLEM : For a steel rod following values are given: ℎ∞=64 W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin length L=0.25
m, fin base diameter rb=0.01 m. Calculate change of dimensionles temperature profile 𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
1 and = fin efficiency . Enviromental Temperature 𝑇∞ =20 °𝐶 and fin base temperature
Tb=120 °𝐶. Also calculate fin heat transfer for the given conditions.
public class steel_rod_fin

{
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.25; //m
double rb=0.01; //m
double T1=120;
double T2=20;
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*rb))*L;
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" steel rod fin");
99
p1.plot();
p2.setPlabel("Reduced efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" steel rod fin");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
double A=Math.PI*2*rb*L;
double Q=eta1*Qmax;
System.out.println("M = "+M1+" eta = "+eta1+" Qmax = "+Qmax+" Q = "+Q);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" steel_rod_fin
M = 4.0 eta = 0.24983232493476676 Qmax = 100.5309649148734 W Q = 25.115884692618287 W
Conical spine cross section

𝛿0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑟(𝑥)
𝑟(𝑥) = = 𝑟𝑏 𝑅(𝑥) = =𝑋
2 𝐿 𝐿 𝑟𝑏
𝐾(𝑋) = 𝑋 2 𝑊(𝑋) = 𝑋 m=-1/2 c=1/2 n=2 =m/c=-1

𝐼1 (2𝑀√𝑋 𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 2 𝐼2 (2𝑀) 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝜃(𝑋) = 𝑋 −1/2 = = where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
𝐼1 (2𝑀) 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 𝐼1 (2𝑀) 𝑘𝑟𝑏
100
PROBLEM : For a conical spine fin the following values are given: ℎ∞=30 W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin
length L=0.1 m, fin base diameter rb=0.05 m. Calculate change of dimensionles temperature profile
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin efficiency for 0 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 2
public class conical_spine_fin

{
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.1; //m
double rb=0.05; //m
if_x eta=(M)->2/M*Mathd.I(2.0,(2.0*M))/Mathd.I(1.0,(2.0*M));
if_x teta=X->1/Math.sqrt(X)*Mathd.I(1.0,(2.0*M1*Math.sqrt(X)))/Mathd.I(1.0,(2.0*M1));
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" conical spine fin");
p1.plot();
p2.setPlabel("Reduced efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" conical spine fin");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" conical_spine_fin
M=0.4898979485566356eta = 0.9622557596200761
Concave parabolic spine cross section

𝛿0 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑟(𝑥) = (𝐿 ) = 𝑟𝑏 (𝐿 ) 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑋 2 𝐾(𝑋) = 𝑋 4 𝑊(𝑋) = 𝑋 2
2
m=-3/2 c=0 n=⁡∞ =m/c=-∞
101
3 9
− +√( )+𝑀2 𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 2 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝜃(𝑋) = 𝑋 2 4 = = where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 1+√1+[2/3𝑀]2 𝑘𝑟𝑏
Convex parabolic spine cross section

𝛿0 𝑥 1/2 𝑥 1/2
𝑟(𝑥) = (𝐿 ) = 𝑟𝑏 ( ) 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑋 1/2 𝐾(𝑋) = 𝑋 𝑊(𝑋) = 𝑋 1/2
2 𝐿
m=0 c=3/4 n=⁡4/3 =m/c=0
4 3 4
𝐼𝑜 ( 𝑀𝑋 4) 𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 3 𝐼1 (3𝑀) 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
𝜃 (𝑋 ) = 3
4 = = 4 where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝐿
𝐼𝑜 ( 𝑀) 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 2𝑀 𝐼0 ( 𝑀) 𝑘𝑟𝑏
3 3
PROBLEM : For a convex spine fin the following values are given: ℎ∞=30 W/m2K k=50 W/mK fin
length L=0.1 m, fin base diameter rb=0.05 m. Calculate change of dimensionles temperature profile
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝜃(𝑋) for 0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1 and = fin efficiency for 0 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 2
public class convex_spine_fin

{
double k=50; //W/mK
double L=0.1; //m
double rb=0.05; //m
if_x eta=(M)->3.0/2.0/M*Mathd.I(1.0,(4.0/3.0*M))/Mathd.I(0.0,(4.0/3.0*M));
if_x teta=X->3.0/2.0/M1*Mathd.I(1.0,(4.0/3.0*M1*Math.pow(X,(3.0/4.0))))/Mathd.I(0.0,(4.0/3.0*M1));
p1.setPlabel("Reduced temperature profile "+'\u03F4'+" convex spine fin");
p1.plot();
p2.setPlabel("Reduced efficiency profile "+'\u03B7'+" convex spine fin");
p2.setXlabel("M");
p2.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" convex_spine_fin
M=0.4898979485566356eta = 0.9502002443343172
102
PROBLEM: Aliminium fins of rectangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm spacing The
fins have thickness t=1 mm, length L=10 mm, and thermal conductivity of the fin material is k=200
W/(mK). The plane wall is maintained at T0=240 C, and the fins dissipate heat by convection into the
ambient air at Tair=40 C with heat transfer coefficient h m=50 W/(m2K)
𝑄 = [(𝐴 − 𝐴𝑓 )1 + 𝐴𝑓 ]∆𝑇 = [𝐴 − (1 − 𝐴𝑓 )]∆𝑇
a) Determine the fin efficiency
b) Determine the area weighted fin efficiency
c) Determine the heat loss from the wall per square meter of wall surface
103
Base temperature To 240 degree C
air temperature Tair 40 degree C
air-to fin thermal convection coef. hm 50 W/m2K
thermal conductivity of fin material k 200 W/(mK)
Fin length L 1.00E-02 m
Fin width W 1.00E+00 m
Fin Thickness t 1.00E-03 m
Distance between fins t1 4.00E-03 m
m=√(2h/(δ_0 k)) 22.36068
M=mL 2.24E-01
𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 9.84E-01
Afin 2*L*W 2.00E-02
𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1
Abase t1*W 4.00E-03
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 2.37E-02
Number of fin+base in 1 m N 2.00E+02
N*(A_base η_base+A_fin η_fin) 4.73E+00
Total heat transfer Q 946.928 W/m height 1 m weight
PROBLEM: Circular aluminium fins of constant thickness are attached to a pipe with D=2.5x10 -2 m
diameter. Fin thickness t=10-3 m and outside diameter of D=5.5x10-2 m (Fin height L=1.5x10-2 m).
Thermal conductivity of fins k=200 W/(m2K). The pipe surface temperature T 0=200 ℃. The space
between circular fin plates are t1=8x10-3 m. Ambient temperature is 𝑇∞ = 40⁡℃ and thermal
convectivity is h=50 W/(m2K)
a) Determine the fin efficiency
b) Area weighted fin efficiency
c) What will be the heat loss per m of the pipe(total of 125 fins)
104
Radial fin solution was given as:
radial fin of rectangular cross section
ℎ(𝑥)
𝐾(𝑟) = 𝑅⁡⁡⁡𝑊(𝑟) = 𝑅=𝑅
ℎ0
m=0 c=1 n=1 =m/c=0
The temperature distribution
𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼0 (𝑀𝑅)+𝐼1 (𝑀)𝐾0 (𝑀𝑅)
𝜃(𝑅) =
𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )+𝐼1 (𝑀)𝐾0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )
Where K is hyperbolic Bessel function which defines as:
𝜋 𝐼 (𝑧)−𝐼(𝑧)
𝐾 (𝑧) = - It should be also note that 𝐾− (𝑧) = 𝐾 (𝑧) 𝐼− (𝑧) = 𝐼 (𝑧)
2 sin⁡(𝜋)
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛 2 𝑅𝑏 𝐼1(𝑀)𝐾1 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )−𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼1 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 ) 2ℎ𝑎𝑣 1/2
= = 2 where 𝑀 = ( ) 𝑟𝑡
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀 1−𝑅𝑏 𝐼1(𝑀)𝐾0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 )+𝐾1 (𝑀)𝐼0 (𝑀𝑅𝑏 ) 𝑘𝛿0
public class radial_fin_rectangular_cs_1
{
double k=200; //W/mK
double d=2.5e-2; //m
double D=5.5e-2;
double rt=D/2.0; //m
double rb=d/2.0; //m
double Rb=rb/rt;
double t=1e-3;
double t1=7e-3;
double Ta=200;
double Tinf=40;
System.out.println("rt="+rt+"rb="+rb+"Rb="+Rb);
double Rt=1.0;
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*t))*rt;
System.out.println("eta="+eta1);
double Af=2.0*Math.PI*(rt*rt-rb*rb);
double A_unfinned=Math.PI*d*t1;
double Atotal=Af+A_unfinned;
System.out.println("A fin="+Af+"A_unfinned="+A_unfinned+"Atotal="+Atotal);
double beta=Af/Atotal;
System.out.println("beta="+beta);
double eta2=beta*eta1+(1.0-beta);
System.out.println("eta2="+eta2);
int N=(int)(1.0/(t+t1));
System.out.println("N="+N);
double Qf=eta2*Atotal*h*(Ta-Tinf)*N;
System.out.println("Qf="+Qf+" W/m");
double A1=Math.PI*d*1.0;
double Q_no_fin=A1*h*(Ta-Tinf);
System.out.println("Q_no_fin="+Q_no_fin+" W/m");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
105
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" radial_fin_rectangular_cs_1
rt=0.0275rb=0.0125Rb=0.4545454545454546
M1=0.7778174593052023
eta=0.9187895996858196
A fin=0.0037699111843077513A_unfinned=5.497787143782138E-4Atotal=0.004319689898685965
beta=0.8727272727272728
eta2=0.9291254688167153
N=125
Qf=6421.654243615082 W/m
Q_no_fin=1005.3096491487338 W/m
A case of heat generation in fin structure:

Let us look at a fin with constant heat generation inside.

∆𝑆(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑥)∆𝑥 =lateral surface area of the disk 𝑔(𝑥)
g(x) = heat generation at point x
Energy balance (First law of thermodynamics)
Net rate of heat gain by conduction +rate of gain by convection from the lateral surfaces=rate of
increase of internal energy
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 − 𝐴(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)𝑞𝑥+∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) + ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥) ⁡
𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 − 𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 − (𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 )∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) + ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥) ⁡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
− (𝐴(𝑥)𝑞𝑥 )∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) + ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Fourier’s law of conduction:
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 ) ∆𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)∆𝑆(𝑥)(𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) + 𝐴(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑥𝐴(𝑥) ⁡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 ) − ℎ(𝑥) (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) + 𝐴(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐴(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)−𝑇∞
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇0 −𝑇∞
106
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 ) − ℎ(𝑥) 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝐴(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐴(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡
k≠ 𝑓(𝑥)
1 𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ(𝑥) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 1 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝜃(𝑥,𝑡)
(𝐴(𝑥) ) − 𝐴(𝑥)𝑘 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑘 𝑔(𝑥) = =𝛼
𝐴(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑘 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
If steady state (independent of time)
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) ∆𝑆(𝑥) 1
(𝐴(𝑥) )− 𝜃(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑘 ∆𝑥 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕𝜃(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)𝑃(𝑥) 1
(𝐴(𝑥) )− 𝜃(𝑥) + 𝑘 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) =
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
Now let us consider a solid cylider of diameter D and length L with constant heat generation g
and constant convective heat transfer,h the equation will become:
𝜕2 𝜃(𝑥) ℎ𝑃 1 𝑃 𝜋𝐷 4 𝜕2 𝜃(𝑥) 4ℎ 1 4ℎ
− 𝐴𝑘 𝜃(𝑥) + 𝑘 𝑔 = 0 = 𝜋𝐷2
=𝐷 − 𝐷𝑘 𝜃(𝑥) + 𝑘 𝑔 = 0 𝑚 2 = 𝐷𝑘
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐴 ( 4 ) 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝜃(𝑥) 1
− 𝑚 2 𝜃(𝑥) + 𝑔 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘
With boundary conditions:
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 1 at x=0
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at x=0 (very long length so temperature reach to the air temperature at the end of
the rod)
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔𝐷
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cosh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 sinh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝑘𝑚2 = 4ℎ =
𝑘𝑚2 𝑘 4ℎ
𝐷𝑘
𝑔𝐷
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cosh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 sinh(𝑚𝑥) +
4ℎ
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 1 at x=0
𝑔𝐷
1 = 𝐶1 cosh(𝑚0) + 𝐶2 sinh(𝑚0) +
4ℎ
𝑔𝐷
𝐶1 = 1 − 4ℎ
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at x=0
𝑔𝐷 𝑔𝐷
0 = (1 − ) cosh(𝑚𝐿) + 𝐶2 sinh(𝑚𝐿) +
4ℎ 4ℎ
𝑔𝐷 cosh(𝑚𝐿) 1 𝑔𝐷
𝐶2 = − (1 − 4ℎ ) sinh(𝑚𝐿) − sinh(𝑚𝐿) 4ℎ
PROBLEM:
107
Circular cooling fins of diameter D= 1 mm and length L =25.4 mm, made of copper (k =400 W/m · K),
are used to enhance heat transfer from a surface that is maintained at temperature T s1= 132oC. Each rod
has one end attached to this surface (x =0), while the opposite end (x =L) is joined to a second surface,
which is maintained at Ts2= 0oC. The air flowing between the surfaces and the rods is also at T ∞=0oC,
and the convection coefficient is h=100 W/m 2 · K.
a) Express the function θ(x) =T(x) -T∞ along a fin, and calculate the temperature at x = L/2.
b) Determine the rate of heat transferred from the hot surface through each fin and the fin effectiveness
c) What is the total rate of heat transfer from a 10-cm by 10-cm section of the wall, which has 625
uniformly distributed fins? Assume the same convection coefficient for the fin and for the unfinned
wall surface
𝜃 = 𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇∞
𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥)
− 𝑚2 𝜃(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
ℎ𝑃 ℎ2𝜋𝑟 2ℎ
𝑚2 = = =
𝐴𝑘 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑘 𝑘𝑟
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶1 sinh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 cosh(𝑚𝑥)
x=0
𝜃𝑠1 = 𝑇𝑠1 − 𝑇∞ = 𝐶1 sinh(𝑚0) + 𝐶2 cosh(𝑚0)
𝐶2 = 𝜃𝑠1 = 𝑇𝑠1 − 𝑇∞
x=L
𝜃𝑠2 = 𝑇𝑠2 − 𝑇∞ = 𝐶1 sinh(𝑚𝐿) + 𝜃𝑠1 cosh(𝑚𝐿)
𝜃𝑠2 − 𝜃𝑠1 cosh(𝑚𝐿)
𝐶1 =
sinh(𝑚𝐿)
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶1 sinh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 cosh(𝑚𝑥) = sinh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝜃𝑠1 cosh(𝑚𝑥)
sinh(𝑚𝐿)
𝜕𝜃(𝑥)
= 𝐶1 𝑚 cosh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐶2 msinh(𝑚𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜃(𝑥) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥)
𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴 | − 𝑘𝐴 | = 𝑘(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝑚[𝐶1 (cosh(𝑚𝐿) − 1) + 𝐶2 sinh(𝑚𝐿)]
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑞 = 𝑘(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝑚[𝐶1 (cosh(𝑚𝐿) − 1) + 𝐶2 sinh(𝑚𝐿)]
𝑘𝑚(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝐶1 𝑚 ∗ (cosh(𝑚𝑙) − 1)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠1 − 𝑇∞ ) = ℎ(2𝜋𝑟𝐿)𝜃𝑠1
𝑞 𝑘(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝐶1 m(cosh(𝑚𝐿) − 1)

𝜂= =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ(2𝜋𝑟𝐿)𝜃𝑠1
Temperature at x=L/2
108
𝑇(𝐿/2) = 𝑇∞ + sinh(𝑚/2) + 𝜃𝑠1 cosh(𝑚/2)
sinh(𝑚𝐿)
PROBLEM
D 0.001000 m
r 0.000500 m
L 0.025400 m
k 400.000000 W/(mK)
Ts1 132.000000 degree C
Ts2 0.000000 degree c
T∞ 0.000000 degree C
s1 132.000000 degree K
s2 0.000000 degree K
h 100.000000 W/(m2K)
m2 1000.000000
m 31.6227766016838
x=L/2 0.012700 m
C2 132.000000
C1 -198.248129
(x) 61.013107 degree K
T(x) 61.013107 degree C
qmax 1.053313 W
q 0.500057 W
0.474746
N 625.000000
q*N 312.535372 W
2.4 ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSIENT (TIME DEPENDENT) LUMPED SOLUTION
Consider a solid body of any arbitrary shape (with a volume V and surface area A) and a constant
temperature of T0 (it is assumed that all the internal volume has the same temperature) is suddenly
immersed at a time t=0 in a well stirred fluid with a uniform temperature of 𝑇∞ and a convective
heat transfer coefficient of h. The energy balance can be expressed as:
(rate of heat flow by convection into solid volume through the boundary surface A)=
(rate of internal energy increase of solid volume).
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝐸̇𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑈(𝑇(𝑡))
𝐴ℎ[𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑡)] = 𝑚 where m is the mass of solid U is the internal energy. Considering that
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈(𝑇) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇(𝑡))𝑑𝑇 and 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 where 𝜌 is the density of solid and V is the volume of solid
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇(𝑡))𝑑𝑇(𝑡)⁡]
𝐴ℎ[𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑡)] = 𝜌𝑉 if we futher assume that 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 equation becomes
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇(𝑡)⁡
𝐴ℎ[𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑡)] = 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 by arranging equation
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇(𝑡)⁡ 𝐴ℎ 𝐴ℎ
+ [𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ] = 0 defining 𝑚 = and 𝜃(𝑡) = 𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)⁡
+ 𝑚𝜃(𝑡) ⁡ = 0 subject to initial conditions
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = 0⁡⁡ 𝜃(𝑡) = 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ = 𝜃0 solution of eqaution becomes
𝜃(𝑡)⁡ 𝑇(𝑡)−𝑇∞
= = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑡
𝜃0 𝑇0 −𝑇∞
109
In this lumped solution, it is assumed that temperature of the solid remains constant. In a real solid
temperature profile will exist due to dimensional effects. To ignore dimensional effects, it should be
assumed that solid body is relatively small so dimensional temperature changes can be ignored. In
order to measure this smallness assumption of an artificial test is applied. Charecteristic length:
𝑉 ℎ𝑉 ℎ𝐿
𝐿𝑠 = Biot number 𝐵𝑖 = = 𝑠 It will be assumed that temperature variation inside of the solid
𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝑘
ℎ𝑉 ℎ𝐿𝑠
is less than 5% if 𝐵𝑖 = = < 0.1 so that this solution can be used to evaluate time dependent
𝑘𝐴 𝑘
temperature variation and heat transfer for the solid body.
PROBLEM: An aliminium plate [k=160 W/mK, =2790 kg/m3, Cp=880 J/kgK of thickness L=3x10 -2
m and at a uniform temperature T0=225 C is suddenly immersed at time t=0 seconds in a well stirrred
fluid maintained at a constant temperature 𝑇∞=25 C. The heat transfer coefficent between the plate and
fluid is h=300 W/(m2K). Determine the time required for the center of the plate reach 50 C.
k 1.6000000E+02 W/mK
r 2.7900000E+03 kg/m^3
Cp 8.8000000E+02 J/kgK
L 3.0000000E-02 m
T0 2.2500000E+02 degree C
Tinf 2.5000000E+01 degree C
h 3.0000000E+02 W/m^2K
T 5.0000000E+01 degree C
dT=(T-Tinf)/(T0-Tinf) 1.2500000E-01
Ls 1.5000000E-02
Bi 2.8125000E-02 <0.1 lumped
m 8.1459759E-03
ln(dT) -2.0794415E+00
t 2.5527224E+02 s
PROBLEM: A solid copper sphere of 8x10-2 m diameter [=8954 kg/m3, Cp=383 J/(kgK), k=386
W/(mK)] initially at a uniform temperature Ti=200 ℃, is suddenly immersed in a well-stirred fluid
which is maintained at a uniform temperature of 𝑇∞ = 50℃. The heat transfer coefficint between the
sphere and fluid is: h=200 W/m2K
A) Check if lumped system analysis is suitable
B) Determine the temperature of copper block at t=300,600,1200 and 3600 seconds.
D 8.00E-02 m
r 4.00E-02 m
V 0.000268 m^3
A 2.01E-02 m^2
Ls 1.33E-02
Ti 200 deg C
Tinf 50 deg C
h 200 W/(m^2K)
k 386 W/(mK)
 8954 kg/m^3
Cp 383 J/(kgK)
Bi 6.91E-03 <0.1
m 0.004374 1/sec
110
t sec T deg C
300 90.38448
600 60.87271
1200 50.78811
3600 50.00002
public class HT__lumped_t

{ public static void main(String arg[])
{ double D=8e-2;
double r=D/2.0;
double V=4.0/3.0*Math.PI*r*r*r;
double A=4.0*Math.PI*r*r;
double Ls=V/A;
double Ti=200.0; //degree C
double Tinf=50.0; //degree C
double h=200.0; //W/(m^2K)
double k=386.0; //W/(mK)
double ro=8954.0; //kg/m^3
double Cp=383.0; //J/(kgK)
double Bi=h*Ls/k;
double m=A*h/(ro*Cp*V);
if_x T=t->Tinf+(Ti-Tinf)*Math.exp(-m*t);
double t[]={300,600,1200,3600};
String s="";
for(int i=0;i<t.length;i++)
{s+="t = "+t[i]+"T="+T.func(t[i])+" degree C\n";}
System.out.println(s);
Plot p=new Plot(T,0,3600.0);
p.setPlabel("Lumped solution only t dependent");
p.setXlabel("t second");
p.setYlabel("T degree C");
p.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "F:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT__lumped_t
t = 300.0T=90.38447858192835 degree C
t = 600.0T=60.8727074022282 degree C
t = 1200.0T=50.78810510836312 degree C
t = 3600.0T=50.00002175554211 degree C
PROBLEM: An aliminium plate L= 0.1 m thick [=2707 kg/m3, Cp=896 J/(kgK), k=204 W/(mK)]
initially at a uniform temperature Ti=200 ℃, is suddenly immersed in a well-stirred fluid which is
111
maintained at a uniform temperature of 𝑇∞ = 40℃. The heat transfer coefficint between the spher and
fluid is: h=80 W/m2K
A) Check if lumped system analysis is suitable
B) Determine the temperature of copper block at t=5,10,30 and 60 minutes.
L 0.100000 m
Ls 0.100000
Ti 200.000000 deg C
Tinf 40.000000 deg C
h 80.000000 W/(m^2K)
k 204.000000 W/(mK)
 2707.000000 kg/m^3
Cp 896.000000 J/(kgK)
Bi 0.039216 <0.1
m 0.000330 1/sec
t sec T deg C
300 184.926107
600 171.272352
1800 128.364909
3600 88.802233
public class HT__lumped_t1
{ double Ls=0.1;
double Ti=200.0; //degree C
double Tinf=40.0; //degree C
double h=80.0; //W/(m^2K)
double k=204.0; //W/(mK)
double ro=2707.0; //kg/m^3
double Cp=896.0; //J/(kgK)
double Bi=h*Ls/k;
double m=h/(ro*Cp*Ls);
if_x T=t->Tinf+(Ti-Tinf)*Math.exp(-m*t);
double t[]={5*60,10*60,30*60,60*60};
String s="";
{s+="t = "+t[i]+"T="+T.func(t[i])+" degree C\n";}
Plot p=new Plot(T,0,60*60);
p.setPlabel("Lumped solution only t dependent");
p.setXlabel("t second");
p.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "F:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT__lumped_t1
t = 300.0T=184.9261065577593 degree C
t = 600.0T=171.27235226244377 degree C
t = 1800.0T=128.36490948441354 degree C
t = 3600.0T=88.80223267617875 degree C
112
PROBLEM: The steel bar with diameter of D=0.05 m[=7800 kg/m3, Cp=500 J/(kgK), k=50 W/(mK)]
is to be cooled from Ti=800 ℃ to Tf=100 ℃ in atmosphere with ambient temperature of 𝑇∞ = 30⁡℃.
Thermal convectivity coefficient for ambient air is h=40 W(m2K). Detemine the time requiremnts for
the cooling process
L 1 m
D 5.00E-02 m
r 2.50E-02
V 1.96E-03
A 1.57E-01 m
Ls 1.25E-02 m
Ti 800 deg C
To 100 deg C
Tinf 30 deg C
h 40 W/(m^2K)
10k 50 W/(mK)
 7800 kg/m^3
Cp 500 J/(kgK)
Bi 1.00E-02 <0.1
m 8.21E-04 1/sec
t sec 2922.435 sec
t min 4.87E+01 min
PROBLEM: PT1000 resistance thermometer reads temperature from side of it is tip about L=10-2 m
long with a diameter of D=2x10-3m . Temperature of an air stream to be measured with PT1000 resistant
thermometer. Assuming sensing side of thermometer as a cylinder of L=10-2 m and D=2x10-3m [k=43
W/(mK), =7800 kg/m3 , Cp=420 J/(kgK), and the heat transfer coefficient between sensing edge of
thermometer and air is h=80 W/(m2K) calculate how long it will take thermometer to record 99% of
actual temperature
D 2.00E-03
r 1.00E-03
L 1.00E-02
V 3.14E-08
A 0.000063 m
Ls 0.000500
teta=(t-tinf)/(ti-tinf) 0.010000 deg C
h 80.000000 W/(m^2K)
k 43.000000 W/(mK)
 7800.000000 kg/m^3
113
Cp 420.000000 J/(kgK)
Bi 0.000930 <0.1
m 0.048840 1/sec
t sec 94.290860 sec
PROBLEM: A rectangular aliminium bar 0.06 m by 0.03 m [k=200 W/(mK), C p=890 J/(kgK), =2700
kg/m3,=8.4x10-5m2/s] is initially at a uniform temperature T i= 200 ℃, suddenly all four surfaces of the
road are subjected to convective cooling with a heat transfer coefficient h=250 W/(m2K) into an anbient
at 𝑇∞ = 27⁡℃. Determine the center temperature T 0 of the bar at t=120 s after the start of the cooling
ℎ𝑉 ℎ𝐿𝑐
𝐵𝑖 = =
𝑘𝐴 𝑘
𝑉 = (0.06 ∗ 0.03)𝑧
𝐴 = (2 ∗ 0.06 + 2 ∗ 0.03)𝑧 = 6 ∗ 0.03𝑧
𝑉 0.06 ∗ 0.03
𝐿𝑐 = = = 0.01
𝐴 6 ∗ 0.03
ℎ𝑉 250 ∗ 0.01
𝐵𝑖 = = = 0.025 < 0.1
𝑘𝐴 200
Lumped solution is valid
114
𝐴ℎ
𝑚=
𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝜃(𝑡)⁡ 𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞
= = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑡
𝜃0 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
k 2.00E+02 W/mK
 2.70E+03 kg/m^3
Cp 8.90E+02 J/kgK
V 1.80E-03 m
A 1.80E-01
T0 2.00E+02 degree C
Tinf 2.70E+01 degree C
h 2.50E+02 W/m^2K
Ls 1.00E-02
Bi 1.25E-02 <0.1
m 1.04E-02 lumped
t 2.55E+05 s
T0-Tinf 1.73E+02 degree K
T 2.70E+01 degree C
2.5 2-3 DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE SHAPE FACTOR SOLUTIONS
Two or three dimensional steady state problems will usually involve quite complex mathematical
solutions. For this type of problems some simplified approximate solutions existed to calculate heat
transfer. This approach is called shape factor. Shape factor equation is as follows:
(𝑇 −𝑇 ) (𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑞 = 𝑆𝑘(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 1 1 2 = 1 2
𝑅
𝑆𝑘
As it is seen from the equation, this is simply a convertion of the problem into one dimensional one. S is
called shape factor, R is called two or three dimensional thermal resistance. In the table below, some of
the geometries and related shape factors are defined
Incropera et al.[35], Lewis[81]

System Schematic Restrictions Shape Factor, S
Case 1 𝑧 > 𝐷/2 2𝜋𝐷
Isothermal sphere 1 − 𝐷/4𝑧
buried in
a semi-infinite
medium
Case 2 𝐿≫𝐷 2𝜋𝐿
Horizontal 2𝑧
isothermal L D cosh−1 ( )
𝐷
cylinder of length L 𝐿≫𝐷 2𝜋𝐿
buried 𝑧 > 𝐷/2 4𝑧
in a semi-infinite ln⁡( )
𝐷
medium
Case 3 𝐿≫𝐷 2𝜋𝐿
Vertical cylinder in a 4𝐿
semi-infinite medium ln⁡( )
𝐷
115
Case 4 𝐿 ≫ 𝐷1 , 𝐷2 2𝜋𝐿
Conduction between 𝐿≫𝑤 4𝑤 2 − 𝐷12 − 𝐷22
two cosh−1 ( )
2𝐷1 𝐷2
cylinders of length L
in L D1, D2
infinite medium
Case 5 𝑧 ≫ 𝐷/2 2𝜋𝐿
Horizontal circular 𝐿≫𝑧 8𝑧
cylinder ln⁡( )
𝜋𝐷
of length L midway
between
parallel planes of
equal
length and infinite
width
Case 6 𝑤>𝐷 2𝜋𝐿
Circular cylinder of 𝐿≫𝐷 1.08𝑤
length L ln⁡( )
𝐷
centered in a square
solid of equal length
Case 7 𝐷>𝑑 2𝜋𝐿

Eccentric circular 𝐿≫𝐷 1.08𝑤
cylinder of length L ln⁡( )
𝐷
in a cylinder of
equal length
Case 8 𝐷 > 5𝐿 2𝜋𝐿

Conduction through 1.08𝑤
the ln⁡( )
𝐷
edge of adjoining
walls
Case 9 𝐿 ≪length and 2𝜋𝐿

Conduction through width of wall 1.08𝑤
corner of ln⁡( )
𝐷
three walls with a
temperature L _
length and
difference
T1_2 across
width of wall 0.15L
the walls
Case 10 ⁡ 2𝜋𝐿
Disk of diameter D 1.08𝑤
and temperature T1 ln⁡( )
𝐷
on a semi-infinite
medium of thermal
conductivity k and
temperature T2
Case 11 𝑊 2𝜋𝐿
Square channel of < 1.4
𝑤 𝑊
length L 0.785ln⁡( )
𝑤
𝑊 2𝜋𝐿
< 1.4
𝑤 𝑊
𝐿≫𝑊 0.93 ln ( ) − 0.05
𝑤
116
Case 12 2𝜋
Single central slit 𝐷
ln⁡( )
𝑙
Case 13 Values of 𝐴1 form 2𝜋

N equi-pitched radial table below 𝐷
slits ln⁡(𝐴1 )
𝑙
Case 14 Values of 𝐴2 form 2𝜋

n-sided regular polygon table below 𝐷
hole ln⁡(𝐴2 )
𝑑
Case 15 2𝜋
Central circular hole 𝐷
ln⁡ ( )
𝑑
Case 16 2𝜋
Single central slit 4𝐵
ln⁡ ( )
𝜋𝑙
Case 17 2𝜋
N equi-pitched radial
2(2+𝑛)/𝑛 𝐵
slits ln⁡ ( )
𝜋𝑙
Case 18 2𝜋
2/𝑛
4𝐵 2
ln⁡
𝜋𝑑 𝑛
√( )+1
( [ 𝑛−2 ] )
Case 19 2𝜋
4𝐵
ln⁡ ( )
𝜋𝑑
n N equi-pitched radial slits Polygon hole coefficients A2

coefficients A1 Case 13 Case 14
117
2 1
3 0.79521 0.81226
4 0.70705 0.91018
5 0.66033 0.94711
6 0.62901 0.96512
7 0.61001 0.97527
8 0.59516 0.98155
9 0.58291 0.98570
10 0.57414 0.98860
∞ 0.5 1
PROBLEM: An sphere of diameter D=0.2 m is buried underground. The sphere is maintained at a

uniform temperature of T=80 C. The surface of the earth z=1 m above the sphere is 10 C. Calculate the
heat transfer from the sphere. Thermal conductivity of earth k=1.2 W/mK
2𝜋𝐷
𝑆=
1 − 𝐷/4𝑧
𝒒 = 𝑺𝒌∆𝑻
T1 80 °C
T2 10 °C
D 0.2 m
z 1 m
S 1.322776
T 70 °C
k 1.2 W/mK
Q 111.1132 W
PROBLEM: A pipe contains hot fluid of Tf=150 ℃ is burried underground.The distance from the
center of the pipe to earth surface is H=1 m.. The pipe diameter is D=0.2 m, and it is covered with a
dx=0.05 m thick insulation layer with thermal conductivity of k=0.04 W/(mK). The graound layer has a
thermal conductivity of k=1.3 W/(mK). Ground surface temperature T=0 ℃. Determine heat loss per
meter of pipe.
Heat loss across the insulation layer =

Heat loss from pipe to earth
𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇1
𝑄= = 𝑆𝑘(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑅
2𝜋𝐿 2𝜋1
𝑆= 𝑧 = 𝑧
acosh⁡( acosh⁡(
𝑟0 + 𝑑𝑥) 𝑟0 + 𝑑𝑥)
S=24.31
0.15
𝑟0 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )= 0.1
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 2𝜋 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.04
= 0.16133
150 − 𝑇1
= 24.31 ∗ 1.3 ∗ (𝑇1 − 0)
0.16131
𝑇1 = 24.6
𝑄 = 24.31 ∗ 1.3 ∗ 24.6 = 777.3⁡𝑊
PROBLEM: In the center of a solid block a hole is existed. The hole diameter D=0.2 m and L=1 m.
The block has a thermal conductivity coefficient of k=0.1 W/mK. In outer surface atmospheric air is
existed with temperature 𝑇1∞ = 20⁡℃ and thermal convectivity coefficient of h 1=10 W/(m2K). Inside
of the hole a high temperature fluid is flowing with temperature 𝑇2∞ = 300⁡℃ and thermal
118
convectivity coefficient of h1=50 W/(m2K). Determine the surface temperatures and heat loss per Z=20
meter of solid block.
𝑇2∞ − 𝑇1∞ 𝑇2∞ − 𝑇1∞ 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄= = = = 𝑆𝑘(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑅 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅2
2𝜋𝑍
𝑆=
1.08𝐿
ln ( )
𝐷
𝑇1∞ 20 ℃
h1 10 W/m2K
𝑇2∞ 300 ℃
h2 50 W/m2K
k 0.1 W/mK
D 0.2 m
L 1.2 m
Z 20 m
S 1632.822325 K/W
A1 96 m2
A2 12.56637061 m2
R2=1/(Sk) 0.006124365 K/W
R1=1/(h1*A1) 0.001041667 K/W
R3=1/(h2*A2) 0.001591549 K/W
R 0.008757581 K/W
𝑄 = (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇2∞ )/𝑅 31972.29862 W
𝑇1 = 𝑇1∞ − 𝑄𝑅2 53.30447773 ℃
𝑇2 = 𝑇2∞ − 𝑄𝑅3 249.1145063 ℃
3.0 SEPARATION OF VARIABLE METHODS FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND NON-

HOMOGENEOUS, STEADY STATE AND TIME DEPENDENT HEAT CONDUCTION
3.1 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES FOR UNIFORM MEDIUM
Conduction equation has four independent variable and one dependent variable for cartesian coordinate
system 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡). This type of partial differential equations are relatively hard to solve by using
analytical solutions. One approach to solve these type of equations (assuming equation is homogeneous,
i.e equation or boundary conditions does not have a non-homogeneous condition) is assuming that
equation can be separated into variables with lesser independent variables, ideally only one variables
each and original function (in this case 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)) can be expressed as multiplication of this simplified
functions.
Let us consider cartesian coordinate system heat conduction equation
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
+ + + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Assume a separation of variables in the form:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)(𝑡) in this case above equation becomes:
𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕2(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡 ) [ + + ] = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
[ + + ]= = −2
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧 ) 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝛼 (𝑡 ) 𝜕𝑡
Then separated functions becomes:
𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕2(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

+ + + 2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕(𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
+ 𝛼2 (𝑡) = 0
The other side can also be separated the similar way such as:
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑋(𝑥)𝑌(𝑦)𝑍(𝑧)
119
Substitution of this equation into above differential equation yields:
𝜕2 𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕2 𝑌(𝑦) 𝜕2 𝑍(𝑧)

𝑌(𝑦)𝑍(𝑧) + 𝑋(𝑥)𝑍(𝑧) + 𝑋(𝑥)𝑌(𝑦) + 2 𝑋(𝑥)𝑌(𝑦)𝑍(𝑧) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
1 𝜕2 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕2 𝑌(𝑦) 1 𝜕2 𝑍(𝑧)

= −𝛽2 = −𝛾 2 = −2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑌(𝑦) 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑍(𝑧) 𝜕𝑧 2
Where
2
𝛽2 +𝛾 2 + = 2
General solution of the equation becomes:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = [𝐶1 sin(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝛽𝑥)][𝐶3 sin(𝛾𝑦) + 𝐶4 cos(𝛾𝑦)][𝐶5 sin(𝑧) +

2
𝐶6 cos(𝑧)] [exp⁡(−𝛼 (𝛽2 +𝛾 2 + ) 𝑡)]
PROBLEM 3.1 SEPARATION OF VARIABLE HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION, TIME

DEPENDENT; CARTESIAN COORDINATES
In this problem one side of the wall (x=0) is insulated and other side is exposed to the convective heat
transfer. At initial time, the wall has a temperature profile of F(x). It should be also note that by taking
𝑇 = 𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇∞∗ ⁡equation becomes homegeneous. [𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝑇 = ℎ(𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇∞∗)]
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞

= 𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 =
Boundary conditions 𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) Boundary conditions
= 0 x=0 t >0 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) = 0 x=0 t >0
−𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) by arranging 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) ∗ (𝑥, + 𝐻𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻=
+ 𝐻(𝑇 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) 𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
ℎ
x=L t>0 𝐻=
𝑘
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑇∞ t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Separation of variables:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
2
1 𝜕 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
2
= = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
120
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝛽2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥) ℎ
+ 𝐻𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻=
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution set:
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥)
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
Application of boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= −𝐶1 𝛽sin(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝛽cos(𝛽𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥) 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
= −𝐶1 𝛽sin(𝛽0) + 𝐶2 𝛽cos(𝛽0) = −𝐶1 ∗ 0 + 𝐶2 𝛽 ∗ 1 = 0 → ⁡𝐶2 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝐻𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0
𝜕𝑥
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒
−𝐶1 𝛽sin(𝛽𝐿) + 𝐶1 𝐻 cos(𝛽𝐿) = 0 → ⁡𝐶1 ≠ 0
𝛽𝑚 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) − 𝐻 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 0 or
𝛽𝑚 tan(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 𝐻
𝛽𝑚 𝐿sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) − 𝐻𝐿 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 0
ℎ𝐿
𝛽𝑚 Ltan(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 𝐻𝐿 𝑚 = 𝛽𝑚 L 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐻𝐿 = = 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑡⁡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑘
𝑚 sin(𝑚 ) + 𝐵𝑖 cos(𝑚 ) = 0 or 𝑚 tan(𝑚 ) = 𝐵𝑖
These equations has more than one solution. It can be solved only by numerical root finding methods.
If 𝑚 tan(𝑚 ) = 𝐵𝑖 form is taken into account, a caution should be recmmended due to fact that
tan(𝑛 ) is not a continious function. Temperature profile becomes.
∞
∗ (𝑥, 2
𝑇 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ = 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
𝑚=1
We still do not know the 𝐶𝑛 coefficients we will use the remaining boundary conditions to find it.
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
∞
𝐹(𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑚=1
This equation has n coefficients. In order to solve these coefficients, we will use properties of
orthogonal functions.
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
∫ 𝑋( 𝛽𝑛 𝑥)𝑋(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )⁡𝑚 = 𝑛
0
𝐿 𝐿
∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥) = 𝐶𝑚 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

0 0
𝐿 𝐿
2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) 𝑥 sin⁡(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) 𝐿 𝐿 sin⁡(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿)
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ + ] = +
2 2 4𝛽𝑚 𝑥=0
2 4𝛽𝑚
0 0
To get an alternative formula for 𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) eigenvalue function
𝛽𝑚 sin(𝛽𝑛 𝐿) = 𝐻 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) can be utilised
121
𝐻
sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) =
𝛽𝑚
𝐻
2 cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿)
𝛽𝑚
On the other hand taking square of eigenvalue function:
𝐻 2
sin2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = [ ] cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) sin2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) + cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 1 sin2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 1 − cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿)
𝛽𝑚
𝐻2 𝐻2 𝛽𝑚2
1 − cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) 1=[ 2 + 1] cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 2
𝛽𝑚 𝛽𝑚 𝐻 +𝛽𝑚
Substituting into previous equation
2
𝐻 𝐻 𝛽𝑚
sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 2
𝛽𝑚 𝛽𝑚 𝐻2 + 𝛽𝑚
2
𝐿 𝐻 𝛽𝑚
2 2
𝐿 sin⁡(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) 𝐿 2
𝛽𝑚 𝐻2 + 𝛽𝑚 𝐿(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 ) + 𝐻
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + = + = 2
2 4𝛽𝑚 2 4𝛽𝑚 2(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 )
0
𝐿
1
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )
0
Depends on value of F(x), this integration can be solved by using numerical or analytical methods.
1 𝐿
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡 ) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡 ) − 𝑇∞∗ = ∑∞ 2 ∞ 2
𝑚=1 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡 ) = ∑𝑚=1 𝑁(𝛽 ) [∫0 𝐹 (𝑥 )cos⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥] cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡 )
𝑚
PROBLEM 3.1 MATLAB SOLUTION

function [T] = T1(x,t,L,H,alpha)
T=0;
for m=1:20
beta=beta1(m,L,H);
T=T+CN1(beta,L,H)*cos(beta*x)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
end
function [C] = CN1(beta,L,H)

y=@(x) F1(x).*cos(beta*x);
%matlab integration formula is used
C1=quad(y,0,L);
N=(L*(beta*beta+H*H)+H)/(2*(beta*beta+H*H));
C=C1/N;
end
function [beta] = beta1(m,L,H)

PI=4.0*atan(1.0);
x1=((m-1)*PI+0.0000001)/L;
x2= x1+(PI/2.0-0.0000001)/L;
beta=bisection(@(x) func1(x,L,H),x1,x2);
function xr=bisection(f,xl,xu)
% bisection root finding method
maxit=100;
iter=0;
es=0.0000001;
ea=1.1*es;
while((ea>es)&&(iter<maxit))
xr=(xl+xu)/2.0;
iter=iter+1;
if xr~=0 ea=abs((xu-xl)/(xu+xl))*100;end
fxl= f(xl);
fxr= f(xr);
test= fxl*fxr;
if test == 0.0 ea=0;
elseif test < 0.0 xu=xr;
else xl=xr;
end
end
if(iter>=maxit) fprintf('Maximum number of iteration is exceeded result might not be valid","MAKSİMUM NUMBER OF ITERATION
WARNING');
end
end
function [F] = F1(x)

122
F=1.0;
end
function [f] = func1(beta,L,H)

f=(beta*L)*tan(beta*L)-H*L;
end
function [N] = N1(m,L,H)

beta=beta1(m,L,H);
N=(L*(beta*beta+H*H)+H)/(2*(beta*beta+H*H));
end
PROBLEM 3.1 JAVA SOLUTION

In order to simplify java codes a root class (interface created) to define functions. Some basic numerical processes such as derivatives, integral
and root finding processes are embedded in this class so that it should not be repeated in every program. Interface if_x.java is listed first, and in
the Wall problem this class is utilised as the root of all functions (defined as Lambda variable functions)
import static java.lang.Math.*;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
// single function single independent variable
// example f=x*x
// includes full set of derivatives
// Reference :"Generation of Finite Difference Formulas on Arbitrary Spaced Grids",
// Bength Fornberg, Mathematics of Computation, Volume 51, Number 184, October 1988
// pages 699-706
//interface (empty function) version
@FunctionalInterface
interface if_x
{ public double func(double x);
//first order derivative
default double dfunc(double x)
{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=1;
int M=10;
return dfunc(x,n,M,h);
}
//second order derivative
default double dfunc2(double x)
{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=2;
int M=10;
}
default double dfunc(double x,int N,int Mi,double hi)
{// order of the maximum derivative
// N order of derivative
// M degree of difference formula
double c[][][];
double alpha[];
double h;
int M;
double a[]=new double[0];
h=0.01;
double x0=0;
M=20;
double alphai[]={0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,13,-13,14,-14,15,
-15,16,-16,17,-17,18,-18,19,-19,20,-20,21,-21,22,-22,23,-23,24,-24,25,-25,26,-26,27,-27,28,-28,29,-29,30,-30,
31,-31,32,-32,33,-33,34,-34,35,-35,36,-36,37,-37,38,-38,39,-39,40,-40,41,-41,42,-42,43,-43,44,-44,45,-45,46,
-46,47,-47,48,-48,49,-49,50,-50,51,-51,52,-52,53,-53,54,-54,55,-55,56,-56,57,-57,58,-58,59,-59,60,-60,
-61,61,-62,62,-63,63,-64,64,-65,65,-66,66,-67,67,-68,68,-70,70,-71,71,-72,72,-73,73,-74,74,-75,75,
-76,76,-77,77,-78,78,-79,79,-80,80,-81,81,-82,82,-83,83,-84,84,-85,85,-86,86,-87,87,
-88,88,-89,89,-90,90,-91,91,-92,92,-93,93,-94,94,-95,95,-96,96,-97,97,-98,98,-99,99,-100,100};
alpha=alphai;
int N1=alpha.length-1;
// M degree of highest derivative
// N+1 number of coefficients
double delta[][][]=new double[N1+1][N1+1][M+1];
double c1,c2,c3;
delta[0][0][0]=1.0;
c1=1.0;
123
for(int n=1;n<=N1;n++)
{ c2=1;
for(int nu=0;nu<=(n-1);nu++)
{c3=alpha[n]-alpha[nu];
c2=c2*c3;
if(n<=M) delta[n-1][nu][n]=0.0;
for(int m=0;m<=Math.min(n,M);m++)
{
if(m==0)
{ delta[n][nu][m]=((alpha[n]-x0)*delta[n-1][nu][m])/c3;}
else
{delta[n][nu][m]=((alpha[n]-x0)*delta[n-1][nu][m]-m*delta[n-1][nu][m-1])/c3;}
}//next m
}//next nu
{ if(m==0)
{delta[n][n][m]=c1/c2*(-(alpha[n-1]-x0)*delta[n-1][n-1][m]);}
else
{delta[n][n][m]=c1/c2*(m*delta[n-1][n-1][m-1]-(alpha[n-1]-x0)*delta[n-1][n-1][m]);}
}//next m
c1=c2;
}//next n
c=delta;
if(Mi<N) M=N;
else M=Mi;
h=hi;
double deriv=0;
double h1=1/h;
double h2=1;
for(int j=0;j<N;j++)
{h2*=h1;}
for(int i=0;i<c[0].length;i++)
{ deriv+=c[M][i][N]*func(x+alpha[i]*h);}
return deriv*h2;}
default double dfunc(double x,int N)
{int M=30;double h=0.05*N;return dfunc(x,N,M,h);}
default double[][] gauss_legendre_coefficients(double x1,double x2,int n)
{
//calculates legendre gauss-coefficients as coefficients of the integral
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
double z1,z,xm,xl,pp,p3,p2,p1;
//double x[]=new double[n];
//double w[]=new double[n];
double a[][]=new double[2][n];//a[0][i]=x[i] a[1][i]=w[i]
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++)
{ z=Math.cos(Math.PI*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)));
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
} while (Math.abs(z-z1) > EPS);
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
default double integral(double x1,double x2,int n)

{
//n : number of integral coefficients
// this routine first generates gauss legendre coefficients
// for [x1,x2] band
// then calculates gauss legendre integral
124
double a[][]=new double[2][n];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(x1,x2,n);
double z=0;
{ z+=a[1][i]*func(a[0][i]);
}
return z;
}
default double bisection(double a,double b)
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-6;
int nmax=100;
int i=1;
while(Math.abs(func(r))>eps && i<nmax)
{if(func(a)*func(r)<0) b=r;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;;
i++;
}
if(i>=nmax) r=bisection(a,b1);
return r;
}
default double secant(double x)
{ double eps=1.0e-10;
double y=1.0;
double dy=0.0;
int miter=100;
int i=0;
while(abs(y)>eps && i<miter)
{y=func(x);
dy=dfunc(x);
x=x-y/dy;
i++;
}
if(i>=miter)
System.out.println("i="+i+"results may not be valid");
return x;
}
default double illinois(double xa,double xu)
{
//Modified False position root finding: Illinois method
double test;
double p=0;
double es,ea;
double fa,fp,fu;
int maxit=100,iter=0;
es=0.000001;
ea=1.1*es;
double xold;
int ia=0,iu=0;
fa=func(xa);
fu=func(xu);
p=xu;
double xpold;
while(iter<maxit && ea>es)
{
xpold=p;
p=xu-fu*(xa-xu)/(fa-fu);
fp=func(p);
if(signum(fp)!=signum(fu))
{xa=xu;fa=fu;}
else
{fa=fa/2;}
xu=p;fu=fp;
iter++;
if(p!=0) ea=abs((p-xpold)/p)*100.0;
}
if(iter>=maxit) System.out.println("Maximum number of iteration is exceeded ");
return p;
}
default double newton_bisection(double x1, double x2)
{
double xacc=1.0e-10; //accuracy
double h=0.0001; //derivative function step
int MAXIT=100; //Maximum number of iterations
int j;
125
double dfr,dx,dxold,fr,fh,fl;
double temp,b,a,r;
fl=func(x1);
fh=func(x2);
//Check if a root is existed in the given region
if ((fl > 0.0 && fh > 0.0) || (fl < 0.0 && fh < 0.0))
System.out.println("There are no root in the given region or double root?");
if (fl == 0.0) return x1;
if (fh == 0.0) return x2;
if (fl < 0.0) { a=x1;b=x2;}
else { b=x1;a=x2;}
r=0.5*(x1+x2); //midpoint value
dxold=Math.abs(x2-x1);
dx=dxold;
fr=func(r); //function value at midpoint
dfr=dfunc(r); //derivative of function value at midpoint
for (j=1;j<=MAXIT;j++)
{
if ((((r-b)*dfr-fr)*((r-a)*dfr-fr) > 0.0) || (Math.abs(2.0*fr) > Math.abs(dxold*dfr)))
{ //bisection step
dxold=dx;
dx=0.5*(b-a);
r=a+dx;
if (a == r) return r; //çözüm!!!!
}
else{ //Newton-Raphson (Secant) step
dxold=dx;
dx=fr/dfr;
temp=r;
r -= dx;
if (temp == r) return r; //solution!!!!!
}
if (Math.abs(dx) < xacc) return r; //solution!!!!!
fr=func(r);
dfr=dfunc(r);
if (fr < 0.0)
a=r;
else
b=r;
}
System.out.println("Maximum number of iterations are exceeded");
return 0.0; //program should never reach here
//dummy return
}
default double brent(double a,double b)
{
double test;
double p=0;
double es,ea;
double f1,f2,f3,fp;
double tol=1.0e-15;
es=0.0000001;
double x1=a;f1=func(x1);
double x2=b;f2=func(x2);
double x3=(x1+x2)/2.0;f3=func(x3);
if(f1==0) return x1;
else if(f2==0) return x2;
if(f1*f2>0) System.out.println("No root is existed in the given region");
p=-(f2*f3*x1*(f2-f3)+f3*f1*x2*(f3-f1)+f1*f2*x3*(f1-f2))/((f1-f2)*(f2-f3)*(f3-f1));
fp=func(p);
ea=Math.abs(x3-p);
{ if(Math.abs(f3)<tol) return x3;
if((p<x1) && (p>x2))
{p=(x1+x2)/2.0;
if(p>x3) {x1=x3;f1=f3;x3=p;f3=fp;}
else if(p<x3) {x2=x3;f2=f3;x3=p;f3=fp;}
}
else
{
if(p>x3) {x1=x3;f1=f3;x3=p;f3=fp;}
fp=func(p);
ea=Math.abs(x3-p);
126
}
iter++;
}
if(iter>=maxit) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Warning : MAximum number of iteration is exceeded \n"+
" result may not be valid","MAXIMUM ITERATION NUMBER WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return p;
}
default double enlarge(double x0,double dx)
{ //enlarge region untill a root is existed
double x1=x0;
double x2=x1+dx;
int NTRY=200;
double FACTOR=1.001;
int j;
double f1,f2;
if (x1 == x2) System.out.println("Giriş değerleri yanlış verildi");
f1=func(x1);
f2=func(x2);
for (j=1;j<=NTRY;j++)
{ if (f1*f2 < 0.0) {break;}
else {x2+=dx;f2=func(x2);}
}
return x2;
}
}
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class HT_plane_wall
{
public if_x F;
public double h,L,k,alpha,Bi,Ti,Tinf,H;
public HT_plane_wall(double hi,double Li,double ki,double alphai,double Tii,double Tinfi)
{h=hi;k=ki;L=Li;alpha=alphai;Bi=h*L/k;Ti=Tii;Tinf=Tinfi;H=h/k;
//initial temperature profile is defined as constant change
//if you desired to do so
F=xx->Ti-Tinf;
}
public static double ksi(int n,double Bi)

{double x1=n*PI+0.0000001;
double x2=x1+(PI/2-0.000001);
if_x f1=x->x*tan(x)-Bi;
double ksi=f1.bisection(x1,x2);
return ksi;
}
public double teta(double x,double t)
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,N1=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double teta=0;
//coefficient of equation
for(int n=0;n<20;n++)
{ksi=ksi(n,Bi);
beta=ksi/L;
final double beta1=beta;
N=L/2.0+sin(2*ksi)/(4.0*beta);
N1=(L*(beta*beta+H*H)+H)/(2*(beta*beta+H*H));
if_x Cn=xx->F.func(xx)*cos(beta1*xx);
C=1.0/N1*Cn.integral(0,L,20);
teta+=C*cos(beta*x)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return teta;
}
public double dteta(double x,double t)
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,N1=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double dteta=0;
double x1,x2,x3;
127
{ksi=ksi(n,Bi);
beta=ksi/L;
x1=tan(ksi);
x2=(H/beta);
x3=Bi/ksi;
C=1.0/N*Cn.integral(0,L,20);
dteta+=-C*beta*sin(beta*x)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return dteta;
}
public double T(double x,double t)
{double teta=teta(x,t);
double T=teta+Tinf;
return T;
}
public double q(double x,double t)
{double q=-k*dteta(x,t);
return q;
}
}
When a numerical code is given it will be a good idea to check the code outputs if possible. The first
three eigenvalues of this solution is listed in “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer” by Incropera,
Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine as:
128
Now let us check the eigenvalues by using our own root finding routine. The actual root finding is
located at if_x class (bisection) . Eigenvalues are calculated at HT_plane_wall class, public static
double ksi(int n,double Bi) method.
Java program results for eigenvalues:

public class Bi_eps
{
double
Bi[]={0.001,0.002,0.004,0.006,0.008,0.01,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1,1.5,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,20,30,40,50,60,8
0,100,1000};
int n=Bi.length;
int n1=8;
double ksi[][]=new double[n][n1];
String
s[]={"Bi=hl/k",""+'\u03BE'+"1",""+'\u03BE'+"2",""+'\u03BE'+"3",""+'\u03BE'+"4",""+'\u03BE'+"5",""+'\u03BE'+"6",""+'\u03BE'+"7"};
double A1[]=new double[n1];
{ ksi[i][0]=Bi[i];
for(int j=0;j<n1-1;j++){ksi[i][j+1]=HT_plane_wall.ksi(j,Bi[i]);}
}
Text.print(ksi,s,"eigenvalues");
}}
129
If the same values are checked in mathlab(octave):
>> L=1;H=0.1;alfa=1e-5;x=0.05;t=1000;
>> x=[beta1(1,L,H),beta1(2,L,H),beta1(3,L,H),beta1(4,L,H),beta1(5,L,H)]
x =0.311052848268378 3.173097175184144 6.299059360548651 9.435375971163087 12.574323171641831
>> L=1;H=0.5;alfa=1e-5;x=0.05;t=1000;
x =0.653271187307584 3.292310022477304 6.361620392838449 9.477485702590318 12.606013439411305
>> L=1;H=1;alfa=1e-5;x=0.05;t=1000;
x =0.860333588363406 3.425618459073878 6.437298181858815 9.529334406744880 12.645287216547336
>> L=1;H=2;alfa=1e-5;x=0.05;t=1000;
x =1.076873985989610 3.643597165479853 6.578333727851468 9.629560345782938 12.722298777154021
As it is seen from the examples, as long as algorithms and codes entered correctly the results are
independent of the language used for the code.
Numerical example:
A steel wall (AISI 1010, k=63.9 W7mK) has Wall thickness of 0.04 m. Initially the pipe temperature is
-20 ℃. (constant) The pipe is insulated on one surface. The other wall is exposed to 60 ℃ fluid with
thermal convectivity coefficient of h=500 W/m2K. Find the temperature profile of the Wall at
a) t=360 s, b)t=420 s and c) t=480 s F(x)=-20-60=-80 ℃,
public class HT_plane_wall_test
{
public static void main (String args[])
double k=63.9;
double alpha=18.8e-6;
double L=40e-3;
double t[]={6*60,7*80,8*60}; //s
double Tinf=60;
130
double Ti=-20;
int n1=t.length;
double x[]=new double[101];
double T[][]=new double[n1][101];
double q[][]=new double[n1][101];
HT_plane_wall htpw=new HT_plane_wall(h,L,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
//initial temperature variation t=0
htpw.F=xx->(Ti-Tinf);
for(int j=0;j<n1;j++)
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
T[j][i]=htpw.T(x[i],t[j]);
q[j][i]=htpw.q(x[i],t[j]);
}
}
Plot pp=new Plot(x,T[0]);
{pp.addData(x,T[j]);}
pp.setPlabel("Steel wall one side insulated other side convective heat transfer");
pp.setXlabel(" x m");
pp.setYlabel(" T degree C");
pp.plot();
Plot pp1=new Plot(x,q[0]);
{pp1.addData(x,q[j]);}
pp1.setPlabel("Steel wall one side insulated other side convective heat transfer");
pp1.setXlabel(" x m");
pp1.setYlabel(" q W/m^2");
pp1.plot();
}
}
t=480 s , x=0-0.04 solution in excel:

H 7.824 m
L 0.04
726 m
h 500 W/m
k 63.9 W/m
2K
Bi H*L 0.312 K
Fo at/L2 5.64
989
 1.88E m2/s
t 480
-05 s
x m 0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.04
Tinf 60 degre
Ti -20 degre
eC
eC
m  *L= Cn 
1 13.29 0.5318 1.0467 0.21228 0.21198 0.21108 0.20958 0.20749 0.20481 0.20156 0.19773 0.1933 0.18842
2 713
80.94 85
3.2379 -88 2
-1.2E- 2
-1.1E- 2
-9.6E- 5
-6.8E- 6
-3.3E- 95.8E-29 3
4.38E- 8
7.72E- 52
1.03E- 1
1.17E-
89 56 0.0577
0.0154 27
9.2E- 27
7.4E- 28
2.8E- 28 28 28 28 27
3.2E- 27
7.7E-
3 158.3 6.3325 -3E-101 -8E-101 -9E-101 -7E-101 -3E-101
143
236.4 7
9.4578 72- 101 101 101
1.7E- 5.2E- 4.4E- 101
-2E- 101
3.4E-
4 -5E-222 -3E-222 -9E-224 -5E-222 -5E-222
465
314.7 59
12.591 0.0069
0.0039 222 222 222 222 222
5 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
806 22 39
131
0.21228 0.21198 0.21108 0.20958 0.20749 0.20481 0.20156 0.19773 0.1933 0.18842
2 2 2 5 6 9 3 8 52 1
T 43.01 43.04 43.11 43.23 43.40 43.61 43.87 44.18 44.53 44.92
degre
745 147 345 319 036 447 493 099 18 636
eC
t=480 s
45.5
45
T degree C
44.5
44
43.5
43
42.5
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
m
Root finding process (Bisection method):

H 7.825
L 0.04
Bi=H*L 0.313
root_findin
m 1
xl xu xr fxl fxu fxr fxr*fxl

3E-06 39.27 19.635 -0.313 3E+16 0.47241 -0.1479 0.7854
3E-06 19.635 9.81748 -0.313 0.472 -0.1503 0.04705 0.3927
9.8175 19.635 14.7262 -0.15 0.472 0.0806 -0.0121 0.58905
9.8175 14.726 12.2718 -0.15 0.081 -0.0506 0.00761 0.49087
12.272 14.726 13.499 -0.051 0.081 0.01065 -0.0005 0.53996
12.272 13.499 12.8854 -0.051 0.011 -0.021 0.00106 0.51542
12.885 13.499 13.1922 -0.021 0.011 -0.0054 0.00011 0.52769
13.192 13.499 13.3456 -0.005 0.011 0.00254 -1E-05 0.53383
13.192 13.346 13.2689 -0.005 0.003 -0.0015 8E-06 0.53076
13.269 13.346 13.3073 -0.001 0.003 0.00053 -8E-07 0.53229
13.269 13.307 13.2881 -0.001 5E-04 -0.0005 6.9E-07 0.53152
13.288 13.307 13.2977 -5E-04 5E-04 3E-05 -1E-08 0.53191
13.288 13.298 13.2929 -5E-04 3E-05 -0.0002 1E-07 0.53172
13.293 13.298 13.2953 -2E-04 3E-05 -1E-04 2.1E-08 0.53181
13.295 13.298 13.2965 -1E-04 3E-05 -3E-05 3.1E-09 0.53186
13.296 13.298 13.2971 -3E-05 3E-05 -2E-06 5.5E-11 0.53188
13.297 13.298 13.2974 -2E-06 3E-05 1.4E-05 -2E-11 0.5319
13.297 13.297 13.2972 -2E-06 1E-05 6.1E-06 -1E-11 0.53189
13.297 13.297 13.2972 -2E-06 6E-06 2.2E-06 -4E-12 0.53189
13.297 13.297 13.2971 -2E-06 2E-06 2.8E-07 -5E-13 0.53189
Octave environment solution:

F=-80.0;
end
function [T] = plot_T1()
t=480.0;
Tinf=60.0;
132
x=0:0.001:0.04;
h=500.0;
k=63.9;
H=h/k;
L=0.04;
alpha=18.8e-6;
T=T1(x,t,L,H,alpha)+Tinf;
plot(x,T);
title('Temperature profile t=480 sec')
xlabel('x m')
ylabel('T degree C')
endfunction
Python version of the problem solution:

from math import *
from f_x import *;
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def bisection(f,xl,xu):
# bisection root finding method
maxit=100
iter=0
es=0.0000001
ea=1.1*es
s=""
fxl= f.func(xl)
fxu= f.func(xu)
xr=xl
while ea>es and iter<maxit:
xold=xr
xr=(xl+xu)/2.0;
fxr= f.func(xr);
iter=iter+1;
if xr!=0:
ea=abs((xr-xold)/xr)*100
test= fxl*fxr;
if test==0.0 : ea=0;
elif test<0.0: xu=xr;fxu=fxr;
elif test>0: xl=xr;fxl=fxr;
else : ea=0;
if iter>=maxit: print("Maximum number of iteration is exceeded \n result might not be valid")
return xr
def gauss_legendre_coefficients(x1,x2,n):
#calculates legendre gauss-coefficients as coefficients of the integral
133
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
a=[[0.0 for i in range(n)] for j in range(2)]
for i in range(1,m+1):
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
for ii in range(nmax):
#while abs(z-z1) > eps:
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for j in range(1,n+1):
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
if abs(z-z1) < eps: break
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
def integral(f,x1,x2,n):
#integral func(x)dx
#integral of a function by using gauss-legendre quadrature
#between x1 and x2
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(x1,x2,n)
z=0
for i in range(n):
z=z+a[1][i]*f.func(a[0][i])
return z
def ksi(n,Bi):
# eigenvalue function to be solved
x1=n*pi+0.00000001
x2=x1+(pi/2.0-0.00000001)
class f1(f_x):func=lambda self,x: x*tan(x)-Bi
f = f1()
y= bisection(f,x1,x2)
return y
def tetha(F,H,alpha,L,x,t):
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
Bi=H*L
for n in range(20):
k1=ksi(n,Bi)
beta=k1/L
#N=L/2.0+sin(2.0*ksi)/(4.0*beta)
N=(L*(beta*beta+H*H)+H)/(2*(beta*beta+H*H))
class Cn(f_x):func=lambda self,x:F.func(x)*cos(beta*x)
fCn=Cn()
C=1.0/N*integral(fCn,0.0,L,20)
teta=teta+C*cos(beta*x)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)
return teta
h=500
k=63.9
H=h/k
alpha=18.8e-6
L=40e-3
t=8.0*60
Tinf=60
Ti=-20
class F(f_x):func=lambda self,x: Ti-Tinf
F1 = F()
n=100
T=[0.0 for i in range(n)]
134
x=[0.0 for i in range(n)]
for i in range(n):
x[i]=i*L/n
T[i]=tetha(F1,H,alpha,L,x[i],t)+Tinf
plt.plot(x,T)
plt.xlabel("x m")
Numerical example:
A steel plate [=1.2e-5 and k=43 W/(mK)] of thickness 2L=0.1 m, initially at a uniform temperature of
Ti=240 ℃, is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇∞ = 40 ℃. The convective heat transfer coefficient
is h=600 W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=478.8 seconds.
F(x)=240-40=200 ℃,
public class HT_plane_wall_test1

{
double k=43;
double L=0.05;
double t[]={478.8}; //s
double Tinf=40.0;
double Ti=240.0;
int n1=t.length;
HT_plane_wall htpw=new HT_plane_wall(h,L,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
{
135
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
}
}
Octave(matlab) solution of the problem:

F=240-40;
end
function [T] = plot_T2()
t=478.8;
Tinf=40.0;
x=0:0.001:0.05;
h=600.0;
k=43.0;
H=h/k;
L=0.05;
alpha=1.2e-5;
T=T1(x,t,L,H,alpha)+Tinf;
plot(x,T);
title('Temperature profile t=478.8 sec')
xlabel('x m')
ylabel('T degree C')
endfunction
>>
>> plot_T2();
>>
136
Python solution of the problem:
from math import *
from f_x import *;
def bisection(f,xl,xu):
# bisection root finding method
maxit=100
iter=0
es=0.0000001
ea=1.1*es
s=""
fxl= f.func(xl)
fxu= f.func(xu)
xr=xl
while ea>es and iter<maxit:
xold=xr
xr=(xl+xu)/2.0;
fxr= f.func(xr);
iter=iter+1;
if xr!=0:
ea=abs((xr-xold)/xr)*100
test= fxl*fxr;
if test==0.0 : ea=0;
elif test<0.0: xu=xr;fxu=fxr;
elif test>0: xl=xr;fxl=fxr;
else : ea=0;
if iter>=maxit: print("Maximum number of iteration is exceeded \n result might not be valid")
return xr
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
137
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
#integral func(x)dx
#between x1 and x2
z=0
for i in range(n):
return z
def ksi(n,Bi):
x1=n*pi+0.00000001
x2=x1+(pi/2.0-0.00000001)
class f1(f_x):func=lambda self,x: x*tan(x)-Bi
f = f1()
return y
def tetha(F,H,alpha,L,x,t):
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
Bi=H*L
for n in range(20):
k1=ksi(n,Bi)
beta=k1/L
#N=L/2.0+sin(2.0*ksi)/(4.0*beta)
N=(L*(beta*beta+H*H)+H)/(2*(beta*beta+H*H))
class Cn(f_x):func=lambda self,x:F.func(x)*cos(beta*x)
fCn=Cn()
teta=teta+C*cos(beta*x)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)
return teta
h=600.0
k=43.0
H=h/k
alpha=1.2e-5
L=0.05
t=478.8
Tinf=40
Ti=240
F1 = F()
n=100
for i in range(n):
x[i]=i*L/n
T[i]=tetha(F1,H,alpha,L,x[i],t)+Tinf
plt.plot(x,T)
plt.xlabel("x m")
plt.ylabel("T degree C")
plt.title("Steel wall one side insulated other side convective heat transfer")
plt.show()
138
In this problem both side of the wall of (x=0 and x=L) is exposed to a constant temperature Ta. At initial
time, the wall has a temperature profile of F(x).
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎

= 𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 =
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑎 x=0 t >0 Boundary conditions
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑎 x=L t >0 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t >0
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑇𝑎 t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t >0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥)⁡⁡⁡⁡t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
2
1 𝜕 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
2
= = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
139
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝛽2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=0 t >0
𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t >0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution set:
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
x=0 t >0
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽0) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽0) = 0 𝐶1 = 0
x=L t >0
𝑚𝜋
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝐿) = 0 𝛽𝑚 𝐿 = 𝑚𝜋 𝛽𝑚 =
𝐿
∞ ∞
∗( 2
𝑚𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 2
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 sin ( 𝑥) exp (− 2 𝛼𝑡)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑚=1 𝑚=1
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
∞
𝐹(𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 sin(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑚=1
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
0
𝐿 𝐿
∫ 𝐹(𝑥)sin⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥) = 𝐶𝑚 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

0 0
𝐿 𝐿
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥)
2
𝑥 sin⁡(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) 𝐿 𝐿 sin⁡(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿)
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ − ] = −
2 2 4𝛽𝑚 𝑥=0
2 4𝛽𝑚
0 0
𝐿
𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝐿
𝑁( ) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐿 𝐿 2
0
𝐿
2 𝑚𝜋
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)sin⁡( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
0
𝜋𝑥
As an analytical solution example let us take 𝐹(𝑥) = 50𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝐿
2 𝐿 𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋
𝐶𝑚 = ∫0 50𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) sin⁡( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 sin is an orthogonal function so that
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
0
Integral has only one remaining term for m=1
𝐿 𝐿 𝑚𝜋 𝑚𝜋 𝐿
100 𝑚𝜋 100 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝐿 𝑥) 100 𝑥 sin⁡(22 𝐿 𝑥𝑥)
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ sin2 ⁡( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ − 𝑚𝜋 ] = 50
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 2 𝐿 2 42 𝑥
0 0 𝐿 𝑥=0
140
𝜋 𝜋2
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 = 50 sin ( 𝑥) exp (− 2 𝛼𝑡)
𝐿 𝐿

In this problem one side of the wall of (x=0) is insulated and the other side is exposed to a constant
temperature Ta. At initial time, the wall has a temperature profile of F(x).
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎

= 𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 =
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) Boundary conditions
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,
𝑡) = 𝑇𝑎 x=L t >0 = 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑇𝑎 t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t >0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥)⁡⁡⁡⁡t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
2
1 𝜕 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
2
= = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝛽2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t >0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution set:
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
141
x=L t >0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝐿) = 0 𝛽𝑚 𝐿 = (2𝑚 + 1) 𝛽𝑚 = (2𝑚 + 1)
2 2𝐿
∞
∗( 2
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡 ) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡 ) − 𝑇𝑎
𝑚=1
∞
𝜋 𝜋2
𝑥) exp (−(2𝑚 + 1)2 2 𝛼𝑡)
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos ((2𝑚 + 1)
2𝐿 4𝐿
𝑚=1
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
∞
𝐹(𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)
𝑚=1
This equation has m coefficients. In order to solve these coefficients, we will use properties of
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
0
𝐿 𝐿

0 0
𝐿 𝐿
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ + ] = −
2 2 4𝛽𝑚 𝑥=0
2 4𝛽𝑚
0 0
𝐿
𝜋 𝜋 𝐿
𝑁 ((2𝑚 + 1) ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ((2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝐿 2𝐿 2
0
𝐿
2 𝜋
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐿 2𝐿
0
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎
∞ 𝐿
2 𝜋 𝜋2 𝜋
= ∑ cos ((2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥) exp (−(2𝑚 + 1)2 2 𝛼𝑡) ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐿 2𝐿 4𝐿 2𝐿
𝑚=0 0
A special case: if initial temperature is constant F(x)=T i=const
𝐿 𝐿
𝜋 𝜋
∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑇𝑖 cos⁡( (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝐿 2𝐿
0 0
𝐿
2𝐿 𝜋
= 𝑇𝑖 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥)]
𝜋(2𝑚 + 1) 2𝐿 0
𝐿
𝜋 2𝐿𝑇𝑖 𝜋 2𝐿𝑇𝑖 (−1)𝑚
∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( (2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((2𝑚 + 1) ) =
2𝐿 𝜋(2𝑚 + 1) 2 𝜋(2𝑚 + 1)
0
∞
4𝑇𝑖 (−1)𝑚 𝜋 𝜋2
∗(
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡 ) = 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 = ∑ cos ((2𝑚 + 1) 𝑥) exp (−(2𝑚 + 1)2 2 𝛼𝑡)
𝜋(2𝑚 + 1) 2𝐿 4𝐿
𝑚=0
Numerical example:
L=2x10-2 m thick marble plate[k=2 W/(mK), =1x10-6 m2/s} is initially at a uniform temperature of Ti=200 ℃.
One of the plate surface is exposed to a temperature of Ta=0 ℃ while he other side is kept insulated. Calculate the
temperature profile. Assume the plate has temperature profile as a function of time and direction(x) only
public class HT_xy_T_dT_PR3_3

{
{ double alpha=1.0e-6; //m^2/s
142
double k=2; //W/mK
double L=2.0e-2; //m
double Ti=200.0; //degree C initial temperature
double Ta=0.0;//degree C
double pi=Math.PI;
if_xj Tx_t=(double y[])->{
double x=y[0];
double t=y[1];
double T=Ta;
int plusminus=1;
double kk=0.0;
double x1=0.0;
double x2=0.0;
double x3=0.0;
for(int m=0;m<100 ;m++)
{ kk=(2.0*m+1.0);
T+=4.0*(Ti-Ta)*plusminus/(pi*kk)*Math.cos(pi*kk/2.0*x/L)*Math.exp(-
pi*pi*kk*kk/4.0/(L*L)*alpha*t);
plusminus*=-1;
}
return T;
};
double a[][]=new double[100][20];
double dx=L/99;
double dt=1;
double x=0;
double t=0;
double T=0.0;
{ x=dx*i;
for(int j=0;j<20;j++)
{ t=dt*j;
double y[]={x,t};
T=Tx_t.func(y);
System.out.println(x+" "+t+" "+T);
a[i][j]=T;
}
}
double bb[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0.0,L,0,20.0,a);
Text.print(bb);
surfacePlot p=new surfacePlot(bb,"x m","t s","Temperature distribution");
p.plot();
}}

This examples has two different convective heat transfer coefficient in each side of the wall, but outside
fluid temperatures are the same
143
⁡𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛_0 = ℎ1 (𝑇(0, 𝑡) = ℎ1 𝑇(0, 𝑡) = ℎ1 (𝑇∗ (0, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞⁡ )
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛_1 = ℎ2 (𝑇(𝐿, 𝑡) = ℎ2 𝑇(𝐿, 𝑡) = ℎ2 (𝑇 ∗(𝐿, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞⁡ )
By defining temperature T(x,t) differential equation becomes homogeneous.
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞
= 2
𝜕 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 =
∗
𝜕𝑇 (𝑥,𝑡)
− + 𝐻1 (𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,
𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) = 0 x=0 t >0 Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ
ℎ1 − + 𝐻1 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t >0 𝐻1 = 1
𝐻1 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑘 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ2
∗
𝜕𝑇 (𝑥,𝑡) + 𝐻2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 =
+ 𝐻2 (𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) = 0 x=L t>0 𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
ℎ2
𝐻2 =
𝑘
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑇∞ t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
2
= = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝛽2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑋(𝑥) ℎ
− + 𝐻1 𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=0 t >0 𝐻1 = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇(𝑥) ℎ2
+ 𝐻2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution:
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = [𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥)] exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
Applications of boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
−𝐶1 𝛽sin(𝛽0) + 𝐶2 𝛽cos⁡((𝛽0) + 𝐻1 [𝐶1 cos⁡((𝛽0) + 𝐶2 sin⁡((𝛽0)] = 0
−𝐶1 0 + 𝐶2 𝛽1 + 𝐻1 [𝐶1 1 + 𝐶2 0] = 0
𝐶2 𝛽 + 𝐶1 𝐻1 = 0
144
𝐶1 𝐻1
𝐶2 =
𝛽
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 [𝛽cos(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 𝐶1 [−𝛽2 sin(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐻1 𝛽 cos(𝛽𝑥)]
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥)
+ 𝐻2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0
𝜕𝑥 ⁡
𝐶1 [−𝛽2 sin(𝛽𝐿) + 𝐻1 𝛽 cos(𝛽𝐿)] + 𝐻2 𝐶1 [𝛽cos(𝛽𝐿) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝐿)] = 0 →⁡𝐶1 ≠ 0
[−𝛽2 sin(𝛽𝐿) + 𝐻1 𝛽 cos(𝛽𝐿)] + 𝐻2 [𝛽cos(𝛽𝐿) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝐿)] = 0
𝛽 (𝐻 +𝐻 ) ℎ 𝐿 ℎ 𝐿
tan(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 𝑚2 1 2 𝑚 = 𝛽𝑚 𝐿 𝐵𝑖1 = 𝐻1 𝐿 = 1 𝐵𝑖2 = 𝐻2 𝐿 = 2
𝛽𝑚 −𝐻1 𝐻2 𝑘 𝑘
𝑚 (𝐵𝑖1 +𝐵𝑖2 )
tan(𝑚 ) = or
2𝑚 −𝐵𝑖1 𝐵𝑖2
𝛽𝑚(𝐻1 +𝐻2 ) 𝑚 (𝐵𝑖1 +𝐵𝑖2 )
sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) − cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 0 or sin(𝑚 ) − cos(𝑚 ) = 0
2 −𝐻 𝐻
𝛽𝑚 1 2 2𝑚 −𝐵𝑖1 𝐵𝑖2
This equation has multiple roots.
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞𝑚=1 𝐶𝑚 [𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]exp⁡(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿

𝐹(𝑥) = ∑∞ 𝑚=1 𝐶𝑚 [𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
0
𝐿 𝐿
∫ 𝐹(𝑥)[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚 ∫[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥

0 0
𝐿
∫[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥

0
𝐿
2
= ∫[𝛽𝑚 cos2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 2𝛽𝑚 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻12 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
0
𝐿 2 1+cos(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) 1−cos(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥)
= ∫0 [𝛽𝑚 + 𝛽𝑚 𝐻1 sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻12 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
2 +𝐻 2
𝐿 𝛽𝑚 2 −𝐻 2
𝛽𝑚
1 1
= ∫0 [ + cos(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝛽𝑚 𝐻1 sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
2 +𝐻 2 2 −𝐻 2 𝐿
𝛽𝑚 1 𝛽𝑚 1 cos(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥)
=[ 𝑥+ sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝑥) − 𝛽𝑚 𝐻1 ]
2 4𝛽𝑚 2𝛽𝑚 𝑥=0
2 +𝐻 2 )
(𝛽𝑚 2 −𝐻 2 )
(𝛽𝑚
1 1 𝐻1
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = + sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) + 2 (1 − cos(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿))
2 4𝛽𝑚
𝛽 (𝐻 +𝐻 )
Substituting sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 𝑚2 1 2 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) eigenvalue function
𝛽𝑚 −𝐻1 𝐻2
2
𝐻2
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = 0.5 [(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻12 ) (𝐿 + 2 ) + 𝐻1 ]
(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻22 )
𝐿
1
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )
0
𝐿 1
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑚=1 [𝑁(𝛽 ∫0 𝐹(𝑥)[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 ] [𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) +
𝑚 )
2
𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]exp⁡(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
For constant initial temperature: 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑇𝑖
145
𝐿 𝐿
𝑇𝑖 𝐻1 𝑇𝑖 𝐿
𝐶𝑚 = ∫[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = [sin(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)| − cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥)| ]
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) 𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) 0 𝛽𝑚
0 0
𝑇𝑖 𝐻1
𝐶𝑚 = [sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) + (1 − cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿))⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡]
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) 𝛽𝑚

function [T] = T2(x,t,L,H1,H2,alpha)
T=0;
for m=1:20
beta=beta2(m,L,H1,H2)
C2=CN2(beta,L,H1,H2)
T=T+C2*(beta*cos(beta*x)+H1*sin(beta*x))*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
End
function [C] = CN2(beta,L,H1,H2)

y=@(x) F2(x).*(beta*cos(beta*x)+H1*sin(beta*x));
C1=quad(y,0,L);
N=0.5*(L*(beta*beta+H1*H1)*(L+H2/(beta*beta+H2*H2)+H1);
C=C1/N;
End
function [beta] = beta2(m,L,H1,H2)

PI=4*atan(1);
x1=((m-1)*PI+0.0000001)/L;
x2= x1+(PI/2-0.000001)/L;
beta=bisection(@(x) func2(x,L,H1,H2),x1,x2);

F=1.0;
end
function [f] = func2(beta,L,H1,H2)

f=tan(beta*L)-beta*(H1+H2)/(beta*beta-H1*H2);
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class HT_plane_wall2
{
public if_x F;
public double h1,h2,L,k,alpha,Bi1,Bi2,Ti,Tinf,H1,H2;
public HT_plane_wall2(double h1i,double h2i,double Li,double ki,double alphai,double Tii,double Tinfi)
{h1=h1i;h2=h2i;k=ki;L=Li;alpha=alphai;Bi1=h1*L/k;Bi2=h2*L/k;Ti=Tii;Tinf=Tinfi;H1=h1/k;H2=h2/k;
F=xx->Ti-Tinf;
}
public static double ksi(int n,double Bi1,double Bi2)

{double x1=n*PI+0.0000001;
double x2=x1+(PI/2-0.000001);
if_x f1=x->(x*x-Bi1*Bi2)*Math.tan(x)-x*(Bi1+Bi2);
double ksi=f1.illinois(x1,x2);
return ksi;
}
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,N1=0,N2=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double teta=0;
{ksi=ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2);
beta=ksi/L;
146
//N=0.5*((beta*beta+H1*H1)*(L+H2/(beta*beta+H2*H2))+H1);
//if_x intN=(xx)->(beta1*cos(beta1*xx)+H1*sin(beta1*xx))*(beta1*cos(beta1*xx)+H1*sin(beta1*xx));
//N1=intN.integral(0,L,40);
N2=L/2.0*(beta*beta+H1*H1)+sin(2.0*beta*L)/(4*beta)*(beta*beta-H1*H1)+H1/2.0*(1.0-cos(2.0*beta*L));
if_x Cn=xx->F.func(xx)*(beta1*cos(beta1*xx)+H1*sin(beta1*xx));
System.out.println(“ksi=”+ksi+”N2=”+N2+”C?”+C)
teta+=C*(beta*cos(beta*x)+H1*sin(beta*x))*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return teta;
}
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,N2=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double dteta=0;
beta=ksi/L;
N2=L/2.0*(beta*beta+H1*H1)+sin(2.0*beta*L)/(4*beta)*(beta*beta-H1*H1)+H1/2.0*(1.0-cos(2.0*beta*L)); if_x Cn=xx-
>F.func(xx)*(beta1*cos(beta1*xx)+H1*sin(beta1*xx));
dteta+=C*(-beta*beta*sin(beta*x)+H1*beta*cos(beta*x))*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return dteta;
}
{double T=teta(x,t)+Tinf;
return T;
}
return q;
}

{ double h1=500; //W/m^2K
double h2=500; //W/m^2K
double k=63.9;
double L=2.0*40e-3;
double t[]={8*60}; //s
double Tinf=60;
double Ti=-20;
int n1=t.length;
HT_plane_wall2 htpw=new HT_plane_wall2(h1,h2,L,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
147
}}
Numerical example:
A steel wall (AISI 1010, k=63.9 W7mK) has Wall thickness of 0.04 m. Initially the pipe temperature is
-20 ℃. (constant) The wall is insulated on one surface. The other wall is exposed to 60 ℃ fluid with
thermal convectivity coefficient of h=500 W/m2K. Find the temperature profile of the Wall at
a) t=360 s, b)t=420 s and c) t=480 s F(x)=-20℃⁡-60 ℃= -80 𝐾,
public class HT_plane_wall2_test
{
double k=63.9;
double L=2.0*40e-3;
double t[]={8*60}; //s
double Tinf=60;
double Ti=-20;
int n1=t.length;
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
}
}
148
Python version:
from math import *
from f_x import *;
def bisection(f,a,b):
b1=1.1*b
r=(a+b)/2.0
fr=f.func(r)
fa=f.func(a)
eps=1.0e-8;
nmax=100;
i=1;
while abs(fr)>eps and i<nmax:
if fa*fr<0:
b=r
else:
a=r
fa=fr
r=(a+b)/2.0;
fr=f.func(r)
i=i+1
if i>=nmax:
r=bisection(f,a,b1)
return r
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
#integral func(x)dx
#between x1 and x2
z=0
for i in range(n):
return z
def ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2):
x1=n*pi+0.00000001
x2=x1+(pi/2.0-0.00000001)
class f1(f_x):func=lambda self,x: (x*x-Bi1*Bi2)*tan(x)-x*(Bi1+Bi2)
f = f1()
return y
149
def tetha(F,h1,h2,k,alpha,L,x,t):
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
H1=h1/k
H2=h2/k
Bi1=H1*L
Bi2=H2*L
for n in range(20):
k1=ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2)
beta=k1/L
N=L/2.0*(beta*beta+H1*H1)+sin(2.0*beta*L)/(4*beta)*(beta*beta-H1*H1)+H1/2.0*(1.0-cos(2.0*beta*L))
class Cn(f_x):func=lambda self,x:F.func(x)*(beta*cos(beta*x)+H1*sin(beta*x))
fCn=Cn()
teta=teta+C*(beta*cos(beta*x)+H1*sin(beta*x))*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)
return teta
h1=500
h2=500
k=63.9
alpha=18.8e-6
L=2.0*40e-3
t=8*60
Ti=-20
Tinf=60
F1 = F()
n=100
for i in range(n):
x[i]=i*L/n
T[i]=tetha(F1,h1,h2,k,alpha,L,x[i],t)+Tinf
plt.plot(x,T)
plt.xlabel("x m")
plt.title("wall both sides convective heat transfer")
plt.show()
Numerical example:
A steel plate [=1.2e-5 and k=43 W/(mK) ] of thickness L=0.1 m, initially at a uniform temperature of
240 ℃, is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇∞ = 40 ℃. The convective heat transfer coefficients are
h1=600 W/(m2K), h2=600 W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=478.8 seconds.
F(x)=240-40=200 K
public class HT_plane_wall2_test1

{
150
double k=42;
double L=0.1;
double t[]={478.8}; //s
double Tinf=40;
double Ti=240;
int n1=t.length;
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.setPlabel("Steel wall both side convective heat transfer");
pp.plot();
pp1.setPlabel("Steel wall both side convective heat transfer");
pp1.plot();
}
}
Numerical example:
h1=600 W/(m2K) in one side of the plate and, h2=300 W/(m2K) on the other side. Calculate temperature
profile for t=478.8 seconds.
F(x)=240-40=200 K
151
{ double L=0.1;
double h1=600.0; //W/m^2K
double h2=300.0; //W/m^2K
double k=43; //W/mK
double tinf=40;
double H2=h2/k;
double alfa=1.2e-5;
double t=478.8;
double H1=h1/k;;
double T[]=new double[101];
HT_duvar2 ht=new HT_duvar2();
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
T[i]=ht.teta(L,H1,H2,alfa,x[i],t,tinf);
/ / search start from initial value again
ht.x1=0.00001; ht.ix=0;
}
Plot pp=new Plot(x,T);
pp.setPlabel("Steel wall both side convective heat transfer t="+t+" seconds");
pp.plot();
}
Numerical example:
h1=600 W/(m2K) at one side of the plate and, h2=300 W/(m2K) at the other side of the plate. Calculate
temperature profile for t=100, 200 and 500 seconds.
F(x)=240-40=200 K

{
double k=42;
double L=0.1;
double t[]={478.8}; //s
double Tinf=40;
double Ti=240;
int n1=t.length;
152
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
}
}
PROBLEM:
A steel plate [=1.2e-5 and k=43 W/(mK) ] of thickness L=0.1 m, initially has a temperature profile as;
0 60
0.01 45.6
0.02 34.4
0.03 26.4
0.04 21.6
0.05 20
0.06 21.6
0.07 26.4
0.08 34.4
0.09 45.6
0.1 60
is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇∞ = 20 ℃. The convective heat transfer coefficients are h 1=100
W/(m2K), h2=100 W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=50, 200 and 500 seconds.
F(x)=?
{
double k=42;
153
double L=0.1;
double t[]={50,200,500}; //s
double Tinf=20;
double Ti=60;
int n1=t.length;
htpw.F=xx->16000*xx*xx-1600*xx+60-Tinf;
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
}
}
Python version:
from math import *
from f_x import *;
b1=1.1*b
r=(a+b)/2.0
fr=f.func(r)
fa=f.func(a)
eps=1.0e-8;
nmax=100;
i=1;
if fa*fr<0:
b=r
else:
a=r
154
fa=fr
r=(a+b)/2.0;
fr=f.func(r)
i=i+1
if i>=nmax:
r=bisection(f,a,b1)
return r
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
#integral func(x)dx
#between x1 and x2
z=0
for i in range(n):
return z
def ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2):
x1=n*pi+0.00000001
x2=x1+(pi/2.0-0.00000001)
f = f1()
return y
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
H1=h1/k
H2=h2/k
Bi1=H1*L
Bi2=H2*L
for n in range(20):
k1=ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2)
beta=k1/L
fCn=Cn()
return teta
155
h1=100.0
h2=100.0
k=42
alpha=1.2e-5
L=0.1
t=50
Ti=60
Tinf=20
class F(f_x):func=lambda self,x: 16000.0*x*x-1600.0*x+60.0-Tinf
F1 = F()
n=100
for i in range(n):
x[i]=i*L/n
plt.plot(x,T)
plt.xlabel("x m")
plt.show()
T=50 seconds
T=200 seconds
T=500 seconds
156
PROBLEM 3.5 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES METHOD,HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION,
TIME DEPENDENT; CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
Problems defines a solid rod of radius r, outside exposed to convective heat transfer of
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛_𝑏 = ℎ1 𝑇(𝑏, 𝑡) = ℎ1 (𝑇 ∗ (𝑏, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞∗ ). By defining temperature 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞∗
differential equation becomes homogeneous.
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)

+ = + =
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions: 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞
h Boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑟,𝑡)
= 0 r=0 t >0 H= h
𝜕𝑟 k 𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
= 0 r=0 t >0 H=
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑟,𝑡) 𝜕𝑟 k
+ 𝐻(𝑇 ∗ (𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) = 0 r = b t > 0
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
𝑇 ∗ (𝑟,
𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) + 𝑇∞ t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 + 𝐻𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 0 r = b t > 0
𝜕𝑟
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑅(𝑟)(𝑡)
𝜕 2𝑅(𝑟) 1 𝜕𝑅(𝑟) 𝑅(𝑟) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) [ + ]=
𝜕𝑟2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕2 𝑅(𝑟) 1 𝜕𝑅(𝑟) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
[ + ]= = −𝛽2
𝑅(𝑟) 𝜕𝑟2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑅(𝑟) 1 𝜕𝑅(𝑟) 2
+ + 𝛽 𝑅(𝑟) = 0
𝜕𝑟2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑅(𝑟) ℎ
= 0 r=0 t >0 𝐻=
𝜕𝑟 𝑘
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
+ 𝐻𝑅(𝑟) = 0 r = b t > 0
𝜕𝑟
157
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
Solution:
𝑅(𝑟) = 𝐶1 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑟) + 𝐶2 𝑌0 (𝛽𝑟)
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = [𝐶1 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑟) + 𝐶2 𝑌0 (𝛽𝑟)] exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
J0 and Y0 in this equation called Bessel functions. In the figure, behavior of bessel functions are given
as a plot.
As it is seen from the plot, 𝐽0 (0) = 1,⁡⁡⁡𝐽1 (0) = 0⁡, 𝑌0 (0) = −∞⁡⁡, 𝑌1 (0) = −∞
Before going any further, let us look at some properties of bessel functions. Bessel functions can be
defined as series. Bessel function J (z) can be defined by using the following series:
∞ 𝑧 
𝑧  (2)
𝐽 (𝑧) = ( ) ∑(−1)𝑘
2 𝑘! (+k+1)
𝑘=0
Where gamma function defined as
∞ ∞
𝑒 −𝛾𝑡 𝑡 −1 𝑡⁄𝑛
(z)= ∫ 𝑡 𝑧−1 −𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∏ (1 + ) 𝑒
𝑡 𝑛
𝑧=0 𝑛=1
Where =0.57721566490153286... is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. The Bessel function Y (z) is given
by:
𝐽 (𝑧)cos⁡(π)⁡-⁡𝐽- (𝑧)
𝑌 (𝑧) =
sin(π)
When =n is a positive integer, the solution J n(z) and J-n(z) are not independent: they are related by:
𝐽𝑛 (𝑧) = (−1)𝑛 𝐽-n(𝑧)
Derivatives of the J or Y bessel functions can be given as:
𝑑 
[𝑧 𝐽 (𝛽𝑧)] = 𝛽𝑧  𝐽-1(𝛽𝑧)
𝑑𝑧
𝑑
[𝐽 (𝛽𝑧)] = −𝛽𝐽1 (𝛽𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 
Integrals of the J or Y bessel functions can be given as:
1
∫[𝑧 𝐽-1(𝛽𝑧)] 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧  𝐽(𝛽𝑧)
𝛽
1
∫[𝑧𝐽 (𝛽𝑧)] 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧𝐽 (𝛽𝑧)
𝛽
𝑧2
∫[𝑧𝐽02 (𝑧)]𝑑𝑧= 𝑧 (𝐽02 (𝑧) + 𝐽12 (𝑧))⁡After this introduction to bessel functions, boundary conditions can
2
be applied now:
158
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
= −𝐶1 𝛽𝐽1 (𝛽𝑟) − 𝐶2 𝛽𝑌1 (𝛽𝑟)
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
= 0 r=0 t>0
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
= −𝐶1 𝛽𝐽1 (0) − 𝐶2 𝛽𝑌1 (0) = 0
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
= −𝐶1 𝛽0 − 𝐶2 𝛽𝑌1 (∞) = 0 → ⁡ 𝐶2 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
+ 𝐻𝑅(𝑟) = 0 r=b t>0
𝜕𝑟
−𝐶1 𝛽𝐽1 (𝛽𝑏) + 𝐻𝐶1 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑏) = 0 → ⁡ 𝐶1 ≠ 0
−𝛽𝑚 𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + 𝐻𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) = 0 This equation has multiple roots.
Equation can also be written as:
−𝛽𝑚 𝑏𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + 𝐻𝑏𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) = 0 or -𝑚 𝐽1 (𝑚 ) + 𝐵𝑖𝐽0 (𝑚 )
ℎ𝑏
where 𝑚 = 𝛽𝑚 𝑏 and 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐻𝑏 = is Biot number
𝑘
∞
2
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟) exp⁡(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑚=1
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
𝐹(𝑟) = ∑∞ 𝑚=1 𝐶𝑚 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)
𝑏
0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
∫ 𝑟 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝐽0 (𝛽𝑛 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = {
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛
0
𝑏 𝑏
∫0 𝑟 𝐹(𝑟)𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶𝑚 ∫0 𝑟𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑏
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫𝑟=0 𝑟𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 𝑧 = 𝛽𝑚 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 = 𝛽𝑚 𝑑𝑟
𝑏𝛽𝑚
𝛽 𝑏
1 1 𝑧2 2 𝑚
𝑏2
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = 2 ∫ 𝑧𝐽02 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2 [𝐽0 (𝑧) + 𝐽12 (𝑧)]| = [𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + 𝐽12 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏)]
𝛽𝑚 𝛽𝑚 2 𝑧=0
2
𝑧=0
Or alternatively due to boundary condition −𝛽𝑚 𝑏𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + 𝐻𝑏𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) = 0 → ⁡⁡ 𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) =
𝐻𝑏𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏)
𝛽𝑚 𝑏
2
𝑏2 𝐻𝑏𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) 𝑏2 𝐻2 𝐽02(𝛽𝑚 𝑏) 𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏)𝑏 2 𝛽𝑚
2
+ 𝐻2
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = [𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + ( ) ] = [𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + 2 ] = [ 2 ]
2 𝛽𝑚 𝑏 2 𝛽𝑚 2 𝛽𝑚
1 2 2
𝛽𝑚
=
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) 𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) 𝑏 2 (𝛽𝑚
2 +𝐻 2 )
1 𝑏
𝐶𝑚 =
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) 0
∫ 𝑟𝐹(𝑟)𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝑑𝑟
If 𝐹(𝑟) = 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑏 𝑇 𝑇𝑏
∫0 𝑟𝑇𝑖 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = 𝛽 𝑖 𝑟𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)|𝑏𝑟=0 = 𝛽𝑖 𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏)
𝑚 𝑚
𝑇𝑖 𝑏 𝑏2
𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) = 𝐶𝑚 𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = 𝐶𝑚 [𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) + 𝐽12 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏)]
𝛽𝑚 2
2𝑇𝑖 𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚𝑏) 2𝑇𝑖 𝐽1 (𝑚 )
𝐶𝑚 = 𝑚 = 𝛽𝑚 𝑏 𝐶𝑚 =
𝛽𝑚 𝑏 𝐽02 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏)+𝐽12 (𝛽𝑚 𝑏) 𝑚 𝐽02 (𝑚 )+𝐽12 (𝑚 )
Depends on value of F(r), this integration can be solved by using numerical or analytical methods.
∞
∗ (𝑟, 2
𝑇 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ = 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
𝑚=1
∞ 𝑏
1 2
= ∑[ ∫ 𝑟𝐹(𝑟)𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟)𝑑𝑟 ] 𝐽0 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )
𝑚=1 0
In this case heat transfer will be:
159
∞
𝑑𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 2
𝑞 = −𝑘 = ∑ 𝑘𝐶𝑚 𝛽𝑚 𝐽1 (𝛽𝑚 𝑟) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
𝑑𝑟
𝑚=1
Before solving the entire problem eigenvalues will be solved by a small program and listed.
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
class bisection
{
//J Bessel function of integer order 0
public static double J0(double x)
{ double ax,z;
double xx,y,ans,ans1,ans2;
y=x*x;
ans1=57568490574.0+y*(-13362590354.0+y*(651619640.7
+y*(-11214424.18+y*(77392.33017+y*(-184.9052456)))));
ans2=57568490411.0+y*(1029532985.0+y*(9494680.718
+y*(59272.64853+y*(267.8532712+y*1.0))));
ans=ans1/ans2;
} else {
z=8.0/ax;
y=z*z;
xx=ax-0.785398164;
ans1=1.0+y*(-0.1098628627e-2+y*(0.2734510407e-4
+y*(-0.2073370639e-5+y*0.2093887211e-6)));
ans2 = -0.1562499995e-1+y*(0.1430488765e-3
+y*(-0.6911147651e-5+y*(0.7621095161e-6
-y*0.934935152e-7)));
ans=sqrt(0.636619772/ax)*(cos(xx)*ans1-z*sin(xx)*ans2);
}
return ans;
}
{
double ax,z;

y=x*x;
ans1=x*(72362614232.0+y*(-7895059235.0+y*(242396853.1
+y*(-2972611.439+y*(15704.48260+y*(-30.16036606))))));
ans2=144725228442.0+y*(2300535178.0+y*(18583304.74
+y*(99447.43394+y*(376.9991397+y*1.0))));
ans=ans1/ans2;
} else {
z=8.0/ax;
y=z*z;
xx=ax-2.356194491;
ans1=1.0+y*(0.183105e-2+y*(-0.3516396496e-4
+y*(0.2457520174e-5+y*(-0.240337019e-6))));
ans2=0.04687499995+y*(-0.2002690873e-3
+y*(0.8449199096e-5+y*(-0.88228987e-6
+y*0.105787412e-6)));
if (x < 0.0) ans = -ans;
}
return ans;
}
public static void main (String args[]) throws java.io.IOException
{ double r;
char beta='\u03B2';
char ksi='\u03B6';
double Bi[]={0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,20,30,40,50,100};
String name="Eigenvalues "+ksi+"n * J1("+ksi+"n)=Bi* J0("+ksi+"n) or "+beta+"nb * J1("+beta+"nb)=Bi* J0("+beta+"nb)";
String sBi[]=new String[Bi.length];
String sC[]=new String[11];
double A[][]=new double[Bi.length][11];
for(int i=0;i<Bi.length;i++)
{A[i][0]=Bi[i];}
sC[0]="Bi=Hb=hb/k";
160
{sC[i]=""+ksi+i+" = "+beta+i+"*b";}
for(int i=0;i<Bi.length;i++)
{ final double bi=Bi[i];
if_x f1=x->x*J1(x)-bi*J0(x);
double x0=0;
double dx=0.0001;
double x1=0;
{
x1=f1.enlarge(x0,dx);
r= f1.bisection(x0,x1);
A[i][n]=r;
x0=r+dx;
}
}
Text.print(A,sC,name);
}}
function [f] = func3(beta,H,b)

f=(beta*b)*besselj(1,beta*b)-H*b*besselj(0,beta*b);
end
function [beta] = genislet(x0,H,b)

x1=x0+0.01;
x2= x1+0.00001;
f1=func3(x1,H,b);
f2=func3(x2,H,b);
j=0;
NTRY=200;
161
FACTOR=1.01;
while ((f1*f2>0) && (j<NTRY))
x2=x2+FACTOR*(x2-x1);
f2=func3(x2,H,b);
j=j+1;
end
beta=bisection(@(x) func3(x,H,b),x1,x2);
end
function xr=bisection(f,xl,xu)
% bisection root finding method
maxit=100;
iter=0;
es=0.000000001;
ea=1.1*es;
xr=(xl+xu)/2.0;
iter=iter+1;
if xr~=0 ea=abs((xu-xl)/(xu+xl))*100;end
fxl= f(xl);
fxr= f(xr);
test= fxl*fxr;
if test == 0.0 ea=0;
elseif test < 0.0 xu=xr;
else xl=xr;
end
end
if(iter>=maxit) fprintf('Maximum number of iteration is exceeded result might not be valid","MAKSİMUM NUMBER OF ITERATION
WARNING');
end
end
function [beta] = beta3(m,H,b)

x0=0;
for i=1:m
x0=genislet(x0,H,b);
beta(i)=x0;
end
end
function [C] = CN3(beta,H,b)

y=@(r) r.*F3(r,b).*besselj(0,beta*r);
C1=quad(y,0,b);
J0=besselj(0,beta*b);
N=J0*J0/2*b*b*(H*H+beta*beta)/(beta*beta);
C=C1/N;
end
function [F] = F3(r,b)

F=1.0;
end
function [T] = T3(r,t,H,b,alpha)

T=0;
m=2;
beta=beta3(m,H,b);
for i=1:m
C1=CN3(beta(i),H,b)
T=T+C1*besselj(0,(beta(i)*r))*exp(-beta(i)*beta(i)*alpha*t);
end
end

import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class HT_cylinder
{public if_x F;
public double h,b,k,alpha,Bi,Ti,Tinf,H;
public HT_cylinder(double hi,double bi,double ki,double alphai,double Tii,double Tinfi)
162
{h=hi;k=ki;b=bi;alpha=alphai;Bi=h*b/k;Ti=Tii;Tinf=Tinfi;H=h/k;
F=xx->Ti-Tinf;}
{ double ax,z;
y=x*x;
ans1=57568490574.0+y*(-13362590354.0+y*(651619640.7
+y*(-11214424.18+y*(77392.33017+y*(-184.9052456)))));
ans2=57568490411.0+y*(1029532985.0+y*(9494680.718
+y*(59272.64853+y*(267.8532712+y*1.0))));
ans=ans1/ans2;
} else {
z=8.0/ax;
y=z*z;
xx=ax-0.785398164;
ans1=1.0+y*(-0.1098628627e-2+y*(0.2734510407e-4
+y*(-0.2073370639e-5+y*0.2093887211e-6)));
ans2 = -0.1562499995e-1+y*(0.1430488765e-3
+y*(-0.6911147651e-5+y*(0.7621095161e-6
-y*0.934935152e-7)));
}
return ans;
}
{ double ax,z;
y=x*x;
ans1=x*(72362614232.0+y*(-7895059235.0+y*(242396853.1
+y*(-2972611.439+y*(15704.48260+y*(-30.16036606))))));
ans2=144725228442.0+y*(2300535178.0+y*(18583304.74
+y*(99447.43394+y*(376.9991397+y*1.0))));
ans=ans1/ans2;
} else {
z=8.0/ax;
y=z*z;
xx=ax-2.356194491;
ans1=1.0+y*(0.183105e-2+y*(-0.3516396496e-4
+y*(0.2457520174e-5+y*(-0.240337019e-6))));
ans2=0.04687499995+y*(-0.2002690873e-3
+y*(0.8449199096e-5+y*(-0.88228987e-6
+y*0.105787412e-6)));
if (x < 0.0) ans = -ans;
}
return ans;
}
public double teta(double r,double t)

{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double teta=0;
if_x f1=xx->xx*J1(xx)-Bi*J0(xx);
//search for eigenvalues starting from 0
double x0=0;
double dx=0.0001;
double x1=0;
{x1=f1.enlarge(x0,dx);
ksi= f1.bisection(x0,x1);
beta=ksi/b;
double j0=J0(ksi);
double j1=J1(ksi);
double nn=2.0/(j0*j0)/(b*b)*(beta*beta)/(beta*beta+H*H);
double nn1=b*b/2*(j0*j0+j1*j1);
double NN=1.0/nn1;
if_x y=rr->rr*Ti*J0(beta1*rr);
C=y.integral(0.0,b,20)/nn1;
teta+=C*J0(beta*r)*Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
x0=ksi+dx;
}
163
return teta;
}
//derivative of tetha
public double dteta(double r,double t)
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double teta=0;
if_x f1=xx->xx*J1(xx)-Bi*J0(xx);
//search for eigenvalues starting from 0
double x0=0;
double dx=0.0001;
double x1=0;
{x1=f1.enlarge(x0,dx);
ksi= f1.bisection(x0,x1);
beta=ksi/b;
double j0=J0(ksi);
double j1=J1(ksi);
double nn=2.0/(j0*j0)/(b*b)*(beta*beta)/(beta*beta+H*H);
double nn1=b*b/2*(j0*j0+j1*j1);
double NN=1.0/nn1;
if_x y=rr->rr*Ti*J0(beta1*rr);
C=y.integral(0.0,b,20)*nn1;
teta+=-C*beta*J1(beta*r)*Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
x0=ksi+dx;
}
return teta;
}
public double T(double r,double t)
{double teta=teta(r,t);
double T=teta+Tinf;
return T;
}
return q;
}
}}
Numerical example:
A steel rod (AISI 1010, k=63.9 W7mK) has Radius of 0.04 m. Initially the rod temperature is -20 ℃.
(constant) The outside of the rod is exposed to 60 ℃ fluid with thermal convectivity coefficient of
h=500 W/m2K. Find the temperature profile of the rod at
a) t=360 s, b)t=420 s and c) t=480 s F(x)=-20-60=-80 ℃,
public class HT_cylinder_test
{
double k=63.9;
double b=40e-3;
double t[]={360,420,480}; //s
double Tinf=60;
double Ti=-20;
int n1=t.length;
double r[]=new double[101];
HT_cylinder htc=new HT_cylinder(h,b,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
htc.F=xx->Ti-Tinf;
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ r[i]=i*b/100;
T[j][i]=htc.T(r[i],t[j]);
q[j][i]=htc.q(r[i],t[j]);
}
}
Plot pp=new Plot(r,T[0]);
164
{pp.addData(r,T[j]);}
pp.setPlabel("Steel rod outside convective heat transfer");
pp.setXlabel(" r m");
pp.plot();
Plot pp1=new Plot(r,q[0]);
{pp1.addData(r,q[j]);}
pp1.setPlabel("Steel rod outside convective heat transfer");
pp1.setXlabel(" r m");
pp1.plot();
}
}
165
Python version of the problem:
from math import *
from f_x import *;
# Bessel polynomial J
def J(v,x):
if x==0.0: x=1.0e-10
JJ=0.0
a=1.0
fact=1
b=0.0
x1=0.0
if x <=20:
x5=1.0
lna=0.0;
166
x1=log(0.5*x)
x1=x1*v
lna1=log(0.25*x*x)
for k in range(0,100):
x2=lna
# lgamma=ln(gamma) is a math library function
x3=lgamma(k+1)
x4=lgamma(v+k+1)
b=x1+x2-x3-x4
b=x5*exp(b)
lna=lna+lna1
x5=-1*x5
JJ=JJ+b
elif (v==0 and x==0):
JJ=1.0
else:
JJ=sqrt(2.0/pi/x)*cos(x-0.5*v*pi-0.25*pi)
return JJ
b1=1.1*b
r=(a+b)/2.0
fr=f.func(r)
fa=f.func(a)
eps=1.0e-6;
nmax=100;
i=1;
if fa*fr<0:
b=r
else:
a=r
fa=fr
r=(a+b)/2.0;
fr=f.func(r)
i=i+1
if i>=nmax:
r=bisection(f,a,b1)
return r
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
#integral func(x)dx
#between x1 and x2
z=0
for i in range(n):
167
return z
def enlarge(f,x0,dx):
# enlarge region untill a root is existed
x1=x0;
x2=x1+dx
NTRY=200
a=[0.0 for i in range(n)]
FACTOR=1.001
j=0
if x1 == x2: print("input variables are wrong")
f1=f.func(x1)
f2=f.func(x2)
for j in range(NTRY+1):
if f1*f2 < 0.0:
break
else:
x2=x2+dx
f2=f.func(x2)
return x2
def tetha(F,H,alpha,b,r,t):
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
Bi=H*b
class f1(f_x):func=lambda self,xx: xx*J(1,xx)-Bi*J(0,xx)
f = f1()
x0=0.0
dx=0.0001
x1=0.0
for n in range(1,11):
x1=enlarge(f,x0,dx)
ksi=bisection(f,x0,x1)
beta=ksi/b
J0=J(0,ksi)
J1=J(1,ksi)
nn=2.0/(J0*J0)/(b*b)*(beta*beta)/(beta*beta+H*H)
NN=1.0/nn
class Cn(f_x):func=lambda self,r:r*F.func(r)*J(0,beta*r)
fCn=Cn()
C=nn*integral(fCn,0.0,b,20)
teta=teta+C*J(0,beta*r)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)
x0=ksi+dx
return teta
h=500
k=63.9
H=h/k
alpha=18.8e-6
b=40e-3
t=480.0
Tinf=60
Ti=-20
F1 = F()
n=50
r=[0.0 for i in range(n)]
for i in range(n):
r[i]=i*b/n
T[i]=tetha(F1,H,alpha,b,r[i],t)+Tinf
print("r=",r[i],"T=",T[i])
plt.plot(r,T)
plt.xlabel("r m")
plt.title("Steel cylinder outside convective heat transfer")
plt.show()
runfile('E:/okul/SCO1/HT_cylinder.py', wdir='E:/okul/SCO1')
Reloaded modules: f_x
r= 0.0 T= 56.728936374977444
r= 0.0008 T= 56.729125929358986
r= 0.0016 T= 56.72969455955034
r= 0.0024 T= 56.73064216669806
r= 0.0032 T= 56.73196858606762
168
r= 0.004 T= 56.73367358707524
r= 0.0048 T= 56.7357568733324
r= 0.005600000000000001 T= 56.738218082703135
r= 0.0064 T= 56.74105678737393
r= 0.0072 T= 56.74427249393639
r= 0.008 T= 56.74786464348253
r= 0.0088 T= 56.751832611712715
r= 0.0096 T= 56.75617570905622
r= 0.0104 T= 56.76089318080446
r= 0.011200000000000002 T= 56.765984207256665
r= 0.012 T= 56.77144790387824
r= 0.0128 T= 56.77728332147152
r= 0.013600000000000001 T= 56.78348944635912
r= 0.0144 T= 56.79006520057958
r= 0.0152 T= 56.797009442095586
r= 0.016 T= 56.80432096501438
r= 0.0168 T= 56.811998499820604
r= 0.0176 T= 56.82004071362138
r= 0.0184 T= 56.828446210403584
r= 0.0192 T= 56.83721353130327
r= 0.02 T= 56.846341154887305
r= 0.0208 T= 56.855827497446924
r= 0.0216 T= 56.86567091330338
r= 0.022400000000000003 T= 56.875869695125495
r= 0.0232 T= 56.88642207425902
r= 0.024 T= 56.897326221067935
r= 0.0248 T= 56.90858024528733
r= 0.0256 T= 56.920182196388055
r= 0.0264 T= 56.93213006395287
r= 0.027200000000000002 T= 56.94442177806421
r= 0.028000000000000004 T= 56.95705520970328
r= 0.0288 T= 56.97002817116055
r= 0.0296 T= 56.98333841645753
r= 0.0304 T= 56.99698364177969
r= 0.031200000000000002 T= 57.01096148592053
r= 0.032 T= 57.02526953073656
r= 0.0328 T= 57.039905301613295
r= 0.0336 T= 57.054866267942025
r= 0.0344 T= 57.0701498436073
r= 0.0352 T= 57.08575338748502
r= 0.036000000000000004 T= 57.101674203951134
r= 0.0368 T= 57.11790954340062
r= 0.0376 T= 57.134456602776936
r= 0.0384 T= 57.15131252611151
r= 0.0392 T= 57.16847440507351
Numerical example:
A steel rod [=1.2e-5 and k=43 W/(mK) of radius b=0.05 m, initially at a uniform temperature of 240
℃, is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇∞ = 40 ℃. The convective heat transfer coefficient is h=600
W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=478.8 seconds.
F(r)=240-40=200 K (constant)
169
public class HT_cylinder_test
{
double k=43;
double b=0.05;
double t[]={478.8}; //s
double Tinf=40;
double Ti=240;
int n1=t.length;
double r[]=new double[101];
HT_cylinder htc=new HT_cylinder(h,b,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
htc.F=xx->Ti-Tinf;
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ r[i]=i*b/100;
T[j][i]=htc.T(r[i],t[j]);
q[j][i]=htc.q(r[i],t[j]);
}
}
Plot pp=new Plot(r,T[0]);
{pp.addData(r,T[j]);}
pp.setPlabel("Steel rod outside convective heat transfer");
pp.setXlabel(" r m");
pp.plot();
Plot pp1=new Plot(r,q[0]);
{pp1.addData(r,q[j]);}
pp1.setPlabel("Steel rod outside convective heat transfer");
pp1.setXlabel(" r m");
pp1.plot();
}
}
Python version of program:
from math import *

from f_x import *;
# Bessel polynomial J
def J(v,x):
if x==0.0: x=1.0e-10
JJ=0.0
a=1.0
170
fact=1
b=0.0
x1=0.0
if x <=20:
x5=1.0
lna=0.0;
x1=log(0.5*x)
x1=x1*v
lna1=log(0.25*x*x)
for k in range(0,100):
x2=lna
# lgamma=ln(gamma) is a math library function
x3=lgamma(k+1)
x4=lgamma(v+k+1)
b=x1+x2-x3-x4
b=x5*exp(b)
lna=lna+lna1
x5=-1*x5
JJ=JJ+b
elif (v==0 and x==0):
JJ=1.0
else:
JJ=sqrt(2.0/pi/x)*cos(x-0.5*v*pi-0.25*pi)
return JJ
b1=1.1*b
r=(a+b)/2.0
fr=f.func(r)
fa=f.func(a)
eps=1.0e-6;
nmax=100;
i=1;
if fa*fr<0:
b=r
else:
a=r
fa=fr
r=(a+b)/2.0;
fr=f.func(r)
i=i+1
if i>=nmax:
r=bisection(f,a,b1)
return r
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
171
#integral func(x)dx
#between x1 and x2
z=0
for i in range(n):
return z
def enlarge(f,x0,dx):
# enlarge region untill a root is existed
x1=x0;
x2=x1+dx
NTRY=200
a=[0.0 for i in range(n)]
FACTOR=1.001
j=0
if x1 == x2: print("input variables are wrong")
f1=f.func(x1)
f2=f.func(x2)
for j in range(NTRY+1):
if f1*f2 < 0.0:
break
else:
x2=x2+dx
f2=f.func(x2)
return x2
def tetha(F,H,alpha,b,r,t):
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
Bi=H*b
class f1(f_x):func=lambda self,xx: xx*J(1,xx)-Bi*J(0,xx)
f = f1()
x0=0.0
dx=0.0001
x1=0.0
x1=enlarge(f,x0,dx)
ksi=bisection(f,x0,x1)
beta=ksi/b
J0=J(0,ksi)
J1=J(1,ksi)
nn=2.0/(J0*J0)/(b*b)*(beta*beta)/(beta*beta+H*H)
NN=1.0/nn
class Cn(f_x):func=lambda self,r:r*F.func(r)*J(0,beta*r)
fCn=Cn()
C=nn*integral(fCn,0.0,b,20)
teta=teta+C*J(0,beta*r)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)
x0=ksi+dx
return teta
h=600.0
k=43.0
H=h/k
alpha=1.2e-5
b=0.05
t=478.8
Tinf=40.0
Ti=240.0
F1 = F()
n=50
r=[0.0 for i in range(n)]
for i in range(n):
r[i]=i*b/n
T[i]=tetha(F1,H,alpha,b,r[i],t)+Tinf
print("r=",r[i],"T=",T[i])
plt.plot(r,T)
plt.xlabel("r m")
plt.title("Steel cylinder outside convective heat transfer")
plt.show()
runfile('E:/okul/SCO1/HT_cylinder.py', wdir='E:/okul/SCO1')
172
Reloaded modules: Mathd
r= 0.0 T= 55.36095449219902
r= 0.001 T= 55.35914374499075
r= 0.002 T= 55.35371214371365
r= 0.0030000000000000005 T= 55.34466160915922
r= 0.004 T= 55.331995341808025
r= 0.005 T= 55.31571782057215
r= 0.006000000000000001 T= 55.29583480103538
r= 0.007000000000000001 T= 55.27235331319183
r= 0.008 T= 55.24528165868386
r= 0.009000000000000001 T= 55.21462940754063
r= 0.01 T= 55.1804073944184
r= 0.011000000000000001 T= 55.142627714344314
r= 0.012000000000000002 T= 55.101303717965266
r= 0.013000000000000001 T= 55.056450006303976
r= 0.014000000000000002 T= 55.008082425024256
r= 0.015 T= 54.95621805820803
r= 0.016 T= 54.90087522164648
r= 0.017 T= 54.84207345564821
r= 0.018000000000000002 T= 54.77983351736739
r= 0.019000000000000003 T= 54.71417737265497
r= 0.02 T= 54.64512818743635
r= 0.021 T= 54.57271031861915
r= 0.022000000000000002 T= 54.496949304534716
r= 0.023000000000000003 T= 54.4178718549173
r= 0.024000000000000004 T= 54.33550584042521
r= 0.025 T= 54.24988028170796
r= 0.026000000000000002 T= 54.16102533802427
r= 0.027000000000000003 T= 54.068972295415264
r= 0.028000000000000004 T= 53.973753554438076
r= 0.029000000000000005 T= 53.87540261746457
r= 0.03 T= 53.77395407555078
r= 0.031 T= 53.66944359488208
r= 0.032 T= 53.56190790280002
r= 0.033 T= 53.4513847734164
r= 0.034 T= 53.33791301282051
r= 0.035 T= 53.22153244388565
r= 0.036000000000000004 T= 53.102283890681285
r= 0.037000000000000005 T= 52.98020916249703
r= 0.038000000000000006 T= 52.85535103748526
r= 0.03900000000000001 T= 52.72775324592894
r= 0.04 T= 52.59746045314165
r= 0.04100000000000001 T= 52.46451824200672
r= 0.042 T= 52.32897309516284
r= 0.043 T= 52.190872376843224
r= 0.044000000000000004 T= 52.050264314376086
r= 0.045 T= 51.90719797935373
r= 0.046000000000000006 T= 51.76172326847829
r= 0.047 T= 51.6138908840917
r= 0.04800000000000001 T= 51.463752314398164
r= 0.049 T= 51.31135981338707
Numerical example:
173
A steel rod [=1.2e-5 and k=43 W/(mK) of radius b=0.05 m, initially at a uniform temperature of 240
℃, is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇∞ = 40 ℃. The convective heat transfer coefficient is h=600
W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=100,200 and 500 seconds.
F(r)=240-40=200 K (constant)
PROBLEM 3.6 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES, HOMOGENEOUS, STEADY STATE

SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
174
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇1
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0≤𝑦≤𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=L 0≤𝑦≤𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=0 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥) ∗ 𝑌(𝑦)
1 𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕 2 𝑌(𝑦)
2
= − 2
= −2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝑌(𝑦) 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2 𝑌(𝑦)
− 2 𝑌(𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑦 2
𝑋(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0
𝑋(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑌(𝑦) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑊
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(x)+𝐶2 cos⁡(x)
𝑌(𝑦) = 𝐶3 sinh(y)+𝐶4 cosh⁡(y)
Boundary values:
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑋(0) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(0)+𝐶2 cos⁡(0)=0⁡⁡ → ⁡ 𝐶2 = 0
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝑋(𝐿) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(L)=0 → ⁡⁡ 𝑛 =
𝐿
𝑌(0) = 𝐶3 sinh(0)+𝐶4 cosh⁡(0)=0 → ⁡ 𝐶4 = 0
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 sin⁡ ( ) sinh ( )
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑊) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 sin⁡ ( ) sin h ( ) = 𝑇3 = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
𝐿
0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
∫ 𝑋(𝑛 𝑥) 𝑋(𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {
𝑁(𝑚 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛
0
sin(𝑛 𝑥) is an orthogonal function. Therefore:
𝐿 𝐿
𝑇3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑛 ∫ sin2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝐿 𝐿
0 sin h ( 𝐿 ) 0
𝐿 𝐿
2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 − cos ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = [ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] =
𝐿 2 𝐿 2 2𝑛𝜋 𝐿 0 2
0 0
𝐿
𝑇3 (−1)𝑛+1 + 1
𝐶𝑛 = 𝜋 [ ]
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝑛
sin h ( )
𝐿
175
∞ 𝐿
𝑇3 (−1)𝑛+1 + 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,
𝑦) − 𝑇1 = ∑ 𝜋 [ ] sin⁡ ( ) sinh ( )
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝑛 𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1 sin h ( )
𝐿
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑇1
Numerical problem: A plate has a length of L=1 m and width of W=1 m. Three side of the plate has a
temperature of T1=20 ℃ and top side of the plate has a temperature of T 1=100 ℃. Calculate the
temperature distribution and heat transfer distribution in the plate.
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import java.awt.*;
class HTrectangle implements if_xj
{
double L,W,T1,T2;
public HTrectangle(double Li,double Wi,double T1i,double T2i)
{L=Li;W=Wi;T1=T1i;T2=T2i;}
public double func(double x[])
{ double C=0;
int plusminus=1;
double teta=0;
{C=2.0*(plusminus+1)/(Math.PI*n*Math.sinh(n*Math.PI*W/L));
plusminus*=-1;
teta+=C*Math.sin(n*Math.PI*x[0]/L)*Math.sinh(n*Math.PI*x[1]/L);
}
return teta*(T2-T1)+T1;
}}
public class HT_rectangular1A
{
double W=1.0;
double L=1.0;
double k=50.0;
double T1=20;//derece C
double T2=100;//derece C
double dfx,dfy;
HTrectangle f=new HTrectangle(W,L,T1,T2);
double teta[][]=new double[21][21];
double q[][]=new double[21][21];
for(int i=0;i<=20;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<=20;j++)
{ double x1[]={0.05*i,0.05*j};
x=x1;
teta[i][j]=f.func(x);
}
}
Text.print(teta);
ContourPlot p=new ContourPlot(teta,0.0,L,0.0,W,20,true,"x","y","z");
p.plot();
surfacePlot pp=new surfacePlot(f,0.0,L,0.0,W,T1,T2,"X","Y","Z",30);
pp.plot();
176
}
}
177
In this program functions are derived from interface if_xj, list of this interface is given below:
interface if_xj
{
// single function multi independent variable
// a single value is returned indiced to equation_ref
public double func(double x[]);
default double func(double x1,double y1)
{
x[0]=x1;
x[1]=y1;
return func(x);
}
default double[] dfunc(double x[])
{int n=x.length;
double c[]=new double[n];
{c[i]=dfunc(x,i);}
return c;
}
default double[][] d2func(double x[])

178
{int n=x.length;
double c[][]=new double[n][n];
{for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
{ int xref[]={i,j};
c[i][j]=d2func(x,xref);
}
}
return c;
}
default double d2func(double x[],int x_ref[])

{// derivative of the function with respect to x_ref
double h0=0.0256;
int i,m;
int n=7;
double f1,f2;
double x1[];
x1=new double[x.length];
double x2[];
for(i=0;i<x.length;i++)
{
x1[i]=x[i];
x2[i]=x[i];
}
//derivative of a simple function
double T[][];
T=new double[n][n];
double h[];
h=new double[n];
//vector<double> h(n,0);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
T[i][j]=0;
}
h[0]=h0;
double r=0.5;
for( i=1;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=h0*Math.pow(r,i);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1[x_ref[1]]+=h[i];
x2[x_ref[1]]-=h[i];
f1=dfunc(x1,x_ref[0]);
T[i][0]=( f1 - f2)/(2.0*h[i]);
x1[x_ref[1]]=x[x_ref[1]];
}
for(m=1;m<n;m++)
{
for(i=0;i<n-m;i++)
{
T[i][m]=(h[i]*h[i]*T[i+1][m-1] - h[i+m]*h[i+m]*T[i][m-1])/(h[i]*h[i]
- h[i+m]*h[i+m]);
}
}
double xx=T[0][n-1];
return xx;
}
default double dfunc(double x[],int x_ref)
{ // derivative of the function with respect to x_ref
double h0=0.0256;
int i,m;
int n=7;
double f1,f2;
double x1[];
double x2[];
179
{
x1[i]=x[i];
x2[i]=x[i];
}
double T[][];
T=new double[n][n];
double h[];
h=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
T[i][j]=0;
}
h[0]=h0;
double r=0.5;
for( i=1;i<n;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1[x_ref]+=h[i];
x2[x_ref]-=h[i];
f1=func(x1);
f2=func(x2);
T[i][0]=( f1 - f2)/(2.0*h[i]);
x1[x_ref]=x[x_ref];
x2[x_ref]=x[x_ref];
}
for(m=1;m<n;m++)
{
for(i=0;i<n-m;i++)
{
- h[i+m]*h[i+m]);
}
}
return xx;
}}
Python version:
from math import *
from f_xj import *;
from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
import numpy as np
class f_rectangle(f_xj):
def __init__(self, Li,Wi,T1i,T2i,ki):
self.L=Li
self.W=Wi
self.T1=T1i
self.T2=T2i
self.k=ki
def func(self,x):
C=0
plusminus=1
tetha=0.0
C=2.0*(plusminus+1)/(pi*n*sinh(n*pi*W/L))
plusminus*=-1
tetha=tetha+C*sin(n*pi*x[0]/L)*sinh(n*pi*x[1]/L)
return tetha*(self.T2-self.T1)+self.T1
def plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLAbel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
x=[0.0 for j in range(Nx)]
y=[0.0 for j in range(Ny)]
180
z=[[0.0 for j in range(Ny)] for i in range(Nx)]
dx=(xmax-xmin)/(Nx-1)
dy=(ymax-ymin)/(Ny-1)
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
z[i][j]=f.funcxy(x[i],y[j])
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
xi, yi = np.meshgrid(xi, yi)
zi=np.array(z)
#print(x[i][j]," ",y[i][j]," ",z[i][j])
fig = plt.figure(figsize =(14, 9))
ax = plt.axes(projection ='3d')
# Creating color map
my_cmap = plt.get_cmap('terrain')
# Creating plot
surf = ax.plot_surface(xi, yi, zi,
cmap = my_cmap,
edgecolor ='none')
fig.colorbar(surf, ax = ax,
shrink = 0.5,
aspect = 5)
ax.set_title(PLabel)
ax.set_xlabel(XLabel)
ax.set_xlim(xmin, xmax)
ax.set_ylabel(YLabel)
ax.set_xlim(ymin, ymax)
ax.set_zlabel(ZLabel)
ax.set_zlim(np.min(zi), np.max(zi))
ax.view_init(30, 130)
plt.show()
# Creating dataset
def contour_plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
# plots contour lines
ax.contour(xi, yi, zi,linewidths=0.5)
plt.show()
W=1.0
L=1.0
k=50.0
T1=20
T2=100
f=f_rectangle(W,L,T1,T2,k)
xmin=0.0
xmax=L
Nx=100
ymin=0.0
ymax=W
Ny=100
PLabel="Plane surface temperature variation"
XLabel="x m"
181
YLabel="y m"
ZLabel="T degree C"
plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
contour_plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
public abstract class f_xj extends Mathd
{
abstract public double func(double x[]);
public double func(double x1,double y1)
{
x[0]=x1;
x[1]=y1;
return func(x);
}
public double[] dfunc(double x[])
{int n=x.length;
{c[i]=dfunc(x,i);}
return c;
}
public double[][] d2func(double x[])

{int n=x.length;
{ int xref[]={i,j};
}
}
return c;
}
public double d2func(double x[],int x_ref[])

double h0=0.0256;
int i,m;
int n=7;
double f1,f2;
double x1[];
double x2[];
{
x1[i]=x[i];
x2[i]=x[i];
}
double T[][];
T=new double[n][n];
double h[];
h=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
T[i][j]=0;
}
h[0]=h0;
double r=0.5;
for( i=1;i<n;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1[x_ref[1]]+=h[i];
x2[x_ref[1]]-=h[i];
182
T[i][0]=( f1 - f2)/(2.0*h[i]);
}
for(m=1;m<n;m++)
{
for(i=0;i<n-m;i++)
{
- h[i+m]*h[i+m]);
}
}
return xx;
}
public double dfunc(double x[],int x_ref)
double h0=0.015675863;
int i,m;
int n=7;
double f1,f2;
double x1[];
double x2[];
{
x1[i]=x[i];
x2[i]=x[i];
}
double T[][];
T=new double[n][n];
double h[];
h=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
T[i][j]=0;
}
h[0]=h0;
double r=0.5;
for( i=1;i<n;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1[x_ref]+=h[i];
x2[x_ref]-=h[i];
f1=func(x1);
f2=func(x2);
T[i][0]=( f1 - f2)/(2.0*h[i]);
x1[x_ref]=x[x_ref];
x2[x_ref]=x[x_ref];
}
for(m=1;m<n;m++)
{
for(i=0;i<n-m;i++)
{
- h[i+m]*h[i+m]);
}
}
return xx;
}
}
183
PROBLEM
A two dimensional rectangular plate is subjected to the boundary conditions shown in the figure. Derive
an expression for the steady-state temperature distribution T(x,y)Denklemi⁡buraya⁡yazın.
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴𝑥
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑇1 y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
184
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇1
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴𝑥 y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥) ∗ 𝑌(𝑦)
1 𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕 2 𝑌(𝑦)
2
= − 2
= −2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝑌(𝑦) 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2 𝑌(𝑦)
− 2 𝑌(𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑦 2
𝑋(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0
𝑋(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑌(𝑦) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑊
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(x)+𝐶2 cos⁡(x)
𝑌(𝑦) = 𝐶3 sin⁡ h(y)+𝐶4 cosh⁡(y)
Boundary values:
𝑋(0) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(0)+𝐶2 cos⁡(0)=0⁡⁡ → ⁡ 𝐶2 = 0
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝑋(𝐿) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(L)=0 → ⁡⁡ 𝑛 =
𝐿
𝑌(0) = 𝐶3 sin⁡ h(0)+𝐶4 cosh⁡(0)=0 → ⁡ 𝐶4 = 0
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 sin⁡ ( ) sinh ( )
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑊) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 sin⁡ ( ) sin h ( ) = 𝐴𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
𝐿
0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
∫ 𝑋(𝑛 𝑥) 𝑋(𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {
𝑁(𝑚 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛
0
sin(𝑛 𝑥) is an orthogonal function. Therefore:
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑛 ∫ sin2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝐿 𝐿
0 sin h ( 𝐿 ) 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos 2 ( ) + sin2 ( )=1
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos 2 ( ) − sin2 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin2 ( ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝐿 2 2 𝐿
185
𝐿 𝐿
2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = [ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] =
𝐿 2 2 𝐿 2 4𝑛𝜋 𝐿 0 2
0 0
𝐿
𝐴𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐶𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝐿
2sin h ( )
𝐿 0
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − 𝑛𝜋 cos ( )
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿2 𝐿2
∫ 𝑥 sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = [− cos ( )] − ∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛+1
𝐿 𝑛𝜋 𝐿 0 𝐿 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
0 0
𝐴𝐿3 1
𝐶𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝑛𝜋
2sin h (
𝐿 )
Numerical example: A rectangle with L=1 m and height W=1 m , has 0⁡℃ temperature and at the top
side (y=W, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿)⁡⁡temperature profile is given as 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑊) = 100𝑥⁡⁡℃. Calculate the temperature
variation in plate.
public class HT_plateX

{
{double A=100.0;
double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
if_xj T=(double z[])->{double x=z[0];double y=z[1];
double TT=0;
double Cn=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
int plus=1;
{Cn=A*L*L*L/(2.0*Math.sinh(n*pi*W/L))/(n*pi)*plus;
TT+=Cn*Math.sin(n*pi*x/L)*Math.sinh(n*pi*y/L);
plus*=-1;
}
return TT;
}; //end of Temperature formula T
surfacePlot pp=new surfacePlot(T,0,L,0,W,50);
pp.plot();
}}
186
Python version:
from math import *
from f_xj import *;
import numpy as np
class f_rectangle(f_xj):
def __init__(self, Li,Wi,T1i,Ai,ki):
self.L=Li
self.W=Wi
self.T1=T1i
self.A=Ai
self.k=ki
def func(self,x):
C=0
plusminus=1
tetha=0.0
C=A*L*L*L/(2.0*sinh(n*pi*W/L))/(n*pi)*plusminus
plusminus*=-1
tetha=tetha+C*sin(n*pi*x[0]/L)*sinh(n*pi*x[1]/L)
return tetha+T1
def plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLAbel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
#print(x[i][j]," ",y[i][j]," ",z[i][j])
187
# Creating plot
cmap = my_cmap,
edgecolor ='none')
shrink = 0.5,
aspect = 5)
plt.show()
# Creating dataset
def contour_plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
plt.show()
W=1.0
L=1.0
k=50.0
T1=0.0
A=100.0
f=f_rectangle(W,L,T1,A,k)
xmin=0.0
xmax=L
Nx=100
ymin=0.0
ymax=W
Ny=100
XLabel="x m"
YLabel="y m"
ZLabel="T degree C"
plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
contour_plot(f,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
188
PROBLEM 3.7 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, STEADY STATE
SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES , SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
Simple homegeneous problems can be added to obtain a non-homogeneous case solution. This is called
superposition principle. As an example case, consider a plate with each side has a different constant
temperature.
𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇3 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
189
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇4 y=W 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇1
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇3 − 𝑇1 ) y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) y=W 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
New problem can be constitute as superposition of three homegenous problem

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇1 = 𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕 2 𝜑1 (𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜑1 (𝑥,𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=W 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝜕 2 𝜑2 (𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜑2 (𝑥,𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇3 − 𝑇1 ) y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=W 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝜕 2 𝜑3 (𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜑3 (𝑥,𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) y=W 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution of each homegenous problem can be carried out similar to the previous problem
∞
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑦)
𝑊 𝑊
𝑛=1
2𝑊
(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) 𝑛+1 +1
𝜋 (−1)
𝐶𝑛1 = 𝑛𝜋𝐿 [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( ) 𝑛
𝑊
∞
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( (𝑊 − 𝑦))
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
2𝐿
(𝑇3 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑛2 = 𝜋 [(−1) +1
]
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( )
𝐿
∞
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑦)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
2𝐿
(𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑛3 = 𝜋 [(−1) +1
]
𝑛𝜋𝑊 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( )
𝐿
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑇1
190
Numerical problem: A plate has a length of L=1 m and width of W=1 m. side of the plate has the
following temperature profiles: at x=0 temperature of T 1=20 ℃ , at x=L temperature of T2=40 ℃, at
y=0 temperature of T3=60 at y=W temperature of T3=80 ℃. Calculate the temperature distribution in
the plate
import java.awt.*;
class f2 implements if_xj

{
public double T1,T2,T3,T4,W,L;
public f2(double T1i,double T2i,double T3i,double T4i,double Wi,double Li)
{T1=T1i;T2=T2i;T3=T3i;T4=T4i;W=Wi;L=Li;}
{
double ff;
double PI=Math.PI;
double sum1=0;double sum2=0;double sum3=0;
int plusminus=1;
double Cn1=0;double Cn2=0;double Cn3=0;
double T5=(T2-T1);
double T6=(T3-T1);
double T7=(T4-T1);
//System.out.println("T1="+T1+"T2="+T2+"T3="+T3+"T4="+T4+"T5="+T5+"T6="+T6+"T7="+T7);
for(double n=1;n<200;n++)
{ Cn1=T5*2.0*W/PI/Math.sinh(n*PI*L/W)*(plusminus+1)/n;
sum1+=Cn1*Math.sinh(n*PI*x[0]/W)*Math.sin(n*PI*x[1]/W);
Cn2=T6*2.0*L/PI/Math.sinh(n*PI*W/L)*(plusminus+1)/n;
sum2+=Cn2*Math.sin(n*PI*x[0]/L)*Math.sinh(n*PI*(W-x[1])/L);
Cn3=T7*2.0*L/PI/Math.sinh(n*PI*W/L)*(plusminus+1)/n;
sum3+=Cn3*Math.sin(n*PI*x[0]/L)*Math.sinh(n*PI*x[1]/L);
plusminus*=-1;
}
double T=sum1+sum2+sum3+T1;
return T;
}
}
public class HT_duzlem1A

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{ double T1=20.0;
double T2=40.0;
double T3=60.0;
double T4=80.0;
double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
double TT[][]=new double[21][21];
double x=0,y=0;
f2 f=new f2(T1,T2,T3,T4,L,W);
{ x=i*L/20.0;
for(int j=0;j<=20;j++)
{y=j*W/20.0;
double xx[]={x,y};
TT[j][i]=f.func(xx);
}
}
Text.print(TT,"Temperature profile");
ContourPlot p = new ContourPlot(f,0.0,L,20,0.0,W,20,20, false,"Test Contour Plot", "X Axis", "Y Axis");
p.plot();
surfacePlot sp=new surfacePlot(f,0.0,L,0.0,W,"x","y","T(x,y)");
sp.plot();
}
}
191
Numerical problem: A plate has a length of L=1 m and width of W=1 m. side of the plate has the
following temperature profiles: at x=0 temperature of T 1=50 ℃ , at x=L temperature of T2=50 ℃, at
y=0 temperature of T3=100 ℃ at y=W temperature of T3=100 ℃. Calculate the temperature distribution
in the plate. double T1=50.0; double T2=50.0;double T3=100.0;double T4=100.0;
192
PROBLEM 3.8 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, STEADY STATE
SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES, HEAT GENERATION
𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑔
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑘
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇1
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑔
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0≤𝑦≤𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=L 0≤𝑦≤𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=0 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
This equation can be divided into two equation to define a homogeneous problem
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑦) + (𝑥)
(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − (𝑥)
where
𝜕 2 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 (𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
193
(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) − (𝑥) = 𝑇3 − (𝑥) y=W 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
and
𝜕 2 (𝑥) 𝑔
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘
(𝑥) = 0 x=0
(𝑥) = 0 x=L
Solution:
𝜕(𝑥) 𝑔
= − 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑔 𝑥2
(𝑥) = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
(𝑥) = 0 x=0 → 𝐶2 = 0
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑔𝐿
(𝑥) = 0 x=L → 𝐶1 =
𝑘2
2
𝑔𝑥 𝑔𝐿
(𝑥) = − + 𝑥
𝑘 2 𝑘2
∞
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑦)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑔 𝑥2 𝑔 𝐿
(𝑥, 𝑊) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑊) = 𝑇3 − (𝑥) = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + − 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 𝑘 2 𝑘2
𝑛=1
Orthogonality conditions:
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋 2
𝑔 𝑥2 𝑔 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝐶𝑛 [ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ] = ∫ ((𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑘 2 𝑘2 𝐿
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
𝐿
𝑛𝜋 𝐿
𝑁 = [ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ] =
𝐿 2
𝑥=0
𝐿
2 𝑔 𝑥2 𝑔 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛𝜋 ∫ ( (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑊) 𝑥=0 𝑘 2 𝑘2 𝐿
𝐿
∞
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇 𝑦) − 𝑇1 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑦) + − 𝑥
𝑛=1
∞
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑦) + − 𝑥 + 𝑇1
𝑛=1
import java.awt.*;

{
double T1,T2,T3,W,L,g,k;
public f2(double T1i,double T2i,double Wi,double Li,double gi,double ki)
{T1=T1i;T2=T2i;W=Wi;L=Li;T3=T2-T1;g=gi;k=ki;}
{
//çözümü istenen fonksiyon
double ff;
double PI=Math.PI;
double sum=g/k*x[0]*x[0]/2.0-g/k*L/2.0*x[0];
double plusminus=1;
194
double Cn=0;
{ final int n1=n;
if_x fa=(xx)->(T3+g/k*xx*xx/2.0-g/k*L/2.0*xx)*Math.sin(n1*Math.PI*xx/L);
Cn=2.0/(L*Math.sinh(n*Math.PI*W/L))*fa.integral(0,L,20);
sum+=Cn*Math.sin(n*PI*x[0]/L)*Math.sinh(n*PI*x[1]/L);
}
sum+=T1;
return sum;
}
}
public class HT_duzlem_Heat_generationA

{
{ double T1=20.0;
double T2=100.0;
double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
double g=100.0;
double k=50.0;
f2 f=new f2(T1,T2,L,W,g,k);
ContourPlot p = new ContourPlot(f,0.0,L,20,0.0,W,20,50, false,"Test Contour Plot", "X Axis", "Y Axis");
p.plot();
surfacePlot sp=new surfacePlot(f,0.01,L,0.0,W,"x","y","T(x,y)");
sp.plot();
}
}
PROBLEM 3.9 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME

DEPENDENT SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES
195
𝝏𝟐 𝑻∗ (𝒙,𝒕) 𝟏 𝝏𝑻∗ (𝒙,𝒕)
=
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) ℎ1
− + 𝐻1 (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)) = 0 x=0 t >0 ⁡𝐻1 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) ℎ
+ 𝐻2 (𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇2∞ ) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑻(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑻∗ (𝒙, 𝒕) − 𝑻𝟐∞
𝝏𝟐 𝑻(𝒙, 𝒕) 𝟏 𝝏𝑻(𝒙, 𝒕)
=
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ
− + 𝐻1 [𝑇1∞ − (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑇1∞)] = 0 x=0 t >0 ⁡𝐻1 = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ1
− + 𝐻1 [(𝑇1∞ − 𝑇1∞ ) − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)] = 0 x=0 t >0 ⁡𝐻1 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
+ 𝐻2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) −𝑇2∞ t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑻(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑻𝑯 (𝒙, 𝒕) + 𝑻𝑺𝑺 (𝒙)
𝝏𝟐 𝑻𝑯 (𝒙, 𝒕) 𝟏 𝝏𝑻𝑯 (𝒙, 𝒕)
=
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
𝜕𝑇𝐻 (𝑥,𝑡) ℎ1
− + 𝐻1 𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t >0 ⁡𝐻1 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇𝐻 (𝑥,𝑡) ℎ2
− − 𝐻2 𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) −𝑇2∞ − 𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) t=0 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝝏𝟐 𝑻𝑺𝑺 (𝒙)
=𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝜕𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) ℎ1
− + 𝐻1 𝑇𝑆𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐻1 (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇1∞ ) x=0 t >0 ⁡𝐻1 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) ℎ2
− − 𝐻2 𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
Solution of TH is given before, so it will not be repeated here.
Solution of TSS:
𝜕𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥,𝑡)
= 𝐶1
𝜕𝑥
𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
−𝐶1 + 𝐻1 (𝐶1 0 + 𝐶2 ) = 𝐻1 (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇2∞ )
𝐶1 + 𝐻2 (𝐶1 𝐿 + 𝐶2 ) = 0
𝐻
𝐶1 = − 2 𝐶2
1+𝐻2𝐿
𝐻1 (𝑇1∞−𝑇2∞)
𝐶2 = 𝐻2
𝐻1 +⁡
1+𝐻2 𝐿
∞ 𝐿
1 2
𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑ [ ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥 )[𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 ] [𝛽𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) + 𝐻1 sin(𝛽𝑥 )]exp⁡(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )
𝑚=1 0
Program code:
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
{
public if_x F;
public double h1,h2,L,k,alpha,Bi1,Bi2,Ti,T1inf,T2inf,H1,H2,C1,C2;
public HT_plane_wall3(double h1i,double h2i,double Li,double ki,double alphai,double Tii,double Tinf1i,double Tinf2i)
{h1=h1i;h2=h2i;k=ki;L=Li;alpha=alphai;Bi1=h1*L/k;Bi2=h2*L/k;Ti=Tii;T1inf=Tinf1i;T2inf=Tinf2i;H1=h1/k;H2=h2/k;
//coefficients of Tss Tss=C1*x+C2
C2=H1*(T1inf-T2inf)/(H1+H2/(1+H2*L));
C1=-H2/(1.0+H2*L)*C2;
F=xx->Ti-T2inf-Tss(xx);
196
}
public double Tss(double x) {return C1*x+C2;}
public static double ksi(int n,double Bi1,double Bi2)

{double x1=n*PI+0.0000001;
double x2=x1+(PI/2-0.000001);
if_x f1=x->(x*x-Bi1*Bi2)*Math.tan(x)-x*(Bi1+Bi2);
return ksi;
}

{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double teta=0;
beta=ksi/L;
N=0.5*((beta*beta+H1*H1)*(L+H2/(beta*beta+H2*H2))+H1);
teta+=C*(beta*cos(beta*x)+H1*sin(beta*x))*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return teta;
}
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double dteta=0;
beta=ksi/L;
N=0.5*((beta*beta+H1*H1)*(L+H2/(beta*beta+H2*H2))+H1);
dteta+=C*(-beta*beta*sin(beta*x)+H1*beta*cos(beta*x))*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return dteta;
}
{double T=teta(x,t)+T2inf+Tss(x);
return T;
}
{double q=-k*(dteta(x,t)+C1);
return q;
}
}
Numerical example:
Ti=240 ℃, is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 𝑇1∞ = 40 ℃ and 𝑇2∞ = 40 ℃ . The convective heat
transfer coefficients are h1=600 W/(m2K), h2=600 W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=478.8
seconds.
F(x)= Ti -𝑇2∞ − 𝑇𝑠𝑠(𝑥)

{
double k=42;
197
double L=0.1;
double t[]={478.8}; //s
double T1inf=40;
double T2inf=40;
double Ti=240;
int n1=t.length;
HT_plane_wall3 htpw=new HT_plane_wall3(h1,h2,L,k,alpha,Ti,T1inf,T2inf);
htpw.F=xx->(Ti-T2inf)-htpw.Tss(xx);
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
}
}
Numerical example:
240 ℃, is suddenly immersed in oil baths at 𝑇1∞ = 40 ℃ and 𝑇2∞ = 40 ℃ . The convective heat
transfer coefficients are h1=600 W/(m2K), h2=300 W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for t=100,200
and 500 seconds.
198
Numerical example:
Ti= 240 ℃, is suddenly immersed in oil baths at one side 𝑇1∞ = 20 ℃ and the other side 𝑇2∞ = 40
℃. The convective heat transfer coefficients are h 1=600 W/(m2K), h2=300 W/(m2K) calculate
temperature profile for t=100,200, 500 and 1000 seconds.
Numerical example:
0 60
0.01 45.6
0.02 34.4
0.03 26.4
0.04 21.6
0.05 20
0.06 21.6
0.07 26.4
0.08 34.4
0.09 45.6
0.1 60
199
is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at𝑇1∞ = 20 ℃ and the other side 𝑇2∞ = 40 ℃The convective heat
transfer coefficients are h1=100 W/(m2K), h2=100 W/(m2K) calculate temperature profile for
t=20,200,500 and 1000 seconds.
F(x)=?
Least square curve fitting 𝒇(𝒙)
Data: = 𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
n x y 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 xy 𝑥 2𝑦
1 0 60 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.01 45.6 0.0001 0.000001 1E-08 0.456 0.00456
3 0.02 34.4 0.0004 0.000008 1.6E-07 0.688 0.01376
4 0.03 26.4 0.0009 0.000027 8.1E-07 0.792 0.02376
5 0.04 21.6 0.0016 0.000064 2.56E-06 0.864 0.03456
6 0.05 20 0.0025 0.000125 6.25E-06 1 0.05
7 0.06 21.6 0.0036 0.000216 1.3E-05 1.296 0.07776
8 0.07 26.4 0.0049 0.000343 2.4E-05 1.848 0.12936
9 0.08 34.4 0.0064 0.000512 4.1E-05 2.752 0.22016
10 0.09 45.6 0.0081 0.000729 6.56E-05 4.104 0.36936
11 0.1 60 0.01 0.001 0.0001 6 0.6
11 ∑⁡ 0.55 396 0.0385 0.003025 0.000253 19.8 1.52328
Gauss elimination
11 0.55 0.0385 a0 396

0.55 0.0385 0.003025 a1 19.8
0.0385 0.003025 0.000253 a2 1.52328
C 11 0.55 0.0385 a0 396

0.05 0 0.011 0.0011 a1 0
0.0035 0 0.0011 0.000119 a2 0.13728
C 11 0.55 0.0385 a0 396

0 0.011 0.0011 a1 0
0.1 0 0 8.58E-06 a2 0.13728
a0 60
a1 -1600
a2 16000

{
double k=42;
double L=0.1;
double t[]={20,200,500,1000}; //s
double T1inf=20;
double T2inf=40;
double Ti=240;
int n1=t.length;
HT_plane_wall3 htpw=new HT_plane_wall3(h1,h2,L,k,alpha,Ti,T1inf,T2inf);
htpw.F=xx->{double T1i=16000*xx*xx-1600*xx+60;
double Fx=(T1i-T2inf)-htpw.Tss(xx);
return Fx;
};
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
200
}
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
}
}
Python version:
from math import *
from f_x import *;
b1=1.1*b
r=(a+b)/2.0
fr=f.func(r)
fa=f.func(a)
eps=1.0e-8;
nmax=100;
i=1;
if fa*fr<0:
b=r
else:
a=r
fa=fr
r=(a+b)/2.0;
fr=f.func(r)
i=i+1
if i>=nmax:
r=bisection(f,a,b1)
return r
201
#for n terms
eps=3e-15
m=int((n+1.0)/2.0)
xm=0.5*(x2+x1)
xl=0.5*(x2-x1)
nmax=100
z=cos(pi*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)))
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
p3=p2
p2=p1
p1=(float)(((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j)
pp=(float)(n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0))
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp)
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1]
return a
#integral func(x)dx
#between x1 and x2
z=0
for i in range(n):
return z
def ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2):
x1=n*pi+0.00000001
x2=x1+(pi/2.0-0.00000001)
f = f1()
return y
beta=0.0
C=0.0
N=0.0
teta=0.0
H1=h1/k
H2=h2/k
Bi1=H1*L
Bi2=H2*L
for n in range(20):
k1=ksi(n,Bi1,Bi2)
beta=k1/L
fCn=Cn()
return teta
h1=100.0
h2=100.0
k=42
alpha=1.2e-5
L=0.1
t=500
Ti=60
Tinf=20
class F(f_x):func=lambda self,x: 16000.0*x*x-1600.0*x+60.0-Tinf
F1 = F()
202
n=100
for i in range(n):
x[i]=i*L/n
plt.plot(x,T)
plt.xlabel("x m")
plt.show()
T=500 s
t=20 s
PROBLEM 3.10 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME

𝜕 2 𝑇 ∗(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘 = 𝑞"0 x=0 t>0
𝜕𝑥
203
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)
−𝑘 = ℎ(𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) t=0 ⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘 = 𝑞"0 x=0 t>0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
+ 𝐻𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) − 𝑇∞ = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 ⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥)
𝜕 2 𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡)

=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇𝐻 (𝑥,𝑡)
= 0 x=0 t>0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡)
+ 𝐻𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) − 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥) − 𝑇𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) t=0 ⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
 2Tss ( x)
=0
x 2
Boundary conditions
T ( x) q"0 x=0
− =
x k
Tss ( x)
+ H * Tss ( x) = 0 x=L t >0
x
Solution:
Tss ( x) Tss ( x) = C1 x + C2
= C1
x
Tss ( x) = 0 (L − x ) + 0
q" q"
k h
The first part of the problem is solved as problem 1.
ℎ
𝐻=
𝑘
𝛽𝑛 tan(𝛽𝑛 𝐿) = 𝐻 equation has more than one solution.

𝐿
2
𝐿(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 ) + 𝐻
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2
2(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2)
0
𝐿
1
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)cos⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )
0
1 𝐿
𝑇𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡 ) = ∑∞ 2 ∞ 2
𝑚=1 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡 ) = ∑𝑚=1 𝑁(𝛽 ) [∫0 𝐹 (𝑥 )cos⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥] cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥 ) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡 )
𝑚
Program code:
204
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
{
public if_x F;
public double h,L,k,alpha,Bi,Ti,Tinf,H,q0,C1,C2;
public HT_plane_wall4(double hi,double q0i,double Li,double ki,double alphai,double Tii,double Tinfi)
{h=hi;q0=q0i;k=ki;L=Li;alpha=alphai;Bi=h*L/k;Ti=Tii;Tinf=Tinfi;H=h/k;
C1=q0/k;C2=q0/h;
F=xx->Ti-Tinf-Tss(xx);
}
public double Tss(double x) {return C1*(L-x)+C2;}
public static double ksi(int n,double Bi)

{double x1=n*PI+0.0000001;
double x2=x1+(PI/2-0.000001);
if_x f1=x->x*sin(x)-Bi*cos(x);
return ksi;
}
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,N1=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double teta=0;
if_x F=xx->Ti-Tinf;
{ksi=ksi(n,Bi);
beta=ksi/L;
teta+=C*Math.cos(beta*x)*Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return teta;
}
{double ksi=0;
double beta=0;
double C=0;
double N=0,N1=0,C1=0,C2=0;
double dteta=0;
if_x F=xx->Ti-Tinf;
{ksi=ksi(n,Bi);
beta=ksi/L;
double x1=
dteta+=-C*beta*sin(beta*x)*exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t);
}
return dteta;
}
{double teta=teta(x,t);
double T=teta+Tinf+Tss(x);
return T;
205
}
{double q=-k*(dteta(x,t)-C1);
return q;
}
Numerical example:
Ti= 240 ℃, is suddenly immersed in oil baths at one side 𝑇1∞ = 20 ℃ and the convective heat transfer
coefficients h1=600 W/(m2K), the other side of wall exposed to heat flux of q0=0,10 and 20 kW/m2
calculate temperature profile for t=478.8 seconds.
{
double k=43;
double L=0.05;
double t[]={478.8}; //s
double q0[]={0,10e3,20e3}; //W/m^2
double Tinf=40.0;
double Ti=240.0;
int n1=t.length;
HT_plane_wall4 htpw;
for(int kk=0;kk<q0.length;kk++)
{
htpw=new HT_plane_wall4(h,q0[kk],L,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.setPlabel("Steel wall one side heat flux q0="+q0[kk]+" W/m+2 other side convective heat transfer");
pp.plot();
pp1.setPlabel("Steel wall one side heat flux q0="+q0[kk]+"W/m+2 other side convective heat transfer");
pp1.plot();
}
}
}
206
Numerical example:
0 60
0.01 45.6
0.02 34.4
0.03 26.4
0.04 21.6
0.05 20
0.06 21.6
0.07 26.4
0.08 34.4
0.09 45.6
0.1 60
is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at⁡𝑇2∞ = 20 ℃ and the convective heat transfer coefficients are
h2=100 W/(m2K), the other side of wall exposed to heat flux of q0=0,10 and 20 kW/m2 calculate
temperature profile for t=20,100 seconds.
F(x)=?
{
double k=43;
double L=0.05;
double t[]={20,100}; //s
double q0[]={0,10e3,20e3}; //W/m^2
double Tinf=40.0;
double Ti=240.0;
int n1=t.length;
//HT_plane_wall4 htpw;
for(int kk=0;kk<q0.length;kk++)
207
{
HT_plane_wall4 htpw=new HT_plane_wall4(h,q0[kk],L,k,alpha,Ti,Tinf);
htpw.F=xx->{double T1i=16000*xx*xx-1600*xx+60;
double Fx=(T1i-Tinf)-htpw.Tss(xx);
return Fx;
};
{
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{ x[i]=i*L/100;
}
}
pp.setPlabel("Steel wall one side heat flux q0="+q0[kk]+" W/m^2 other side convective heat transfer");
pp.plot();
pp1.setPlabel("Steel wall one side heat flux q0="+q0[kk]+"W/m^2 other side convective heat transfer");
pp1.plot();
}
}
}
Separation of variables of spherical coordinate system

Solid sphere
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 2 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
+ =
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
208
𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑟𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
= 𝑇+𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2 2
𝜕 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
= + + 𝑟 = 2 + 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2
2 2
1 𝜕 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) 2 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
= +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2
𝜕𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
=𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑟 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions: 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) 1
+ (𝐻 − ) 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑟 𝑏
1
𝐾 = (𝐻 − )
𝑏
𝜕𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡)
+ 𝐾𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑟
𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑟𝐹(𝑟)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
Separation of variables: 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑅(𝑟)Γ(𝑡)
1 𝜕 2 𝑅(𝑟) 1 𝜕Γ(𝑡)
2
= = −𝜆2
𝑅(𝑟) 𝜕𝑟 𝛼Γ(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑅(𝑟)
+ 𝜆2 ⁡𝑅(𝑟) = 0
𝜕𝑟 2
𝜕Γ(𝑡)
+ 𝜆2 ⁡𝛼Γ(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝑅(𝑟) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
+ 𝐾𝑅(𝑟) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑟
𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑟𝐹(𝑟)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
𝑅(𝑟) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(⁡𝜆𝑟)+⁡𝐶2 cos⁡(⁡𝜆𝑟)
Γ(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp⁡(−𝜆2 ⁡𝛼𝑡)
B:C. 𝑅(𝑟) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟 = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0 ➔ 𝐶1 sin⁡(⁡0)+⁡𝐶2 cos(⁡0) = 0 𝐶2 = 0
𝑅(𝑟) = 𝐶1 sin⁡(⁡𝜆𝑟)
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
= 𝐶1 𝜆cos⁡(⁡𝜆𝑟)
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑅(𝑟)
𝐵. 𝐶. ∶ ⁡⁡⁡ + 𝐾𝑅(𝑟) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑟 = 𝑏
𝜕𝑟
𝐶1 𝜆 cos(⁡𝜆𝑏) + 𝐾𝐶1 sin(⁡𝜆𝑏) = 0 𝐶1 ≠ 0
𝜆 cos(⁡𝜆𝑏) + Ksin(⁡𝜆𝑏) = 0
Multiple roots are existed to solve this equation
𝜆𝑛 cos(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑏) + Ksin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑏) = 0 or multiplying with b gives
𝜆𝑛 bcos(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑏) + Kbsin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑏) = 0
𝜆𝑛 𝑏 = 𝜉𝑛
𝜉𝑛 cos(⁡𝜉𝑛 ) + Kbsin(⁡𝜉𝑛 ) = 0
𝜉𝑛
+ Kb = 0 solution of this equation will give eigenvalues ⁡⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑏 = 𝜉𝑛
tan(⁡𝜉𝑛)
209
∞
𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) exp⁡(−𝜆2𝑛 ⁡𝛼𝑡)

𝑛=0
Last boundary condition:
𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑟𝐹(𝑟)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
∞
𝑟𝐹(𝑟) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟)
𝑛=0
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
0
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑟𝐹(𝑟) sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶𝑛 ∫ sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟)2 𝑑𝑟

0 0
𝑏 𝑏
𝑏
1 − cos⁡(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑟) 𝑟 1 𝑏 1
∫ sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟)2 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑑𝑟 = [ − sin⁡(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑟)] = − sin(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑏)
2 2 4𝜆𝑛 0
2 4𝜆𝑛
0 0
𝑏 1 𝑏 1 𝑏 2𝜉𝑛 − sin(⁡2𝜉𝑛 )
= [1 − sin(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑏)] = [1 − sin(⁡2𝜉𝑛 )] = [ ]
2 2𝜆𝑛 𝑏 2 2𝜉𝑛 2 2𝜉𝑛
𝑏
2𝜆𝑛
𝐶𝑛 = ∫ 𝑟𝐹(𝑟) sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟
(2𝜆𝑛 𝑏 − sin(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑏))
0
∞ 𝑏
2𝜆𝑛
𝑈(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ ∫ 𝑟𝐹(𝑟) sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) exp⁡(−𝜆2𝑛 ⁡𝛼𝑡)
(2𝜆𝑛 𝑏 − sin(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑏))
𝑛=0 0
∞ 𝑏
2𝜆𝑛
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ [ ∫ 𝑟𝐹(𝑟) sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 ] sin(⁡𝜆𝑛 𝑟) exp⁡(−𝜆2𝑛 ⁡𝛼𝑡)
𝑟(2𝜆𝑛 𝑏 − sin(⁡2𝜆𝑛 𝑏))
𝑛=0 0
3.2 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES FOR COMPOSITE MEDIUM
Transient temperature distribution in a composite medium with several layers will be investigated in this
section. Such problem has important engineering applications. When you have composite layers, there
usually is an additional thermal resistance between the layers due to gaps left between the surfaces.
𝝏𝑻𝟏 𝝏𝑻𝑴
−𝒌𝟏 + 𝒉𝟏 𝑻𝟏 = 𝒉𝟏 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕) 𝒌𝑴 + 𝒉𝑴 𝑻𝑴 = 𝒉𝑴+𝟏 𝒇𝑴+𝟏 (𝒕)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
The mathematical formulation of the problem is given as follows (for cartesian coordinate system):
𝜕 2 𝑇𝑖 (𝑥,𝑡) 𝛼𝑖 𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑥,𝑡)
𝛼𝑖 + 𝑔𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖+1 t>0 i=1,2,…,M
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘𝑖 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇1 (𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘1 + ℎ1 𝑇1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ℎ1 𝑓1 (𝑡) at the outer boundary x=x1 t>0
𝜕𝑥
210
𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘𝑖 = ℎ𝑖+1 (𝑇𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖+1 (𝑥, 𝑡))
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇𝑖+1 (𝑥,𝑡)
at the interface x=xi+1 i=1,2,…,M
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑘𝑖+1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇𝑀 (𝑥,𝑡)
𝑘𝑀 + ℎ𝑀 𝑇𝑀 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ℎ𝑀+1 𝑓𝑀+1 (𝑡) at the outer boundary x=x1 t>0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹𝑖 (𝑥) t=0 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖+1
It should be note that for ℎ𝑖+1 → ∞ boundary value equation
𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑥,𝑡)
𝑘𝑖 = ℎ𝑖+1 (𝑇𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖+1 (𝑥, 𝑡)) will be converted to 𝑇𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖+1 (𝑥, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
For cylindrical coordinates:
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑥,𝑡) 𝛼 𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑟,𝑡)
𝛼𝑖
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
( 𝜕𝑟
) + 𝑘𝑖 𝑔𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜕𝑡
𝑟𝑖 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑖+1 t>0 i=1,2,…,M
𝑖
𝜕𝑇1 (𝑟,𝑡)
−𝑘1 + ℎ1 𝑇1 (𝑟, 𝑡) = ℎ1 𝑓1 (𝑡) at the outer boundary r=r1 t>0
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑟,𝑡)
−𝑘𝑖 = ℎ𝑖+1 (𝑇𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖+1 (𝑟, 𝑡))
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇𝑖 (𝑟,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇𝑖+1 (𝑟,𝑡)
at the interface r=ri+1 i=1,2,…,M
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑘𝑖+1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇𝑀 (𝑟,𝑡)
𝑘𝑀 + ℎ𝑀 𝑇𝑀 (𝑟, 𝑡) = ℎ𝑀+1 𝑓𝑀+1 (𝑡) at the outer boundary r=r1 t>0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹𝑖 (𝑟) t=0 𝑟𝑖 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑖+1
PROBLEM 3.11 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES, COMPOSITE MEDIUM, TIME

Let us consider two layer composite medium. The first layer in the region 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 and the second
layer in the region 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. We will be assuming that a perfect thermal contact between the layers.
Diferential equation and boundary layer equations are as follows:
𝜕 2 𝑇1∗(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇1∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝛼1 = 0≤𝑥≤𝑎 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑇2∗ (𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇2∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝛼2 = 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝑇1∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇1∞ x=0 t>0
𝑇1∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇2∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) x=a t>0
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝑘1 1 = 𝑘2 2 x=a t>0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝑘2 2 + ℎ3 (𝑇2∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇1∞ ) = 0
𝜕𝑥
Initial conditions:
𝑇1∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹1 (𝑥) + 𝑇1∞ t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑇2∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹2 (𝑥) + 𝑇2∞ t=0 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
By applying change 𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇1∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇1∞ and 𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇2∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇1∞ equation becomes
𝜕 2 𝑇1⁡ (𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇1⁡ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝛼1 = 0≤𝑥≤𝑎 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
211
𝜕 2 𝑇2⁡ (𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇2⁡ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝛼2 = 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t>0
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) x=a t>0
𝜕𝑇1⁡ (𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑇2⁡ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝑘1 = 𝑘2 x=a t>0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇2⁡ (𝑥,𝑡)
𝑘2 + ℎ3 𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=b t>0
𝜕𝑥
Initial conditions:
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹1 (𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹2 (𝑥) t=0 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
Separation of variable method wil be apply to solve this differential equation.
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜑1 (𝑥)(𝑡)
𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜑2 (𝑥)(𝑡)
Equations becomes
𝜕 2 𝜑1 (𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
𝛼1 (𝑡) = 𝜑1 (𝑥) = 𝛽2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝜑2 (𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
𝛼2 (𝑡) = 𝜑2 (𝑥) = 𝛽2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝜑1 (𝑥) 𝛽2
+ 𝜑1 (𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼1
𝜕 2 𝜑2 (𝑥) 𝛽2
+ 𝜑2 (𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼1
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽 (𝑡) = 02
𝜕𝑡
(𝑡) = 𝐶5 exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝑡)
𝛽𝑥 𝛽𝑥
𝜑1 (𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝛼 𝛼√ 1 √ 1
𝛽𝑥 𝛽𝑥
𝜑2 (𝑥) = 𝐶3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
√𝛼2 √𝛼2
Boundary value: 𝜑1 (𝑥) = 0 at x=0 → 𝐶2 = 0
Boundary value: 𝜑1 (𝑥) = 𝜑2 (𝑥) at x=a
𝛽𝑎 𝛽𝑎 𝛽𝑎
𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝐶3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
√ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼2 √𝛼2
𝐴2 = 𝐶3 /𝐶1 𝐵2 = 𝐶4 /𝐶1
𝛽𝑎 𝛽𝑎 𝛽𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐵2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) equation has more than one solution for 𝛽 , 𝐴2 , 𝐵2 ⁡so that it
√ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
becomes
𝛽𝑛 𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
√ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼2 √𝛼2
𝛽𝑛𝑥
𝜑1𝑛 (𝑥) = ⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
√ 𝛼1
𝛽𝑛𝑥 𝛽𝑛𝑥
𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
√ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
𝜕𝜑1𝑛 (𝑥) 𝜑 (𝑥)
Boundary condition: 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 2𝑛 x=a t>0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑1𝑛 (𝑥) 𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑘1 = 𝑘2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑1𝑛 (𝑥) 𝛽𝑛 𝛽𝑛𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝜕𝑥 √ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼1
𝜕𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥) 𝛽𝑛 𝛽𝑛𝑥 𝛽𝑛𝑥
= [𝐴2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝐵2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )⁡]
𝜕𝑥 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
𝛽𝑛 𝛽𝑛 𝑎 𝛽𝑛 𝛽𝑛𝑎 𝛽𝑛 𝑎
𝑘1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] = 𝑘2 [ [𝐴2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝐵2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )⁡]]
√ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √𝛼2
𝑘1 √𝛼2 𝛽𝑛𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = [𝐴2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝐵2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )⁡]
𝑘2 √𝛼1 √ 𝛼1 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
𝜕𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥)
Boundary condition: 𝑘2 = ℎ3 𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥) at x=b
𝜕𝑥
212
𝛽𝑛 𝛽𝑛 𝑏 𝛽𝑛𝑏 𝛽𝑛𝑏 𝛽𝑛𝑏
𝑘2 [ [𝐴2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝐵2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )⁡]] = ℎ3 [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )⁡]
√ 𝛼2 √𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
We have a set of equation of three unknown for each n. This set is non-linear due to nature of variable
𝛽𝑛 . Bu notice that 𝐴2𝑛 and 𝐵2𝑛 forms linear equations, therefore for a given 𝛽𝑛 𝐴2𝑛 and 𝐵2𝑛 can be
calculated by solving the equations as a linear system of equation. Out of 3 equations 2 can be used to
form a linear set of equations and then 𝛽𝑛 can be solved by a single non-linear set of equation by some
non-linear root finding method such as bisection. So root finding basic function can be defined as:
𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏⁡𝒇(𝜷𝒏 )
𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑏 𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑏 𝛽 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛 )
𝑏 √ 𝛼2 𝑏 √𝛼2 𝛼
[ ][ ] = [𝑘 𝛼 √ 1𝛽 𝑎 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑏
) −𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑏
𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑏
) 𝐵2𝑛 1 √ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛 )
𝑏 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 𝑘2 √𝛼1 √ 𝛼1
𝛽 𝛽 𝑏 𝛽 𝑏 𝛽 𝑏 𝛽 𝑏
𝑓 = 𝑘2 [ 𝑛 [𝐴2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑛 ) − 𝐵2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛 )⁡]] − ℎ3 [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛 ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑛 )⁡]
{ √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2 }
So the equation becomes:
𝛽𝑛𝑎
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝑒
−𝛽𝑛𝑡
𝜑1𝑛 (𝑥) = ∑∞
−𝛽𝑛 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
√ 𝛼1
𝛽𝑛 𝑥 𝛽𝑛 𝑥
𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞
−𝛽𝑛𝑡
𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥) = ∑∞
−𝛽𝑛𝑡
[𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )]
√ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
Now initial conditions can be applied to these equations
Initial conditions:
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹1 (𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹2 (𝑥) t=0 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝛽𝑛 𝑎
𝑇1⁡ (𝑥, 0) = 𝐹1 (𝑥) = ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝜑1𝑛 (𝑥) = ∑𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼 ) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
√ 1
𝛽 𝑥 𝛽𝑛 𝑥
𝑇2⁡ (𝑥, 0) = 𝐹2 (𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝜑2𝑛 (𝑥) = ∞
∑𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛 ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
√𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
Sin and cos functions are orthogonal functions, therefore orthogonal relations can be applied to solve 𝐶𝑛
𝑘1 𝑎 𝛽 𝑥 𝑘2 𝑏 𝛽 𝑥 𝛽𝑛𝑥
coefficients. ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛𝛼 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝛼1 0 1
+ ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥) [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛𝛼 ) +
𝛼2 𝑎 2
𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] 𝑑𝑥 =
√ 1 √ 2 √𝛼2
𝑘1 𝑎 𝛽 𝑎 𝑘2 𝑏 𝛽 𝑥 𝛽 𝑥 2
𝐶𝑛 [ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 𝑛𝛼 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝛼1 0
+ ∫ [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛𝛼 ) +
𝛼2 𝑎
𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑛
)] 𝑑𝑥 ]
√ 1 √ 2 √ 𝛼2
𝑘1 𝑎 𝛽𝑛𝑎 𝑘 𝑏 𝛽𝑛𝑥 𝛽𝑛𝑥 2
𝑁𝑛 = [
𝛼1
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛼2 ∫𝑎 [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] 𝑑𝑥 ]
√ 𝛼1 2 √ 𝛼2 √ 𝛼2
1 𝑘1 𝑎 𝛽𝑛 𝑥 𝑘2 𝑏 𝛽𝑛𝑥 𝛽𝑛𝑥
𝐶𝑛 = [ ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑁𝑛 𝛼1 0 1
+ ∫ 𝐹 (𝑥) [𝐴2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼 ) +
𝛼2 𝑎 2
𝐵2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] 𝑑𝑥]
√ 1 √ 2 √ 𝛼2
PROBLEM 3.12 Solution of the equation in java HT_composite_wall.java
class f_composite implements if_x
{public double a,b,alpha1,alpha2,h3,k1,k2,sqrt_alpha2,sqrt_alpha1,A2,B2;
public f_composite(double ai,double bi,double alpha1i,double alpha2i,double h3i,double k1i,double k2i)
{a=ai;b=bi;alpha1=alpha1i;alpha2=alpha2i;h3=h3i;k1=k1i;k2=k2i;sqrt_alpha2=sqrt(alpha2);sqrt_alpha1=sqrt(alpha1);}
public double func(double x)

{double beta=x;
A2=0;
B2=0;
double gamma=a*beta/sqrt_alpha1;
double eta=b*beta/sqrt_alpha2;
double H=h3*b/k2;
double K=k1/k2*sqrt_alpha2/sqrt_alpha1;
double y=a/b*eta;
double A[][]={{sin(y),cos(y)},{cos(y),-sin(y)}};
double B[]={sin(gamma),K*cos(gamma)};
double z[]=pivotlugauss(A,B);
A2=z[0];B2=z[1];
double z1=A2*(H/eta*sin(eta)+cos(eta))+B2*(H/eta*cos(eta)-sin(eta));
return z1;
}
213
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//Solving gauss elimination
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
}
class f_xt_composite implements if_xt
{public double a,b,alpha1,alpha2,h3,k1,k2,sqrt_alpha2,sqrt_alpha1,A2,B2;
f_composite f;
public f_xt_composite(double ai,double bi,double alpha1i,double alpha2i,double h3i,double k1i,double k2i)
{a=ai;b=bi;alpha1=alpha1i;alpha2=alpha2i;h3=h3i;k1=k1i;k2=k2i;sqrt_alpha2=sqrt(alpha2);sqrt_alpha1=sqrt(alpha1);
f =new f_composite(a,b,alpha1,alpha2,h3,k1,k2);}
public double func(double x,double t)
{double x0=0;
double dx=0.0001;
double x1=0;
int nn=20;
double beta[]=new double[nn];
double A2[]=new double[nn];
double B2[]=new double[nn];
double TT=0;
for(int n=0;n<nn;n++)
{
x1=f.enlarge(x0,dx);
beta[n]= f.bisection(x0,x1);
A2[n]=f.A2;
B2[n]=f.B2;
x0=beta[n]+dx;
}
//for(int n=0;n<nn;n++)
//{System.out.println("beta["+n+"] = "+beta[n]+" A2["+n+"] = "+A2[n]+" B2["+n+"] = "+B2[n]);}
for(int n=0;n<nn;n++)
{
final double fbeta=beta[n];
final double fA2=A2[n];
214
final double fB2=B2[n];
if_x fi1=xx->sin(fbeta/sqrt(alpha1)*xx);
if_x fi2=xx->fA2*sin(fbeta/sqrt(alpha2)*xx)+fB2*cos(fbeta/sqrt(alpha2)*xx);
if_x fi1_2=xx->fi1.func(xx)*fi1.func(xx);
if_x fi2_2=xx->fi2.func(xx)*fi2.func(xx);
if_x F1=xx->20.0;
if_x F2=xx->20.0;
if_x fi1_F1=xx->fi1.func(xx)*F1.func(xx);
if_x fi2_F2=xx->fi2.func(xx)*F2.func(xx);
double N=k1/alpha1*fi1_2.integral(0.000001,a,10)+k2/alpha2*fi2_2.integral(a,b,10);
double w=exp(-fbeta*fbeta*t);
if(x<=a)
{ TT+=w*fi1.func(x)/N*(k1/alpha1*fi1_F1.integral(0.000001,a,10)+k2/alpha2*fi2_F2.integral(a,b));}
else //x>a &6 x<=b
{ TT+=w*fi2.func(x)/N*(k1/alpha2*fi1_F1.integral(0.000001,a,10)+k2/alpha2*fi2_F2.integral(a,b,10));}
}
return TT;
}
}
public class HT_composite_wall

{

{ double a=0.1; //m
double b=0.2; //m
double alpha1=1e-4;
double alpha2=1.4e-4;
double h3=53.0; //W/(m^2K)
double k1=55.0; //W/(mK)
double k2=12.0; //W/mK
f_xt_composite fc =new f_xt_composite(a,b,alpha1,alpha2,h3,k1,k2);
System.out.println("T="+fc.func(0.05,20));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_composite_wall
beta[0] = 0.13811260496372413 A2[0] = 1.3046670126210391 B2[0] = -0.554690240236761
beta[1] = 0.23408221644278576 A2[1] = 2.1555031964932487 B2[1] = 3.1815110205440558
beta[2] = 0.4582181625436879 A2[2] = 1.1862087166018016 B2[2] = 0.2680488547300807
beta[3] = 0.5797074548857309 A2[3] = 1.3506191504257223 B2[3] = 4.624352947660564
beta[4] = 0.7807261489068871 A2[4] = 0.550425981927039 B2[4] = 0.8712049567857558
beta[5] = 0.9370686691255451 A2[5] = 0.40943525535619624 B2[5] = 5.399911388796983
beta[6] = 1.102435365343533 A2[6] = -0.26239748584904976 B2[6] = 0.9770729093454886
beta[7] = 1.296587082247933 A2[7] = -0.5755608297964429 B2[7] = 4.977990924063209
beta[8] = 1.4251775840634222 A2[8] = -1.0326046443761248 B2[8] = 0.5525070225731262
beta[9] = 1.6532019716823405 A2[9] = -1.3291941458271517 B2[9] = 3.5129655238712267
beta[10] = 1.752105011959081 A2[10] = -1.5692600307762328 B2[10] = -0.4157233723330962
beta[11] = 2.0005845420206096 A2[11] = -1.644422157631557 B2[11] = 1.7040792351236744
beta[12] = 2.0888173158243237 A2[12] = -1.7261838032482328 B2[12] = -1.9486866223758104
beta[13] = 2.3349956029970755 A2[13] = -1.4792626319695532 B2[13] = 0.2635981006957179
beta[14] = 2.4386749466581237 A2[14] = -1.4194766046610574 B2[14] = -3.782633153387838
beta[15] = 2.6608425786742433 A2[15] = -0.9273952651604207 B2[15] = -0.62941671314879
beta[16] = 2.7969537257679744 A2[16] = -0.6952386511893701 B2[16] = -5.134958573789521
beta[17] = 2.9833394086833103 A2[17] = -0.1444196478956086 B2[17] = -0.9914917262519245
beta[18] = 3.157960665630442 A2[18] = 0.23729795707451354 B2[18] = -5.347808413284253
beta[19] = 3.3054723692301806 A2[19] = 0.6784693333405873 B2[19] = -0.8190523548230823
T=11.151114935837422
3D plot of temperature T(x,t)
215
Contour plot of the temperature T(x,t)
Temperature profile
0.00 10.87 17.27 19.49 19.94 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 16.36 18.33 19.45 19.87 19.97 19.99 19.97
0.00 8.03 14.15 17.71 19.29 19.83 19.97 20.00 20.00 20.00 16.02 17.56 18.72 19.42 19.76 19.87 19.81
0.00 6.65 12.20 16.05 18.29 19.37 19.80 19.95 19.99 20.00 15.87 17.17 18.24 18.99 19.44 19.62 19.57
0.00 5.80 10.87 14.72 17.27 18.74 19.49 19.82 19.94 19.98 15.77 16.91 17.89 18.63 19.10 19.32 19.29
0.00 5.22 9.89 13.64 16.34 18.08 19.08 19.60 19.84 19.93 15.68 16.72 17.62 18.31 18.78 19.01 18.99
216
0.00 4.78 9.13 12.76 15.52 17.43 18.63 19.33 19.69 19.84 15.59 16.55 17.38 18.04 18.49 18.71 18.69
0.00 4.43 8.53 12.03 14.79 16.81 18.17 19.01 19.48 19.70 15.48 16.39 17.17 17.78 18.21 18.42 18.40
0.00 4.15 8.03 11.40 14.15 16.23 17.70 18.67 19.24 19.52 15.34 16.22 16.96 17.54 17.94 18.14 18.12
0.00 3.92 7.60 10.87 13.58 15.70 17.25 18.31 18.96 19.29 15.19 16.05 16.76 17.32 17.69 17.87 17.84
0.00 3.72 7.24 10.40 13.06 15.20 16.81 17.94 18.66 19.04 15.01 15.86 16.56 17.09 17.45 17.61 17.58
0.00 3.55 6.93 9.98 12.60 14.74 16.38 17.57 18.34 18.76 14.82 15.66 16.35 16.87 17.21 17.36 17.32
0.00 3.40 6.65 9.61 12.18 14.31 15.98 17.20 18.02 18.46 14.61 15.46 16.14 16.64 16.97 17.12 17.07
0.00 3.27 6.40 9.27 11.79 13.90 15.58 16.83 17.68 18.15 14.40 15.24 15.92 16.42 16.74 16.88 16.82
0.00 3.15 6.17 8.97 11.43 13.52 15.20 16.47 17.34 17.83 14.17 15.02 15.70 16.19 16.51 16.64 16.58
0.00 3.04 5.97 8.68 11.10 13.16 14.84 16.11 17.00 17.51 13.94 14.80 15.47 15.96 16.27 16.40 16.34
0.00 2.94 5.78 8.42 10.79 12.82 14.48 15.76 16.66 17.18 13.71 14.57 15.24 15.73 16.04 16.17 16.11
0.00 2.85 5.61 8.18 10.49 12.49 14.14 15.42 16.32 16.85 13.48 14.34 15.01 15.50 15.81 15.94 15.88
0.00 2.77 5.45 7.95 10.22 12.18 13.81 15.08 15.98 16.52 13.24 14.10 14.78 15.27 15.58 15.71 15.65
0.00 2.69 5.30 7.74 9.95 11.88 13.49 14.75 15.65 16.19 13.00 13.87 14.55 15.04 15.35 15.48 15.42
0.00 2.62 5.15 7.54 9.70 11.60 13.18 14.43 15.33 15.87 12.77 13.63 14.31 14.81 15.12 15.25 15.20
To check the solution if the same material is taken for both layers
𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 10−4 ⁡⁡𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 55⁡𝑊/(𝑚𝐾)
4. FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTIONS OF HEAT CONDUCTION

4.1 FINITE DIFFERENCES
Introduction to finite difference method
Finite difference concept based on the difference concept. We actually used finite differences to approximate to
derivative of the function. In order to approximate derivation difference equations can be used. Diference
equations can basically be derived from Taylor formulations
𝑓"(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑓 (3) (𝑥𝑖) 𝑓 (4) (𝑥𝑖 )
𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1) = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑖 )ℎ + ℎ2 + ℎ3 + ℎ4 + ⋯ ..
2 3! 4!
If the first derivative is solved from this equation it is found as
𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑓" (𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑓 (3) (𝑥𝑖 ) 2 𝑓 (4) (𝑥𝑖 ) 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 𝑖 ) = −[ ℎ+ ℎ + ℎ + 𝑂 (ℎ 4 ). . ]
ℎ 2 3! 4!
Or
𝑓 (𝑥𝑖+1 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 𝑖 ) = + 𝑂 (ℎ )
ℎ
Term O(h) is the order of error. Error is proportional to the difference parameter h. When h is getting smaller,
error will also shrinked. The second derivative can be written the same way:
𝑓(𝑥𝑖+2 )−2(𝑥𝑖+1 )+𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑓"(𝑥𝑖 ) = + 𝑂 (ℎ )
ℎ2
In order to decrease the error, if the second derivative difference equation is substituted into the first derivative
Taylor equation a first derivative equation with a second order error can be obtained.
217
𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑓(𝑥𝑖+2 ) − 2(𝑥𝑖+1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) −𝑓 (𝑥𝑖+2 ) + 4𝑓 (𝑥𝑖+1 ) − 3𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 𝑖 ) = −[ ℎ + 𝑂 (ℎ 2 )] = + 𝑂 (ℎ 2 )
ℎ 2ℎ2 2ℎ
Difference equation can be written as forward or bakward way. The backward difference equation:
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )−𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 𝑖 ) = . By taken avarage of forward and backward formulas can create a central formula
ℎ
𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑖 )𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑖 )𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 − 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖+1 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖−1 )
′(
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ) = = ℎ ℎ = + 𝑂 (ℎ 2 )
2 2 2ℎ
Difference formulas for calculating derivatives are given (as coefficients) in the following table
Central differences
Derivative Accuracy −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
2 −1/2 0 1/2
4 1/12 −2/3 0 2/3 −1/12
1
6 −1/60 3/20 −3/4 0 3/4 −3/20 21916
8 1/280 −4/105 1/5 −4/5 0 4/5 −1/5 4/105 −1/280
2 1 −2 1
4 −1/12 4/3 −5/2 4/3 −1/12
2
6 32874 −3/20 3/2 −49/18 3/2 −3/20 32874
8 −1/560 8/315 −1/5 8/5 −205/72 8/5 −1/5 8/315 −1/560
2 −1/2 1 0 −1 1/2
3 4 41122 −1 13/8 0 −13/8 1 −1/8
6 −7/240 41185 −169/120 61/30 0 −61/30 169/120 −3/10 7/240
2 1 −4 6 −4 1
4 4 −1/6 2 −13/2 28/3 −13/2 2 −1/6
6 7/240 −2/5 169/60 −122/15 91/8 −122/15 169/60 −2/5 7/240
Forward differences
Derivative Accuracy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 −1 1
2 −3/2 2 −1/2
3 −11/6 3 −3/2 1/3
1
4 −25/12 4 −3 4/3 −1/4
5 −137/60 5 −5 10/3 −5/4 41030
6 −49/20 6 −15/2 20/3 −15/4 41035 −1/6
1 1 −2 1
2 2 −5 4 −1
3 35/12 −26/3 40958 −14/3 41254
2
4 41014 −77/6 107/6 −13 61/12 −5/6
5 203/45 −87/5 117/4 −254/9 33/2 −27/5 137/180
6 469/90 −223/10 879/20 −949/18 41 −201/10 1019/180 −7/10
1 −1 3 −3 1
2 −5/2 9 −12 7 −3/2
3 −17/4 71/4 −59/2 49/2 −41/4 7/4
3
4 −49/8 29 −461/8 62 −307/8 13 −15/8
5 −967/120 638/15 −3929/40 389/3 −2545/24 268/5 −1849/120 29/15
6 −801/80 349/6 −18353/120 2391/10 −1457/6 4891/30 −561/8 527/30 −469/240
1 1 −4 6 −4 1
2 3 −14 26 −24 11 −2
4 3 35/6 −31 137/2 −242/3 107/2 −19 41077
4 28/3 −111/2 142 −1219/6 176 −185/2 82/3 −7/2
5 1069/80 −1316/15 15289/60 −2144/5 10993/24 −4772/15 2803/20 −536/15 967/240
Conversion of differential equations and boundaries to finite element form
Assuming energy flowing from all the neigbour nodes to node m,n, it is possible to calculate any
boundary or inner cell heat balance from basic energy conservation rule
Total energies coming to node m,n=0
𝑡 = 𝑝∆𝑡⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑚∆𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑛∆𝑦
Steady state inner cell (x,y) directions
218
(𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
𝑘∆𝑥 + 𝑘∆𝑥 + 𝑘∆𝑦 + 𝑘∆𝑦 =0
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
For If ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦
𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
0≤𝜙≤1
Same equation can be obtained from conservation of energy form of the differential equation as well
𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1
+ =0
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
For ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 +𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 =0
Steady state Convective boundary at surface:
∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )

ℎ∆𝑦(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘 +𝑘 + 𝑘∆𝑦
2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑥
If ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦
2∆𝑥ℎ
(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + 2𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘
2∆𝑥ℎ𝑇∞ 2∆𝑥ℎ
+ 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + 2𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − ( + 4) 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘 𝑘
Steady state Convective boundary at corner:
219
∆𝑦 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑦 (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
ℎ (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + ℎ (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘 +𝑘 =0
2 2 2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑥
2∆𝑥ℎ
(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘
2∆𝑥ℎ 2∆𝑥ℎ
𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − ( + 2) 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘 𝑘
Time dependent inner cell (x,y,t) directions
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
(𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
𝜙 [𝑘∆𝑦 + 𝑘∆𝑦 + 𝑘∆𝑥 + 𝑘∆𝑥 ]
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
(𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
+ (1 − 𝜙) [𝑘∆𝑦 + 𝑘∆𝑦 + 𝑘∆𝑥
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦
𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝
(𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛
+ 𝑘∆𝑥 +𝑘 ] = 𝜌(∆𝑥∆𝑦)𝐶𝑝
∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑡
0≤𝜙≤1
 =1 explicit solution: error level: 𝑂[∆𝑡, (∆𝑥)2 ]
 =0 implicit solution: error level: 𝑂[∆𝑡, (∆𝑥)2 ]
 =0.5 Crank-Nicolson solution: error level: 𝑂[∆𝑡, (∆𝑥)2 ]
(∆𝑥)2
 =0.5- : error level: 𝑂[(∆𝑡)2 , (∆𝑥)4 ]
12𝛼∆𝑡
Any other mixed solution
The stability criterion depends on the value of the  value
0≤≤0.5⁡ unconditionally stable
1
0.5≤≤1⁡ stable only if 0 ≤ 𝐹𝑜 ≤
4-2
Same equation can be obtained from conservation of energy form of the differential equation as well
220
𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑇
+ =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑝𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 2𝑇𝑝𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1
[ + ]
∆𝑥2 ∆𝑦2
𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑝+1
𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 2𝑇𝑝+1
𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑝+1
𝑚 − 𝑇𝑚
𝑝
+ (1 − ) [ + ] =
∆𝑥2 ∆𝑦2 𝑘 ∆𝑡
For ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
[𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ] + (1 − )[𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ]
∆𝑥 2 𝑝+1
= (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚𝑝 )
𝛼∆𝑡 𝑚
𝛼∆𝑡 ℎ∆𝑥 𝑘
𝐹𝑜 = Fourier number 𝐵𝑖 = = 𝐻∆𝑥 Biot number 𝛼= thermal diffusivity
∆𝑥 2 𝑘 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
Fo[𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ] + 𝐹𝑜 (1 − )[𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ]
= (𝑇𝑚𝑝+1 − 𝑇𝑚𝑝 )
For =1
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
Fo[𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 ] + (1 − 4𝐹𝑜 )𝑇𝑚𝑝 = 𝑇𝑚𝑝+1
Two dimensional case:
𝑝 𝑝
Fo[𝑇𝑚+1 + 𝑇𝑚−1 ] + (1 − 2𝐹𝑜 )𝑇𝑚𝑝 = 𝑇𝑚𝑝+1
Time dependent Convective boundary at surface:
For 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 1
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
𝜙 [ℎ∆𝑦(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘∆𝑦 +𝑘 +𝑘 ]
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑦
𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
𝑝+1 (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
+ (1 − 𝜙) [ℎ∆𝑦(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘∆𝑦 +𝑘
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦
𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝
∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛
+𝑘 ] = 𝜌 ( ∆𝑦) 𝐶𝑝
2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑡
Time dependent Convective boundary at corner:
221
For 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 1
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
∆𝑦 𝑝 ∆𝑥 𝑝 ∆𝑦 (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
𝜙 [ℎ (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + ℎ ⁡(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘 +𝑘 ]
2 2 2 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦
𝑝+1 𝑝+!
∆𝑦 𝑝+1 ∆𝑥 𝑝+1 ∆𝑦 (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )
+ (1 − 𝜙) [ℎ (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + ℎ ⁡(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘
2 2 2 ∆𝑥
𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝
∆𝑥 (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛
+𝑘 ] = 𝜌 ( ∆𝑦) 𝐶𝑝
2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑡
If ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 and assuming 𝐹𝑜 = ∆𝑥 2 Fourier number 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑘
= 𝐻∆𝑥 Biot number 𝛼=
𝜌𝐶𝑝
thermal
diffusivity, equations can be simplified further
Now let us consider a differential equation such as heat conduction equation in cartesian coordinates. It
should be note that when a differential equation is given, in order to solve the differential equations
boundary conditions should also be specified.
PROBLEM 4.1.1 FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME

DEPENDENT , CARTESIAN COORDINATES
𝝏𝟐 𝑻(𝒙,𝒕) 𝟏 𝝏𝑻(𝒙,𝒕)
=
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
Boundary conditions
− + 𝐻1 (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)) = 0 x=0 t >0 ⁡𝐻1 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡) ℎ2
+ 𝐻2 (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇2∞) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻2 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇 𝑡) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝑥) t=0 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝
𝑇𝑚+1 −2𝑇𝑚 +𝑇𝑚−1 𝑇𝑚+1 −2𝑇𝑚 +𝑇𝑚−1 1 𝑇𝑚 −𝑇𝑚
 + (1 − ) =
∆𝑥2 ∆𝑥2 𝛼 ∆𝑡
𝐹𝑜 = Fourier number 𝐵𝑖 = = 𝐻∆𝑥 Biot number 𝛼= thermal diffusivity
∆𝑥 2 𝑘 𝜌𝐶𝑝
222
𝑡 = 𝑝∆𝑡⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑚∆𝑥
By rearranging the equation

Fo𝑇𝑚+1 + (1 − 2Fo)𝑇𝑝𝑚 + Fo𝑇𝑚−1 = −(1 − )Fo𝑇𝑚+1 + (1 − 2(1 − )Fo)𝑇𝑝+1
𝑚 − (1 − )𝑇𝑚−1
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
 =1 explicit solution: error level: 𝑂[∆𝑡, (∆𝑥) ]

2
 =0 implicit solution: error level: 𝑂[∆𝑡, (∆𝑥)2 ]

 =0.5 Crank-Nicolson solution: error level: 𝑂[∆𝑡, (∆𝑥)2 ]
(∆𝑥)2
 =0.5- : error level: 𝑂[(∆𝑡)2 , (∆𝑥)4 ]
12𝛼∆𝑡
Any other mixed solution
The stability criterion depends on the value of the  value
0≤≤0.5⁡ unconditionally stable
1
0.5≤≤1⁡ stable only if 0 ≤ 𝐹𝑜 ≤
4-2
𝑘𝐴 𝑝 𝑘𝐴 𝑝+1 ∆𝑥 𝑇 𝑝+1 − 𝑇0𝑝
ℎ1 𝐴(𝑇1∞ − 𝑇0𝑝 ) +  (𝑇1 − 𝑇0𝑝 ) + (1 − )ℎ1 𝐴(𝑇1∞ − 𝑇0𝑝+1 ) + (1 − ) (𝑇1 − 𝑇0𝑝+1 ) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝐴 ) 0
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑡
𝑝 𝑘𝐴 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑘𝐴 𝑝+1 𝑝+1
ℎ2 𝐴(𝑇2∞ − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) +  (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) + (1 − )ℎ2 𝐴(𝑇2∞ − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) + (1 − ) (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑘−1 )
∆𝑥 𝑘−2 ∆𝑥 𝑘−2
𝑝+1 𝑝
∆𝑥 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑘−1
= 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝐴 ) 𝑘−1
2 ∆𝑡
By rearranging the equations
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝
2𝐵𝑖1 𝐹𝑜(𝑇1∞ − 𝑇0 ) + 2(𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ) + 2(1 − )𝐵𝑖1 𝐹𝑜(𝑇1∞ − 𝑇0 ) + 2(1 − )(𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ) = 𝑇0 − 𝑇0
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝+1 𝑝
2𝐵𝑖2 𝐹𝑜(𝑇2∞ − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) + 2(𝑇𝑘−2 − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) + 2(1 − )𝐵𝑖2 𝐹𝑜(𝑇2∞ − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) + 2(1 − )(𝑇𝑘−2 − 𝑇𝑘−1 ) = 𝑇𝑘−1 − 𝑇𝑘−1
Problem 4.1 Java solution:

PROBLEM 4.1.1 :
L=0.8 m thick Wall has an initial temperature profile 𝑇0 = 20⁡℃. Sudenly Wall exposed to convective flow a fluid
from both side . At x=0 side convective heat transfer coefficient h 1=100 W/(m2K) and temperature 𝑇1∞ = 200⁡℃
and x=L=0.8 m side convective heat transfer coefficient h 2=100 W/(m2K) and temperature 𝑇2∞ = 200⁡℃ .
Thermal conductivity of Wall k=50 W/(mK). Thermal diffusivity of wall is 𝛼 =8.4x10-5 m2/s. Calculate Wall
temperature profile at t=600 s
import java.io.*;
class HT_xt_FDB
{ public static double [] thomas(double a[][],double b[])
{
//3 band matrix
int n=a.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{b[k]=b[k]-e[k]*b[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(b[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}
public static double [][] q(double k, double dx,double T[][])
{ //heat transfer
int nx=T[0].length;
int nt=T.length;
double qi[][]=new double[nt][nx-1];
for(int p=0;p<nt;p++)
{ for(int m=1;m<nx;m++)
223
{ qi[p][m-1]=-k*(T[p][m]-T[p][m-1])/dx;}
}
return qi;
}
public static double [][] HT_xtcoz(double fi, double L,double t, double dt,double T0[],double alpha,double Bi1,double Bi2,double
T1inf,double T2inf)
{
// L duvar kalınlığı
// t maksimum zaman
// dt zaman stebi
// T1 x=0 t>=0 boundary temperature
// T2 x=L t>=0 boundary temperature
int nx=T0.length; //x step sayısı
//System.out.println(nx="+nx)
double A[][]=new double[nx][nx];
double B[]=new double[nx];
double dx=L/(nx-1); //x steb uzunluğu
int nt=(int)(t/dt+0.001);
double Fo=alpha*dt/(dx*dx);
double T[][]=new double[nt+1][nx];
for(int m=0;m<nx;m++) {T[0][m]=T0[m];}
for(int p=0;p<nt;p++)
{ //t>0 wall temperatures
for(int m=0;m<nx;m++)
{
if(m==0) B[m]=(1.0-2.0*Fo*fi-2*Fo*Bi1*fi)*T[p][m]+2.0*fi*Fo*T[p][m+1]+2.0*Bi1*Fo*T1inf;
else if(m==(nx-1)) B[m]=(1.0-2.0*Fo*fi-2*Fo*Bi2*fi)*T[p][m]+2.0*fi*Fo*T[p][m-1]+2.0*Bi2*Fo*T2inf;
else B[m]=fi*Fo*T[p][m-1]+(1.0-2.0*Fo*fi)*T[p][m]+fi*Fo*T[p][m+1];
if(m==0)
{A[m][m]=(1+2.0*Fo*Bi1*(1.0-fi)+2.0*Fo*(1.0-fi));
A[m][m+1]=-2.0*(1.0-fi)*Fo;
}
else if(m==(nx-1))
{A[m][m]=(1+2.0*Fo*Bi2*(1.0-fi)+2.0*Fo*(1.0-fi));
A[m][m-1]=-2.0*(1.0-fi)*Fo;
}
else
{A[m][m]=(2.0*Fo*(1.0-fi)+1);
A[m][m-1]=-(1.0-fi)*Fo;
A[m][m+1]=-(1.0-fi)*Fo;
}
}
T[p+1]=thomas(A,B);
}
return T;
}
public static void main(String args[])

{
double T0[]=new double[81];
double L=0.8;
// t=0 daki T0(x) sıcaklık profili
int N=T0.length;
for(int m=0;m<N;m++) {T0[m]=300-300.0*Math.sin(m*Math.PI/N);}
double T1inf=100.0; //x=0 da t>0 zamanı için duvar sıcaklığı sınır şartı
double T2inf=25.0; //x=L de t>0 zamanı için duvar sıcaklığı sınır şartı
double h1=250.0; //x=0 da t>0 zamanı için duvar sıcaklığı sınır şartı
double h2=250.0; //x=L de t>0 zamanı için duvar sıcaklığı sınır şartı
double t=600.0; //sn toplam zaman
double dt=1.0; //sn gerçek zaman adımı
double dtplot=0.3; //sn her bir plotta bekleme zamanı
double x0=0.0;
double xn=L;
double fi=0.5;
double k=200.0;
double dx=L/T0.length;
double Bi1=h1*dx/k;
double Bi2=h2*dx/k;
double T[][]=HT_xtcoz(fi,L,t,dt,T0,alpha,Bi1,Bi2,T1inf,T2inf);
double b[][]=Matrix.T(T);
double q[][]=q(k,dx,T);
timeplot p=new timeplot(T,x0,xn,dtplot,dt);
//timeplot p=new timeplot(q,x0,xn,dtplot,dt);
p.start();
}
224
}
Note: time plot is time dependent real time plot program, and scene above captured from the real time plot .
t sec xm
0.015 0.031 0.047 0.063 0.078 0.094 0.110 0.126 0.142 0.157 0.173 0.189 0.205 0.221 0.236 0.252 0.268 0.284 0.299
0 0 789 578 367 156 945 734 523 312 101 89 679 468 257 046 835 624 413 202 991
20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
10
32.62 25.95 22.80 21.32 20.62 20.29 20.14 20.07 20.03 20.02 20.02 20.03 20.07 20.14 20.29 20.62 21.32 22.80 25.95 32.62
20
33.75 30.76 27.08 24.29 22.47 21.38 20.75 20.41 20.24 20.17 20.17 20.24 20.41 20.75 21.38 22.47 24.29 27.08 30.76 33.75
30
38.47 33.04 29.64 26.87 24.66 23.03 21.91 21.20 20.79 20.60 20.60 20.79 21.20 21.91 23.03 24.66 26.87 29.64 33.04 38.47
40
39.91 36.13 32.14 29.00 26.57 24.70 23.30 22.32 21.71 21.41 21.41 21.71 22.32 23.30 24.70 26.57 29.00 32.14 36.13 39.91
50
42.79 37.91 34.29 31.10 28.45 26.35 24.76 23.62 22.88 22.52 22.52 22.88 23.62 24.76 26.35 28.45 31.10 34.29 37.91 42.79
60
44.26 40.19 36.21 32.94 30.23 28.02 26.30 25.04 24.22 23.81 23.81 24.22 25.04 26.30 28.02 30.23 32.94 36.21 40.19 44.26
70
46.38 41.80 38.08 34.75 31.95 29.66 27.87 26.54 25.66 25.23 25.23 25.66 26.54 27.87 29.66 31.95 34.75 38.08 41.80 46.38
80
47.83 43.67 39.76 36.45 33.64 31.30 29.46 28.08 27.17 26.72 26.72 27.17 28.08 29.46 31.30 33.64 36.45 39.76 43.67 47.83
90
49.59 45.20 41.46 38.12 35.28 32.93 31.05 29.66 28.73 28.26 28.26 28.73 29.66 31.05 32.93 35.28 38.12 41.46 45.20 49.59
100
51.02 46.86 43.03 39.73 36.90 34.54 32.65 31.24 30.30 29.83 29.83 30.30 31.24 32.65 34.54 36.90 39.73 43.03 46.86 51.02
110
52.60 48.34 44.62 41.32 38.49 36.13 34.25 32.83 31.89 31.42 31.42 31.89 32.83 34.25 36.13 38.49 41.32 44.62 48.34 52.60
120
54.01 49.89 46.14 42.88 40.06 37.71 35.83 34.42 33.48 33.01 33.01 33.48 34.42 35.83 37.71 40.06 42.88 46.14 49.89 54.01
130
55.48 51.33 47.66 44.41 41.61 39.28 37.41 36.00 35.06 34.59 34.59 35.06 36.00 37.41 39.28 41.61 44.41 47.66 51.33 55.48
140
56.87 52.81 49.14 45.92 43.15 40.83 38.97 37.57 36.64 36.17 36.17 36.64 37.57 38.97 40.83 43.15 45.92 49.14 52.81 56.87
150
58.29 54.22 50.61 47.42 44.67 42.37 40.52 39.13 38.20 37.74 37.74 38.20 39.13 40.52 42.37 44.67 47.42 50.61 54.22 58.29
160
59.65 55.65 52.06 48.90 46.17 43.89 42.06 40.68 39.76 39.30 39.30 39.76 40.68 42.06 43.89 46.17 48.90 52.06 55.65 59.65
170
61.02 57.04 53.49 50.36 47.66 45.40 43.58 42.21 41.30 40.84 40.84 41.30 42.21 43.58 45.40 47.66 50.36 53.49 57.04 61.02
180
62.36 58.43 54.91 51.81 49.13 46.89 45.09 43.74 42.83 42.38 42.38 42.83 43.74 45.09 46.89 49.13 51.81 54.91 58.43 62.36
190
63.70 59.80 56.31 53.24 50.59 48.37 46.58 45.24 44.35 43.90 43.90 44.35 45.24 46.58 48.37 50.59 53.24 56.31 59.80 63.70
200
65.01 61.16 57.70 54.66 52.03 49.83 48.07 46.74 45.85 45.40 45.40 45.85 46.74 48.07 49.83 52.03 54.66 57.70 61.16 65.01
210
66.32 62.50 59.08 56.06 53.46 51.28 49.53 48.21 47.33 46.89 46.89 47.33 48.21 49.53 51.28 53.46 56.06 59.08 62.50 66.32
220
67.61 63.83 60.44 57.45 54.88 52.72 50.98 49.68 48.81 48.37 48.37 48.81 49.68 50.98 52.72 54.88 57.45 60.44 63.83 67.61
230
68.89 65.14 61.79 58.83 56.28 54.14 52.42 51.13 50.27 49.84 49.84 50.27 51.13 52.42 54.14 56.28 58.83 61.79 65.14 68.89
240
70.15 66.45 63.12 60.19 57.67 55.55 53.85 52.57 51.71 51.29 51.29 51.71 52.57 53.85 55.55 57.67 60.19 63.12 66.45 70.15
250
71.41 67.74 64.44 61.54 59.04 56.94 55.26 53.99 53.15 52.72 52.72 53.15 53.99 55.26 56.94 59.04 61.54 64.44 67.74 71.41
260
72.65 69.01 65.75 62.88 60.40 58.33 56.66 55.40 54.56 54.14 54.14 54.56 55.40 56.66 58.33 60.40 62.88 65.75 69.01 72.65
270
73.88 70.28 67.05 64.20 61.75 59.69 58.04 56.80 55.97 55.55 55.55 55.97 56.80 58.04 59.69 61.75 64.20 67.05 70.28 73.88
280
75.10 71.53 68.33 65.52 63.09 61.05 59.41 58.18 57.36 56.95 56.95 57.36 58.18 59.41 61.05 63.09 65.52 68.33 71.53 75.10
290
76.30 72.77 69.61 66.81 64.41 62.39 60.77 59.55 58.74 58.33 58.33 58.74 59.55 60.77 62.39 64.41 66.81 69.61 72.77 76.30
300
77.50 74.00 70.86 68.10 65.72 63.72 62.11 60.91 60.10 59.70 59.70 60.10 60.91 62.11 63.72 65.72 68.10 70.86 74.00 77.50
310
78.68 75.22 72.11 69.37 67.01 65.04 63.45 62.25 61.45 61.05 61.05 61.45 62.25 63.45 65.04 67.01 69.37 72.11 75.22 78.68
320
79.85 76.42 73.35 70.64 68.30 66.34 64.77 63.58 62.79 62.39 62.39 62.79 63.58 64.77 66.34 68.30 70.64 73.35 76.42 79.85
330
81.01 77.62 74.57 71.89 69.57 67.63 66.07 64.90 64.11 63.72 63.72 64.11 64.90 66.07 67.63 69.57 71.89 74.57 77.62 81.01
340
82.16 78.80 75.78 73.12 70.83 68.91 67.36 66.20 65.43 65.04 65.04 65.43 66.20 67.36 68.91 70.83 73.12 75.78 78.80 82.16
350
83.30 79.97 76.98 74.35 72.08 70.17 68.65 67.49 66.73 66.34 66.34 66.73 67.49 68.65 70.17 72.08 74.35 76.98 79.97 83.30
360
84.43 81.13 78.17 75.56 73.31 71.43 69.91 68.77 68.01 67.63 67.63 68.01 68.77 69.91 71.43 73.31 75.56 78.17 81.13 84.43
370
85.54 82.27 79.35 76.76 74.54 72.67 71.17 70.04 69.29 68.91 68.91 69.29 70.04 71.17 72.67 74.54 76.76 79.35 82.27 85.54
380
86.65 83.41 80.51 77.95 75.75 73.90 72.41 71.30 70.55 70.18 70.18 70.55 71.30 72.41 73.90 75.75 77.95 80.51 83.41 86.65
390
225
87.74 84.54 81.66 79.13 76.95 75.12 73.65 72.54 71.80 71.43 71.43 71.80 72.54 73.65 75.12 76.95 79.13 81.66 84.54 87.74
400
88.83 85.65 82.81 80.30 78.14 76.32 74.87 73.77 73.04 72.67 72.67 73.04 73.77 74.87 76.32 78.14 80.30 82.81 85.65 88.83
410
89.90 86.76 83.94 81.45 79.31 77.52 76.07 74.99 74.26 73.90 73.90 74.26 74.99 76.07 77.52 79.31 81.45 83.94 86.76 89.90
420
90.96 87.85 85.06 82.60 80.48 78.70 77.27 76.20 75.48 75.12 75.12 75.48 76.20 77.27 78.70 80.48 82.60 85.06 87.85 90.96
430
92.02 88.93 86.17 83.73 81.63 79.87 78.46 77.39 76.68 76.32 76.32 76.68 77.39 78.46 79.87 81.63 83.73 86.17 88.93 92.02
440
93.06 90.01 87.27 84.86 82.77 81.03 79.63 78.58 77.87 77.52 77.52 77.87 78.58 79.63 81.03 82.77 84.86 87.27 90.01 93.06
450
94.09 91.07 88.36 85.97 83.91 82.18 80.79 79.75 79.05 78.70 78.70 79.05 79.75 80.79 82.18 83.91 85.97 88.36 91.07 94.09
460
95.12 92.12 89.44 87.07 85.03 83.32 81.94 80.91 80.22 79.87 79.87 80.22 80.91 81.94 83.32 85.03 87.07 89.44 92.12 95.12
470
96.13 93.16 90.50 88.16 86.14 84.44 83.08 82.06 81.38 81.03 81.03 81.38 82.06 83.08 84.44 86.14 88.16 90.50 93.16 96.13
480
97.13 94.19 91.56 89.24 87.24 85.56 84.21 83.20 82.52 82.18 82.18 82.52 83.20 84.21 85.56 87.24 89.24 91.56 94.19 97.13
490
98.13 95.22 92.61 90.31 88.33 86.67 85.33 84.33 83.66 83.32 83.32 83.66 84.33 85.33 86.67 88.33 90.31 92.61 95.22 98.13
500
99.11 96.23 93.64 91.37 89.41 87.76 86.44 85.44 84.78 84.45 84.45 84.78 85.44 86.44 87.76 89.41 91.37 93.64 96.23 99.11
510
100.0 100.0
97.23 94.67 92.42 90.47 88.84 87.54 86.55 85.89 85.56 85.56 85.89 86.55 87.54 88.84 90.47 92.42 94.67 97.23
520 8 8
101.0 101.0
98.22 95.69 93.46 91.53 89.92 88.62 87.65 86.99 86.67 86.67 86.99 87.65 88.62 89.92 91.53 93.46 95.69 98.22
530 5 5
102.0 102.0
99.20 96.70 94.49 92.58 90.98 89.70 88.73 88.09 87.76 87.76 88.09 88.73 89.70 90.98 92.58 94.49 96.70 99.20
540 0 0
102.9 100.1 100.1 102.9
97.69 95.50 93.62 92.03 90.76 89.81 89.17 88.85 88.85 89.17 89.81 90.76 92.03 93.62 95.50 97.69
550 5 8 8 5
103.8 101.1 101.1 103.8
98.68 96.51 94.64 93.08 91.82 90.87 90.24 89.92 89.92 90.24 90.87 91.82 93.08 94.64 96.51 98.68
560 9 4 4 9
104.8 102.1 102.1 104.8
99.66 97.51 95.66 94.11 92.86 91.92 91.30 90.98 90.98 91.30 91.92 92.86 94.11 95.66 97.51 99.66
570 2 0 0 2
105.7 103.0 100.6 100.6 103.0 105.7
98.50 96.67 95.13 93.90 92.97 92.35 92.04 92.04 92.35 92.97 93.90 95.13 96.67 98.50
580 3 4 3 3 4 3
106.6 103.9 101.5 101.5 103.9 106.6
99.48 97.67 96.14 94.92 94.00 93.39 93.08 93.08 93.39 94.00 94.92 96.14 97.67 99.48
590 4 8 9 9 8 4
107.5 104.9 102.5 100.4 100.4 102.5 104.9 107.5
98.65 97.15 95.94 95.02 94.42 94.11 94.11 94.42 95.02 95.94 97.15 98.65
600 5 1 4 5 5 4 1 5
Problem 4. 1 Matlab solution

function x=gauss1(a,b)
% Gauss elimination
n=length(b);
carpan=0;
toplam=0;
for k=1:n
%pivoting
p=k;
buyuk=abs(a(k,k));
for ii=k+1:n
dummy=abs(a(ii,k));
if dummy > buyuk buyuk=dummy;p=ii;end
end
if p~=k
for jj=k:n
dummy=a(p,jj);
a(p,jj)=a(k,jj);
a(k,jj)=dummy;
end
dummy=b(p);
b(p)=b(k);
b(k)=dummy;
end
%gauss eleme
for i=k+1:n
carpan=a(i,k)/a(k,k);
a(i,k)=0;
for j=k+1:n
a(i,j)=a(i,j)-carpan*a(k,j);
end
b(i) =b(i) -carpan*b(k);
end
end
%back substituting
x(n)=b(n)/a(n,n);
for i=n-1:-1:1
toplam=0;
for j=i+1:n
toplam=toplam+a(i,j)*x(j);end
x(i)=(b(i)-toplam)/a(i,i);
end
end
function [T] = HT_xtcoz(fi,L,t,dt,TT,alpha,Bi1,Bi2,T1inf,T2inf)

% L wall thickness
% t maksimum time
226
% dt time step
% T1 x=0 t>=0 boundary temperature
% T2 x=L t>=0 boundary temperature
nx=length(TT); %x number of steps
dx=L/(nx-1);
nt=t/dt;
Fo=alpha*dt/(dx*dx);
for p=1:nt
for m=1:nx
if p==1 T(p,m)=TT(m);
else T(p,m)=0.0;
end
end
end
A=zeros(nx,nx);
B=zeros(nx);
for p=1:nt
for m=1:nx
if(m==1)
A(m,m)=(1+2.0*Fo*Bi1*(1.0-fi)+2.0*Fo*(1.0-fi));
A(m,m+1)=-2.0*(1.0-fi)*Fo;
elseif(m==nx)
A(m,m)=(1+2.0*Fo*Bi2*(1.0-fi)+2.0*Fo*(1.0-fi));
A(m,m-1)=-2.0*(1.0-fi)*Fo;
else
A(m,m)=(2.0*Fo*(1.0-fi)+1);
A(m,m-1)=-(1.0-fi)*Fo;
A(m,m+1)=-(1.0-fi)*Fo;
end
if m==1
B(m)=(1.0-2.0*Fo*fi)*T(p,m)+fi*Fo*T(p,m+1)+Fo*T1inf;
elseif m==nx
B(m)=(1.0-2.0*Fo*fi-2*Fo*Bi2*fi)*T(p,m)+2.0*fi*Fo*T(p,m-1)+2.0*Bi2*Fo*T2inf;
else
B(m)=fi*Fo*T(p,m-1)+(1.0-2.0*Fo*fi)*T(p,m)+fi*Fo*T(p,m+1);
end
end
W=gauss1(A,B);
for m=1:nx
T(p+1,m)=W(m);
end
end
end
PROBLEM 4.1.2:
A Wall initially at 𝑇𝑖 = 100⁡℃ and L=0.3 m. Thermal conductivity of Wall k=50 W/(mK). Thermal
diffusivity of wall is 𝛼 =8.4x10-5 m2/s. Temperature of both side of the Wall is dropped to 𝑇0 = 20⁡℃
Calculate Wall temperature profile as a function of time
For =1
227
Two dimensional case:
𝑝 𝑝
Fo[𝑇𝑚+1 + 𝑇𝑚−1 ] + (1 − 2𝐹𝑜 )𝑇𝑚𝑝 = 𝑇𝑚𝑝+1
𝛼∆𝑡
𝐹𝑜 = Fourier number stability condition for =1⁡:⁡⁡⁡𝐹𝑜 ≤ 0.5
∆𝑥 2
dt 1 second
dx 0.05 m
6.40E-
 05 m2/s
Fo 0.0256
t s/x m 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20
2 20 97.952 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97.952 20
3 20 96.00886 99.94757 100 100 100 100 100 99.94757 96.00886 20
4 20 94.16386 99.84808 99.99866 100 100 100 99.99866 99.84808 94.16386 20
5 20 92.41078 99.70642 99.99484 99.99997 100 99.99997 99.99484 99.70642 92.41078 20
6 20 90.74384 99.52704 99.98759 99.99984 100 99.99984 99.98759 99.52704 90.74384 20
7 20 89.15764 99.31398 99.97611 99.99953 99.99999 99.99953 99.97611 99.31398 89.15764 20
8 20 87.64721 99.07092 99.95976 99.99894 99.99997 99.99894 99.95976 99.07092 87.64721 20
9 20 86.20789 98.80123 99.93801 99.99796 99.99991 99.99796 99.93801 98.80123 86.20789 20
10 20 84.83536 98.50794 99.91044 99.99648 99.99981 99.99648 99.91044 98.50794 84.83536 20
11 20 83.52559 98.19383 99.87674 99.99436 99.99964 99.99436 99.87674 98.19383 83.52559 20
12 20 82.27484 97.8614 99.83667 99.99148 99.99937 99.99148 99.83667 97.8614 82.27484 20
13 20 81.07962 97.51296 99.79006 99.98772 99.99897 99.98772 99.79006 97.51296 81.07962 20
14 20 79.93668 97.15056 99.73683 99.98295 99.99839 99.98295 99.73683 97.15056 79.93668 20
15 20 78.84297 96.77609 99.67692 99.97704 99.9976 99.97704 99.67692 96.77609 78.84297 20
16 20 77.79568 96.39126 99.61034 99.96989 99.99655 99.96989 99.61034 96.39126 77.79568 20
17 20 76.79216 95.99762 99.53714 99.96137 99.99518 99.96137 99.53714 95.99762 76.79216 20
18 20 75.82994 95.59658 99.45739 99.95137 99.99345 99.95137 99.45739 95.59658 75.82994 20
19 20 74.90672 95.18939 99.3712 99.9398 99.9913 99.9398 99.3712 95.18939 74.90672 20
20 20 74.02034 94.7772 99.2787 99.92656 99.98866 99.92656 99.2787 94.7772 74.02034 20
21 20 73.1688 94.36107 99.18005 99.91157 99.98548 99.91157 99.18005 94.36107 73.1688 20
22 20 72.3502 93.94191 99.07541 99.89473 99.9817 99.89473 99.07541 93.94191 72.3502 20
23 20 71.56278 93.52058 98.96496 99.87599 99.97725 99.87599 98.96496 93.52058 71.56278 20
24 20 70.80489 93.09784 98.84891 99.85526 99.97206 99.85526 98.84891 93.09784 70.80489 20
25 20 70.07499 92.67437 98.72745 99.83248 99.96608 99.83248 98.72745 92.67437 70.07499 20
26 20 69.37161 92.25078 98.60078 99.80761 99.95924 99.80761 98.60078 92.25078 69.37161 20
27 20 68.69341 91.82763 98.46911 99.7806 99.95148 99.7806 98.46911 91.82763 68.69341 20
28 20 68.03909 91.40542 98.33266 99.7514 99.94273 99.7514 98.33266 91.40542 68.03909 20
29 20 67.40747 90.98458 98.19165 99.71998 99.93293 99.71998 98.19165 90.98458 67.40747 20
30 20 66.79741 90.56551 98.04627 99.68631 99.92203 99.68631 98.04627 90.56551 66.79741 20
PROBLEM 4.2 FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME

INDEPENDENT SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES, TWO DIMENSION
228
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 = ℎ1 (𝑇1∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦))⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0, 0≤𝑦≤𝑊
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 = ℎ2 (𝑇2∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦))⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿, 0≤𝑦≤𝑊
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 = ℎ3 (𝑇3∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦))⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 = ℎ4 (𝑇4∞ − 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦))⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑊, 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝜕𝑦

+ =0
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
m =0 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛−𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 −𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 −𝑇𝑚,𝑛
−𝑘(∆𝑦. 1) −𝑘( . 1) −𝑘( . 1) = ℎ1 (∆𝑦. 1)(𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇1∞ )
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑦
m=0 n=0
∆𝑦 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 −𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 −𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑥
−𝑘 ( . 1) −𝑘( . 1) = ℎ1 ( . 1) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇1∞ ) + ℎ3 ( . 1) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇3∞)
2 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2 2
m=M (x=L) 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛−𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 −𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 −𝑇𝑚,𝑛
−𝑘(∆𝑦. 1) −𝑘( . 1) −𝑘( . 1) = ℎ2 (∆𝑦. 1)(𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇2∞)
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2 ∆𝑦
m=M (x=L) n=0
∆𝑦 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛
−𝑘 ( 1) − 𝑘 ( 1)
2 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦
∆𝑦 ∆𝑥
= ℎ ( 1) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇1∞ ) + ℎ3 ( . 1) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇3∞)
2 2
m  0 n=0
Tm, n +1 − Tm, n y Tm +1, n − Tm, n y T −T
− k (x.1) − k( .1) − k ( .1) m −1, n m, n = h3 (y.1)(Tm, n − T3 )
y 2 x 2 x
m  0 n=N (y=W)
Tm, n −1 − Tm, n y Tm +1, n − Tm, n y T −T
− k (x.1) − k( .1) − k ( .1) m −1, n m, n = h4 (y.1)(Tm, n − T4 )
y 2 x 2 x
m=0 n=N (y=W)
x Tm, n −1 − Tm, n y T −T y x
− k( .1) − k ( .1) m +1, n m, n = h4 ( .1)(Tm, n − T4 ) + h1 ( .1)(Tm, n − T1 )
2 y 2 x 2 2
m=M(x=L) n=N (y=W)
x Tm, n −1 − Tm, n y T −T y x
− k( .1) − k ( .1) m −1, n m, n = h4 ( .1)(Tm, n − T4 ) + h2 ( .1)(Tm, n − T1 )
2 y 2 x 2 2
Java solution:
import java.io.*;
class HT_plane_FD2
{
public static double [] gauss_seidel(double a[][],double b[],double x[],double lambda)
{
//denklem sistemi çözümü b iteratif gauss_seidel metodu metodu
//yakınsama faktörü lambda ile birlikte verilmiş formül
int n=a.length;
229
int imax=1000;//maksimum iterasyon sayısı
double es=1.0e-10;
double dummy=0;
double ea=1e-1;
double sum=0;
double old=0;
int iter=0;
int sentinel=0;
//System.out.print("iter = "+(iter+1)+" ");
{ dummy=a[i][i];
{a[i][j]/=dummy;}
b[i]/=dummy;
}
{ sum=b[i];
{if(i!=j)sum-=a[i][j]*x[j];}
x[i]=sum;
//System.out.print(x[i]+ " ");
}
//System.out.println();
iter++;
do
{
sentinel=1;
{
old=x[i];
sum=b[i];
{if(i!=j) sum-=a[i][j]*x[j];}
x[i]=lambda*sum+(1.0-lambda)*old;
if(sentinel==1 && x[i]!=0.0 ) {ea=Math.abs((x[i]-old)/x[i])*100.0;}
if(ea<es) sentinel=0;
}
iter++;
}while(sentinel==1 && iter<imax);
if(iter>=imax) System.out.println("Maksimum iterasyon sayısı aşıldı sonuç geçerli olmayabilir iter = "+iter);
return x;
}

{ //kısmi pivotlu gauss eleme yöntemi
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
//System.out.println("Orijinal Matris :\n"+Matrix.toString(a));
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//System.out.println("pivotlu Matris : k="+k+"\n"+Matrix.toString(a));
//gauss elemeyi çözme
230
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//geriye doğru yerine koyma
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double [][] HT_planecoz( double L,double W,double dx, double Tx0,double Txn,double Ty0,double Tyn,double hx0,double
hxn,double hy0,double hyn,double kc)
{
// Assume dx=dy=const;
// Temperature of 4 sides are known
int nx=(int)(L/dx+0.01);
int ny=(int)(W/dx+0.01);
System.out.println("nx="+nx+"ny="+ny);
int mx=nx;
int my=ny;
int mt=mx*my;
double A[][]=new double[mt][mt];
double b[]=new double[mt];
double x[]=new double[mt];
double x1,x2,y1,y2;
// boundary conditions
int i=0,j=0;
for(i=0;i<my;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<mx;j++)
{
x1=dx*j;
x2=(L-x1);
y1=dx*i;
y2=(W-y1);
int k=i*my+j;
x[k]=((x1*Tx0+x2*Txn)/L+(y1*Ty0+y2*Tyn)/W)/2.0;
int kp1=(i+1)*my+j;
int km1=(i-1)*my+j;
// 1
if((i==0)&&(j==0)) {A[k][k]+=-(hy0*dx/kc+hx0*dx/kc+2.0);A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;b[k]+=-hy0*dx/kc*Tx0-
hx0*dx/kc*Ty0;}
// 4
else if((i==0)&&(j==(mx-1))) {A[k][k]+=-(hxn*dx/kc+hy0*dx/kc+2.0);A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;b[k]+=-hxn*dx/kc*Txn-
hy0*dx/kc*Ty0;}
// 2
else if((i==(my-1))&&(j==0)) {A[k][k]+=-(hx0*dx/kc+hyn*dx/kc+2.0);A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;b[k]+=-hyn*dx/kc*Tyn-
hx0*dx/kc*Tx0;}
// 3
else if((i==(my-1))&&(j==(mx-1))) {A[k][k]+=-(hxn*dx/kc+hyn*dx/kc+2.0);A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;b[k]+=-hyn*dx/kc*Tyn-
hxn*dx/kc*Txn;}
// 7
else if(j==0) {A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hx0*dx/kc+4.0);A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=2.0;b[k]+=-2.0*hx0*dx/kc*Tx0;}
// 5
else if(i==0) {A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hy0*dx/kc+4.0);A[kp1][k]+=2.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;b[k]+=-2.0*hy0*dx/kc*Ty0;}
// 8
else if(j==(mx-1)) {A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hxn*dx/kc+4.0);A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=2.0;b[k]+=-2.0*hxn*dx/kc*Txn;}
// 6
else if(i==(my-1)) {A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hyn*dx/kc+4.0);A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=2.0;b[k]+=-2.0*hyn*dx/kc*Tyn;}
// iç bölge
else {A[k][k]+=-4.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
}
}
//Text.print(A);
double T[][]=new double[ny][nx];
//double a[]=conjugate_gradient1.conjugate_gradient(x,A,b);
231
//double a[]=gauss_seidel(A,b,x,1.2);
double a[]=pivotlugauss(A,b);
for(i=0;i<ny;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<nx;j++)
{
{int k=i*my+j;
T[i][j]=a[k];
}
}
}
return T;
}

{ double L=1;
double W=1;
double dx=0.05;
double Tx0=20.0;
double Txn=20.0;
double Ty0=20.0;
double Tyn=100.0;
double hx0=50; //W/m2K
double hxn=50; //W/m2K
double hy0=50; //W/m2K
double hyn=50; //W/m2K
double kc=50; //W/mK
double a[][]=HT_planecoz(L,W,dx, Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn,hx0,hxn,hy0,hyn,kc);
Text.print(a);
double bb[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,a);
surfacePlot sp=new surfacePlot(bb,"x m","y m","T degree C");
sp.plot();
ContourPlot cp1=new ContourPlot(a,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,50, true,"T derece", "x","y");
cp1.plot();
}
}
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
0.05 40.9 31.8 29.7 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.8 29.7 29.6 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.7 31.8 40.9
0.10 52.0 57.9 58.7 59.0 59.3 59.7 60.0 60.3 60.5 60.6 60.6 60.5 60.3 60.0 59.7 59.3 59.0 58.7 57.9 52.0
0.15 54.6 57.2 58.6 59.5 60.1 60.6 61.0 61.4 61.6 61.7 61.7 61.6 61.4 61.0 60.6 60.1 59.5 58.6 57.2 54.6
0.20 55.7 57.5 59.0 60.1 61.0 61.6 62.2 62.6 62.8 63.0 63.0 62.8 62.6 62.2 61.6 61.0 60.1 59.0 57.5 55.7
0.25 56.5 58.3 59.8 61.0 62.0 62.8 63.4 63.9 64.2 64.3 64.3 64.2 63.9 63.4 62.8 62.0 61.0 59.8 58.3 56.5
0.30 57.5 59.3 60.9 62.2 63.3 64.2 64.8 65.4 65.7 65.9 65.9 65.7 65.4 64.8 64.2 63.3 62.2 60.9 59.3 57.5
0.35 58.7 60.6 62.2 63.6 64.7 65.7 66.4 67.0 67.4 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.0 66.4 65.7 64.7 63.6 62.2 60.6 58.7
0.40 60.1 62.0 63.7 65.2 66.4 67.4 68.2 68.8 69.2 69.4 69.4 69.2 68.8 68.2 67.4 66.4 65.2 63.7 62.0 60.1
0.45 61.8 63.7 65.5 67.0 68.3 69.4 70.2 70.9 71.3 71.5 71.5 71.3 70.9 70.2 69.4 68.3 67.0 65.5 63.7 61.8
0.50 63.6 65.6 67.5 69.1 70.4 71.6 72.5 73.1 73.5 73.8 73.8 73.5 73.1 72.5 71.6 70.4 69.1 67.5 65.6 63.6
0.55 65.6 67.8 69.7 71.4 72.8 74.0 74.9 75.6 76.0 76.3 76.3 76.0 75.6 74.9 74.0 72.8 71.4 69.7 67.8 65.6
0.60 67.9 70.2 72.2 73.9 75.4 76.6 77.6 78.3 78.8 79.0 79.0 78.8 78.3 77.6 76.6 75.4 73.9 72.2 70.2 67.9
0.65 70.5 72.8 74.9 76.8 78.3 79.5 80.5 81.2 81.7 81.9 81.9 81.7 81.2 80.5 79.5 78.3 76.8 74.9 72.8 70.5
0.70 73.3 75.8 78.0 79.9 81.4 82.7 83.7 84.4 84.9 85.1 85.1 84.9 84.4 83.7 82.7 81.4 79.9 78.0 75.8 73.3
0.75 76.3 79.0 81.3 83.3 84.9 86.2 87.1 87.9 88.3 88.6 88.6 88.3 87.9 87.1 86.2 84.9 83.3 81.3 79.0 76.3
0.80 79.7 82.6 85.1 87.1 88.7 89.9 90.8 91.5 92.0 92.2 92.2 92.0 91.5 90.8 89.9 88.7 87.1 85.1 82.6 79.7
0.85 83.3 86.6 89.3 91.3 92.8 93.9 94.8 95.5 95.9 96.1 96.1 95.9 95.5 94.8 93.9 92.8 91.3 89.3 86.6 83.3
0.90 86.5 91.3 94.2 96.0 97.2 98.2 99.0 99.6 100. 100. 100. 100. 99.6 99.0 98.2 97.2 96.0 94.2 91.3 86.5
100. 101. 102. 102. 103. 103. 0
104. 2
104. 2
104. 0
104. 103. 103. 102. 102. 101. 100.
0.95 86.7 98.0 98.0 86.7
2 1 0 8 4 9 3 5 5 3 9 4 8 0 1 2
232
1.00 71.2 56.8 53.7 53.2 53.4 53.7 54.0 54.2 54.4 54.5 54.5 54.4 54.2 54.0 53.7 53.4 53.2 53.7 56.8 71.2
Matlab solution:
function [T] = HT_plane_xy(L,W,dx,Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn,hx0,hxn,hy0,hyn,kc)
nx=L/dx;
ny=W/dx;
mx=nx;
my=ny;
mt=mx*my;
A=zeros(mt,mt);
B=zeros(mt);
T=zeros(mt,mt);
% boundary conditions
for i=1:my
for j=1:mx
k=(i-1)*my+j;
kp1=i*my+j;
km1=(i-2)*my+j;
%1
if( i==1 && j==1 )
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(hy0*dx/kc+hx0*dx/kc+2.0);
A(kp1,k)=A(kp1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k+1)=A(k,k+1)+1.0;
B(k)=B(k)-hy0*dx/kc*Tx0-hx0*dx/kc*Ty0;
%4
elseif( i==1&& j==mx )
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(hxn*dx/kc+hy0*dx/kc+2.0);
A(kp1,k)=A(kp1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k-1)=A(k,k-1)+1.0;
B(k)=B(k)-hxn*dx/kc*Txn-hy0*dx/kc*Ty0;
%2
elseif( i==my && j==1)
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(hx0*dx/kc+hyn*dx/kc+2.0);
A(km1,k)=A(km1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k+1)=A(k,k+1)+1.0;
B(k)=B(k)-hyn*dx/kc*Tyn-hx0*dx/kc*Tx0;
%3
elseif( i==my && j==mx)
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(hxn*dx/kc+hyn*dx/kc+2.0);
A(km1,k)=A(km1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k-1)=A(k,k-1)+1.0;
B(k)=B(k)-hyn*dx/kc*Tyn-hxn*dx/kc*Txn;
%7
elseif(j==1)
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(2.0*hx0*dx/kc+4.0);
A(kp1,k)=A(kp1,k)+1.0;
A(km1,k)=A(km1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k+1)=A(k,k+1)+2.0;
B(k)=B(k)-2.0*hx0*dx/kc*Tx0;
%5
elseif(i==1)
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(2.0*hy0*dx/kc+4.0);
A(kp1,k)=A(kp1,k)+2.0;
A(k,k-1)=A(k,k-1)+1.0;
A(k,k+1)=A(k,k+1)+1.0;
B(k)=B(k)-2.0*hy0*dx/kc*Ty0;
%8
elseif(j==mx)
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(2.0*hxn*dx/kc+4.0);
A(kp1,k)=A(kp1,k)+1.0;
A(km1,k)=A(km1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k-1)=A(k,k-1)+2.0;
B(k)=B(k)-2.0*hxn*dx/kc*Txn;
%6
elseif(i==my) A(k,k)=A(k,k)-(2.0*hyn*dx/kc+4.0);
A(k,k-1)=A(k,k-1)+1.0;
A(k,k+1)=A(k,k+1)+1.0;
A(km1,k)=A(km1,k)+2.0;
B(k)=B(k)-2.0*hyn*dx/kc*Tyn;
% internal region
else
A(k,k)=A(k,k)-4.0;
A(km1,k)=A(km1,k)+1.0;
A(kp1,k)=A(kp1,k)+1.0;
A(k,k-1)=A(k,k-1)+1.0;
A(k,k+1)=A(k,k+1)+1.0;
233
end
end
end
T=zeros(ny,nx);
B=B(:,1);
aa=linsolve(A,B);
for i=1:ny
for j=1:nx
k=(i-1)*my+j;
T(i,j)=aa(k);
end
end
end
>> [T]=HT_plane_xy(1.0,1.0,0.01,20.0,20.0,20.0,100.0,200.0,200.0,200.0,200.0,200.0);
>> surf(T)
Python version:
from math import *
from f_xj import *;
import numpy as np
def gauss(a,b):
#Gauss elimination with pivoting
b1=b
n=len(a)
x=[0 for i in range(n)]
for k in range(n):
p=k
buyuk=abs(a[k][k])
for ii in range(k+1,n):
dummy=abs(a[ii][k])
if dummy>buyuk:
buyuk=dummy
p=ii
if p!=k:
for jj in range(k,n):
dummy=a[p][jj]
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj]
a[k][jj]=dummy
dummy=b1[p]
b1[p]=b1[k]
b1[k]=dummy
for i in range(k+1,n):
carpan=a[i][k]/a[k][k]
a[i][k]=0
for j in range(k+1,n):
a[i][j]=a[i][j]-carpan*a[k][j]
b1[i] =b1[i]-carpan*b[k]
x[n-1]=b1[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1]
for i in range(n-1,-1,-1):
toplam=0
for j in range(i+1,n):
234
toplam=toplam+a[i][j]*x[j]
x[i]=(b[i]-toplam)/a[i][i]
return x
def HT_planecoz(L,W,dx,Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn,hx0,hxn,hy0,hyn,kc):
#Assume dx=dy=const
# 4 sides convective heat transfer hi,Ti_inf
nx=int(L/dx+0.01)
ny=int(W/dx+0.01)
mx=nx
my=ny
mt=mx*my
A=[[0.0 for j in range(mt)] for i in range(mt)]
T=[[0.0 for j in range(ny+1)] for i in range(nx+1)]
b=[0.0 for j in range(mt)]
x=[0.0 for j in range(mt)]
x1=0.0
x2=0.0
y1=0.0
y2=0.0
#boundary conditions
i=0
j=0
for i in range(my):
for j in range(mx):
x1=dx*j
x2=L-x1
y1=dx*i
y2=(W-y1)
k=i*my+j
x[k]=((x1*Tx0+x2*Txn)/L+(y1*Ty0+y2*Tyn)/W)/2.0
kp1=(i+1)*my+j
km1=(i-1)*my+j
if ((i==0) and (j==0)):
A[k][k]+=-(hy0*dx/kc+hx0*dx/kc+2.0)
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
b[k]+=-hy0*dx/kc*Tx0-hx0*dx/kc*Ty0
#4
elif ((i==0) and (j==(mx-1))):
A[k][k]+=-(hxn*dx/kc+hy0*dx/kc+2.0)
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
b[k]+=-hxn*dx/kc*Txn-hy0*dx/kc*Ty0;
#2
elif ((i==(my-1)) and (j==0)):
A[k][k]+=-(hx0*dx/kc+hyn*dx/kc+2.0)
A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0
b[k]+=-hyn*dx/kc*Tyn-hx0*dx/kc*Tx0
#3
elif ((i==(my-1)) and (j==(mx-1))):
A[k][k]+=-(hxn*dx/kc+hyn*dx/kc+2.0)
A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0
b[k]+=-hyn*dx/kc*Tyn-hxn*dx/kc*Txn
#7
elif (j==0):
A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hx0*dx/kc+4.0)
A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=2.0
b[k]+=-2.0*hx0*dx/kc*Tx0
#5
elif (i==0):
A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hy0*dx/kc+4.0)
A[kp1][k]+=2.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
b[k]+=-2.0*hy0*dx/kc*Ty0
#8
elif (j==(mx-1)):
A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hxn*dx/kc+4.0)
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=2.0
b[k]+=-2.0*hxn*dx/kc*Txn
#6
elif (i==(my-1)):
235
A[k][k]+=-(2.0*hyn*dx/kc+4.0)
A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0
A[km1][k]+=2.0
b[k]+=-2.0*hyn*dx/kc*Tyn
# internal region
else:
A[k][k]+=-4.0
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
a=gauss(A,b)
for i in range(ny):
for j in range(nx):
k=i*my+j
T[i][j]=a[k];
return T
def plot(A,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLAbel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
z[i][j]=A[i][j]
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
print(zi)
# Creating plot
cmap = my_cmap,
edgecolor ='none')
shrink = 0.5,
aspect = 5)
plt.show()
# Creating dataset
def contour_plot(A,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
z[i][j]=A[i][j]
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
236
plt.show()
W=1.0
L=1.0
dx=0.05
Tx0=20.0
Txn=20.0
Ty0=20.0
Tyn=100.0
hx0=50; #W/m2K
hxn=50; #W/m2K
hy0=50; #W/m2K
hyn=50; #W/m2K
kc=50; #W/mK
T=HT_planecoz(L,W,dx,Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn,hx0,hxn,hy0,hyn,kc)
print(T)
XLabel="x m"
YLabel="y m"
ZLabel="T degree C"
Nx=len(T)
Ny=len(T[0])
plot(T,0.0,L,Nx,0.0,W,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
contour_plot(T,0.0,L,Nx,0.0,W,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
237
INDEPENDENT SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES, TWO DIMENSION
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇1 ⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0,⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇2 ⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝐿,⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑊
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇3 ⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 0,⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇4 ⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑊,⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿

+ =0
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
Tm +1, n − 2Tm, n + Tm −1, n Tm,n +1 − 2Tm, n + Tm, n −1

+ =0
x 2
y 2
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
Java program:
238
class HT_plane_FD_T
{
{
int n=a.length;
double es=1.0e-10;
double dummy=0;
double ea=1e-1;
double sum=0;
double old=0;
int iter=0;
int sentinel=0;
{ dummy=a[i][i];
{a[i][j]/=dummy;}
b[i]/=dummy;
}
{ sum=b[i];
x[i]=sum;
}
iter++;
do
{
sentinel=1;
{
old=x[i];
sum=b[i];
}
iter++;
return x;
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
239
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double [][] HT_planecoz( double L,double W,double dx, double Tx0,double Txn,double Ty0,double Tyn)
{
int mx=(nx-1);
int my=(ny-1);
int mt=mx*my;
double x1,x2,y1,y2;
int i=0,j=0;
for(i=0;i<my;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<mx;j++)
{
x1=dx*j;
x2=(L-x1);
y1=dx*i;
y2=(W-y1);
int k=i*my+j;
int kp1=(i+1)*my+j;
int km1=(i-1)*my+j;
if(j==0) {b[k]+=-Tx0;}
if(j== (mx-1)) {b[k]+=-Txn;}
if(i==0) {b[k]+=-Ty0;}
if(i==(my-1)) {b[k]+=-Tyn;}
A[k][k]+=-4.0;
if((i==0)&&(j==0)) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else if((i==0)&&(j==(mx-1))) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;}
else if((i==(my-1))&&(j==0)) {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else if((i==(my-1))&&(j==(mx-1))) {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;}
else if(j==0) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else if(i==0) {A[k][k+1]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[kp1][k]+=1.0;}
else if(j==(mx-1)) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;}
else if(i==(my-1)) {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.print(b,"B");
double T[][]=new double[ny+1][nx+1];
double a[]=conjugate_gradient1.conjugate_gradient(A,b);
for(i=0;i<=ny;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<=nx;j++)
{if(j==0) {T[i][j]=Tx0;}
else if(i==0) {T[i][j]=Ty0;}
240
else if(j==nx) {T[i][j]=Txn;}
else if(i==ny) {T[i][j]=Tyn;}
else
{int k=(i-1)*my+(j-1);
T[i][j]=a[k];
}
}
}
return T;
}
public static void main(String args[]) //throws IOException,RemoteException, VisADException
{ double L=0.6;
double W=0.6;
double dx=0.01;
double Tx0=150.0;
double Txn=50.0;
double Ty0=50.0;
double Tyn=50.0;
double a[][]=HT_planecoz(L,W,dx,Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn);
Text.print(a);
ContourPlot pp=new ContourPlot(a,0.0,L,0.0,W,20, false,"T=f(x,y) degree C","x","y");
pp.plot();
double bb[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0.0,L,0.0,W,a);
surfacePlot sp=new surfacePlot(bb,"y m","y m","T degree C");
sp.plot();
}
}

{ double L=0.6;
double W=0.6;
double dx=0.01;
double Tx0=20.0;
double Txn=20.0;
double Ty0=100.0;
double Tyn=100.0;
Text.print(a);
pp.plot();
surfacePlot sp=new surfacePlot(bb,"y m","x m","T degree C");
sp.plot();
}
241
{ double L=0.6;
double W=0.6;
double dx=0.01;
double Tx0=20.0;
double Txn=20.0;
double Ty0=60.0;
double Tyn=100.0;
Text.print(a);
pp.plot();
surfacePlot sp=new surfacePlot(bb,"y m","x m","T degree C");
sp.plot();
}
Python version of the program:

from math import *
from f_xj import *;
import numpy as np
def gauss(a,b):
b1=b
n=len(a)
for k in range(n):
242
p=k
buyuk=abs(a[k][k])
dummy=abs(a[ii][k])
if dummy>buyuk:
buyuk=dummy
p=ii
if p!=k:
dummy=a[p][jj]
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj]
a[k][jj]=dummy
dummy=b1[p]
b1[p]=b1[k]
b1[k]=dummy
a[i][k]=0
x[n-1]=b1[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1]
toplam=0
return x
def HT_planecoz(L,W,dx,Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn):
nx=int(L/dx+0.01)
ny=int(W/dx+0.01)
mx=(nx-1)
my=(ny-1)
mt=mx*my
A=[[0.0 for j in range(mt)] for i in range(mt)]
b=[0.0 for j in range(mt)]
x=[0.0 for j in range(mt)]
x1=0.0
x2=0.0
y1=0.0
y2=0.0
#boundary conditions
i=0
j=0
for i in range(my):
for j in range(mx):
x1=dx*j
x2=L-x1
y1=dx*i
y2=(W-y1)
k=i*my+j
x[k]=((x1*Tx0+x2*Txn)/L+(y1*Ty0+y2*Tyn)/W)/2.0
kp1=(i+1)*my+j
km1=(i-1)*my+j
if j==0:
b[k]=b[k]-Tx0
if j== (mx-1):
b[k]=b[k]-Txn;
if i==0:
b[k]=b[k]-Ty0;
if i==(my-1):
b[k]=b[k]-Tyn;
A[k][k]+=-4.0
if i==0 and j==0:
A[kp1][k]=A[kp1][k]+1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
elif (i==0) and (j==(mx-1)):
A[kp1][k]=A[kp1][k]+1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
elif (i==(my-1)) and (j==0):
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
elif (i==(my-1)) and (j==(mx-1)):
A[km1][k]=A[km1][k]+1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
243
elif j==0:
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
elif i==0:
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
elif j==(mx-1):
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
elif i==(my-1):
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
else:
A[km1][k]+=1.0
A[kp1][k]+=1.0
A[k][k-1]+=1.0
A[k][k+1]+=1.0
a=gauss(A,b)
for i in range(ny+1):
for j in range(nx+1):
if j==0:
T[i][j]=Tx0
elif i==0:
T[i][j]=Ty0
elif j==nx:
T[i][j]=Txn
elif i==ny:
T[i][j]=Tyn
else:
k=(i-1)*my+(j-1)
T[i][j]=a[k];
return T
def plot(A,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLAbel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
z[i][j]=A[i][j]
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
print(zi)
# Creating plot
cmap = my_cmap,
edgecolor ='none')
shrink = 0.5,
aspect = 5)
plt.show()
244
# Creating dataset
def contour_plot(A,xmin,xmax,Nx,ymin,ymax,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLable,ZLabel):
#f=f2()
for i in range(Nx):
for j in range(Ny):
x[i]=xmin+dx*i
y[j] = ymin+dy*j
z[i][j]=A[i][j]
xi=np.array(x)
yi=np.array(y)
zi=np.array(z)
plt.show()
W=0.6
L=0.6
dx=0.025
Tx0=150.0
Txn=50.0
Ty0=50.0
Tyn=50.0
T=HT_planecoz(L,W,dx,Tx0,Txn,Ty0,Tyn)
print(T)
XLabel="x m"
YLabel="y m"
ZLabel="T degree C"
Nx=len(T)
Ny=len(T[0])
plot(T,0.0,L,Nx,0.0,W,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
contour_plot(T,0.0,L,Nx,0.0,W,Ny,PLabel,XLabel,YLabel,ZLabel)
245
INDEPENDENT SOLUTION; CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES, ONE DIMENSION WITH
HEAT GENERATION
246
𝑏
∆𝑟 =
𝑀
𝑇𝑚−1 − 𝑇𝑚 𝑇𝑚+1 − 𝑇𝑚
+ + ∆𝑉𝑚 𝑔𝑚 = 0
𝑅𝑚−1,𝑚 𝑅𝑚+1,𝑚
where 𝑔𝑚 is heat generation, ∆𝑉𝑚 is volume of element m.

∆𝑟 1
𝑅𝑚−1,𝑚 = =
∆𝑟 1
2𝜋 (𝑚∆𝑟 − ) 𝐻𝑘 2𝜋𝑚 (1 − ) 𝐻𝑘
2 2𝑚
∆𝑟 1
𝑅𝑚+1,𝑚 = =
∆𝑟 1
2𝜋 (𝑚∆𝑟 + ) 𝐻𝑘 2𝜋𝑚 (1 + ) 𝐻𝑘
2 2𝑚
∆𝑉𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑚∆𝑟∆𝑟𝐻
H=the length of the cylinder. Equation can be arranged as:

1 1 (∆𝑟)2 𝑔𝑚
(1 − )𝑇 − 2𝑇𝑚 + (1 + )𝑇 + =0
2𝑚 𝑚−1 2𝑚 𝑚+1 𝑘
At the center of the cylinder:
𝑇1 − 𝑇0
+ ∆𝑉0 𝑔0 = 0
𝑅1,0
∆𝑟 1
𝑅1,0 = ∆𝑟
=
2𝜋 ( ) 𝐻𝑘 𝜋𝐻𝑘
2
∆𝑟 2
∆𝑉0 = 𝜋 ( ) 𝐻
2
After the arrangement
(∆𝑟)2 𝑔0
4(𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ) + =0
𝑘
Second boundary condition (convective boundary condition)

𝑇𝑀+1 − 𝑇𝑀−1
−𝑘𝐴 + 𝐴ℎ(𝑇𝑀 − 𝑇∞ ) = 0
2∆𝑟
Combining this equation with previous finite difference formula :
1 1 (∆𝑟)2 𝑔𝑚
(1 − ) 𝑇𝑚−1 − 2𝑇𝑚 + (1 + ) 𝑇𝑚+1 + =0
2𝑀 2𝑀 𝑘
Gives
(∆𝑟)2 𝑔𝑚
2𝑇𝑀−1 − 2𝛽𝑀 𝑇𝑀 + 𝛾𝑀 + =0
𝑘
1 (∆𝑟)ℎ
𝛽𝑀 = 1 + (1 + )
2𝑀 𝑘
247
1 (∆𝑟)ℎ
𝛾𝑀 = (1 + ) 𝑇∞
2𝑀 𝑘
Problem 4.4 Java Solution:
import java.io.*;
class HT_cylinder_FD_g
{
public static double [] thomas(double a[][],double b[])
{
//3 band matrix
int n=a.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{b[k]=b[k]-e[k]*b[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(b[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}
public static double [] HT_cylinder( double b,double gm[],double dr, double Tr,double hr,double kr)
{
//b : cylinder radius
//gm : heat generatşon per unit volume
int M=(int)(b/dr);
int mt=M+1;
double B[]=new double[mt];
double x1,x2,y1,y2;
int m=0;
double GM=0,betaM=0,gammaM=0;
for(m=0;m<=M;m++)
{ GM=dr*dr*gm[m]/kr;
betaM=1+(1+1.0/(2.0*m))*dr*hr/kr;
gammaM=(1+1.0/(2.0*m))*dr*hr/kr*Tr;
if(m==0) {B[m]+=-dr*dr*gm[0]/kr;}
else if(m==M) {B[m]+=-2.0*gammaM-GM;}
else {B[m]+=-dr*dr*gm[m]/kr;}
if(m==0) {A[m][m]+=-4.0;A[m][m+1]+=4.0;}
else if(m==M) {A[m][m-1]=2.0;A[m][m]+=-2*betaM;}
else {A[m][m-1]+=1.0-1/(2.0*m);A[m][m]+=-2.0;A[m][m+1]+=1.0+1/(2.0*m);}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.printT(B,"B");
//double T[]=conjugate_gradient1.conjugate_gradient(A,B);
double T[]=thomas(A,B);
return T;
}
{ int M=5;
double b=10.0e-2;
double dr=b/M;
double gm[]=new double[M+1];
double r[]=new double[M+1];
for(int m=0;m<M+1;m++)
{gm[m]=1.0e6;//W/m3
r[m]=dr*m;
}
double Tr=25.0;//degree C
double hr=150.0;//W/(m2K)
double k=380.0;//W/(mK)
double T[]=HT_cylinder( b,gm,dr,Tr,hr,k);
248
//compare result with analytical case with qm=const.
double T1[]=new double[T.length];
{T1[m]=gm[0]*b*b/(4.0*k)*(1.0-(m*dr/b)*(m*dr/b))+gm[0]*b/(2.0*hr)+Tr;
}
double TT[][]={T,T1};
Text.print(TT);
Plot pp=new Plot(r,T);
pp.addData(r,T1);
pp.setPlabel("heat transfer with heat generation");
pp.setXYlabel("r (m)","T degree c");
pp.plot();
}
}
Graphic output:
Solution and analytical solution to compare the results
The matrix equations: (M=5)
If the same problem solved by M=10, matrices will become :
A 10x10-2 m diameter solid steel bar of thermal conductivity k=40 W/(mK) is heated electrically by the passage of
electrical current which henerates energy within the rod at a rate of g=4x10 6 W/m3. Heat is dissipated from the
249
surface of the rod by convection with a heat transfer coefficient h=400 W/(m 2K) into an ambient temperature T
=20 C. By dividing the Radius into 5 and 10 equal parts develop and solve the finite difference equation.
M=5 division
{ int M=5;
double b=5.0e-2;
double dr=b/M;
{gm[m]=4.0e6;//W/m3
r[m]=dr*m;
}
double hr=400.0;//W/(m2K)
double T[]=HT_cylinder( b,gm,dr,Tr,hr,k);
//compare result with analytical case with qm=const.
double T1[]=new double[T.length];
{T1[m]=gm[0]*b*b/(4.0*k)*(1.0-(m*dr/b)*(m*dr/b))+gm[0]*b/(2.0*hr)+Tr;
}
Text.print(TT);
pp.addData(r,T1);
pp.plot();
}
M=10 division
250
PROBLEM 4.5 FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME
INDEPENDENT SOLUTION; CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES, ONE DIMENSION WITH
HEAT GENERATION
A long cylindrical fuel element of Radius b=1x10 -2m and thermal conductivity k=25 W/(mK) generates energy at
a constant rate of g=5x10 8W/m3. The boundary surface at r=b can be assumed to be maintained at 100 C.
Assuming one-dimensional, radial heat flow, calculate the radial temperature distributio in the fuel element by
finite difference method.
Problem is similar to the previous problem except that temperature boundary is given in the outside. Therefore the
Boundary condition are:
𝑇𝑀 = 𝑇(𝑏)
So the boundary condition will become: for m=M-1
1 (∆𝑟 )2𝑔𝑚 1
(1 − ) 𝑇𝑚−1 − 2𝑇𝑚 = − − (1 − )𝑇
2𝑚 𝑘 2𝑚 𝑀
Problem 4.5 Java Solution:
import java.io.*;
class HT_cylinder_FD_g1
{

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
251
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double [] HT_cylinder( double b,double gm[],double dr, double Tr,double k)
{
//b : cylinder radius
//gm : heat generatşon per unit volume
int M=(int)(b/dr+0.01);
double A[][]=new double[M][M];
double B[]=new double[M];
double x[]=new double[M+1];
double x1,x2,y1,y2;
int m=0;
for(m=0;m<M;m++)
{
if(m==0) {B[m]+=-dr*dr*gm[m]/k;}
else if(m==(M-1)) {B[m]+=-dr*dr*gm[m]/k-(1+1/(2.0*m))*Tr;}
else {B[m]+=-dr*dr*gm[m]/k;}
if(m==0) {A[m][m]+=-4.0;A[m][m+1]+=4.0;}
else if(m==(M-1)) {A[m][m-1]+=1.0-1/(2.0*m);A[m][m]+=-2.0;}
else {A[m][m-1]+=1.0-1/(2.0*m);A[m][m]+=-2.0;A[m][m+1]+=1.0+1/(2.0*m);}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.printT(B,"B");
//double T[]=conjugate_gradient1.conjugate_gradient(A,B);
double T[]=pivotlugauss(A,B);
return T;
}
{ int M=10;
double b=1.0e-2;
double dr=b/M;
for(int m=0;m<=M;m++)
{gm[m]=5.0e8;//W/m3
r[m]=dr*m;
252
}
System.out.println("dr="+dr+"gg="+gm[0]*dr*dr/k);
double a[]=HT_cylinder( b,gm,dr,Tr,k);
double T[]=new double[a.length+1];
//exact solution
double T1[]=new double[a.length+1];
T[M]=Tr;
T1[M]=Tr;
for(int m=0;m<M;m++)
{T[m]=a[m];
T1[m]=gm[m]*b*b/(4.0*k)*(1.0-(r[m]/b)*(r[m]/b))+Tr;
}
Text.print(TT);
pp.addData(r,T1);
pp.plot();
}
}
PROBLEM 4.6 FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION, HOMOGENEOUS, TIME INDEPENDENT

SOLUTION; CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES, ONE DIMENSION , FIN PROBLEM
An iron rod , L=5x10-2 m long of diameter = 2x10-2 m with thermal conductivity k= 50 W/(m K) protrudes
from a wall and is exposed to an ambient at 𝑇∞=27 C and h = 100 W/(mK). The base of the rod is at T0=
327 ℃, and its tip is insulated. Assuming one-dimensional steady-state heat flow, calculate the
temperature distribution along the rod and the rate of heat loss into the ambient by using finite differences.
compaıe the finite difference solution with the exact analytical solution of this problem.
253
𝜕 𝜕𝑇
(−𝑘𝐴𝑐 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ℎ𝑃𝑑𝑥(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
k=const Ac=const 𝜃 = 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝜕 2𝜃 ℎ𝑃 ℎ𝑃 𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥) 𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥′)
+ 𝜃=0 𝑚2 = + 𝑚2 𝜃(𝑥) = 0 x’=L-x + 𝑚2 𝜃(𝑥′) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜃
Boundary conditions: x’=0 = 0 x’=L 𝜃(𝑥 ′ ) = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ = 𝜃𝑏
𝜕𝑥
tanh⁡[m(𝐿 − 𝑥)]
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝜃𝑏
tanh⁡[m𝐿]
Finite difference equations:
𝜃𝑖−1 − 2𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑖+1
− 𝑚2 𝜃𝑛 = 0
(∆𝑥)2
𝜃𝑖−1 − [2 + (𝑚∆𝑥)2 ]𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑖+1 = 0
Boundries:
𝜃𝑏 − [2 + (𝑚∆𝑥)2 ]𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑖+1 = 0
−[2 + (𝑚∆𝑥)2 ]𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑖+1 = −𝜃𝑏 i=0
𝜃𝑖−1 − [2 + (𝑚∆𝑥)2 ]𝜃𝑖 = 0 for i=n
public class HT_FD_fin

{ double L;double D;double Tb;double Tinf;double h;double k;double m;double tetab;
public double x[];
public HT_FD_fin(double Li, double Di,double Tbi,double Tinfi,double hi,double ki)
{L=Li;D=Di;Tb=Tbi;Tinf=Tinfi;h=hi;k=ki;tetab=Tb-Tinf;double Ac=Math.PI*D*D/4.0; double P=Math.PI*D;
m=Math.sqrt(h*P/(k*Ac));
}
public double[] T1(int n)
{double T1[]=new double[n];
x=new double[n];
double dx=L/n;
double xx=1;
{xx=dx*(i+1);
x[i]=xx;
T1[i]=tetab*Math.cosh(m*(L-xx))/Math.cosh(m*L);
}
Text.print(T1,"T1");
return T1;
}
public double[] T2(int n)
{double T2[]=new double[n];
double dx=L/n;
double A[][]=new double[n][n];
double B[]=new double[n];
B[0]=-tetab;
{ if(i==0) {A[i][i]+=-(2.0+(m*dx)*(m*dx));A[i][i+1]+=1;}
else if(i==(n-1)) {A[i][i-1]+=2;A[i][i]+=-(2.0+(m*dx)*(m*dx));}
else {A[i][i-1]+=1;A[i][i]+=-(2.0+(m*dx)*(m*dx));A[i][i+1]+=1;}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.print(B,"B");
T2=NA28.AXB(A,B);
Text.print(T2,"T2");
return T2;
}
{double L=5e-2; //m
double D=2e-2; //m
double k=50; //W/mK
double Tinf=27; //degree C
double h=100; //W/m^2K
double Tb=327; //degree C
HT_FD_fin f=new HT_FD_fin(L,D,Tb,Tinf,h,k);
int n=5;
double T1[]=f.T1(n);
double x[]=f.x;
double T2[]=f.T2(n);
Plot pp=new Plot(x,T1);
pp.addData(x,T2);
pp.plot();
254
}
}
N=5
N=10
255
N=20
Python code for the problem:

from math import *
from f_x import *
import numpy as np;
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt;
class HT_FD_fin:
def __init__(self,Li,Di,Tbi,Tinfi, hi,ki):
self.name = 'HT_FD_fin'
self.L=Li
self.D=Di
self.Tb=Tbi
self.Tinf=Tinfi
self.h=hi
self.k=ki
self.tetab=Tb-Tinf
self.Ac=pi*D*D/4.0
256
self.P=pi*D
xx=self.h*self.P/(self.k*self.Ac)
self.m=sqrt(xx)
# analytical solution
def T1(self,n):
T1=[0 for i in range(n)]
self.x=[0 for i in range(n)]
dx=L/n
xx=1.0
for i in range(n):
xx=dx*(i+1);
self.x[i]=xx;
T1[i]=self.tetab*cosh(self.m*(self.L-xx))/cosh(self.m*self.L);
return T1
def T2(self,n):
T2=[0 for i in range(n)]
dx=L/n
A=[[0.0 for j in range(n)] for i in range(n)]
B=[0.0 for j in range(n)]
B[0]=-self.tetab
for i in range(n):
if i==0:
A[i][i]+=-(2.0+(self.m*dx)*(self.m*dx))
A[i][i+1]+=1
elif i==(n-1):
A[i][i-1]+=2
else:
A[i][i-1]+=1
A[i][i+1]+=1
a=gauss(A,B)
return a
def dT(self,n):
d=[0.0 for j in range(n)]
T1=self.T1(n)
T2=self.T2(n)
for i in range(n):
d[i]=T1[i]-T2[i]
return d
def gauss(a,b):
b1=b
n=len(a)
for k in range(n):
p=k
buyuk=abs(a[k][k])
dummy=abs(a[ii][k])
if dummy>buyuk:
buyuk=dummy
p=ii
if p!=k:
dummy=a[p][jj]
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj]
a[k][jj]=dummy
dummy=b1[p]
b1[p]=b1[k]
b1[k]=dummy
a[i][k]=0
x[n-1]=b1[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1]
toplam=0
257
return x
#main program
L=5e-2; #m
D=2e-2; # m
k=50; # W/mK
Tinf=27; #degree C
h=100; # W/m^2K
Tb=327; # degree C
f=HT_FD_fin(L,D,Tb,Tinf,h,k)
n=40
T1=f.T1(n)
print("x=",f.x,"nx=",len(f.x))
print("T1=",T1,"nT1=",len(T1))
T2=f.T2(n)
print("T2=",T2,"nT2=",len(T2))
"""
plt.title('Fin Finite difference solution')
plt.xlabel('x m')
plt.ylabel('T degree C ')
plt.plot(f.x,T2)
"""
dT=f.dT(n)
plt.title('Fin Finite difference error')
plt.xlabel('x m')
plt.ylabel('dT=T2-T1 error degree C ')
plt.plot(f.x,dT)
runfile('E:/okul/SCO1/HT_FD_fin.py', wdir='E:/okul/SCO1')
Reloaded modules: f_x
x= [0.00125, 0.0025, 0.00375, 0.005, 0.00625, 0.0075, 0.00875, 0.01, 0.01125, 0.0125, 0.01375, 0.015, 0.01625, 0.0175, 0.01875, 0.02,
0.02125, 0.0225, 0.02375, 0.025, 0.02625, 0.0275, 0.02875, 0.03, 0.03125, 0.0325, 0.03375, 0.035, 0.03625, 0.0375, 0.03875, 0 .04,
0.04125, 0.0425, 0.043750000000000004, 0.045, 0.04625, 0.0475, 0.04875, 0.05] nx= 40
T1= [294.3812036992178, 288.94640523366866, 283.69220767739404, 278.6153269858826, 273.7125899434355, 268.9809321798038,
264.41739625485656, 260.01912981008513, 255.78338378578565, 251.7075107028078, 247.7889630077938, 244.0252914808746,
240.41414370482815, 236.95326259474146, 233.64048498725953, 230.47374028853767, 227.45104918005282, 224.57052238146528,
221.83035946975676, 219.22884775390764, 216.76436120440914, 214.43535943694195, 212.24038674958592, 210.17807121295914,
208.247123812717, 206.44633764387683, 204.77458715646247, 203.23082745199918, 201.81409363041806, 200.523500186962,
199.35824045871647, 198.3175861204189, 197.40088672923167, 196.6075693181942, 195.93713803809993, 195.38917384757437,
194.96333425116075, 194.65935308524902, 194.47704035171506, 194.41628209916564] nT1= 40
T2= [294.3814296296931, 288.94684765290475, 283.6928574558994, 278.616175294804, 273.7136282432678, 268.98215220938357,
264.4187900206302, 260.02068957563966, 255.78510206163386, 251.70938023641662, 247.79097677384715, 244.02744267176124,
240.41642572134518, 236.95566903700492, 233.6430096458128, 230.47637713564927, 227.45379236119547, 224.5733662069674,
221.83329840661867, 219.23187641777406, 216.76747435169048, 214.43855195707667, 212.243653657436, 210.18140764133122,
208.25052500500223, 206.44979894680134, 204.77810401294215, 203.23439539409102, 201.81770827236116, 200.52715721830148,
199.3619356375032, 198.3213152664783, 197.4046457174949, 196.6113540720849, 195.94094452296994, 195.39299806418182,
194.96717222918375, 194.66320087682888, 194.48089402502202, 194.4201377319808] nT2= 40
258
SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES, TWO DIMENSIONS
Consider the steady state problem given below. Temperature of top side has a changing temperature of 100,86.66,50
and 0 ℃, right hand side is 0 ℃. Bottom and left hand side is insulated. Calculate inner temperature profile. ∆𝑥 =
∆𝑦 = 0.1⁡𝑚
Steady state inner cell (x,y) directions
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
For ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 +𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 =0
259
−4𝑇1 + 2𝑇3 + 2𝑇4 = 0
−4𝑇2 + 2𝑇2 + 𝑇1 + 100 = 0
−4𝑇3 + 2𝑇4 + 𝑇1 + 𝑇5 = 0
−4𝑇4 + 86.66 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇6 = 0
−4𝑇5 + 2𝑇6 + 𝑇3 + 0 = 0
−4𝑇6 + 50 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇2 + 0 + 𝑇5 = 0
-4 2 2 0 0 0 T1 0
1 -4 0 2 0 0 T2 -100
1 0 -4 2 1 0 T3 0
0 1 1 -4 0 1 T4 -86.66
0 0 1 0 -4 2 T5 0
0 0 0 1 1 -4 T6 -50
import java.io.*;
class NA15
{ public static String toString(double a[])
{int n=a.length;
String s="";
{s+=String.format(Locale.US,"%10g",a[i])+" ";}
return s;
}
public static String toString(double a[][])
{int n=a.length;
int m=a[0].length;
String s="";
{ for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{s+=String.format(Locale.US,"%10g",a[i][j])+" ";}
s+="\n";
}
return s;
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
System.out.println("Original matrix :\n"+toString(a));
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
System.out.println("pivoted matrix : k="+k+"\n"+toString(a));
// Solving gauss elimination
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
260
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
System.out.println("final upper triangular matrix : \n"+toString(a));
// back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
double a[][]={{-4,2,2,0,0,0},{1,-4,0,2,0,0},{1,0,-4,2,1,0},{0,1,1,-4,0,1},{0,0,1,0,-4,2},{0,0,0,1,1,-4}};
Text.print(a);
double b[]={0,-100,0,-86.66,0,-50};
Text.printT(b);
double x[]=pivotlugauss(a,b);
System.out.println(toString(x));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" NA15
Original matrix :
-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000
pivoted matrix : k=0

-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.500000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.500000 -3.50000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.500000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.42857 2.28571 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.14286 -3.42857 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.500000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.42857 2.28571 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -2.66667 0.333333 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.666667 -3.70833 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.500000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.42857 2.28571 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -2.66667 0.333333 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.62500 2.25000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.12500 -3.62500
261
final upper triangular matrix :
-4.00000 2.00000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.500000 2.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.42857 2.28571 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -2.66667 0.333333 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.62500 2.25000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -2.92672
63.6404 72.1629 55.1179 62.5056 31.8202 36.0814

Consider the steady state problem given below. The Length is L=0.4 m and the width is 0.2 m. Temperature of left
side 50 ℃, right side temperature is 200 ℃. Bottom side is insulated. Top side has convective heat transfer into an
ambient of 𝑇∞ = 20⁡℃ with thermal convectivity h=40 W/(m2K). Thermal conductivity k=3 W/(mK). Calculate
inner temperature profile. ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 = 0.1⁡𝑚
∆𝑦 (𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑦 (𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) (𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 )

ℎ∆𝑥(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑘 +𝑘 + 𝑘∆𝑥
2 ∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
2∆𝑥ℎ
(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 ) + 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘
2∆𝑥ℎ𝑇∞ 2∆𝑥ℎ
+ 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − ( + 4) 𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘 𝑘
2∆𝑥ℎ
=2.666667
𝑘
2∆𝑥ℎ
+ 4 =6.666667
𝑘
2∆𝑥ℎ𝑇∞
=53.33333
𝑘
1: 53.33333 − 6.666667𝑇1 + 50 + 𝑇4 + 2𝑇2 = 0
2:−4𝑇2 + 50 + 𝑇1 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇5 = 0
3: :−4𝑇3 + 50 + 2𝑇2 + 𝑇6 = 0
4:53.33333 − 6.666667𝑇4 + 𝑇1 + 𝑇7 + 2𝑇5 = 0
5: :−4𝑇5 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇8 = 0
262
6: :−4𝑇6 + 𝑇3 + 2𝑇5 + 𝑇9 = 0
7:53.33333 − 6.666667𝑇7 + 200 + 𝑇4 + 2𝑇8 = 0
8:⁡−4𝑇8 + 𝑇5 + 𝑇7 + 𝑇9 + 200 = 0
9:⁡−4𝑇9 + 𝑇6 + 2𝑇8 + 200 = 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-6.66667 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 T1 -103.333
1 -4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 T2 -50
0 2 -4 0 0 1 0 0 0 T3 -50
1 0 0 -6.66667 2 0 1 0 0 T4 -53.3333
0 1 0 1 -4 1 0 1 0 T5
0 0 1 0 2 -4 0 0 1 T6
0 0 0 1 0 0 -6.66667 2 0 T7 -253.333
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -4 1 T8 -200
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 -4 T9 -200
import java.io.*;
class NA15
{int n=a.length;
String s="";
return s;
}
{int n=a.length;
int m=a[0].length;
String s="";
s+="\n";
}
return s;
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
263
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
double a[][]={{-6.66667,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0},
{1,-4,1,0,1,0,0,0,0},
{0,2,-4,0,0,1,0, 0,0},
{1,0,0,-6.66667,2,0,1,0,0},
{0,1,0,1,-4,1,0,1,0},
{0,0,1,0,2, -4,0,0,1},
{0,0,0,1,0, 0,-6.66667,2,0},
{0,0,0,0,1, 0,1,-4,1},
{0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,-4}};
Text.print(a);
double b[]={-103.333,
-50,
-50,
-53.3333,
0,
0,
-253.333,
-200,
-200};
Text.printT(b);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
Original matrix :
-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.300000 0.00000 -6.51667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000
264
-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.0810810 -6.50451 2.08108 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.270270 1.04054 -3.72973 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000
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0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.50261 2.09375 0.0234375 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.04687 -3.68750 1.07812 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0234375 2.15625 -3.71094 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.66667 2.00000 0.00000
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0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.50261 2.09375 0.0234375 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35042 1.08190 0.160993 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 2.16380 -3.71085 0.00360432 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.321986 0.00360432 -6.51289 2.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.50261 2.09375 0.0234375 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35042 1.08190 0.160993 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.01213 0.107578 0.645828 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.107578 -6.49741 2.09610 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.322914 1.04805 -3.70153 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 2.00000 -4.00000

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.50261 2.09375 0.0234375 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35042 1.08190 0.160993 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.01213 0.107578 0.645828 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.49357 2.11917 0.0357150
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.05958 -3.63229 1.10720
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0357150 2.21441 -3.66801

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.50261 2.09375 0.0234375 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35042 1.08190 0.160993 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.01213 0.107578 0.645828 1.00000
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0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.28650 1.11303
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 2.22606 -3.66781

-6.66667 2.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.70000 1.00000 0.150000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.45946 0.0810810 0.540541 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.50261 2.09375 0.0234375 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35042 1.08190 0.160993 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.01213 0.107578 0.645828 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -6.49357 2.11917 0.0357150
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.28650 1.11303
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -2.91392
265
40.9656 59.3449 64.8688 51.0814 81.5454 90.7852 83.1531 124.970 135.181

Consider the steady state problem given below. The Length is L=0.4 m and the width is 0.2 m. Temperature of left
side 50 ℃, right side temperature is 200 ℃. Bottom side is insulated. Top side side temperature is 100 ℃. Thermal
conductivity k=3 W/(mK). Calculate inner temperature profile. ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 = 0.1⁡𝑚
𝟏:⁡ − 𝟒𝑻𝟏 + 𝟐𝑻𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎 + 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟎

2: 𝑻𝟏 − 𝟒𝑻𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟎
3: 𝑻𝟏 − 𝟒𝑻𝟑 +𝟐𝑻𝟒 + 𝑻𝟓 = 𝟎
4: 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑻𝟑 − 𝟒𝑻𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝑻𝟔 = 𝟎
5: 𝑻𝟑 − 𝟒𝑻𝟓 + 𝟐𝑻𝟔 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎
6: 𝑻𝟒 + 𝑻𝟓 − 𝟒𝑻𝟔 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎
1 2 3 4 5 6
-4 2 1 0 0 0 T1 -50
1 -4 0 1 0 0 T2 -150
1 0 -4 2 1 0 T3 0
0 1 1 -4 0 1 T4 0
0 0 1 0 -4 2 T5 -200
0 0 0 1 1 -4 T6 -100
import java.io.*;
class NA15E
{int n=a.length;
String s="";
return s;
}
{int n=a.length;
int m=a[0].length;
String s="";
s+="\n";
}
return s;
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
266
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
double a[][]={{-4,2,1,0,0,0},
{1,-4,0,1,0,0},
{1, 0,-4,2,1,0},
{0,1,1,-4,0,1},
{0,0,1, 0,-4,2},
{0,0,0,1,1,-4}};
Text.print(a);
double b[]={-50,-150,0,0,-200,-100};
Text.printT(b);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" NA15E
Original matrix :
-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
267
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.500000 -3.75000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.71429 2.14286 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.07143 -3.71429 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.71429 2.14286 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.09615 0.288462 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.576923 -3.73077 2.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.71429 2.14286 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.09615 0.288462 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.67702 2.18634
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.09317 -3.67702

-4.00000 2.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.50000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.71429 2.14286 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.09615 0.288462 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.67702 2.18634
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.02703
60.2679 64.2857 62.5000 46.8750 95.9821 60.7143

an expression for the steady-state temperature distribution T(x,y) by using finite difference method
Take: ∆𝒙 = ∆𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 L=1 m W=1 m A=100 T=100x
𝑻𝒎+𝟏,𝒏 + 𝑻𝒎−𝟏,𝒏 + 𝑻𝒎,𝒏+𝟏 + 𝑻𝒎,𝒏−𝟏 − 𝟒𝑻𝒎,𝒏 = 𝟎
268
0 25 50 75 100
0 T7 T8 T9 0
0 T4 T5 T6 0
0 T1 T2 T3 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
The matrix form:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 T1 0
1 -4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 T2 0
0 1 -4 0 0 1 0 0 0 T3 0
1 0 0 -4 1 0 1 0 0 T4 0
0 1 0 1 -4 1 0 1 0 T5 0
0 0 1 0 1 -4 0 0 1 T6 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 -4 1 0 T7 -25
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -4 1 T8 -50
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -4 T9 -75
Gauss elimination method to solve the matrix

import java.io.*;
class NA15
{int n=a.length;
String s="";
return s;
}
{int n=a.length;
int m=a[0].length;
String s="";
s+="\n";
}
return s;
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
269
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
double a[][]={{-4.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0},
{1.0,-4.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0},
{0.0,1.0,-4.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0},
{1.0,0.0,0.0,-4.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0},
{0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,-4.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0},
{0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,-4.0,0.0,0.0,1.0},
{0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,-4.0,1.0,0.0},
{0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,-4.0,1.0},
{0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,-4.0}};
Text.print(a);
double b[]={0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,-25.0,-50.0,-75.0};
Text.printT(b);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
Original matrix :
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1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
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0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
270
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.250000 0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
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0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
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-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.73333 0.0666667 0.266667 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.73214 1.07143 0.0178571 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.07143 -3.71429 1.07143 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0178571 1.07143 -3.73214 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
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-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.73333 0.0666667 0.266667 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.73214 1.07143 0.0178571 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.40670 1.07656 0.287081 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.07656 -3.73206 0.00478469 0.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.287081 0.00478469 -3.73206 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.73333 0.0666667 0.266667 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.73214 1.07143 0.0178571 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.40670 1.07656 0.287081 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.39185 0.0955056 0.316011 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0955056 -3.70787 1.08427 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.316011 1.08427 -3.70646 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 -4.00000

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.73333 0.0666667 0.266667 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.73214 1.07143 0.0178571 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.40670 1.07656 0.287081 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.39185 0.0955056 0.316011 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.70518 1.09317 0.0281573
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.09317 -3.67702 1.09317
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0281573 1.09317 -3.70518

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.73333 0.0666667 0.266667 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.73214 1.07143 0.0178571 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.40670 1.07656 0.287081 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.39185 0.0955056 0.316011 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.70518 1.09317 0.0281573
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35449 1.10148
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.10148 -3.70496

-4.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
271
0.00000 -3.75000 1.00000 0.250000 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 -3.73333 0.0666667 0.266667 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.73214 1.07143 0.0178571 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.40670 1.07656 0.287081 1.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.39185 0.0955056 0.316011 1.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.70518 1.09317 0.0281573
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.35449 1.10148
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -3.34328
3.12500 4.91071 4.01786 7.58929 12.5000 11.1607 14.7321 26.3393 28.1250

Another program (create matrix then solve it)
*
import java.io.*;
import visad.*;
import visad.java3d.DisplayImplJ3D;
*/
class HT_plane_FD_TX
{
{
int n=a.length;
double es=1.0e-10;
double dummy=0;
double ea=1e-1;
double sum=0;
double old=0;
int iter=0;
int sentinel=0;
{ dummy=a[i][i];
{a[i][j]/=dummy;}
b[i]/=dummy;
}
{ sum=b[i];
x[i]=sum;
}
iter++;
do
{
sentinel=1;
{
old=x[i];
sum=b[i];
}
iter++;
return x;
}
272
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double [][] HT_planecoz( double L,double W,double dx, double Tx0,double Txn,double Ty0,double AA)
{
int mx=(nx-1);
int my=(ny-1);
int mt=mx*my;
double x1,x2,y1,y2;
double Tyn=0;
int i=0,j=0;
for(i=0;i<my;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<mx;j++)
{
x1=dx*(j+1);
x2=(L-x1);
y1=dx*(i+1);
Tyn=AA*x1;
y2=(W-y1);
int k=i*my+j;
273
int kp1=(i+1)*my+j;
int km1=(i-1)*my+j;
if(j==0) {b[k]+=-Tx0;}
if(j== (mx-1)) {b[k]+=-Txn;}
if(i==0) {b[k]+=-Ty0;}
if(i==(my-1)) {b[k]+=-Tyn; System.out.println("i="+i+"j="+j+"x1="+x1+"b="+b[k]);}
A[k][k]+=-4.0;
if((i==0)&&(j==0)) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else if((i==0)&&(j==(mx-1))) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;}
else if((i==(my-1))&&(j==0)) {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else if((i==(my-1))&&(j==(mx-1))) {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;}
else if(j==0) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else if(i==0) {A[k][k+1]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[kp1][k]+=1.0;}
else if(j==(mx-1)) {A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;}
else if(i==(my-1)) {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
else {A[km1][k]+=1.0;A[kp1][k]+=1.0;A[k][k-1]+=1.0;A[k][k+1]+=1.0;}
}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.print(b,"B");
double T[][]=new double[ny+1][nx+1];
double a[]=conjugate_gradient1.conjugate_gradient(A,b);
for(i=0;i<=ny;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<=nx;j++)
{ if(i==ny) {T[i][j]=AA*dx*j;}
else if(j==0) {T[i][j]=Tx0;}
else if(i==0) {T[i][j]=Ty0;}
else if(j==nx) {T[i][j]=Txn;}
else
{int k=(i-1)*my+(j-1);
T[i][j]=a[k];
}
}
}
return T;
}
{ double a[][]=HT_planecoz(1.0,1.0,0.25,0.0,00.0,0.0,100.0);
Text.print(a);
//ContourPlot pp=new ContourPlot(a,0.0,0.6,0.0,0.6,40, false,"x","y","T=f(x,y)");
//pp.plot();
double b[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0.0,0.6,0.0,0.6,a);
surfacePlot p1=new surfacePlot(b,"y m","x m","T degree C");
p1.plot();
//Plot3D.data(a,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,400,"x","y","T=f(x,y)");
}
}
0 0 0 0 0
0 3.125 4.9107143 4.0178571 0
0 7.5892857 12.5 11.160714 0
0 14.732143 26.339286 28.125 0
0 25 50 75 100
274
We can increase number of grids
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.781 1.474 1.989 2.241 2.163 1.723 0.960 0.000
0.000 1.651 3.125 4.240 4.814 4.687 3.770 2.117 0.000
0.000 2.699 5.135 7.031 8.087 8.002 6.552 3.739 0.000
0.000 4.009 7.686 10.663 12.500 12.682 10.696 6.285 0.000
0.000 5.650 10.938 15.436 18.568 19.531 17.265 10.707 0.000
0.000 7.652 14.980 21.573 26.804 29.610 28.125 19.278 0.000
0.000 9.977 19.758 29.074 37.465 43.980 46.347 38.281 0.000
0.000 12.500 25.000 37.500 50.000 62.500 75.000 87.500 100.000
275
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.20 0.38 0.56 0.72 0.86 0.97 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.04 0.96 0.83 0.66 0.46 0.23 0.00
0.00 0.40 0.78 1.14 1.47 1.75 1.98 2.14 2.22 2.22 2.13 1.95 1.69 1.34 0.94 0.48 0.00
0.00 0.61 1.20 1.76 2.26 2.70 3.05 3.30 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.04 2.63 2.10 1.46 0.75 0.00
0.00 0.84 1.65 2.42 3.13 3.73 4.23 4.59 4.78 4.80 4.63 4.26 3.70 2.95 2.06 1.06 0.00
0.00 1.09 2.15 3.16 4.08 4.88 5.54 6.03 6.30 6.35 6.15 5.68 4.94 3.96 2.77 1.43 0.00
0.00 1.37 2.71 3.98 5.15 6.18 7.03 7.67 8.06 8.15 7.93 7.35 6.43 5.18 3.64 1.88 0.00
0.00 1.68 3.33 4.90 6.35 7.65 8.74 9.57 10.10 10.28 10.05 9.38 8.26 6.69 4.72 2.44 0.00
0.00 2.03 4.03 5.94 7.72 9.32 10.69 11.77 12.50 12.80 12.61 11.87 10.53 8.59 6.10 3.17 0.00
0.00 2.43 4.81 7.10 9.26 11.23 12.94 14.33 15.32 15.82 15.73 14.95 13.41 11.05 7.92 4.14 0.00
0.00 2.86 5.68 8.41 11.00 13.39 15.51 17.29 18.64 19.43 19.53 18.80 17.10 14.30 10.38 5.48 0.00
0.00 3.34 6.64 9.85 12.93 15.81 18.43 20.69 22.50 23.72 24.17 23.63 21.88 18.66 13.81 7.42 0.00
0.00 3.86 7.69 11.43 15.05 18.50 21.69 24.55 26.97 28.78 29.78 29.68 28.13 24.65 18.79 10.37 0.00
0.00 4.42 8.81 13.14 17.36 21.43 25.29 28.86 32.03 34.65 36.48 37.20 36.29 33.01 26.34 15.27 0.00
0.00 5.01 10.00 14.94 19.81 24.57 29.18 33.57 37.65 41.30 44.31 46.35 46.83 44.76 38.28 24.37 0.00
0.00 5.63 11.24 16.83 22.38 27.87 33.28 38.57 43.70 48.59 53.11 57.04 59.94 60.90 57.66 43.95 0.00
0.00 6.25 12.50 18.75 25.00 31.25 37.50 43.75 50.00 56.25 62.50 68.75 75.00 81.25 87.50 93.75 100.00
276
Consider two dimensional time dependent heat conduction for the region shown in the figure below.
Boundary conditions are stated in the figure and a very course network and mesh size x= y=l=1 cm is
used for finite difference formulation. Develop the finite difference equations for each of the five nodes
m=1 to 5. Take h=60 W/(mK) k=30 W/(mK) and Tinf=0 C. 𝛼 = 1.2𝑥10−5 ⁡⁡
(You do not have to solve the equations just develop your equation matrix)
277
Node m=1
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏 𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟏
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟐 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟒 +𝒌( ) ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+! 𝒑+!
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟏 𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟏
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) 𝟐 + 𝒌(𝒍) +𝒌( ) ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟏
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node m=2
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝒑
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟏 + 𝒌( ) 𝟑 + 𝒉 ( ) (𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟐 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+! 𝒑+!
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝒑+!
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) 𝟏 + 𝒌( ) 𝟑 + 𝒉 ( ) (𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟐 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟐
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node m=3
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒑
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟐 + 𝒌( ) 𝟒 + 𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟑 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒍 𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒑
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) +𝒌( ) + 𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟑 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟑
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( )
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node m=4
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒑
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟑 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏 + 𝒌( ) + 𝒌( ) 𝟓 + 𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟒 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟒
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) 𝟑 + 𝒌(𝒍) +𝒌( )
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+! 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒑+𝟏 𝟑𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒
+𝒌( ) 𝟓 + 𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟒 )] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟒
𝟐 𝒍 𝟒 ∆𝒙
Node m=5
278
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒑
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟒 + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟓 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒑+𝟏
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) 𝟒 + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟓 )]
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟓
𝟒 ∆𝒙

Consider two-dimensional time dependent heat conduction in a region 3 cm by 3 cm which is initially

at a uniform temperature T0=300 C and for t>0 is subjected to the boundary conditions shown in the
figure. By using an explicit sheme and mesh size x= y=1 cm, develop the finite difference
representation of this heat conduction problem.
(You do not have to solve the equations just develop your equation matrix)
Due to symmetry virtual points can be considered in symmetry sides
279
𝒒𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝜺𝝈𝑨(𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟒∞ )
𝒒𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒉𝑨(𝑻 − 𝑻∞ )
𝑳
𝒍= = 𝟏⁡𝒄𝒎
𝟑
Node 1 :
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝒑𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏
∅ [𝜺𝝈 ( ) (𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟏 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟓 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+!
𝒍 (𝒑+𝟏)𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝜺𝝈 ( ) (𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟏 )+ 𝒌( ) 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟓 ]
𝟔 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟏
𝟒 ∆𝒙
Node 2 :
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐
∅ [𝟐𝒌(𝒍) 𝟔 + 𝒌( ) 𝟏 + 𝒌( ) 𝟑 ]
𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+!
𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟐
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝟐𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌( ) 𝟏 +𝒌( ) 𝟑 ]
𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( )
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 3 :
280
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑
∅ [𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟕 + 𝒌( ) 𝟐 + 𝒌( ) 𝟒 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟕 + 𝒌( ) 𝟐 +𝒌( ) 𝟒 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟑
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟑
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 4 :
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+!
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒
∅ [𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟑 ] + (𝟏 − ∅) [𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟑 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟒
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟒
𝟒 ∆𝒙
Node 5:
𝒑𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓
∅ [𝜺𝝈(𝒍)(𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟓 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏 +𝒌( ) 𝟗 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟔 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
(𝒑+𝟏)𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝜺𝝈(𝒍) (𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟓 )+ 𝒌( ) 𝟏 + 𝒌( ) 𝟗
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟓 𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟓
+ 𝒌(𝒍) ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟓
𝒍 𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 6 :⁡(𝚤𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓⁡𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆)
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟓 − 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟏𝟎 − 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟕 − 𝑻𝟔
∅ [𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) ]
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟓 − 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟏𝟎 − 𝑻𝟔
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍)
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻𝟕 − 𝑻𝟔 𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟔
+ 𝒌(𝒍) ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 (𝒍𝟐)
𝒍 ∆𝒙
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟕 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟕 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟕 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟕
∅ [𝒌(𝒍) 𝟑 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟔 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟖 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏 ]
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟖 − 𝑻𝟕
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍)
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟕 𝑻𝟕 − 𝑻𝟕
+ 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 (𝒍 ) 𝟐
𝒍 ∆𝒙
Node 8 :⁡
281
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟖 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟖 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟖
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟒 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌(𝒍) 𝟕 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟖 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟖 𝑻𝟕 − 𝑻𝟖
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) 𝟒 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌(𝒍) ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟖
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟖
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 9:
𝒑𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗
∅ [𝜺𝝈(𝒍)(𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟗 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟓 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟎 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
(𝒑+𝟏)𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝜺𝝈(𝒍) (𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟗 )+ 𝒌( ) 𝟓 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟏
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗 𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟗
+ 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟎 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟗
𝒍 𝟐 ∆𝒙
𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝑻𝟗 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝑻𝟏𝟏 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝑻𝟏𝟒 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎
∅ [𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) ]
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝑻𝟔 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟗 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟎
+ 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟒 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 (𝒍𝟐 ) 𝟏𝟎
𝒍 ∆𝒙
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏
∅ [𝒌(𝒍) 𝟕 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟐 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟓 ]
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝑻𝟕 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌(𝒍) + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟐
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟏
+ 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟓 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 (𝒍𝟐) 𝟏𝟏
𝒍 ∆𝒙
Node 12 :⁡
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐
∅ [𝒌 ( ) 𝟖 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒌 ( ) 𝟖 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻𝟏𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏𝟐
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( )
𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 13 :
282
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝒑𝟒 𝒍 𝒑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟑
∅ [𝜺𝝈 ( ) (𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ) + 𝒉 ( ) (𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟗 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟒 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 (𝒑+𝟏)𝟒 𝒍 𝒑+𝟏 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟑
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝜺𝝈 ( ) (𝑻𝟒∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ) + 𝒉 ( ) (𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟗
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟑
+ 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟒 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟏𝟑
𝟐 𝒍 𝟒 ∆𝒙
Node 14 :
𝒑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒
∅ [𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟑 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟓 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟎 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒑+𝟏 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟑 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟑 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒 𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟒
+ 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟎 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟏𝟒
𝒍 𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 15 :
𝒑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓
∅ [𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟓 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟒 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟔 + 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒑+𝟏 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒉(𝒍)(𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟓 ) + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟒 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓 𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟓
+ 𝒌(𝒍) 𝟏𝟏 ] = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟏𝟓
𝒍 𝟐 ∆𝒙
Node 16 :
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝒍 𝒑 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟔 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟔
∅ [𝒉 ( ) (𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟔 ) + 𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟓 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟐 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒑+𝟏
𝒍 𝒑+𝟏 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟔 𝒍 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟔
+ (𝟏 − ∅) [𝒉 ( ) (𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝟏𝟔 ) + 𝟐𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟓 + 𝒌 ( ) 𝟏𝟐 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 𝒍
𝒑+𝟏 𝒑
𝒍𝟐 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟏𝟔
= 𝝆𝑪𝒑 ( ) 𝟏𝟔
𝟒 ∆𝒙
PROBLEM: A 0.3 m x 0.3 m square shape is given with outside temperatures are 0 C, 100 C, 200 C
and 100 C as shown in the figure. If x=0.1 m and y= m, find temperatures T1,T2,T3 and T4 by
using finite difference formulation.
283
100 + 0 − 4𝑇1 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇2 = 0
0 + 300 − 4𝑇2 + 𝑇1 + 𝑇4 = 0
100 + 200 − 4𝑇3 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇4 = 0
200 + 300 − 4𝑇4 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 = 0

GAUSS ELIMINATION 4 UNKNOWN
-
4 1 1 0 T1 -100
1 -4 0 1 T2 -300
0 1 -4 1 T3 -300
0 1 1 -4 T4 -500
-
4 1 1 0 T1 -100
-0.25 0 -3.75 0.25 1 T2 -325
0 0 1 -4 1 T3 -300
0 0 1 1 -4 T4 -500
-
4 1 1 0 T1 -100
0 -3.75 0.25 1 T2 -325
- -
0.26667 0 0 -3.93333 1.266667 T3 386.667
- -
0.26667 0 0 1.066667 -3.73333 T4 586.667
-
4 1 1 0 T1 -100
0 -3.75 0.25 1 T2 -325
-
0 0 -3.93333 1.266667 T3 386.667
- -
0.27119 0 0 0 -3.38983 T4 691.525
T3 104
T4 152
T3 164
284
T4 204
4.2 METHOD OF LINES: A METHOD COMBINE FINITE DIFFERENCE AND

ONE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL D:E: SOLUTIONS
Method of lines, in general a method to combine finite difference method with one dimensional numerical
differential eqaution solving methods such as Runge Kutta Method. In order to explain the methods let us
consider two dimensional time dependent T(x,t) wall problem
Time dependent wall problem (conduction heat transfer)
Differential equation to be solved:
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
At x=0 t>0 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑑0 (𝑡)
At x=L t>0 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑑1 (𝑡)
At 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥)⁡
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝛼 =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
⁡ term will be approximated by using finite difference
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡)

≅ ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑛 = 1. . 𝑁 − 1
𝜕𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 2
285
𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡)
𝛼 ≅
∆𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛∆𝑥
Applying boundary condition yields:
𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡) 𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑑0 (𝑡)

𝑛 = 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 2
𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡) 𝑑1 (𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡)
𝑛 = 𝑁 − 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 2
At 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )⁡ 𝑛 = 1. . 𝑁 − 1
This creates vector of ordinary differential equation. Set of ordinary differential equation can be solved
by using a numerical method such as Runge-Kutta method.
RUNGE KUTTA METHODS
Figure 4.2.1 Carl Davis Tolme Runge and Martin Wilhelm Kutta
Runge-Kutta method as in most general form can be given as:

For differential form
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝜙(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 , ℎ)
Where h=∆𝑥 is step size and
𝑚
𝜙(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 , ℎ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑘𝑖
𝑖=1
Where 𝑘𝑖 is m dimensional vector calculated as
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑐𝑖 ℎ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1. . 𝑚
𝑖−1
𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑘𝑗 ⁡⁡⁡
𝑗=1
𝑖−1
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑐𝑖 ℎ⁡⁡, 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑘𝑗 ) ⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1. . 𝑚⁡

𝑗=1
or in open form
286
𝑘1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐1 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑘2 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐2 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎21 𝑘1 ℎ)
𝑘3 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐3 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎31 𝑘1 ℎ + 𝑎32 𝑘2 ℎ)
……
𝑘𝑚 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐𝑚 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎𝑚1 𝑘1 ℎ + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑘2 ℎ+. . +𝑎𝑚,𝑚−1 𝑘𝑚−1 ℎ)
In this equation a is constant values depends on polynamial degree of Runge-Kutta equation and coefficients
In numerical analysis books, coefficients are usually shown as Buthcher tableu which puts the coefficients of the
method in a table as follows:
𝑐1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 . . . 𝑎1𝑠
𝑐2 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 . . . 𝑎2𝑠
𝑐3 | 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 . . . 𝑎3𝑠
:| : : : ... :
𝑐𝑠 𝑎𝑠1 𝑎𝑠2 𝑎𝑠3 . . . 𝑎𝑠4
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 ... 𝑏𝑠
As it is seen from the equation the definition is very general. Depends on polynamial degree of Runge-Kutta
equation accuracy will improve. For example Runge-Kutta equation derived by using a second degree
polynomial (RK2) has the following form
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ(0.5𝑘1 + 0.5𝑘2 )
𝑘1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑘2 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑘1 ℎ)
This equation can be given as Buthcher tableu as:
0 0 0
1| 1 0
0.5 0.5
Second degree Ralston method:
1 2
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )
3 3
𝑘1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
3 3
𝑘2 = 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑘1 ℎ)
4 4
0 0 0
3/ 4 3/ 4 0
1/ 3 2 / 3
Runge-Kutta with third degree polynomial solution RK3:
1 4 1
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 )
6 6 6
𝑘1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑘2 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 0.5ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 0.5𝑘1 ℎ)
𝑘3 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑘1 ℎ + 2𝑘2 ℎ)
0 0 0 0
1/2 1/2 0 0
| −1 2 0
1
1/6 4/6 1/6
Runge-Kutta with fourth degree polynomial solution RK4:
287
1 2 2 1
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 + 𝑘4 )
6 6 6 6
𝑘1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑘2 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 0.5ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 0.5𝑘1 ℎ)
𝑘3 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 0.5ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 0.5𝑘2 ℎ)
𝑘4 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑘3 ℎ)
0 0 0 0 0
1/2 1/2 0 0 0
1/2| 0 1/2 0 0
|
1 0 0 1 0
1/6 2/6 2/6 1/6
Computer codes for Runge-Kutta solutions
public class Buthcher

{public double a[][];
public double b[][];
public double c[];
public Buthcher(double ai[][],double bi[][],double ci[])
{set(ai,bi,ci); }
public void set(double ai[][],double bi[][],double ci[])

{a=ai;b=bi;c=ci;}
public Buthcher(String isim)

{if(isim.equals("RK2"))
{double a2[][]={{0,0},{1,0}};
double b2[][]={{0.5,0.5}};
double c2[]={0,1};
set(a2,b2,c2);
}
else if(isim.equals("Raltston"))
{double a2[][]={{0,0},{3.0/4.0,0}};
double b2[][]={{1.0/3.0,2.0/3.0}};
double c2[]={1.0/6.0,4.0/6.0,1.0/6.0};
set(a2,b2,c2);
}
else if(isim.equals("RK3"))
{double a2[][]={{0,0,0},{0.5,0,0},{-1,2,0}};
double b2[][]={{1.0/6.0,4.0/6.0,1.0/6.0}};
double c2[]={0,0.5,1};
set(a2,b2,c2);
}
{double a2[][]={{0,0,0,0},{0.5,0,0,0},{0,0.5,0,0},{0,0,1,0}};
double b2[][]={{1.0/6.0,2.0/6.0,2.0/6.0,1.0/6.0}};
double c2[]={0,0.5,0.5,1};
set(a2,b2,c2);
}
{double a2[][]={{0,0,0,0,0,0},{0.25,0,0,0,0,0},{0.125,0.125,0,0,0,0},{0,-0.5,1,0,0,0},{3.0/16.0,0,0,9.0/16.0,0,0},{-
3.0/7.0,2.0/7.0,12.0/7.0,-12.0/7.0,8.0/7.0,0}};
double b2[][]={{7.0/90.0,0,32.0/90.0,12.0/90.0,32.0/90.0,7.0/90.0}};
double c2[]={0,0.25,0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0};
set(a2,b2,c2);
}
else if(isim.equals("RKV9"))
{ //Runge-Kutta-Verner 9uncu derece sabit adımlı metodu
int s=10;
double c[]=new double[s];
double a[][]=new double[s][s];
double bh[]=new double[s];
double bh1[]=new double[s];
c[0]=0;
c[1] = 0.;
c[2] = .6e-1;
c[3] = .9593333333333333333333333333333333333333e-1;
288
c[4] = .1439;
c[5] = .4973;
c[6] = .9725;
c[7] = .9995;
c[8] = 1.;
c[9] = 1.;
a[2][1] = .6e-1;
a[3][1] = .1923996296296296296296296296296296296296e-1;
a[3][2] = .7669337037037037037037037037037037037037e-1;
a[4][1] = .35975e-1;
a[4][2] = 0.;
a[4][3] = .107925;
a[5][1] = 1.318683415233148260919747276431735612861;
a[5][2] = 0.;
a[5][3] = -5.042058063628562225427761634715637693344;
a[5][4] = 4.220674648395413964508014358283902080483;
a[6][1] = -41.87259166432751461803757780644346812905;
a[6][2] = 0.;
a[6][3] = 159.4325621631374917700365669070346830453;
a[6][4] = -122.1192135650100309202516203389242140663;
a[6][5] = 5.531743066200053768252631238332999150076;
a[7][1] = -54.43015693531650433250642051294142461271;
a[7][2] = 0.;
a[7][3] = 207.0672513650184644273657173866509835987;
a[7][4] = -158.6108137845899991828742424365058599469;
a[7][5] = 6.991816585950242321992597280791793907096;
a[7][6] = -.1859723106220323397765171799549294623692e-1;
a[8][1] = -54.66374178728197680241215648050386959351;
a[8][2] = 0.;
a[8][3] = 207.9528062553893734515824816699834244238;
a[8][4] = -159.2889574744995071508959805871426654216;
a[8][5] = 7.018743740796944434698170760964252490817;
a[8][6] = -.1833878590504572306472782005141738268361e-1;
a[8][7] = -.5119484997882099077875432497245168395840e-3;
a[9][1] = .3438957868357036009278820124728322386520e-1;
a[9][2] = 0.;
a[9][3] = 0.;
a[9][4] = .2582624555633503404659558098586120858767;
a[9][5] = .4209371189673537150642551514069801967032;
a[9][6] = 4.405396469669310170148836816197095664891;
a[9][7] = -176.4831190242986576151740942499002125029;
a[9][8] = 172.3641334014150730294022582711902413315;
bh1[1] = .3438957868357036009278820124728322386520e-1;
bh1[2] = 0.;
bh1[3] = 0.;
bh1[4] = .2582624555633503404659558098586120858767;
bh1[5] = .4209371189673537150642551514069801967032;
bh1[6] = 4.405396469669310170148836816197095664891;
bh1[7] = -176.4831190242986576151740942499002125029;
bh1[8] = 172.3641334014150730294022582711902413315;
bh1[9] = 0.;
bh[ 1] = .4909967648382489730906854927971225836479e-1;
bh[ 2] = 0.;
bh[ 3] = 0.;
bh[ 4] = .2251112229516524153401395320539875329485;
bh[ 5] = .4694682253029562039431948525047387412553;
bh[ 6] = .8065792249988867707634161808995217981443;
bh[ 7] = 0.;
bh[ 8] = -.6071194891777959797672951465256217122488;
bh[ 9] = .5686113944047569241147603178766138153594e-1;
double b[][]={bh1,bh};
set(a,b,c);
}
else if(isim.equals("RKCK45"))
{ // Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg, Cash-Karp, Dormant-Price, Verner
int s=7;
double dydx=1.0;
c[2] = 0.2;
c[3] = 0.3;
289
c[4] = 0.6;
c[5] = 1;
c[6] = 7.0/8.0;
a[1][1] = 0;
a[2][1] = 0.2;
a[3][1] = 3.0/40.0;
a[3][2] = 9.0/40.0;
a[4][1] = 0.3;
a[4][2] = -9.0/10.0;
a[4][3] = 6.0/5.0;
a[5][1] = -11.0/54.0;
a[5][2] = 0.25;
a[5][3] = -70.0/27.0;
a[5][4] = 35.0/27.0;
bh1[1] = 37.0/378.0;
bh1[2] = 250.0/621.0;
bh1[3] = 125.0/591.0;
bh1[4] = 512.0/1771.0;
bh1[5] = 0.0;
bh2[1] = 2825.0/27648.0;
bh2[2] = 18575.0/48384.0;
bh2[3] = 13525.0/55296.0;
bh2[4] = 277.0/14336.0;
bh2[5] = 1.0/4.0;
double b[][]={bh1,bh2};
set(a,b,c);
}
else if(isim.equals("RKDP45"))
{// Runge-Kutta Dormant-Prince order 4-5
int s=8;
double dydx=1.0;
c[1]=0.0e0;
c[2]=0.2;
c[3]=0.3;
c[4]=0.8;
c[5]=8.0/9.0;
c[6]=1;
c[7]=1;
a[2][1]=0.2;
a[3][1]=3.0/40.0;
a[3][2]=9.0/40.0;
a[4][1]=44.0/45.0;
a[4][2]=-56.0/15.0;
a[4][3]=32.0/9.0;
a[5][1]=19372.0/6561.0;
a[5][2]=-25360.0/2187.0;
a[5][3]=64448.0/6561.0;
a[5][4]=-212.0/729.0;
a[6][1]=9017.0/3168.0;
a[6][2]=-355.0/33.0;
a[6][3]=46732.0/5247.0;
a[6][4]=49.0/176.0;
a[6][5]=-5103.0/18656.0;
a[7][1]=35.0/384.0;
a[7][3]=500.0/1113.0;
a[7][4]=125.0/192.0;
a[7][5]=-2187.0/6784.0;
a[7][6]=11.0/84.0;
bh1[1]=5179.0/57600.0;
bh1[2]=0;
bh1[3]=7571.0/16695.0;
bh1[4]=393.0/640.0;
bh1[5]=-92097.0/339200.0;
bh1[6]=187.0/2100.0;
bh1[7]=1.0/40.0;
bh2[1]=35.0/384.0;
290
bh2[2]=0;
bh2[3]=500.0/1113.0;
bh2[4]=125.0/192.0;
bh2[5]=-2187.0/6784.0;
bh2[6]=11.0/84.0;
bh2[7]=0.0;
double b[][]={bh1,bh2};
set(a,b,c);
}
else if(isim.equals("RKV13"))
{ //Runge-Kutta-Verner 13üncü derece sabit adımlı metodu
int s=14;
c[0]=0;
c[1] = 0.;
c[2] = .5e-1;
a[2][1] = .5e-1;
c[3] = .1065625;
a[3][1] = -.69931640625e-2;
a[3][2] = .1135556640625;
c[4] = .15984375;
a[4][1] = .399609375e-1;
a[4][2] = 0.;
a[4][3] = .1198828125;
c[5] = .39;
a[5][1] = .3613975628004575124052940721184028345129;
a[5][2] = 0.;
a[5][3] = -1.341524066700492771819987788202715834917;
a[5][4] = 1.370126503900035259414693716084313000404;
c[6] = .465;
a[6][1] = .4904720279720279720279720279720279720280e-1;
a[6][2] = 0.;
a[6][3] = 0.;
a[6][4] = .2350972042214404739862988335493427143122;
a[6][5] = .1808555929813567288109039636534544884850;
//
c[7] = .155;
a[7][1] = .6169289044289044289044289044289044289044e-1;
a[7][2] = 0.;
a[7][3] = 0.;
a[7][4] = .1123656831464027662262557035130015442303;
a[7][5] = -.3885046071451366767049048108111244567456e-1;
a[7][6] = .1979188712522045855379188712522045855379e-1;
c[8] = .943;
a[8][1] = -1.767630240222326875735597119572145586714;
a[8][2] = 0.;
a[8][3] = 0.;
a[8][4] = -62.5;
a[8][5] = -6.061889377376669100821361459659331999758;
a[8][6] = 5.650823198222763138561298030600840174201;
a[8][7] = 65.62169641937623283799566054863063741227;
c[9] = .9018020417358569582597079406783721499560;
a[9][1] = -1.180945066554970799825116282628297957882;
a[9][2] = 0.;
a[9][3] = 0.;
a[9][4] = -41.50473441114320841606641502701994225874;
a[9][5] = -4.434438319103725011225169229846100211776;
a[9][6] = 4.260408188586133024812193710744693240761;
a[9][7] = 43.75364022446171584987676829438379303004;
a[9][8] = .7871425489912310687446475044226307550860e-2;
c[10] = .909;
a[10][1] = -1.281405999441488405459510291182054246266;
a[10][2] = 0.;
a[10][3] = 0.;
a[10][4] = -45.04713996013986630220754257136007322267;
a[10][5] = -4.731362069449576477311464265491282810943;
a[10][6] = 4.514967016593807841185851584597240996214;
a[10][7] = 47.44909557172985134869022392235929015114;
a[10][8] = .1059228297111661135687393955516542875228e-1;
a[10][9] = -.5746842263844616254432318478286296232021e-2;
c[11] = .94;
a[11][1] = -1.724470134262485191756709817484481861731;
a[11][2] = 0.;
a[11][3] = 0.;
a[11][4] = -60.92349008483054016518434619253765246063;
291
a[11][5] = -5.951518376222392455202832767061854868290;
a[11][6] = 5.556523730698456235979791650843592496839;
a[11][7] = 63.98301198033305336837536378635995939281;
a[11][8] = .1464202825041496159275921391759452676003e-1;
a[11][9] = .6460408772358203603621865144977650714892e-1;
a[11][10] = -.7930323169008878984024452548693373291447e-1;
c[12] = 1.;
a[12][1] = -3.301622667747079016353994789790983625569;
a[12][2] = 0.;
a[12][3] = 0.;
a[12][4] = -118.0112723597525085666923303957898868510;
a[12][5] = -10.14142238845611248642783916034510897595;
a[12][6] = 9.139311332232057923544012273556827000619;
a[12][7] = 123.3759428284042683684847180986501894364;
a[12][8] = 4.623244378874580474839807625067630924792;
a[12][9] = -3.383277738068201923652550971536811240814;
a[12][10] = 4.527592100324618189451265339351129035325;
a[12][11] = -5.828495485811622963193088019162985703755;
c[13] = 1.;
a[13][1] = -3.039515033766309030040102851821200251056;
a[13][2] = 0.;
a[13][3] = 0.;
a[13][4] = -109.2608680894176254686444192322164623352;
a[13][5] = -9.290642497400293449717665542656897549158;
a[13][6] = 8.430504981764911142134299253836167803454;
a[13][7] = 114.2010010378331313557424041095523427476;
a[13][8] = -.9637271342145479358162375658987901652762;
a[13][9] = -5.034884088802189791198680336183332323118;
a[13][10] = 5.958130824002923177540402165388172072794;
a[13][11] = 0.;
a[13][12] = 0.;
bh[1] = .4431261522908979212486436510209029764893e-1;
bh[2] = 0.;
bh[3] = 0.;
bh[4] = 0.;
bh[5] = 0.;
bh[6] = .3546095642343226447863179350895055038855;
bh[7] = .2478480431366653069619986721504458660016;
bh[8] = 4.448134732475784492725128317159648871312;
bh[9] = 19.84688636611873369930932399297687935291;
bh[10] = -23.58162337746561841969517960870394965085;
bh[11] = 0.;
bh[12] = 0.;
bh[13] = -.3601679437289775162124536737746202409110;
double b[][]={bh};
set(a,b,c);
}
else if(isim.equals("RKF6"))
{ //Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 6ıncı derece sabit adımlı metodu
int s=7;
c[1] = 1;
c[2] = 0.2;
c[3] = 0.3;
c[4] = 0.6;
c[5] = 1;
c[5] = 7.0/8.0;
a[1][1] = 1;
a[2][1] = 0.2;
a[3][1] = 3.0/40.0;
a[3][2] = 9.0/40.0;
a[4][1] = 0.3;
a[4][2] = -9.0/10.0;
a[4][3] = 6.0/5.0;
a[5][1] = -11.0/54.0;
a[5][2] = 0.25;
a[5][3] = -70.0/27.0;
a[5][4] = 35.0/27.0;
bh[1] = 2825.0/27648.0;
292
bh[2] = 18575.0/48384.0;
bh[3] = 13525.0/55296.0;
bh[4] = 277.0/14336.0;
bh[5] = 1.0/4.0;
double b[][]={bh};
set(a,b,c);
}
}
}
import java.io.*;
import java.text.*;
public class Runge_Kutta
{
double a[][];
double b[][];
double c[];
double h;//step size
int n;//number of steps
public Runge_Kutta(double ai[][],double bi[][],double ci[])

{a=ai;b=bi;c=ci;}
public Runge_Kutta(Buthcher bu)

{a=bu.a;b=bu.b;c=bu.c;}
public Runge_Kutta(String isim)
{Buthcher bu=new Buthcher(isim);
a=bu.a;b=bu.b;c=bu.c;
}
public double[][] hesapla(String ss,double x0,double xn,double y0,double h)
{return hesapla(ss,x0,xn,y0,h,0);}
public double[][] hesapla(f_xy f,double x0,double xn,double y0,double h)

{return hesapla(f,x0,xn,y0,h,0);}
public double[][] hesapla(fs f,double x0,double xn,double y0,double h)

public double[][] hesapla(f_xy f,double x0,double xn,double y0,double hi,int bk)

{ h=hi;
n=(int)((xn-x0)/h);
double x[]=new double[n+1];
double y[]=new double[n+1];
int s=c.length;
double xi;
double yi;
double ki[]=new double[s];
x[0]=x0;y[0]=y0;
for(int ni=0;ni<n;ni++)
{for(int i=0;i<s;i++)
{ xi=x[ni]+c[i]*h;
yi=y[ni];
for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
{yi+=h*a[i][j]*ki[j];//System.out.println("xi(0)="+xi+"xi(j)="+yi+"i="+i+"j="+j+"ki="+ki[j]);
}
ki[i]=f.func(xi,yi);
}
y[ni+1]=y[ni];
for(int i=0;i<s;i++)
{y[ni+1]+=h*b[bk][i]*ki[i];}
x[ni+1]=x[ni]+h;
}
double XY[][]=new double[2][n+1];
XY[0]=x;
XY[1]=y;
return XY;
}
public double[][] hesapla(String ss,double x0,double xn,double y0,double hi,int bk)

{fs f=new fs(ss);
h=hi;
n=(int)((xn-x0)/h);
int s=c.length;
double xi;
293
double yi;
x[0]=x0;y[0]=y0;
{ xi=x[ni]+c[i]*h;
yi=y[ni];
{yi+=h*a[i][j]*ki[j];}
}
y[ni+1]=y[ni];
{y[ni+1]+=h*b[bk][i]*ki[i];}
x[ni+1]=x[ni]+h;
}
XY[0]=x;
XY[1]=y;
return XY;
}
public double[][] hesapla(fs f,double x0,double xn,double y0,double hi,int bk)
{ h=hi;
n=(int)((xn-x0)/h);
int s=c.length;
double xi;
double yi;
x[0]=x0;y[0]=y0;
{ xi=x[ni]+c[i]*h;
yi=y[ni];
{yi+=h*a[i][j]*ki[j];
}
}
y[ni+1]=y[ni];
{y[ni+1]+=h*b[bk][i]*ki[i];}
x[ni+1]=x[ni]+h;
}
XY[0]=x;
XY[1]=y;
return XY;
}
public static double[] tasi(double x1,double y1[])

{
int n1=y1.length;
double z[]=new double[n1+1];
z[0]=x1;
for(int i=1;i<=n1;i++)
{z[i]=y1[i-1];}
return z;
}
//çok boyutlu RK girişler N(toplam veri sayısı) veya h(step boyu) üzeriinden verilebilmektedir.
public double[][] hesapla(f_xi f,double x0,double xn,double y0[],double h)
public double[][] hesapla(f_xi f,double x0,double xn,double y0[],int ni)

{ n=ni;
h=(xn-x0)/ni;
return hesapla(f,x0,xn,y0,h,0);
}
public double[][] hesapla(f_xi f,double x0,double xn,double y0[],int ni,int bk)

{ n=ni;
h=(xn-x0)/ni;
return hesapla(f,x0,xn,y0,h,bk);
}
public double[][] hesapla(f_xi f,double x0,double xn,double y0[],double hi,int bk)
{ // bk index of k if more than one equation is existed
294
h=hi;
n=(int)((xn-x0)/h+1e-30);
int m=y0.length;
double y[][]=new double[n+1][m];
int s=c.length;
double xi;
double yi;
double z[]=new double[m+1];
x[0]=x0;
for(int ni=0;ni<=n;ni++)
{x[ni]=x0+ni*h;}
y[0]=y0;
{ for(int k=0;k<m;k++)
{
{ xi=x[ni]+c[i]*h;
z=tasi(xi,y[ni]);
{z[k+1]+=h*a[i][j]*ki[j];//System.out.println("xi(0)="+z[0]+"xi(j)="+z[k+1]+"i="+i+"j="+j+"ki="+ki[j]);
}
ki[i]=f.func(z,k);
}
y[ni+1][k]=y[ni][k];
{y[ni+1][k]+=h*b[bk][i]*ki[i];}
}
}
double XY[][]=new double[m+1][n+1];
XY[0]=x;
for(int k=0;k<m;k++)
{ for(int ni=0;ni<=n;ni++)
{XY[k+1][ni]=y[ni][k];}
}
return XY;
}

{
NumberFormat df=NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.US);
df.setMaximumFractionDigits(d);
df.setMinimumFractionDigits(d);
df.setGroupingUsed(false);
String s = df.format(left);
while (s.length() < w)
s = " " + s;
if (s.length() > w)
{
s = "";
for (int i=0; i<w; i++)
s = s + "-";
}
return s;
}

{int m=b[0].length;
int n=c.length;
int k=b.length;
String s="Buthcher table n = "+n+"\n";
{s+=toString(c[i],15,8)+" | ";
{s+=toString(a[i][j],15,8)+" ";}
s+="\n";
}
for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{s+="------------------";}
s+="\n ";
for(int i=0;i<k;i++)
{
{s+=toString(b[i][j],15,8)+" ";}
295
s+="\n ";
}
return s;
}
PROBLEM 4.13 METHOD OF LINES, HOMOGENEOUS, TIME DEPENDENT SOLUTION;

CARTESIAN COORDINATES, TWO DIMENSIONS

𝛼 ≅
∆𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑑0 (𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑡)

𝑛 = 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝛼 2
⁡⁡ ≅ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑑1 (𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡)
𝑛 = 𝑁 − 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝛼 ≅
∆𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
At 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )⁡ 𝑛 = 1. . 𝑁 − 1
L=1 m
at x=0 t>0 T1=20℃
at x=L t>0 T2=100℃
initial temperature (t=0) T2=50℃
COMPUTER CODES //======================================================

// Numerical Analysis package in java
// Partial differential equation solution
// Method of lines combined with
// Runge-Kutta-Verner 13 constant step method with
// multible differential equations
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
// dy1/dx=f(x,y1,y2,..,yn)
// dy2/dx=f(x,y1,y2,..,yn)
// ......
// dyn/dx=f(x,y1,y2,..,yn)
// Method of lines
import java.io.*;
class fm2 extends f_xi

{ double L;
int N;
double alpha;
double dx;
double C;
public fm2(double Li,int Ni,double alphai)
{L=Li;N=Ni;alpha=alphai;dx=L/(N-1);C=alpha/(dx*dx); }
//multivariable function
//lower limit x axis as a function of temperature
public double d0(double t)
296
{return 20.0;}
//upper limit x axis as a function of temperature
{return 100.0;}
//diferential equation set derived from finite difference formula
double func(double T[],int n)
{ double y=0;
if(n==0)
{y=C*(-2.0*T[1]+T[2])+C*d0(T[0]);}
else if(n==(N-3) )
{y=C*(-2.0*T[N-2]+T[N-3])+C*d1(T[0]);}
else
{y=C*(T[n]-2.0*T[n+1]+T[n+2]);}
return y;
}
}
class method_of_lines
{
{
double alpha=2e-5;
double L=1.0;
int N=40;
double dx=L/(N-1);
System.out.println("dx="+dx+"L="+L);
fm2 b1=new fm2(L,N,alpha);
double y[];
double T[]=new double[N-2];
double xx[]=new double[N];
// initial (t=0) temperature gradient
if_x f=x->40.0;
//initial conditions
// x axis
for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
{double x1=dx*i;
xx[i]=x1;
}
//initial temperature profile
for(int i=0;i<N-2;i++)
{double x1=dx*(i+1);
T[i]=f.func(x1);
}
//solution of partial differential equation
Buthcher bb=new Buthcher("RKV13");
Runge_Kutta rk=new Runge_Kutta(bb);
double a[][]=rk.hesapla(b1,0.0,3600,T,1.0);
double b[][]=Text.T(a);
Text.printT(a[0]);
int n=b.length;
int m=b[0].length;
297
System.out.println("n="+n+"m="+m);
double c[][]=new double[n][m+1];
for(int i=0;i<m+1;i++)
{c[0][i]=f.func(xx[i]);}
{ c[j][0]=b1.d0(a[0][j]);
c[j][m]=b1.d1(a[0][j]);
}
for(int i=1;i<m;i++)
{c[j][i]=b[j][i];}
}
double d[][]=Text.T(c);
Text.print(c,"c");
Text.print(c[0],"c0");
Text.print(xx,"xx");
Plot p=new Plot(xx,c[0]);
p.addData(xx,c[900]);
p.setPlabel("Heat Transfer wall T(x,t) method_of_lines solution");
p.setXlabel("wall thickness x m");
p.setYlabel("Temperature T degree C");
p.plot();
}
}
PROBLEM 4.14 METHOD OF LINES, HOMOGENEOUS, TIME DEPENDENT SOLUTION;

CARTESIAN COORDINATES, TWO DIMENSIONS
298
𝛼 ≅
∆𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑑0 (𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑡)

𝑛 = 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝛼 2
⁡⁡ ≅ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
∆𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑑1 (𝑡) − 2𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) + 𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑡)
𝑛 = 𝑁 − 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝛼 ≅
∆𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
At 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡𝑇(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )⁡ 𝑛 = 1. . 𝑁 − 1
Numerical Example 2
L=1 m
at x=0 t>0 T1(t)=20℃ +20t/3600
at x=L t>0 T2(t)=100℃ - 20t/3600
𝝅
initial temperature (t=0) T2(X)=40℃ + 𝟓𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒙)
𝟐
//======================================================
// Partial differential equation solution
// Method of lines combined with
// Runge-Kutta-Verner 13 constant step method with
// multible differential equations
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
// dy1/dx=f(x,y1,y2,..,yn)
// dy2/dx=f(x,y1,y2,..,yn)
// ......
// dyn/dx=f(x,y1,y2,..,yn)
// Method of lines
import java.io.*;

{ double L;
int N;
double alpha;
double dx;
double C;
public fm2(double Li,int Ni,double alphai)
{L=Li;N=Ni;alpha=alphai;dx=L/(N-1);C=alpha/(dx*dx); }
//lower limit x axis as a function of temperature
{return 20.0+20.0*t/3600.0;}
//upper limit x axis as a function of temperature
{return 100.0-20.0*t/3600.0;}
//diferential equation set derived from finite difference formula
double func(double T[],int n)
{ double y=0;
if(n==0)
{y=C*(-2.0*T[1]+T[2])+C*d0(T[0]);}
else if(n==(N-3) )
{y=C*(-2.0*T[N-2]+T[N-3])+C*d1(T[0]);}
else
299
{y=C*(T[n]-2.0*T[n+1]+T[n+2]);}
return y;
}
}
class method_of_lines
{
{
double alpha=2e-5;
double L=1.0;
int N=40;
double dx=L/(N-1);
System.out.println("dx="+dx+"L="+L);
fm2 b1=new fm2(L,N,alpha);
double y[];
double T[]=new double[N-2];
double xx[]=new double[N];
// initial (t=0) temperature gradient
if_x f=x->40.0+50*Math.sin(Math.PI*x/2.0);
//initial conditions
// x axis
{double x1=dx*i;
xx[i]=x1;
}
//initial temperature profile
for(int i=0;i<N-2;i++)
{double x1=dx*(i+1);
T[i]=f.func(x1);
}
//solution of partial differential equation
Buthcher bb=new Buthcher("RKV13");
Runge_Kutta rk=new Runge_Kutta(bb);
double a[][]=rk.hesapla(b1,0.0,3600,T,1.0);
double b[][]=Text.T(a);
Text.printT(a[0]);
int n=b.length;
int m=b[0].length;
System.out.println("n="+n+"m="+m);
double c[][]=new double[n][m+1];
for(int i=0;i<m+1;i++)
{c[0][i]=f.func(xx[i]);}
{ c[j][0]=b1.d0(a[0][j]);
c[j][m]=b1.d1(a[0][j]);
}
{c[j][i]=b[j][i];}
}
double d[][]=Text.T(c);
Text.print(c,"c");
Text.print(c[0],"c0");
Text.print(xx,"xx");
Plot p=new Plot(xx,c[0]);
//p.addData(xx,c[900]);
//p.addData(xx,c[1800]);
p.setPlabel("Heat Transfer wall T(x,t) method_of_lines solution");
300
p.setXlabel("wall thickness x m");
p.setYlabel("Temperature T degree C");
p.plot();
}
}
301
5.0 FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
5.1 FINITE ELEMENT

The simplest finite element will be the linear one dimensional element. The linear temperature variation in the
element is represented by:
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 where T is independent variable (tempearture if heat transfer problems are considered). Since
there are two arbitrary constants in the linear representation, it requires only two nodes to determine the values
of⁡𝛼1 , and⁡𝛼2 , namely,
Figure 5.1 linear one dimensional finite element

𝑇𝑖 = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥𝑖
𝑇𝑗 = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥𝑗
From the above equation we get
𝑇𝑖 𝑥𝑗 −𝑇𝑗 𝑥𝑖
𝛼1 =
𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖
𝑇𝑗 −𝑇𝑖
𝛼2 =
𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖
On substituting the values 1 , and  2 , into the main equation, we get

𝑇𝑖 𝑥𝑗 −𝑇𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑇𝑗 −𝑇𝑖
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 = + 𝑥 by rearranging the equation
𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑗 −𝑥 𝑥−𝑥𝑖
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑇𝑖 [ ] + 𝑇𝑗 [ ] or
𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖
𝑇
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 = [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 ] { 𝑖 }
𝑇𝑗
Where 𝑁𝑖 and 𝑁𝑗 ⁡are called shape functions or interpolation functions. Equation can be rewritten as
𝑇
𝑇 = [𝑁]{𝑇} where [𝑁] = [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 ] and {𝑇 } = {𝑇𝑖 }. This is basically linear interpolation formula that
𝑗
formulated in the shape function form. The derivative of the function can be easily formulated from this function
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑁𝑗 1 1
= 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 = [− ] 𝑇𝑖 + [ ]𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑗
𝑙 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑑𝑇 1 1 1 1 𝑇𝑖
𝑔= = [− ] 𝑇𝑖 + [ ] 𝑇𝑗 = [− ] { } = [𝐵]{𝑇}
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑇𝑗
If linear curve fitting representation will not be sufficient for the accuracy, degree of shape function can be
increased. Instead of linear approximation, a quadratic approximation can be used:
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑥 2
Figure 5.2 quadratic one dimensional finite element
𝑇𝑖 = 𝛼1
302
𝑙 𝑙 2
𝑇𝑗 = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 ( ) + 𝛼3 ( )
2 2
𝑇𝑘 = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑙 + 𝛼3 𝑙 2
substituting these values back into the equation gives:

𝑇𝑖
𝑇 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + +𝑁𝑘 𝑇𝑘 = [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑘 ] { 𝑇𝑗 }
𝑇𝑘
3𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁𝑖 = [1 − + ]
𝑙 𝑙2
4𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑁𝑗 = [ − ]
𝑙 𝑙2
𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁𝑘 = [− + ]
𝑙 𝑙2
The derivative of the function will be
𝑇𝑖
𝑑𝑇 4𝑥 3 4 8𝑥 1 4𝑥
𝑔= = [( − ) ( − 2 ) (− + 2 )] { 𝑇𝑗 } = [𝐵]{𝑇}
𝑑𝑥 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑇𝑘
By using a linear or non-linear simplex elements a surface curve fitting can be achieved. The simplest geometric
shape that can be employed to approximate irregular surfaces is the triangle and it is one of the popular elements
currently used in finite element calculations. The two-dimensional linear triangular element, also known as a
simplex element, is represented by
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑦
Figure 5.3 triangular finite element
where the polynomial is linear in x and y and contains three coefficients. Since a linear triangle has three nodes,
the values of α1, α2 and α3 are determined from
Ti=1+2xi+3yi
Tj=1+2xj+3yj
Tk=1+2xk+3yk
which results in the following:
1
𝛼1 = [(𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑗 )𝑇𝑖 + (𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑘 )𝑇𝑗 + (𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑖 )𝑇𝑘 ]
2𝐴
1
𝛼2 = [(𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 )𝑇𝑖 + (𝑦𝑘 − 𝑦𝑖 )𝑇𝑗 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )𝑇𝑘 ]
2𝐴
1
𝛼3 = [(𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑗 )𝑇𝑖 + (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑘 )𝑇𝑗 + (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝑇𝑘 ]
2𝐴
where ‘A’ is the area of the triangle given by
1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖
2𝐴 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [1 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 ] = (𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑖 ) + (𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑘 ) + (𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑗 )
1 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑘
Substituting the values of   and  into the equation and collating the coefficients
of Ti, Tj and Tk, we get
𝑇𝑖
𝑇 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + 𝑁𝑘 𝑇𝑘 = [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑘 ] { 𝑇𝑗 }
𝑇𝑘
1
𝑁𝑖 = [𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑖 𝑦]
2𝐴
303
1
𝑁𝑗 = [𝑎𝑗 + 𝑏𝑗 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑗 𝑦]
2𝐴
1
𝑁𝑘 = [𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑘 𝑦]
2𝐴
𝑎𝑖 = (𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑗 ) 𝑎𝑗 = (𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑘 ) 𝑎𝑘 = (𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑖 )

𝑏𝑖 = (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 ) 𝑏𝑗 = (𝑦𝑘 − 𝑦𝑖 ) 𝑏𝑘 = (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )
𝑐𝑖 = (𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑐𝑗 = (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑘 ) 𝑐𝑘 = (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )
If we evaluate Ni at node i, where the coordinates are (x i,yi), then we obtain Ni(xi,yi)=1 and similarly Ni(xj,yj)=0 ,
Ni(xk,yk)=0 Thus, we see that the shape functions have a value of unity at the designated vertex and zero at all
other vertices. It is possible to show that Ni+Nj+Nk=1 everywhere in the element, including the boundaries. Linear
simplex is given us a relatively simple way of interpolating any point in the surface (a linear interpolation). So the
temperature profile of The simplex element can be calculated as:
𝑇𝑖
𝑇 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 + +𝑁𝑘 𝑇𝑘 = [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑘 ] { 𝑇𝑗 } = [𝑁]{𝑇}
𝑇𝑘
The derivative of the temperature field can be given as:

𝜕𝑇
𝑇𝑖
1 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘
{𝑔} = 𝜕𝑥 = [ ] { 𝑇𝑗 } = [𝐵]{𝑇}
𝜕𝑇 2𝐴 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘
𝑇𝑘
{𝜕𝑦 }
Therefore heat transfer can be given as:
𝑇 𝑖
𝑞𝑥 𝑘 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘
{𝑞 } = −𝑘[𝐵]{𝑇} = − [ ] { 𝑇𝑗 }
𝑦 2𝐴 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘
𝑇𝑘
Integration of the finite element can be carried out as:
One dimensional integral: ⁡
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐!
∫ 𝑁𝑖𝑎 𝑁𝑗𝑏 𝑁𝑘𝑐 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑙
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 1)!
𝑙
Two dimensional integral ⁡
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐!
∫ 𝑁𝑖𝑎 𝑁𝑗𝑏 𝑁𝑘𝑐 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝐴
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2)!
𝐴
Different Finite elements can be defined the most common two dimensional element after tridigonal element is
quadrilateral elements. Quadrilateral element is described by
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑦 + 𝛼4 𝑥𝑦
Figure 5.4 quadrilateral finite element

A special case of this element, rectangular element is used commonly.
304
Figure 5.5 rectangular finite element
For this element shape function can be given as:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑁1 𝑇1 + 𝑁2 𝑇2 + 𝑁3 𝑇3 + 𝑁4 𝑇4
1
𝑁1 = (𝑏 − 𝑥)(𝑎 − 𝑦)
4𝑎𝑏
1
𝑁2 = (𝑏 + 𝑥)(𝑎 − 𝑦)
4𝑎𝑏
1
𝑁3 = (𝑏 + 𝑥)(𝑎 + 𝑦)
4𝑎𝑏
1
𝑁4 = (𝑏 − 𝑥)(𝑎 + 𝑦)
4𝑎𝑏
The derivatives can be expressed as follows:
𝜕𝑇 𝑇1
𝜕𝑥 −(𝑎 − 𝑦) (𝑎 − 𝑦) (𝑎 + 𝑦) −(𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑇2
{𝑔 } = [ ]{ }
𝜕𝑇 = [−(𝑏 − 𝑥) −(𝑏 + 𝑥) (𝑏 + 𝑥) (𝑏 − 𝑥) ] {𝑇3 } = 𝐵 𝑇
{𝜕𝑦 } 𝑇4
As the last thing in this part, let us consider a three dimensional simplex element as well. The linear temperature
representation of a tree-dimensional linear element ( tetrahedron) is given by:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑦 + 𝛼4 𝑧 The constatnt of equation can be solved in a simialar manner of 2D
simplex
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑁1 𝑇1 + 𝑁2 𝑇2 + 𝑁3 𝑇3 + 𝑁4 𝑇4
Where
1
𝑁𝑖 = [𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑖 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑧]
6𝑉
The volume of the simplex element is:
1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1
1 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
6𝑉 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝑦3 𝑧3 ]
1 𝑥3
1 𝑥4 𝑦4 𝑧4
𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥 𝑇1
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏4
𝜕𝑇 1 𝑇
{𝑔 } = = [ 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐4 ] { 2 } = [𝐵 ]{𝑇}
𝜕𝑦 6𝑉 𝑇3
𝜕𝑇 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 𝑑4
𝑇4
{ 𝜕𝑧 }
Therefore heat transfer can be given as:

𝑞𝑥 𝑇1
𝑘𝑥 0 0 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏4
𝑞 1 𝑇
{ 𝑦} = − [ 0 𝑘𝑦 0 ] [ 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐4 ] { 2 } = −[𝐷 ][𝐵 ]{𝑇 }
6𝑉 𝑇3
𝑞𝑧 0 0 𝑘𝑧 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 𝑑4 𝑇
4
305
Integration of the finite element can be carried out as:
Where:
1 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑏1 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [1 𝑦3 𝑧3 ] = (𝑦2 − 𝑦4 )(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 ) − (𝑦3 − 𝑦4 )(𝑧2 − 𝑧4 )
1 𝑦4 𝑧4
1 𝑦1 𝑧1
𝑏2 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [1 𝑦3 𝑧3 ] = (𝑦3 − 𝑦4 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧4 ) − (𝑦1 − 𝑦4 )(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 )
1 𝑦4 𝑧4
1 𝑦1 𝑧1
𝑏3 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [1 𝑦2 𝑧2 ] = (𝑦1 − 𝑦4 )(𝑧2 − 𝑧4 ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦4 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧4 )
1 𝑦4 𝑧4
𝑏4 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3
𝑥2 1 𝑧2
𝑐1 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝑥3 1 𝑧3 ] = (𝑥3 − 𝑥4 )(𝑧2 − 𝑧4 ) − (𝑥2 − 𝑥4 )(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 )
𝑥4 1 𝑧4
𝑥1 1 𝑧1
𝑐2 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝑥3 1 𝑧3 ] = (𝑥1 − 𝑥4 )(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 ) − (𝑥3 − 𝑥4 )(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 )
𝑥4 1 𝑧4
𝑥1 1 𝑧1
𝑐3 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝑥2 1 𝑧2 ] = (𝑥2 − 𝑥4 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧4 ) − (𝑥1 − 𝑥4 )(𝑧2 − 𝑧4 )
𝑥4 1 𝑧4
𝑐4 = −(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 )
𝑥2 𝑦2 1
𝑑1 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝑥3 𝑦3 1] = (𝑥2 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦4 ) − (𝑥3 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦4 )
𝑥4 𝑦4 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝑑2 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝑥3 𝑦3 1] = (𝑥3 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦1 − 𝑦4 ) − (𝑥1 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦4 )
𝑥4 𝑦4 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝑑3 = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 [𝑥2 𝑦2 1] = (𝑥1 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦4 ) − (𝑥2 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦1 − 𝑦4 )
𝑥4 𝑦4 1
𝑑4 = −(𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 )
Three dimensional integral

⁡ 𝑎!𝑏!𝑐!𝑑!
∫𝐴 𝑁1𝑎 𝑁2𝑏 𝑁3𝑐 𝑁4𝑑 𝑑𝑉 = (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑+3)! 6𝑉
5.2 SOLUTION OF HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION BY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Now general steady state general heat conduction equation can be investigated and converted into an integral
equation
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘 )+ (𝑘 )+𝑔=0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Boundary conditions
T=Tb on surface S1
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑥 𝑙⃗ + 𝑘𝑦 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑞 = 0 on surface S2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑥 𝑙⃗ + 𝑘𝑦 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗ + ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 0 on surface S3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Now that Galarkin integration method will be applied to our differention equation . The method requires that the
following expression will be satisfied
306
⁡
∫ 𝑤𝑘 𝐿(𝑇)𝑑=0

where  is the volume of the element. Substituring steady state heat conduction equation and finite element node
as weight factor into the galarkin integration equation gives:
⁡ 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
∫ 𝑁𝑘 [𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑘𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ) + 𝑔] 𝑑=0
Note that for finite element 𝑇 = [𝑁]{𝑇 } and integral can be converted by partial integration rule
⁡ 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 ⁡ 𝜕𝑇 ⁡ 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁
∫ 𝑁𝑘 [𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 )] 𝑑= ∫𝑆 𝑁𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑆 − ∫ 𝜕𝑥𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 ) 𝜕𝑥𝑚 𝑇𝑑
By applying
⁡
these equation becomes ⁡ ⁡
𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
− ∫ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ] {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑+ ∫ 𝑔𝑁𝑘 𝑑+ ∫ 𝑁𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
  𝑆
From
⁡
boundary conditions: ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
∫ 𝑁𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 (𝑞 + ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 )𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 𝑞𝑑𝑆 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑁𝑚 {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑𝑆 + ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑆 ⁡ 𝑆 ⁡ ⁡ 𝑆 ⁡ 𝑆 ⁡ 𝑆
𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚
− ∫ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ] {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑+ ∫ 𝑔𝑁𝑘 𝑑 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 𝑞𝑑𝑆 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑁𝑚 {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑𝑆 + ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
  𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
If this equation is written in matrix form:
[𝐾]{𝑇 } = {𝑓⁡} where ⁡
𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚
[𝐾] = − ∫ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ] 𝑑+ ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑁𝑚 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ 𝑆
{𝑓} = ∫ 𝑔𝑁𝑘 𝑑 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 𝑞𝑑𝑆 + ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆

 𝑆 𝑆
If equation⁡ put into the matrix ⁡ form:
[𝐾] = ∫[𝐵 ]𝑇 [𝐷 ][𝐵 ]𝑑 + ∫ ℎ [𝑁]𝑇 [𝑁]𝑑𝑆
 𝑆
Where
𝑘 0
[𝐷 ] = [ 𝑥 ]
0 𝑘𝑦
⁡ ⁡ ⁡
{𝑓} = ∫ 𝑔[𝑁 𝑑 − ∫[𝑁 ]𝑇 ]𝑇 𝑞𝑑𝑆 + ∫ ℎ[𝑁]𝑇 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆

 𝑆 𝑆
⁡ 𝑎 𝑘 𝑎!𝑏! ⁡ 2 0 2!0! 2𝑙 ⁡ 1!1! 𝑙
∫𝑙 𝑖 𝑗 𝑑𝑙
𝑁 𝑁 = (𝑎+𝑏+1)! 𝑙 𝑁 𝑁
∫𝑙 𝑖 𝑗 𝑑𝑙 = (2+0+1)! 𝑙 =
6
∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖1 𝑁𝑗1 𝑑𝑙 = (1+1+1)!
𝑙=
6
Matrix terms can be opened for two dimensional triangular element as:
𝑏𝑖2 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑘 𝑐𝑖2 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑘
𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑗 2 1 0 ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑗𝑘 0 1 0 ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑘𝑖 2 1 0
[𝐾 ] = {𝑘 [ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏𝑗2 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 ] + 𝑘𝑦 [ 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑗2 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘 ]} + [1 2 0] + [0 2 1] + [0 0 0]
4𝐴 𝑥 𝑖 𝑗 6 6 6
𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑘2 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑘2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2
𝑔𝐴𝑡 1 𝑞𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑗 1 𝑞𝑡𝑙𝑗𝑘 0 𝑞𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑘 1 ℎ𝑇𝑎 𝑡𝑙𝑗𝑘 0 ℎ𝑇𝑎 𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑘 1
{𝑓 } = {1} − { 1} − { 1} − {0} + + {1} + + {0}
3 2 2 2 2 2
1 0 1 1 1 1
PROBLEM 5.1 FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION, NON-HOMOGENEOUS, STEADY STATE

SOLUTION; CARTESIAN COORDINATES
A square plate with temperatures of 100 C in three sides and 200 C in the fourth side is given. Plate sides are given
as 1 m. Calculate the temperature profile
307
Java program:
public class element_number
{int number;
int ijk;
public element_number(int numberi,int ijki)
{
number=numberi;
if(ijki<=2) ijk=ijki;
else {ijk=0;System.out.println("wrong value");}
}
public boolean equals(element_number en)
{if(en.number==number && en.ijk==ijk) return true;
else return false;
}
public int getNumber() {return number;}
public int getIjk() {return ijk;}
public int[] output()
{int x[]={number,ijk};
return x;
}
}
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class setElement

{ ArrayList<element_number> en;
int no[];
int ij[];
public setElement()
{en=new ArrayList<element_number>();}
public void add(int n1,int ij1)
{element_number en=new element_number(n1,ij1);
add(en);
}
public void add(element_number s1)
{ //int n=en.size();
boolean b=false;
element_number s2;
Iterator n2=en.iterator();
while(n2.hasNext()&& !b)
{ s2=(element_number)n2.next();
b=s2.equals(s1);
}
if(!b) en.add(s1);
}
public int[][] output()

{
int n=en.size();
int a[][]=new int[n][2];
Iterator i=en.iterator();
int j=0;
while(i.hasNext()) {element_number el=(element_number)i.next();a[j]=el.output();j++;}
return a;
}
{setElement se=new setElement();
308
element_number en1=new element_number(11,0);
se.add(en1);
se.add(en2);
se.add(en3);
se.add(en4);
int a[][]=se.output();
Text.print(a);
}
}
import java.awt.*;
public class triangular_grid
{
public triangular_element te[];
public setElement se[];
public int N,M,K,K1,K2,Nm1,Mm1;
public double x[][];
public double y[][];
public double T[][];
public double Ti[];
public double xi[];
public double yi[];
public boolean bi[];
public double dx,dy;
public int Bx0[],BxM[],By0[],ByN[];
public double L,W;
public double min(double xi[][])
{ double min=1e200;
for(int i=0;i<xi.length;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<xi[0].length;j++)
{if(xi[i][j]<min) min=xi[i][j];}
}
return min;
}
public double max(double xi[][])
{double max=-1e200;
{if(xi[i][j]<max) max=xi[i][j];}
}
return max;
}
public triangular_grid(double xi[][],double yi[][])
{x=xi;
y=yi;
N=x.length-1;
M=x[0].length-1;
T=new double[N+1][M+1];
L=max(xi);
W=max(yi);
setElements();
}
public void generateTriangularGrid(double Li, double Wi,int Ni, int Mi)

{int i,j;
N=Ni;M=Mi;
L=Li;
W=Wi;
x=new double[N+1][M+1];
y=new double[N+1][M+1];
setElements();
}
public void setElements()

{ int i,j;
dx=L/M;
dy=W/N;
309
K=M*N;
K1=K*2;
K2=K1;
//grid points
xi=new double[K2];
yi=new double[K2];
Ti=new double[K2];
bi=new boolean[K2];
se=new setElement[K2];
for(i=0;i<K2;i++) {se[i]=new setElement();}
te=new triangular_element[K1];
int k1=-1,k=0,n=0,m=0;
for(n=0;n<=N;n++)
{ for(m=0;m<=M;m++)
{k=(N+1)*n+m;
x[n][m]=m*dx;y[n][m]=n*dy;
xi[k]=x[n][m];
yi[k]=y[n][m];
bi[k]=false;
Ti[k]=0.0;
}
}
for(n=0;n<N;n++)
{for(m=0;m<M;m++)
{ k=(N+1)*n+m;
int kp1=(N+1)*(n+1)+m;
int kp1p1= kp1+1;
double xi1[]={x[n][m],x[n][m+1],x[n+1][m]};
double yi1[]={y[n][m],y[n][m+1],y[n+1][m]};
k1++;
int n_point1[]={k,(k+1),kp1};
se[k].add(k1,0);
se[k+1].add(k1,1);
se[kp1].add(k1,2);
te[k1]=new triangular_element(k1,n_point1,xi1,yi1);
double xi2[]={x[n][m+1],x[n+1][m+1],x[n+1][m]};
double yi2[]={y[n][m+1],y[n+1][m+1],y[n+1][m]};
k1++;
int n_point2[]={k+1,kp1p1,kp1};
se[k+1].add(k1,0);
se[kp1p1].add(k1,1);
se[kp1].add(k1,2);
te[k1]=new triangular_element(k1,n_point2,xi2,yi2);
}
}
}
public triangular_grid(double Li, double Wi,int Ni, int Mi)
{generateTriangularGrid(Li,Wi,Ni,Mi);}
public int find_element(double z[])
{ return find_element(z[0],z[1]);}
public int find_element(double x,double y)
{double R1=Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y);
int kmin=0;
double min=1.0e50;
for(int k=0;k<K1;k++)
{ te[k].setN(x,y);
double r0=Math.sqrt((te[k].x[0]-x)*(te[k].x[0]-x)+(te[k].y[0]-y)*(te[k].y[0]-y));
double dr=Math.sqrt(r0*r0+r1*r1+r2*r2);
boolean b1=(x>=te[k].x[0]) && (x<=te[k].x[2]);
boolean b2=(y>=te[k].y[0]) && (y<=te[k].y[1]);
boolean b= b1 && b2;
if(dr<min) {min=dr;kmin=k;}
}
return kmin;
}
public void setConvection(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, double hi, double tinfi)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
int j=0;
for(int i=0;i<K1;i++)
{ j=te[i].setI(cond,L0,L,W0,W);
310
te[i].setConvection(j,hi,tinfi);
}
}
public void setHeatFlux(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, double qi)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
int j=-1;
te[i].setHeatFlux(j,qi);
}
}
/constant function temperature profile
public void setTemperature(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, double TTi)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
{ if(cond==0)
{if(xi[i]==L0) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==1)
{if(xi[i]==L) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==2)
{if(yi[i]==W0) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==3)
{if(yi[i]==W) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
}
}
//variable function temperature profile
public void setTemperature(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, if_x Tx)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
{ if(cond==0)
{if(xi[i]==L0) {Ti[i]=Tx.func(yi[i]);bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==1)
{if(xi[i]==L) {Ti[i]=Tx.func(yi[i]);bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==2)
{if(yi[i]==W0) {Ti[i]=Tx.func(xi[i]);bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==3)
{if(yi[i]==W) {Ti[i]=Tx.func(xi[i]);bi[i]=true;}}
}
} public void setHeatGeneration(int node[],double qgeni)
{ int n=node.length;
{te[node[i]].setHeatGeneration(qgeni);}
}
public void solve(double ti,double k[])

{
double K[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double KK[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double ff[]=new double[K2];
double KN[][]=new double[3][3];
double f[]=new double[K2];
double fN[]=new double[3];
{KN=te[i].K(ti,k);
fN=te[i].f(ti,k);
int n1=te[i].n_element;
int m[]=te[i].n_point;
{ for(int k1=0;k1<3;k1++)
{K[m[j]][m[k1]]+=KN[j][k1];KK[m[j]][m[k1]]=K[m[j]][m[k1]];}
f[m[j]]+=fN[j];
ff[m[j]]=f[m[j]];
}
}
//redesign K matrix and f vector if any known
//temperature boundary is given
//int j=0;
for(int j=0;j<K2;j++)
311
{
{ if(bi[i])
{
if(i==j)
{f[i]=Ti[i];K[i][j]=1.0;}
else
{
K[i][j]=0.0;}
//System.out.println("i="+i+"j="+j+"bi="+bi[i]+"Ti="+Ti[i]+"fi="+f[i]);
}
}//end of for
} //end of for
//System.out.println("K =\n"+Matrix.toString(K));
//System.out.println("f =\n"+Matrix.toStringT(f));
double TT[]=AXB(K,f);
int k1=0;
for(int n=0;n<=N;n++)
{ for(int m=0;m<=M;m++)
{k1=(N+1)*n+m;
T[n][m]=TT[k1];
}
}
}
//LU decomposition method

public static double[][] LU(double c[][],int indx[],int d[])
{
//returns LU decomposition of matrix c and index indx
double a[][];
int n=c.length;
a=new double[n][n];
double vv[];
vv=new double[n];
double sum,dum,big,temp;
int i,j,k;
int imax;
int nmax=100;
double tiny=1.0e-40;
imax=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
a[i-1][j-1]=c[i-1][j-1];
}
d[0]=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
big=0.0;
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(Math.abs(a[i-1][j-1])>big) big=Math.abs(a[i-1][j-1]);
}
if(big==0) {System.out.println("singular matrix");return a;}
vv[i-1]=1.0/big;
}
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
for(i=1;i<j;i++)
{
sum=a[i-1][j-1];
for(k=1;k<i;k++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][k-1]*a[k-1][j-1];
}
a[i-1][j-1]=sum;
}
big=0;
for(i=j;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=a[i-1][j-1];
for(k=1;k<j;k++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][k-1]*a[k-1][j-1];
}
a[i-1][j-1]=sum;
dum=vv[i-1]*Math.abs(sum);
312
if(dum>=big)
{
imax=i;
big=dum;
}
} //end of i=0
if(j != imax)
{
for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
{
dum=a[imax-1][k-1];
a[imax-1][k-1]=a[j-1][k-1];
a[j-1][k-1]=dum;
}
d[0]=-d[0];
vv[imax-1]=vv[j-1];
} //end of if
indx[j-1]=imax;
if(a[j-1][j-1]==0) a[j-1][j-1]=tiny;
if(j!=n)
{
dum=1.0/a[j-1][j-1];
for(i=j+1;i<=n;i++)
a[i-1][j-1]*=dum;
}//endif
} //end for j=
return a;
}
public static double[] LUaxb(double a[][],double x[],int indx[])
{
//solves AX=B system of linear equation of LU decomposed matrix a
//(calculated by method LU)
int ii=0;
int i,j,ll=0;
double sum=0;
int n=a.length;
double b[];
b=new double[n];
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
b[i-1]=x[i-1];
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
ll=indx[i-1];
sum=b[ll-1];
b[ll-1]=b[i-1];
if(ii!=0)
{
for(j=ii;j<=(i-1);j++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][j-1]*b[j-1];
}
}
else if(sum!=0) ii=i;
b[i-1]=sum;
}
for(i=n;i>=1;i--)
{
sum=b[i-1];
if(i<n)
{
for(j=(i+1);j<=n;j++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][j-1]*b[j-1];
}
}
b[i-1]=sum/a[i-1][i-1];
}
return b;
}
public void ContourPlot()
{ ContourPlot pp=new ContourPlot( x,y,T,16,true,"Finite element","x","y");
pp.plot();
}
public void surfacePlot()

313
{ double b[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0,L,0,W,T);
surfacePlot p1;
p1=new surfacePlot(b);
p1.plot();
}
public static double[] AXB(double a[][],double b[])
{
//Solution of system of linear equations by LU method
// note that the same calculation can be done by divide method.
Text.print(a,"K");
Text.print(b,"f");
int n=a.length;
int d[]={1};
int indx[]=new int[n];
double e[][]=new double[n][n];
e=LU(a,indx,d);
c=LUaxb(e,b,indx);
return c;
} //end of AXB
public static void main(String arg[]) //throws RemoteException, VisADException
{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=20.0;
triangular_grid tg=new triangular_grid(L,W,M,N);
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=100.0;
double Ti1=100.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=200.0;
tg.setTemperature(cond0,0.0,L,0.0,W,Ti0);
//tg.setConvection(cond3,0.0,L,0.0,W,hi,Ti3);
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
}}
314
One of the advantages of finite element methods is integration of boundary values into the basic differential
equation. It will allow to develop a general diferential equation solution packages, some commercial and public
Access packages are available to solve heat transfer problems. Some of the package programs are:
Package Web adres Commercial/public licence Company

COMSOL https://www.comsol.com Commercial licence COMSOL.ltd
ABACUS https://www.3ds.com/products- Commercial licence
services/simulia/products/abaqus/
NASTRAN https://www.autodesk.com/education/ Commercial licence /public AUTODESK
free-software/nastran licence available for students and
educators
Open Source Field Operation and https://openfoam.org/version/6/ Public licence OpenCFD Ltd
Manipulation (OpenFOAM)
ANSYS FLUENT https://www.ansys.com/products/fluid Comercial licence ANSYS
s/ansys-fluent
As an example, we will run comsol package to solve the previous problem
Model Wisard will be selected
2D will be selected
315
Heat transfer in solids will be selected and then push button then push study
button
Select Stationary (steady state heat transfer) and push button
Page will open to draw the shape. By using Geometry and Rectangle draw a square 1 m x 1 m
dimensions
Zoom extent to put square at the center of your drawing screen
316
Add material by using AddMaterial section
You will see the material (and thermopysical properties fort hat material) added into input section
From physics and boundaries select temperature boundary

317
Select top boundary and set temperature as 473.15 K
Repeat the same process (add a new temperature profile select the other surfaces) and select temperature
of other surfaces as 373.15 K
Select and push
318
Select and push
Problem solved and temperature profile is given
PROBLEM 5.2 NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME INDEPENDENT SOLUTION; CARTESIAN

COORDINATES, FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION
A second problem: In this one, three side temperatures specified as 100 C, and in the third side convective heat
transfer is existed.
319
{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20; //Number of division in x and y side
double hi=50.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=100.0;
double Ti1=100.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=200.0;
tg.setConvection(cond3,0.0,L,0.0,W,hi,Ti3);
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
tg.surfacePlot();
}
}
320
The same problem solved by comsol multiphysics finite element package:

A third problem: In this,one side temperatures specified as 100 C, and in second and third side convective heat
transfer is existed. In the fourth side heat flux is given
321
{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=50.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=100.0;
double Ti1=100.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double qi=-5000.0; //W/m2
tg.setHeatFlux(cond3,0.0,L,0.0,W,qi);
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
tg.surfacePlot();
}
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.0
102.15 102.25 102.34 102.42 102.50 102.56 102.61 102.65 102.68 102.69 102.70 102.69 102.68 102.65 102.61 102.56 102.5
104.30 104.51 104.69 104.86 105.00 105.13 105.23 105.31 105.37 105.40 105.41 105.40 105.37 105.31 105.23 105.13 105.0
106.47 106.78 107.06 107.31 107.53 107.72 107.87 107.99 108.08 108.13 108.15 108.13 108.08 107.99 107.87 107.72 107.5
108.68 109.09 109.47 109.80 110.09 110.34 110.55 110.71 110.82 110.89 110.91 110.89 110.82 110.71 110.55 110.34 110.0
110.92 111.44 111.91 112.33 112.70 113.01 113.27 113.47 113.61 113.70 113.73 113.70 113.61 113.47 113.27 113.01 112.7
113.20 113.83 114.41 114.91 115.36 115.74 116.05 116.29 116.46 116.57 116.60 116.57 116.46 116.29 116.05 115.74 115.3
115.55 116.29 116.96 117.56 118.08 118.53 118.89 119.18 119.38 119.50 119.54 119.50 119.38 119.18 118.89 118.53 118.0
117.96 118.82 119.60 120.29 120.89 121.40 121.82 122.14 122.38 122.52 122.57 122.52 122.38 122.14 121.82 121.40 120.8
120.45 121.43 122.31 123.10 123.78 124.36 124.84 125.21 125.47 125.63 125.68 125.63 125.47 125.21 124.84 124.36 123.7
123.04 124.14 125.13 126.01 126.78 127.43 127.96 128.37 128.67 128.85 128.91 128.85 128.67 128.37 127.96 127.43 126.7
125.73 126.95 128.06 129.04 129.89 130.61 131.20 131.66 131.98 132.18 132.25 132.18 131.98 131.66 131.20 130.61 129.8
128.53 129.89 131.12 132.20 133.13 133.93 134.57 135.07 135.43 135.65 135.72 135.65 135.43 135.07 134.57 133.93 133.1
131.47 132.97 134.31 135.50 136.52 137.39 138.09 138.63 139.02 139.26 139.33 139.26 139.02 138.63 138.09 137.39 136.5
134.56 136.20 137.67 138.96 140.07 141.01 141.76 142.35 142.77 143.02 143.10 143.02 142.77 142.35 141.76 141.01 140.0
137.81 139.61 141.20 142.60 143.80 144.80 145.61 146.24 146.68 146.95 147.04 146.95 146.68 146.24 145.61 144.80 143.8
141.26 143.22 144.94 146.44 147.72 148.78 149.65 150.31 150.78 151.06 151.15 151.06 150.78 150.31 149.65 148.78 147.7
144.93 147.05 148.90 150.50 151.85 152.97 153.88 154.57 155.06 155.35 155.45 155.35 155.06 154.57 153.88 152.97 151.8
148.87 151.15 153.12 154.80 156.22 157.38 158.32 159.04 159.54 159.84 159.94 159.84 159.54 159.04 158.32 157.38 156.2
153.13 155.57 157.63 159.37 160.83 162.02 162.98 163.71 164.23 164.53 164.64 164.53 164.23 163.71 162.98 162.02 160.8
157.84 160.36 162.46 164.22 165.69 166.90 167.87 168.60 169.12 169.43 169.53 169.43 169.12 168.60 167.87 166.90 165.6
322


{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=50.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=20.0;
double Ti1=20.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=200.0;
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
tg.surfacePlot();
}
}
323
324
Take: L=1 m W=1 m A=100 T=100x

/variable function temperature profile
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
{ if(cond==0)
else if(cond==1)
else if(cond==2)
else if(cond==3)
}
}
{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=10,M=10;
int K2=2*M*N;
double hi=50.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=0.0;
double Ti1=0.0;
double Ti2=0.0;
double dx=W/K2;
if_x Ti3=x->100.0*x/L;
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
tg.surfacePlot();
}
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
325
0 0.5 0.963 1.353 1.633 1.77 1.739 1.525 1.136 0.607 0
0 1.037 2 2.815 3.409 3.71 3.659 3.224 2.412 1.294 0
0 1.647 3.185 4.5 5.477 6.001 5.965 5.298 3.996 2.156 0
0 2.367 4.591 6.523 8 8.85 8.901 8.009 6.117 3.333 0
0 3.23 6.29 8.999 11.15 12.5 12.78 11.72 9.13 5.059 0
0 4.261 8.341 12.04 15.1 17.22 18 16.96 13.62 7.773 0
0 5.475 10.78 15.7 19.99 23.28 25.04 24.5 20.63 12.41 0
0 6.864 13.59 20 25.88 30.87 34.38 35.37 32 21.23 0
0 8.393 16.71 24.84 32.67 39.94 46.23 50.59 50.77 40.5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

326
Take: L=1 m W=1 m
Boundary conditions :
At x=0 T=0
At x=L T=0
At y=0 T=0
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎
at y=W 𝑻 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑳 𝑳
/variable function temperature profile
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
{ if(cond==0)
else if(cond==1)
else if(cond==2)
else if(cond==3)
}
}
{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=10,M=10;
int K2=2*M*N;
double hi=50.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=0.0;
double Ti1=0.0;
double Ti2=0.0;
double dx=W/K2;
if_x Ti3=x->100.0*x/L;
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
327
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
tg.surfacePlot();
}
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.898 1.708 2.349 2.761 2.902 2.761 2.349 1.708 0.898 0
0 1.885 3.583 4.929 5.791 6.088 5.791 4.929 3.583 1.885 0
0 3.058 5.812 7.991 9.386 9.866 9.386 7.991 5.812 3.058 0
0 4.535 8.615 11.84 13.9 14.61 13.9 11.84 8.615 4.535 0
0 6.469 12.27 16.85 19.76 20.76 19.76 16.85 12.27 6.469 0
0 9.065 17.17 23.51 27.54 28.92 27.54 23.51 17.17 9.065 0
0 12.62 23.82 32.5 37.96 39.83 37.96 32.5 23.82 12.62 0
0 17.61 32.98 44.7 51.99 54.46 51.99 44.7 32.98 17.61 0
0 24.85 45.79 61.33 70.84 74.04 70.84 61.33 45.79 24.85 0
0 36 64 84 96 100 96 84 64 36 0
Now time dependent general heat conduction equation can be investigated as a finite element equation
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘 )+ (𝑘 ) + 𝑔 − 𝜌𝐶𝑝 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
T=Tb on surface S1
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑥 𝑙⃗ + 𝑘𝑦 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑞 = 0 on surface S2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑥 𝑙⃗ + 𝑘𝑦 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗ + ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 0 on surface S3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
T=T0 on x=0
328
Galarkin integration method will be applied to our differential equation . The method requires that the
following expression will be satisfied
⁡
∫ 𝑤𝑘 𝐿(𝑇)𝑑=0 where  is the volume of the element.
⁡ 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
∫ 𝑁𝑘 [𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑘𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ) + 𝑔 − 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑡 ] 𝑑=0
𝜕𝑇 𝜕{𝑇}
Note that for finite element T=[N]{T} = [𝑁 ] and integral can be converted by partial integration
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
rule
⁡ ⁡ ⁡
𝜕𝛼2 𝜕𝛼1
∫ 𝛼1 [ ] 𝑑= ∫ 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑑𝑆 − ∫ [ ] 𝛼 𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
 𝑆 
⁡ 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 ⁡ 𝜕𝑇 ⁡ 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁
∫ 𝑁𝑘 [𝜕𝑥 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 )] 𝑑= ∫𝑆 𝑁𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑆 − ∫ 𝜕𝑥𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 ) 𝜕𝑥𝑚 𝑇𝑑
By applying
⁡
these equation becomes ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑇𝑚 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
− ∫ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ] {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑- ∫ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑁𝑘 𝑁𝑚 { } 𝑑 + ∫ 𝑔𝑁𝑘 𝑑+ ∫ 𝑁𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
   𝑆
From
⁡
boundary conditions: ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
∫ 𝑁𝑘 (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 (𝑞 + ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 )𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 𝑞𝑑𝑆 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑁𝑚 {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑𝑆 + ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑆 ⁡ 𝑆 ⁡ ⁡ 𝑆 ⁡ 𝑆 ⁡ ⁡𝑆
𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑇𝑚
− ∫ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ] {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑- ∫ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑁𝑘 𝑁𝑚 { } 𝑑 + ∫ 𝑔𝑁𝑘 𝑑 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 𝑞𝑑𝑆 − ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑁𝑚 {𝑇𝑚 }𝑑𝑆 + ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
   𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
If this equation is written in matrix form :
𝑑𝑇
[𝐶] { } + [𝐾]{𝑇} = {𝑓} where
𝑑𝑡
⁡
[𝐶] = ∫ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑁𝑘 𝑁𝑚 𝑑
⁡ 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 𝜕𝑁𝑘 𝜕𝑁𝑚 ⁡
[𝐾] = − ∫ [𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 𝑆
] 𝑑+ ∫ 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑁𝑚 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
⁡ ⁡ ⁡
{𝑓} = ∫ 𝑔𝑁𝑘 𝑑 − 𝑞𝑑𝑆 ∫𝑆 𝑁𝑘 + ∫𝑆 𝑁𝑘 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆
⁡ 𝑇
[𝐶] = ∫ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 [𝑁] [𝑁]𝑑
⁡ ⁡
[𝐾] = − ∫[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵]𝑑+ ∫𝑆 ℎ[𝑁]𝑇 [𝑁] 𝑑𝑆 where
𝑘 0
[𝐷] = [ 𝑥 ]
0 𝑘𝑦
⁡ ⁡ ⁡
{𝑓} = ∫ 𝑔[𝑁]𝑇 𝑑 − ∫𝑆[𝑁]𝑇 𝑞𝑑𝑆 + ∫𝑆[𝑁]𝑇 ℎ 𝑇𝑎 𝑑𝑆
Line integrals
⁡ 𝑎!𝑏! ⁡ 2!0! 2𝑙 ⁡ 1!1! 𝑙
∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖𝑎 𝑁𝑗𝑏 𝑑𝑙 = (𝑎+𝑏+1)! 𝑙 ∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖2 𝑁𝑗0 𝑑𝑙 = (2+𝑜+1)! 𝑙 = 6
∫𝑙 𝑁𝑖⁡ 𝑁𝑗⁡ 𝑑𝑙 = (1+1+1)! 𝑙 = 6
Area integrals
⁡ 𝑎!𝑏!𝑐!
∫𝐴 𝑁𝑖𝑎 𝑁𝑗𝑏 𝑁𝑘𝑐 𝑑𝐴 = (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+2)! 2𝐴
⁡ 2!0!0! 2𝐴 𝐴 ⁡ 1!1!0! 𝐴
∫𝐴 𝑁𝑖2 𝑁𝑗0 𝑁𝑘0 𝑑𝐴 = (2+0+0+2)! 2𝐴 = 12 = 6 ∫𝐴 𝑁𝑖1 𝑁𝑗1 𝑁𝑘0 𝑑𝐴 = (1+1+0+2)! 2𝐴 = 12
The basic equation is still a differential equation in time, therefore should be solved by using finite
difference method.
{𝑇}𝑝+1 −{𝑇}𝑝
[𝐶] {
∆𝑡
} + [𝐾]{𝑇}𝑝 + (1 − )[𝐾]{𝑇}𝑝+1 = {𝑓}
where 𝑡 = 𝑝∆𝑡 and  is implicit explicit-scheme. If =1 It is fully explicit scheme, If =0, it is fully
implicit scheme. =0.5⁡is called Crank-Nicolson method. Note that properties k,h,g,  , Cp and q can be
changed in each step as a function of temperature, but at each single step calculations, they can be
considered constant. When equation is arranged for p+1 time step (unknown) temperatures, it becomes
([𝐶] + (1 − )∆𝑡[𝐾]){𝑇}𝑝+1 = ([𝐶] − ∆𝑡[𝐾]){𝑇}𝑝 + ∆𝑡{𝑓}
Matrix terms can be opened for two dimensional triangular element as:
𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝐴𝑡 4 1 1
[𝐶] = [1 4 1]
12
1 1 4
329
𝑏𝑖2 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑘 𝑐𝑖2 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑘
𝑡 ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑗 2 1 0 ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑗𝑘 0 1 0 ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑘𝑖 2 1 0
[𝐾 ] = {𝑘 [ 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑗2 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 ] + 𝑘𝑦 [ 𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑗2 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘 ]} + [1 2 0] + [0 2 1] + [0 0 0]
4𝐴 𝑥 6 6 6
𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑗 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑘2 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑗 𝑐𝑘 𝑐𝑘2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2
𝑔𝐴𝑡 1 𝑞𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑗 1 𝑞𝑡𝑙𝑗𝑘 0 𝑞𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑘 1 ℎ𝑇𝑎 𝑡𝑙𝑗𝑘 0 ℎ𝑇𝑎 𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑘 1
{𝑓 } = {1} − { 1} − { 1} − {0} + + {1} + + {0}
3 2 2 2 2 2
1 0 1 1 1 1
Initial temperature profile will be defined and loaded into the program, and then Matrix will be solved and
temperature profiles for each time step will be calculated.
PROBLEM 5.7 NON-HOMOGENEOUS, TIME DEPENDENT SOLUTION; CARTESIAN

Plate initial temperature is Ti=50 ℃. (t=0). The plate exposed to 100 C temperature at 3 surfaces as shown in the
figure and convectve heat flowwith temperature 𝑇∞ =300 ℃ and thermal conductivity h=50 W/(m2K) (t>0).
Thermal conductivty of plate is k=51 W/(mK), specific heat Cp=490 J/(kgK) and density 𝜌=7800 kg/m3
Calculate temperature profile as a function of time.
public class triangular_element2

{
public double t; //Thickness of two dimensional element
public double a[],b[],c[];
public double x[],y[];//coordinates of data points
public double xc,yc; //center point
public double A; //Area
public double N[],B[][]; //Shape factor and derivative
public double Ti[]; //Temperature nodes
public int n_point[]; //point numbers
public int n_element; //element number
public double l[];
public boolean isconv[];
public boolean isheatflux[];
public boolean isheatgen;
public double h[];
public double Tinf[];
public double qflux[];
public double qgen;
public triangular_element2(int n_elementi,int n_pointi[],double xi[],double yi[])
{x=new double[3];
y=new double[3];
Ti=new double[3];
l=new double[3];//0:lij,1:ljk,2:lik
isconv=new boolean[3];
isheatflux=new boolean[3];
n_point=new int[3];
xc=0;yc=0;
isheatgen=false;
h=new double[3];
Tinf=new double[3];
qflux=new double[3];
n_element=n_elementi;
{n_point[i]=n_pointi[i];
330
x[i]=xi[i];y[i]=yi[i];
xc+=x[i];yc+=y[i];
isconv[i]=false;
isheatflux[i]=false;
h[i]=0.0;
Tinf[i]=0.0;
qflux[i]=0.0;
qgen=0.0;
}
xc/=3.0;
yc/=3.0;
a=new double[3];
b=new double[3];
c=new double[3];
N=new double[3];
B=new double[2][3];
a[0]=x[1]*y[2]-x[2]*y[1];
a[1]=x[2]*y[0]-x[0]*y[2];
a[2]=x[0]*y[1]-x[1]*y[0];
b[0]=y[1]-y[2];
b[1]=y[2]-y[0];
b[2]=y[0]-y[1];
c[0]=x[2]-x[1];
c[1]=x[0]-x[2];
c[2]=x[1]-x[0];
A=0.5*((x[0]*y[1]-x[1]*y[0])+(x[2]*y[0]-x[0]*y[2])+(x[1]*y[2]-x[2]*y[1]));
{ B[0][i]=1.0/(2.0*A)*b[i];
B[1][i]=1.0/(2.0*A)*c[i];
}
l[0]=Math.sqrt(b[2]*b[2]+c[2]*c[2]);
l[1]=Math.sqrt(b[0]*b[0]+c[0]*c[0]);
l[2]=Math.sqrt(b[1]*b[1]+c[1]*c[1]);
}
public double[][] K(double ti,double k[])

{t=ti;
double a0=t/(4.0*A)*k[0];
double a1=t/(4.0*A)*k[1];
double b0=t*h[0]*l[0]/6.0;
double b1=t*h[1]*l[1]/6.0;
double b2=t*h[2]*l[2]/6.0;
double K1[][]={{(a0*b[0]*b[0]+a1*c[0]*c[0]+2*b0+2.0*b2),
(a0*b[0]*b[1]+a1*c[0]*c[1]+b0),
(a0*b[0]*b[2]+a1*c[0]*c[2]+b2)},
{(a0*b[1]*b[0]+a1*c[1]*c[0]+b0),
(a0*b[1]*b[1]+a1*c[1]*c[1]+2*b0+2*b1),
(a0*b[1]*b[2]+a1*c[1]*c[2]+b1)},
{(a0*b[2]*b[0]+a1*c[2]*c[0]+b2),
(a0*b[2]*b[1]+a1*c[2]*c[1]+b1),
(a0*b[2]*b[2]+a1*c[2]*c[2]+2*b1+2*b2)}
};
return K1;
}
public double[] f(double ti,double k[])
{
t=ti;
double a0=qgen*A*t/3.0;
double b0=-qflux[0]*t*l[0]/2.0;
double c0= h[0]* Tinf[0]*t*l[0]/2.0;
double c1= h[1]* Tinf[1]*t*l[1]/2.0;
double c2= h[2]* Tinf[2]*t*l[2]/2.0;
double f1[]={(a0+b0+b2+c0+c2),(a0+b0+b1+c0+c1),(a0+b1+b2+c1+c2)};
return f1;
}
public double[][] C(double ti,double Cp,double ro)
{ t=ti;
double x=ro*Cp*A*t/12.0;
double cc[][]={{4.0*x,x,x},{x,4.0*x,x},{x,x,4.0*x}};
return cc;
}
public int setI(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W)
{
int i=100;
if(cond==0) //x=0
331
{if(x[0]==L0 && x[1]==L0) i=0;
else if(x[1]==L0 && x[2]==L0) i=1;
else if(x[0]==L0 && x[2]==L0) i=2;
else i=-1;
}
else if(cond==1) //x=L
{if(x[0]==L && x[1]==L) i=0;
else if(x[1]==L && x[2]==L) i=1;
else if(x[0]==L && x[2]==L) i=2;
else i=-1;
}
else if(cond==2) //y=0
{if(y[0]==W0 && y[1]==W0) i=0;
else if(y[1]==W0 && y[2]==W0) i=1;
else if(y[0]==W0 && y[2]==W0) i=2;
else i=-1;
}
else if(cond==3) //y=W
{if(y[0]==W && y[1]==W) i=0;
else if(y[1]==W && y[2]==W) i=1;
else if(y[0]==W && y[2]==W) i=2;
else i=-1;
}
return i;
}
public void setConvection(int i, double hi, double tinfi)

{if(i>=0 && i<=2)
{
h[i]=hi;Tinf[i]=tinfi;isconv[i]=true;
}
}
public void setHeatFlux(int i, double qi)

{if(i>=0 && i<=2 ){qflux[i]=qi;isheatflux[i]=true;} }
public void setHeatGeneration(double qgeni)

{qgen=qgeni;isheatgen=true;}
public void setN(double x,double y)
{for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{N[i]=1.0/(2.0*A)*(a[i]+b[i]*x+c[i]*y);}
}
public double[] q(double k)
{ double qi[]=new double[2];
{qi[0]+=-k*B[0][i]*Ti[i];
qi[1]+=-k*B[1][i]*Ti[i];
}
return qi;
}
public double[] q(double k,double Ti[])
{ //heat transfer
setT(Ti);
double qi[]=new double[2];
{qi[0]+=-k*B[0][i]*Ti[i];
qi[1]+=-k*B[1][i]*Ti[i];
}
return qi;
}
public void setN(double z[])

{setN(z[0],z[1]);}
public void setT(double TT[])
{for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{Ti[i]=TT[i];}
}
public double T(double x,double y)
{ //interpolation
double TT=0;
setN(x,y);
{TT+=N[i]*Ti[i];}
return TT;
}
public double T(double T[],double x,double y)

332
{ //set grid point temperatures and get interpolated value
setT(T);
setN(x,y);
double TT=0;
{TT+=N[i]*Ti[i];}
return TT;
}
public double T(double T[],double z[])
{ return T(T,z[0],z[1]);}
{
/*double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=16,M=16;
double hi=20.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=100.0;
double Ti1=100.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=500.0;
double qi=-5000.0;;
double k[]={50,50};
tg.solve(1,k);
Text.print(tg.T);
tg.ContourPlot();
//tg.Plot3D(0.0,L,0.0,W);
//tg.GridPlot(0.0,L,0.0,W);
tg.surfacePlot();
*/
}}
import java.awt.*;
public class triangular_grid2
{
public triangular_element2 te[];
public setElement se[];
public int N,M,K,K1,K2,Nm1,Mm1;
public double x[][];
public double y[][];
public double TT[][][];
public double Ti[];
public double xi[];
public double yi[];
public boolean bi[];
public double dx,dy,dt,time;
int Np;
//In this version it is assumed that Cp,k, and ro is constant
public int Bx0[],BxM[],By0[],ByN[];
public double L,W;
public double min(double xi[][])
{ double min=1e200;
{if(xi[i][j]<min) min=xi[i][j];}
}
return min;
}
public double max(double xi[][])
{double max=-1e200;
{if(xi[i][j]<max) max=xi[i][j];}
333
}
return max;
}
public triangular_grid2(double xi[][],double yi[][],double TTi[][],double dti,double timei)
{x=xi;
y=yi;
T=TTi;
N=x.length-1;
M=x[0].length-1;
L=max(xi);
W=max(yi);
setElements();
time=timei;
dt=dti;
Np=(int)((timei+0.00001)/dti);
TT=new double[Np+1][N+1][N+1];
}
public void generateTriangularGrid(double Li, double Wi,int Ni, int Mi)

{int i,j;
N=Ni;M=Mi;
L=Li;
W=Wi;
x=new double[N+1][M+1];
y=new double[N+1][M+1];
setElements();
}
public void setElements()

{ int i,j;
dx=L/M;
dy=W/N;
K=M*N;
K1=K*2;
K2=K1;
//grid points
xi=new double[K2];
yi=new double[K2];
Ti=new double[K2];
bi=new boolean[K2];
se=new setElement[K2];
for(i=0;i<K2;i++) {se[i]=new setElement();}
te=new triangular_element2[K1];
int k1=-1,k=0,n=0,m=0;
for(n=0;n<=N;n++)
{ for(m=0;m<=M;m++)
{k=(N+1)*n+m;
x[n][m]=m*dx;y[n][m]=n*dy;
xi[k]=x[n][m];
yi[k]=y[n][m];
bi[k]=false;
Ti[k]=0.0;
}
}
for(n=0;n<N;n++)
{for(m=0;m<M;m++)
{ k=(N+1)*n+m;
int kp1=(N+1)*(n+1)+m;
int kp1p1= kp1+1;
double xi1[]={x[n][m],x[n][m+1],x[n+1][m]};
double yi1[]={y[n][m],y[n][m+1],y[n+1][m]};
k1++;
int n_point1[]={k,(k+1),kp1};
se[k].add(k1,0);
se[k+1].add(k1,1);
se[kp1].add(k1,2);
te[k1]=new triangular_element2(k1,n_point1,xi1,yi1);
double xi2[]={x[n][m+1],x[n+1][m+1],x[n+1][m]};
double yi2[]={y[n][m+1],y[n+1][m+1],y[n+1][m]};
k1++;
int n_point2[]={k+1,kp1p1,kp1};
se[k+1].add(k1,0);
se[kp1p1].add(k1,1);
334
se[kp1].add(k1,2);
te[k1]=new triangular_element2(k1,n_point2,xi2,yi2);
}
}
}
public triangular_grid2(double Li, double Wi,int Ni, int Mi,double TTi[][],double dti,double timei)
{generateTriangularGrid(Li,Wi,Ni,Mi);
T=TTi;
time=timei;
dt=dti;
Np=(int)((timei+0.00001)/dti);
TT=new double[Np+1][N+1][N+1];
}
public int find_element(double z[])
{ return find_element(z[0],z[1]);}
public int find_element(double x,double y)
{double R1=Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y);
int kmin=0;
double min=1.0e50;
for(int k=0;k<K1;k++)
{ te[k].setN(x,y);
double dr=Math.sqrt(r0*r0+r1*r1+r2*r2);
boolean b1=(x>=te[k].x[0]) && (x<=te[k].x[2]);
boolean b2=(y>=te[k].y[0]) && (y<=te[k].y[1]);
boolean b= b1 && b2;
if(dr<min) {min=dr;kmin=k;}
}
return kmin;
}
public void setConvection(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, double hi, double tinfi)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
int j=0;
te[i].setConvection(j,hi,tinfi);
}
}
public void setHeatFlux(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, double qi)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
int j=-1;
te[i].setHeatFlux(j,qi);
}
}
public void setTemperature(int cond,double L0,double L,double W0,double W, double TTi)
{//cond 0: x==L0
//cond 1: x==L
//cond 2: y==W0
//cond 3: y==W
{ if(cond==0)
{if(xi[i]==L0) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==1)
{if(xi[i]==L) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==2)
{if(yi[i]==W0) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
else if(cond==3)
{if(yi[i]==W) {Ti[i]=TTi;bi[i]=true;}}
}
}
public void setHeatGeneration(int node[],double qgeni)
{ int n=node.length;
{te[node[i]].setHeatGeneration(qgeni);}
}
public void solve(double ti,double k[],double Cp,double ro,double fi)

335
{
double TT1[]=new double[K2];
double C[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double K[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double AA[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double AA1[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double BB[]=new double[K2];
double CK[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double KK[][]=new double[K2][K2];
double ff[]=new double[K2];
double CN[][]=new double[3][3];
double KN[][]=new double[3][3];
double f[]=new double[K2];
double fN[]=new double[3];
int k1=0;
{k1=(N+1)*n+m;
TT1[k1]=T[n][m];
TT[0][n][m]=T[n][m];
}
}
for(int ip=0;ip<Np;ip++)
{ //time steps
{KN=te[i].K(ti,k);
CN=te[i].C(ti,Cp,ro);
fN=te[i].f(ti,k);
int n1=te[i].n_element;
int m[]=te[i].n_point;
{ for(k1=0;k1<3;k1++)
{K[m[j]][m[k1]]+=KN[j][k1];KK[m[j]][m[k1]]=K[m[j]][m[k1]];
C[m[j]][m[k1]]+=CN[j][k1];CK[m[j]][m[k1]]=C[m[j]][m[k1]];
}
f[m[j]]+=fN[j];
ff[m[j]]=f[m[j]];
}
}
{for(int j=0;j<K2;j++)
{AA[i][j]=C[i][j]+(1.0-fi)*dt*K[i][j];AA1[i][j]=C[i][j]-fi*dt*K[i][j];}
BB[i]=f[i]*dt;
}
BB=add(multiply(AA1,TT1),BB);
//redesign AA matrix and BB vector if any known
//temperature boundary is given
//int j=0;
for(int j=0;j<K2;j++)
{
{ if(bi[i])
{
if(i==j)
{BB[i]=Ti[i];AA[i][j]=1.0;}
else
{
AA[i][j]=0.0;}
//System.out.println("i="+i+"j="+j+"bi="+bi[i]+"Ti="+Ti[i]+"fi="+f[i]);
}
}//end of for
} //end of for
//Text.print(K,"K");
//Text.print(C,"C");
//Text.print(f,"f");
TT1=AXB(AA,BB);
{k1=(N+1)*n+m;
T[n][m]=TT1[k1];
TT[ip+1][n][m]=TT1[k1];
}
}
} //end of time steps

}
public static double[][] multiply(double[][] left,double[][] right)
336
{
//multiplication of two matrices
int ii,jj,i,j,k;
int m1=left[0].length;
int n1=left.length;
int m2=right[0].length;
int n2=right.length;
//System.out.println(n1+"x"+m1+" "+n2+"x"+m2);
double b[][];
b=new double[n1][m2];
if(m1 != n2)
{
System.out.println("inner matrix dimensions must agree");
for(ii=0;ii<n1;ii++)
{
for(jj=0;jj<m2;jj++)
b[ii][jj]=0;
}
return b;
}
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m2;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<m1;k++){
//System.out.println(i+" "+j+" "+k);
b[i][j]+=left[i][k]*right[k][j];
//System.out.println(b[i][j]);
}
}
}
return b;
//end of multiply of two matrices
}
public static double[] multiply(double[][] left,double[] right)
{
//multiplication of one matrix with one vector
int ii,jj,i,j,k;
int n1=left.length;
int m2=right.length;
double[] b;
b=new double[m2];
if(n1 != m2)
{
System.out.println("inner matrix dimensions must agree");
for(ii=0;ii<n1;ii++)
{
b[ii]=0;
}
return b;
}
for(i=0;i<m1;i++)
{
b[i]=0;
for(k=0;k<n1;k++)
b[i]+=left[i][k]*right[k];
}
return b;
//end of multiply of a matrix and a vector
}
public static double[] add(double[] left,double[] right)
{
//addition of two vectors
int n1=left.length;
int nMax;
int i;
if(n1>=n2) nMax=n1;
else nMax=n2;
double b[];
b=new double[nMax];
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
{
b[i]=b[i]+left[i];
}
for(i=0;i<n2;i++)
337
{
b[i]=b[i]+right[i];
}
return b;
//end of vector addition method
}
//LU decomposition method
public static double[][] LU(double c[][],int indx[],int d[])
{
//returns LU decomposition of matrix c and index indx
double a[][];
int n=c.length;
a=new double[n][n];
double vv[];
vv=new double[n];
double sum,dum,big,temp;
int i,j,k;
int imax;
int nmax=100;
double tiny=1.0e-40;
imax=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
a[i-1][j-1]=c[i-1][j-1];
}
d[0]=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
big=0.0;
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(Math.abs(a[i-1][j-1])>big) big=Math.abs(a[i-1][j-1]);
}
if(big==0) {System.out.println("singular matrix");return a;}
vv[i-1]=1.0/big;
}
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
for(i=1;i<j;i++)
{
sum=a[i-1][j-1];
for(k=1;k<i;k++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][k-1]*a[k-1][j-1];
}
a[i-1][j-1]=sum;
}
big=0;
for(i=j;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=a[i-1][j-1];
for(k=1;k<j;k++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][k-1]*a[k-1][j-1];
}
a[i-1][j-1]=sum;
dum=vv[i-1]*Math.abs(sum);
if(dum>=big)
{
imax=i;
big=dum;
}
} //end of i=0
if(j != imax)
{
for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
{
dum=a[imax-1][k-1];
a[imax-1][k-1]=a[j-1][k-1];
a[j-1][k-1]=dum;
}
d[0]=-d[0];
vv[imax-1]=vv[j-1];
} //end of if
indx[j-1]=imax;
if(a[j-1][j-1]==0) a[j-1][j-1]=tiny;
338
if(j!=n)
{
dum=1.0/a[j-1][j-1];
for(i=j+1;i<=n;i++)
a[i-1][j-1]*=dum;
}//endif
} //end for j=
return a;
}
public static double[] LUaxb(double a[][],double x[],int indx[])
{
//solves AX=B system of linear equation of LU decomposed matrix a
//(calculated by method LU)
int ii=0;
int i,j,ll=0;
double sum=0;
int n=a.length;
double b[];
b=new double[n];
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
b[i-1]=x[i-1];
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
ll=indx[i-1];
sum=b[ll-1];
b[ll-1]=b[i-1];
if(ii!=0)
{
for(j=ii;j<=(i-1);j++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][j-1]*b[j-1];
}
}
else if(sum!=0) ii=i;
b[i-1]=sum;
}
for(i=n;i>=1;i--)
{
sum=b[i-1];
if(i<n)
{
for(j=(i+1);j<=n;j++)
{
sum-=a[i-1][j-1]*b[j-1];
}
}
b[i-1]=sum/a[i-1][i-1];
}
return b;
}
public void ContourPlot(double Tx[][], String ss)
{ ContourPlot pp=new ContourPlot( x,y,Tx,16,true,ss,"x","y");
pp.plot();
}
public void surfacePlot(double Tx[][])

{ double b[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0,L,0,W,Tx);
surfacePlot p1;
p1.plot();
}
public static double[] AXB(double a[][],double b[])
{
//Solution of system of linear equations by LU method
// note that the same calculation can be done by divide method.
//Text.print(a,"K");
//Text.print(b,"f");
int n=a.length;
int d[]={1};
int indx[]=new int[n];
double e[][]=new double[n][n];
e=LU(a,indx,d);
c=LUaxb(e,b,indx);
return c;
339
} //end of AXB

{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=50.0;
double Cp=490.0;
double ro=7800.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=100.0;
double Ti1=100.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=300.0;
double TT[][]=new double[N+1][M+1];
for(int i=0;i<=N;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<=M;j++)
TT[i][j]=50.0;
}
triangular_grid2 tg=new triangular_grid2(L,W,M,N,TT,10.0,10000.0);
//tg.setTemperature(cond3,0.0,L,0.0,W,Ti3);
double k[]={51,51};
double fi=0.5;
tg.solve(1,k,Cp,ro,fi);
//Take an output at every 2000 seconds

for(int ip=0;ip<=1000;ip++)
{if((ip%100)==0)
{ String s="time = "+ip*tg.dt+" seconds";
Text.print(tg.TT[ip],s);
tg.ContourPlot(tg.TT[ip],s);
}
}
//temperature profile t=10 s
tg.surfacePlot(tg.TT[1000]);
}}
340
341
time=10000 seconds
342
343
Plate initial temperature is 𝑻𝒊 = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒚) ℃. (t=0). The plate exposed to 100 C
temperature at 3 surfaces as shown in the figure and convectve heat flowwith temperature 𝑇∞ =300 ℃ and
thermal conductivity h=50 W/(m2K) (t>0). Thermal conductivty of plate is k=51 W/(mK), specific heat
Cp=490 J/(kgK) and density 𝜌=7800 kg/m3

{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=50.0;
double Cp=490.0;
double ro=7800.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=100.0;
double Ti1=100.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=300.0;
TT[i][j]=50.0+30.0*Math.sin(2.0*Math.PI*i*L/100.0)*Math.cos(2.0*Math.PI*j/100.0);
}
344
double k[]={51,51};
double fi=0.5;

{if((ip%100)==0)
}
}
}
345
346
Comsol solutions:
347
Plate initial temperature is Ti=50 ℃. (t=0). The plate exposed to 100 C temperature at the bottom surface and 75
℃ at the side surfaces as shown in the figure and convectve heat flow with temperature 𝑇∞ =300 ℃ and thermal
conductivity h=50 W/(m2K) (t>0). Thermal conductivty of plate is k=51 W/(mK), specific heat Cp=490
J/(kgK) and density 𝜌=7800 kg/m3

{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=50.0;
double Cp=490.0;
double ro=7800.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=75.0;
double Ti1=75.0;
double Ti2=100.0;
double Ti3=300.0;
348
TT[i][j]=50.0;
}
double k[]={51,51};
double fi=0.5;

{if((ip%100)==0)
}
}
}
349
350
Time=10000 seconds
T=10000 s 3-D temperature plot
351
Comsol finite element package results of this problem:
352
353
354
𝑥 𝑥2
Plate initial temperature is. (t=0). The plate exposed to 𝑇𝑖 = 150 + 400 ( − ) ⁡℃. temperature at the bottom
𝐿 𝐿2
surface and 150 ℃ at the side surfaces as shown in the figure and convectve heat flow with temperature 𝑇∞ =300
℃ and thermal conductivity h=50 W/(m2K) (t>0). Thermal conductivty of plate is k=50 W/(mK),
specific heat Cp=490 J/(kgK) and density 𝜌=7800 kg/m3

{double L=1.0;
double W=1.0;
int N=20,M=20;
double hi=50.0;
double Cp=490.0;
355
double ro=7800.0;
int cond0=0;//x==0
int cond1=1;//x==L
int cond2=2;//y==0
int cond3=3;//y==W
double Ti0=150.0;
double Ti1=150.0;
if_x Ti2=x->150.0+400.0/L*x-400/(L*L)*x*x;
double Ti3=300.0;
double dx=L/N;
double dy=W/M;
double x,y;
{ x=i*dx;
for(int j=0;j<=M;j++)
{y=j*dy;
TT[i][j]=50.0+400*(x/L-x*x/(L*L))*(y/W-y*y/(W*W));
}
}
double k[]={51,51};
double fi=0.5;

{if((ip%2)==0)
}
50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
50.00 50.90 51.71 52.42 53.04 53.56 53.99 54.32 54.56 54.70 54.75 54.70 54.56 54.32 53.99 53.56 53.04 52.42 51.71 50.90 50.00
50.00 51.71 53.24 54.59 55.76 56.75 57.56 58.19 58.64 58.91 59.00 58.91 58.64 58.19 57.56 56.75 55.76 54.59 53.24 51.71 50.00
50.00 52.42 54.59 56.50 58.16 59.56 60.71 61.60 62.24 62.62 62.75 62.62 62.24 61.60 60.71 59.56 58.16 56.50 54.59 52.42 50.00
50.00 53.04 55.76 58.16 60.24 62.00 63.44 64.56 65.36 65.84 66.00 65.84 65.36 64.56 63.44 62.00 60.24 58.16 55.76 53.04 50.00
50.00 53.56 56.75 59.56 62.00 64.06 65.75 67.06 68.00 68.56 68.75 68.56 68.00 67.06 65.75 64.06 62.00 59.56 56.75 53.56 50.00
50.00 53.99 57.56 60.71 63.44 65.75 67.64 69.11 70.16 70.79 71.00 70.79 70.16 69.11 67.64 65.75 63.44 60.71 57.56 53.99 50.00
50.00 54.32 58.19 61.60 64.56 67.06 69.11 70.70 71.84 72.52 72.75 72.52 71.84 70.70 69.11 67.06 64.56 61.60 58.19 54.32 50.00
50.00 54.56 58.64 62.24 65.36 68.00 70.16 71.84 73.04 73.76 74.00 73.76 73.04 71.84 70.16 68.00 65.36 62.24 58.64 54.56 50.00
50.00 54.70 58.91 62.62 65.84 68.56 70.79 72.52 73.76 74.50 74.75 74.50 73.76 72.52 70.79 68.56 65.84 62.62 58.91 54.70 50.00
50.00 54.75 59.00 62.75 66.00 68.75 71.00 72.75 74.00 74.75 75.00 74.75 74.00 72.75 71.00 68.75 66.00 62.75 59.00 54.75 50.00
50.00 54.70 58.91 62.62 65.84 68.56 70.79 72.52 73.76 74.50 74.75 74.50 73.76 72.52 70.79 68.56 65.84 62.62 58.91 54.70 50.00
50.00 54.56 58.64 62.24 65.36 68.00 70.16 71.84 73.04 73.76 74.00 73.76 73.04 71.84 70.16 68.00 65.36 62.24 58.64 54.56 50.00
50.00 54.32 58.19 61.60 64.56 67.06 69.11 70.70 71.84 72.52 72.75 72.52 71.84 70.70 69.11 67.06 64.56 61.60 58.19 54.32 50.00
50.00 53.99 57.56 60.71 63.44 65.75 67.64 69.11 70.16 70.79 71.00 70.79 70.16 69.11 67.64 65.75 63.44 60.71 57.56 53.99 50.00
50.00 53.56 56.75 59.56 62.00 64.06 65.75 67.06 68.00 68.56 68.75 68.56 68.00 67.06 65.75 64.06 62.00 59.56 56.75 53.56 50.00
50.00 53.04 55.76 58.16 60.24 62.00 63.44 64.56 65.36 65.84 66.00 65.84 65.36 64.56 63.44 62.00 60.24 58.16 55.76 53.04 50.00
50.00 52.42 54.59 56.50 58.16 59.56 60.71 61.60 62.24 62.62 62.75 62.62 62.24 61.60 60.71 59.56 58.16 56.50 54.59 52.42 50.00
50.00 51.71 53.24 54.59 55.76 56.75 57.56 58.19 58.64 58.91 59.00 58.91 58.64 58.19 57.56 56.75 55.76 54.59 53.24 51.71 50.00
50.00 50.90 51.71 52.42 53.04 53.56 53.99 54.32 54.56 54.70 54.75 54.70 54.56 54.32 53.99 53.56 53.04 52.42 51.71 50.90 50.00
50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
356
t=0 initial condition
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00 Series15
0.00 Series8
1 3 5
7 9 11 Series1
13 15 17
19 21
0.00-10.00 10.00-20.00 20.00-30.00 30.00-40.00

40.00-50.00 50.00-60.00 60.00-70.00 70.00-80.00
150.00 169.00 186.00 201.00 214.00 225.00 234.00 241.00 246.00 249.00 250.00 249.00 246.00 241.00 234.00 225.00 214.00 201.00 186.00 169.00 150.00
150.00 141.35 136.89 138.23 143.26 149.19 154.49 158.68 161.67 163.47 164.08 163.50 161.73 158.77 154.64 149.47 143.75 138.88 137.30 141.23 150.00
150.00 121.61 102.24 94.29 93.90 96.36 99.12 101.36 102.98 103.97 104.32 104.04 103.12 101.58 99.42 96.84 94.68 95.39 103.31 122.16 150.00
150.00 111.77 85.19 72.91 70.08 70.99 72.60 73.98 74.97 75.58 75.81 75.65 75.11 74.18 72.89 71.40 70.73 73.87 86.29 112.57 150.00
150.00 108.67 79.89 66.43 63.01 63.59 64.96 66.15 67.01 67.53 67.72 67.57 67.09 66.27 65.11 63.80 63.33 66.92 80.53 109.20 150.00
150.00 108.35 79.40 65.96 62.68 63.40 64.89 66.17 67.09 67.64 67.83 67.65 67.11 66.21 64.94 63.46 62.77 66.11 79.62 108.56 150.00
150.00 108.67 80.01 66.85 63.83 64.78 66.45 67.87 68.89 69.50 69.70 69.50 68.89 67.88 66.46 64.78 63.84 66.88 80.05 108.72 150.00
150.00 108.98 80.60 67.71 64.91 66.05 67.87 69.42 70.52 71.18 71.40 71.18 70.52 69.42 67.87 66.05 64.91 67.71 80.61 108.99 150.00
150.00 109.20 81.02 68.31 65.68 66.95 68.89 70.52 71.69 72.39 72.62 72.39 71.69 70.52 68.89 66.95 65.68 68.31 81.02 109.20 150.00
150.00 109.32 81.28 68.67 66.14 67.49 69.50 71.19 72.39 73.11 73.35 73.11 72.39 71.19 69.50 67.49 66.14 68.68 81.28 109.33 150.00
150.00 109.37 81.36 68.80 66.29 67.67 69.70 71.41 72.62 73.35 73.59 73.35 72.62 71.41 69.70 67.67 66.29 68.80 81.36 109.37 150.00
150.00 109.33 81.28 68.68 66.14 67.49 69.50 71.18 72.39 73.11 73.35 73.11 72.39 71.18 69.50 67.49 66.14 68.67 81.28 109.32 150.00
150.00 109.20 81.03 68.31 65.68 66.95 68.89 70.52 71.69 72.39 72.62 72.39 71.69 70.52 68.89 66.95 65.68 68.31 81.02 109.20 150.00
150.00 108.98 80.61 67.71 64.91 66.05 67.88 69.42 70.53 71.19 71.41 71.19 70.53 69.42 67.88 66.05 64.91 67.71 80.61 108.98 150.00
150.00 108.69 80.02 66.87 63.84 64.79 66.46 67.88 68.90 69.50 69.71 69.50 68.90 67.88 66.46 64.79 63.84 66.87 80.02 108.68 150.00
150.00 108.31 79.29 65.79 62.47 63.17 64.64 65.90 66.81 67.35 67.53 67.35 66.81 65.90 64.64 63.17 62.47 65.78 79.27 108.29 150.00
150.00 107.92 78.47 64.57 60.88 61.27 62.50 63.57 64.34 64.80 64.95 64.80 64.34 63.57 62.49 61.27 60.87 64.52 78.40 107.84 150.00
150.00 107.67 77.88 63.55 59.44 59.47 60.41 61.27 61.89 62.25 62.37 62.25 61.88 61.26 60.40 59.45 59.37 63.39 77.65 107.49 150.00
150.00 108.07 78.32 63.72 59.21 58.86 59.51 60.14 60.60 60.87 60.96 60.87 60.59 60.13 59.48 58.79 59.01 63.32 77.82 107.72 150.00
150.00 110.08 81.29 66.87 62.14 61.50 61.89 62.34 62.68 62.88 62.94 62.87 62.67 62.33 61.85 61.34 61.71 66.11 80.50 109.68 150.00
150.00 115.31 88.66 75.05 70.43 69.64 69.90 70.26 70.54 70.71 70.76 70.71 70.54 70.25 69.83 69.35 69.65 73.84 87.74 115.35 150.00
357
t=200 s
250.00
Temperature degree C
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
1 3 5 7 9 Se
11 13 15
17 19
21
xm
0.00-50.00 50.00-100.00 100.00-150.00 150.00-20
T=400 s
150.00 169.00 186.00 201.00 214.00 225.00 234.00 241.00 246.00 249.00 250.00 249.00 246.00 241.00 234.00 225.00 214.00 201.00 186.00 169.00 150.00
150.00 141.35 136.89 138.23 143.26 149.19 154.49 158.68 161.67 163.47 164.08 163.50 161.73 158.77 154.64 149.47 143.75 138.88 137.30 141.23 150.00
150.00 121.61 102.24 94.29 93.90 96.36 99.12 101.36 102.98 103.97 104.32 104.04 103.12 101.58 99.42 96.84 94.68 95.39 103.31 122.16 150.00
150.00 111.77 85.19 72.91 70.08 70.99 72.60 73.98 74.97 75.58 75.81 75.65 75.11 74.18 72.89 71.40 70.73 73.87 86.29 112.57 150.00
150.00 108.67 79.89 66.43 63.01 63.59 64.96 66.15 67.01 67.53 67.72 67.57 67.09 66.27 65.11 63.80 63.33 66.92 80.53 109.20 150.00
150.00 108.35 79.40 65.96 62.68 63.40 64.89 66.17 67.09 67.64 67.83 67.65 67.11 66.21 64.94 63.46 62.77 66.11 79.62 108.56 150.00
150.00 108.67 80.01 66.85 63.83 64.78 66.45 67.87 68.89 69.50 69.70 69.50 68.89 67.88 66.46 64.78 63.84 66.88 80.05 108.72 150.00
150.00 108.98 80.60 67.71 64.91 66.05 67.87 69.42 70.52 71.18 71.40 71.18 70.52 69.42 67.87 66.05 64.91 67.71 80.61 108.99 150.00
150.00 109.20 81.02 68.31 65.68 66.95 68.89 70.52 71.69 72.39 72.62 72.39 71.69 70.52 68.89 66.95 65.68 68.31 81.02 109.20 150.00
150.00 109.32 81.28 68.67 66.14 67.49 69.50 71.19 72.39 73.11 73.35 73.11 72.39 71.19 69.50 67.49 66.14 68.68 81.28 109.33 150.00
150.00 109.37 81.36 68.80 66.29 67.67 69.70 71.41 72.62 73.35 73.59 73.35 72.62 71.41 69.70 67.67 66.29 68.80 81.36 109.37 150.00
150.00 109.33 81.28 68.68 66.14 67.49 69.50 71.18 72.39 73.11 73.35 73.11 72.39 71.18 69.50 67.49 66.14 68.67 81.28 109.32 150.00
150.00 109.20 81.03 68.31 65.68 66.95 68.89 70.52 71.69 72.39 72.62 72.39 71.69 70.52 68.89 66.95 65.68 68.31 81.02 109.20 150.00
150.00 108.98 80.61 67.71 64.91 66.05 67.88 69.42 70.53 71.19 71.41 71.19 70.53 69.42 67.88 66.05 64.91 67.71 80.61 108.98 150.00
150.00 108.69 80.02 66.87 63.84 64.79 66.46 67.88 68.90 69.50 69.71 69.50 68.90 67.88 66.46 64.79 63.84 66.87 80.02 108.68 150.00
150.00 108.31 79.29 65.79 62.47 63.17 64.64 65.90 66.81 67.35 67.53 67.35 66.81 65.90 64.64 63.17 62.47 65.78 79.27 108.29 150.00
150.00 107.92 78.47 64.57 60.88 61.27 62.50 63.57 64.34 64.80 64.95 64.80 64.34 63.57 62.49 61.27 60.87 64.52 78.40 107.84 150.00
150.00 107.67 77.88 63.55 59.44 59.47 60.41 61.27 61.89 62.25 62.37 62.25 61.88 61.26 60.40 59.45 59.37 63.39 77.65 107.49 150.00
150.00 108.07 78.32 63.72 59.21 58.86 59.51 60.14 60.60 60.87 60.96 60.87 60.59 60.13 59.48 58.79 59.01 63.32 77.82 107.72 150.00
150.00 110.08 81.29 66.87 62.14 61.50 61.89 62.34 62.68 62.88 62.94 62.87 62.67 62.33 61.85 61.34 61.71 66.11 80.50 109.68 150.00
150.00 115.31 88.66 75.05 70.43 69.64 69.90 70.26 70.54 70.71 70.76 70.71 70.54 70.25 69.83 69.35 69.65 73.84 87.74 115.35 150.00
358
t=400 s
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00 Series1
Series13
0.00 Series7
1 3 5
7 9 11 Series1
13 15 17
19 21
xm
0.00-50.00 50.00-100.00 100.00-150.00
150.00-200.00 200.00-250.00
t=1000 s
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00 Series1
Series13
0.00 Series7
1 3 5
7 9 11 Series1
13 15 17
19 21
xm
0.00-50.00 50.00-100.00 100.00-150.00
150.00-200.00 200.00-250.00
359
6.0 FURTHER ANALYTICAL SOLUTION METHODS:
6.1 DUHAMEL’S THEOREM
Consider the three dimensional, nonhomogeneous heat conduction problem in a region R with time dependent
boundary condition function and heat generation in the form
1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) + 𝑘 𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝛼 in region R t>0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) on boundary Si
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) for t=0
This problem can not be solved with separation of variables methods described in previous problems
because of the non-homegeneous terms g(r,t) and fi(r,t). Therefore instead of solving this problem
directly, problem will be expressed in terms of solution of a simpler auxilary problem as follows: Let
(r,t,τ) be solution of the above problem on the assumption that the nonhomogeneous terms 𝑔(r,τ) and
𝑓𝑖 (r,τ) do not depend on time; namely , the variable τ is merely a parameter but not a time variable. Then
(r,t,τ) is the solution of the following auxilary problem
1 1 𝜕(r,t,τ)
∇2 (r,t,τ) + 𝑘 𝑔(𝑟, 𝜏) = 𝛼 in region R t>0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕(r,t,τ)
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 (r,t,τ) = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟, 𝜏) on boundary Si
𝜕𝑛𝑖
(r,t,τ) = 𝐹(𝑟) for t=0
This problem can be solved by using methods such as separation of variables. Then Duhamel’s theorem
relates the solution (r,t,τ)⁡and 𝑇 (𝑟, 𝑡)⁡by the following integral equation
𝜕 𝑡
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜕𝑡 ∫𝜏=0 (r,t-τ,τ)dτ
This result can also be expressed in the alternative form by performing the differential. Since
(𝑟, 𝑡 − 𝜏, 𝜏)|𝜏=𝑡 = (𝑟, 0, 𝜏) = 𝐹(𝑟)
𝑡 𝜕
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) + ∫𝜏=0 𝜕𝑡 (r,t-τ,τ)dτ
If the time function has an F(r) function with discontinuities such as:
360
Equation becomes:
𝑡 𝜕
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) + ∫𝜏=0 𝜕𝑡 (r,t-τ,τ)dτ + ∑𝑁−1
𝑗=0 (r,t-𝜏𝑗 ) ∆𝑓𝑗
After these initial definitions, now A heat transfer problem can be investigated
A slab of thickness L is initially at zero temperature. For times t>0 boundary surface at x=0 kept at zero
temperature, while the surface at x=L is subjected to a time varying temperature f(t) defined by
𝐹(𝑡)⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝜏1
𝑓(𝑡) = { }
0⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡⁡𝑡 > 𝜏1
Equation
𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
=𝛼 with boundary condition:
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t>0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) x=L t>0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿⁡
Becomes
𝜕2 (𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕(𝑥,𝑡)
=𝛼
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡
(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t>0
(𝑥, 𝑡) = 1 x=L t>0
(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 0⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿⁡
Problem divided into two part
(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑆𝑆 (𝑥)
Where
𝜕2 𝑆𝑆 (𝑥)
=0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 0 x=0
⁡𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 1 xL
𝜕𝑆𝑆 (𝑥)
= 𝐶1 𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 0 x=0 ➔C2=0
𝜕𝑥
1
𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = 1 x=L ➔C1=
𝐿
𝑥
𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) =
𝐿
𝜕 2 𝐻(𝑥,𝑡) 𝐻 1 𝜕 (𝑥,𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=0 t>0
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 x=L t>0
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = -𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 t=0
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)*(𝑡)
𝜕 2 X(𝑥) X(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 2 X(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
= = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 X(𝑥) 2 (𝑥)
+𝛽 X =0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
X(𝑥 ) = 0 x=0 t>0
361
X(𝑥 ) = 0 x=L t>0
X(𝑥 ) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥 )
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥))exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
X(𝑥 ) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽0) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽0) = 0 C1=0
𝑚𝜋
X(𝑥 ) = 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝐿 ) = 0 𝛽𝐿 = 𝑚𝜋 𝛽𝑚 =
𝐿
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞ 𝐶
𝑛=0 2 sin(𝛽𝑥) exp⁡(−𝛽 2
𝛼𝑡)
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = −𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) at t=0
-SS (x) = ∑∞ 2 ∞
n=0 Cn sin(β𝑛 x) exp(−𝛽𝑛 α0) = ∑n=0 Cn sin(β𝑛 𝑥)
𝑥
- = ∑∞ n=0 Cn sin(β𝑛 𝑥) from ortogonality condition
𝐿
𝐿 𝑥 𝐿
- ∫𝑥=0 sin(β𝑛 𝑥) dx = Cn ∫𝑥=0 sin2(β𝑛 𝑥) dx
𝐿
cos 2(β𝑛 𝑥) + sin2(β𝑛 𝑥) = 1
1−cos⁡(2β𝑛𝑥)
cos 2(β𝑛 𝑥) − sin2(β𝑛 𝑥) = cos⁡(2β𝑛 𝑥) sin2(β𝑛 𝑥) =
2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(β𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑢= 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(β𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=−
𝐿 𝐿 β𝑛
𝐿
𝑥 1 𝐿 1 𝐿 1−cos⁡(2β𝑛𝑥)
(β cos⁡(β𝑛 𝑥))| + ∫𝑥=0 cos(β𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = Cn ∫𝑥=0 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑛 𝐿β𝑛 2
𝑥=0
𝐿 1 𝐿 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2β𝑛𝑥)
𝐿
(β cos⁡(mπ)) + 𝛽 2 [sin(β𝑛 𝐿) − sin(β𝑛 0)] = Cn (2 − 4β𝑛
)
𝑛 𝑛
2
Cn = (−1)𝑛
𝐿β𝑛
2 (−1)𝑛
𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥) exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
𝐿 β𝑛
𝑥 2 (−1)𝑛
(𝑥, 𝑡)=𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑆𝑆 (𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥) exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
𝐿 𝐿 β𝑛
The function (𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝜏)is obtained by replacing t by 𝑡 − 𝜏 in equation
𝑥 2 (−1)𝑛
(𝑥, 𝑡) = + ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥) exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡 − 𝜏))
𝐿 𝐿 β𝑛
Duhamel theorem now can be applied to solve the problem. Remember that function to be considered
was
𝑓(𝑡)⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝜏1
𝑓(𝑡) = { }
0⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡⁡𝑡 > 𝜏1
For boundary condition T(x,t) = f(t) x=L t > 0

The solution for times 𝑡 < 𝜏1
𝑡 𝜕𝑓(𝜏) 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑏𝑡⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝜏1
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫𝜏=0 (𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 for a specific function (𝑡) = { }
𝜕𝜏 0⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡⁡𝑡 > 𝜏1
𝑡 𝑥 2 (−1)𝑛
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫𝜏=0 ( + ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝐶2 sin(β𝑛 𝑥) ∗ exp⁡(−𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡 − 𝜏))) 𝑏𝑑𝜏
𝐿 𝐿 β𝑛
The integration is performed to give
∞
𝑥𝑡 2 (−1)𝑛
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑏 + b ∑ 3 sin(β𝑛 𝑥) ∗
[1 − exp⁡(−αβ2𝑛 𝑡)]
𝐿 𝐿 αβ𝑛
𝑛=0
362
The solution for times t   1
Java solution for this problem is given as follows:
import java.util.*;
class fc extends f_xxi
{
public double func(double t,int i)
{
double ff=0;
if(i==0)
{
if(t<=10)ff=2.0*t;
df=20.0;
}
else ff=0.0;
return ff;
}
}
public class HT_duhamel1

{
//integration function
public static double intfr(double to,double t,double x,double L,double alpha)
{ double fi=x/L;
double bm=0;
int plusminus=-1;
for(int m=1;m<20;m++)
{ bm=m*Math.PI/L;
fi+=2.0/L*Math.exp(-alpha*bm*bm*(t-to))*plusminus/bm*Math.sin(bm*x);
plusminus*=-1;
}
//double T=x/Math.sqrt(4.0*Math.PI*alpha)*f(to)/Math.pow((t-to),1.5)*Math.exp(-x*x/(4.0*alpha*(t-to)));
return fi;
}
// analytic solution function
public static double intfr1(double t,double x,double L,double alpha)
{ double fi=2*x/L*t;
double bm=0;
int plusminus=-1;
{ bm=m*Math.PI/L;
fi+=4.0/L*plusminus/(bm*bm*bm*alpha)*(1.0-Math.exp(-alpha*bm*bm*t))*Math.sin(bm*x);
plusminus*=-1;
}
//double T=x/Math.sqrt(4.0*Math.PI*alpha)*f(to)/Math.pow((t-to),1.5)*Math.exp(-x*x/(4.0*alpha*(t-to)));
return fi;
}
//integral
//Gauss Kronrod integration formula
public static double integral(f_xxi f,int ii,double a,double b,double t,double x,double L,double alpha)
{
//eps hata miktari
int n=50;
double eps=1e-10;
int Aused=0;
boolean sonuc;
double integral=0;
double A[][];
int Aw = 0;
double toplamhata = 0;
double[] c;
double[] xg;
double[] xk;
int nn = 0;
int ng = 0;
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
int h = 0;
double v = 0;
double k1 = 0;
double k2 = 0;
double intg = 0;
double intk = 0;
double ta = 0;
double tb = 0;
363
Aw = 4;
A = new double[n-1+1][Aw-1+1];
nn = 61;
ng = 15;
c = new double[nn];
xk = new double[nn];
xg = new double[nn];
//Gauss katsayilari
xg[0] = 0.007968192496166605615465883474674;
xg[1] = 0.018466468311090959142302131912047;
xg[2] = 0.028784707883323369349719179611292;
xg[3] = 0.038799192569627049596801936446348;
xg[4] = 0.048402672830594052902938140422808;
xg[5] = 0.057493156217619066481721689402056;
xg[6] = 0.065974229882180495128128515115962;
xg[7] = 0.073755974737705206268243850022191;
xg[8] = 0.080755895229420215354694938460530;
xg[9] = 0.086899787201082979802387530715126;
xg[10] = 0.092122522237786128717632707087619;
xg[11] = 0.096368737174644259639468626351810;
xg[12] = 0.099593420586795267062780282103569;
xg[13] = 0.101762389748405504596428952168554;
xg[14] = 0.102852652893558840341285636705415;
c[0] = 0.999484410050490637571325895705811;
c[1] = 0.996893484074649540271630050918695;
c[2] = 0.991630996870404594858628366109486;
c[3] = 0.983668123279747209970032581605663;
c[4] = 0.973116322501126268374693868423707;
c[5] = 0.960021864968307512216871025581798;
c[6] = 0.944374444748559979415831324037439;
c[7] = 0.926200047429274325879324277080474;
c[8] = 0.905573307699907798546522558925958;
c[9] = 0.882560535792052681543116462530226;
c[10] = 0.857205233546061098958658510658944;
c[11] = 0.829565762382768397442898119732502;
c[12] = 0.799727835821839083013668942322683;
c[13] = 0.767777432104826194917977340974503;
c[14] = 0.733790062453226804726171131369528;
c[15] = 0.697850494793315796932292388026640;
c[16] = 0.660061064126626961370053668149271;
c[17] = 0.620526182989242861140477556431189;
c[18] = 0.579345235826361691756024932172540;
c[19] = 0.536624148142019899264169793311073;
c[20] = 0.492480467861778574993693061207709;
c[21] = 0.447033769538089176780609900322854;
c[22] = 0.400401254830394392535476211542661;
c[23] = 0.352704725530878113471037207089374;
c[24] = 0.304073202273625077372677107199257;
c[25] = 0.254636926167889846439805129817805;
c[26] = 0.204525116682309891438957671002025;
c[27] = 0.153869913608583546963794672743256;
c[28] = 0.102806937966737030147096751318001;
c[29] = 0.051471842555317695833025213166723;
c[30] = 0.000000000000000000000000000000000;
//Kronrod katsayilari
xk[0] = 0.001389013698677007624551591226760;
xk[1] = 0.003890461127099884051267201844516;
xk[2] = 0.006630703915931292173319826369750;
xk[3] = 0.009273279659517763428441146892024;
xk[4] = 0.011823015253496341742232898853251;
xk[5] = 0.014369729507045804812451432443580;
xk[6] = 0.016920889189053272627572289420322;
xk[7] = 0.019414141193942381173408951050128;
xk[8] = 0.021828035821609192297167485738339;
xk[9] = 0.024191162078080601365686370725232;
xk[10] = 0.026509954882333101610601709335075;
xk[11] = 0.028754048765041292843978785354334;
xk[12] = 0.030907257562387762472884252943092;
xk[13] = 0.032981447057483726031814191016854;
xk[14] = 0.034979338028060024137499670731468;
xk[15] = 0.036882364651821229223911065617136;
xk[16] = 0.038678945624727592950348651532281;
xk[17] = 0.040374538951535959111995279752468;
xk[18] = 0.041969810215164246147147541285970;
xk[19] = 0.043452539701356069316831728117073;
xk[20] = 0.044814800133162663192355551616723;
xk[21] = 0.046059238271006988116271735559374;
364
xk[22] = 0.047185546569299153945261478181099;
xk[23] = 0.048185861757087129140779492298305;
xk[24] = 0.049055434555029778887528165367238;
xk[25] = 0.049795683427074206357811569379942;
xk[26] = 0.050405921402782346840893085653585;
xk[27] = 0.050881795898749606492297473049805;
xk[28] = 0.051221547849258772170656282604944;
xk[29] = 0.051426128537459025933862879215781;
xk[30] = 0.051494729429451567558340433647099;
for(i=nn-1; i>=nn/2; i--)
{c[i] = -c[nn-1-i];}
{ xk[i] = xk[nn-1-i]; }
for(i=ng-1; i>=0; i--)
{ xg[nn-2-2*i] = xg[i];
xg[1+2*i] = xg[i];
}
for(i=0; i<=nn/2; i++)
{ xg[2*i] = 0; }
k1 = 0.5*(b-a);
k2 = 0.5*(b+a);
intg = 0;
intk = 0;
for(i=0; i<=nn-1; i++)
{ double tt=(k1*c[i]+k2);
v = intfr(tt,t,x,L,alpha)*f.dfunc(tt,ii);
intk = intk+v*xk[i];
if( i%2==1 )
{intg = intg+v*xg[i];}
}
intk = intk*(b-a)*0.5;
intg = intg*(b-a)*0.5;
A[0][0] = Math.abs(intg-intk);
A[0][1] = intk;
A[0][2] = a;
A[0][3] = b;
toplamhata = A[0][0];
if( toplamhata<eps )
{
sonuc = true;
integral = intk;
Aused = 1;
return integral;
}
Aused = 1;
for(h=1; h<=n-1; h++)
{
Aused = h+1;
gir(A, h, Aw);
toplamhata = toplamhata-A[h-1][0];
ta = A[h-1][2];
tb = A[h-1][3];
A[h-1][2] = ta;
A[h-1][3] = 0.5*(ta+tb);
A[h][2] = 0.5*(ta+tb);
A[h][3] = tb;
for(j=h-1; j<=h; j++)
{
k1 = 0.5*(A[j][3]-A[j][2]);
k2 = 0.5*(A[j][3]+A[j][2]);
intg = 0;
intk = 0;
for(i=0; i<=nn-1; i++)
{ double tt=(k1*c[i]+k2);
v = intfr(tt,t,x,L,alpha)*f.dfunc(tt,ii);
if( i%2==1 )
{ intg = intg+v*xg[i];}
}
intk = intk*(A[j][3]-A[j][2])*0.5;
intg = intg*(A[j][3]-A[j][2])*0.5;
A[j][0] = Math.abs(intg-intk);
A[j][1] = intk;
toplamhata = toplamhata+A[j][0];
}
cik(A, h-1, Aw);
cik(A, h, Aw);
365
{break;}
}
sonuc = toplamhata<eps;
integral = 0;
for(j=0; j<=Aused-1; j++)
{ integral = integral+A[j][1];}
return integral;
}
public static void gir(double A[][],int n,int Awidth)
{
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
double t = 0;
int maxcp = 0;
if( n==1 )
{ return; }
for(i=0; i<=Awidth-1; i++)
{ t = A[n-1][i];
A[n-1][i] = A[0][i];
A[0][i] = t;
}//end of for
p = 0;
while( 2*p+1<n-1 )
{ maxcp = 2*p+1;
if( 2*p+2<n-1 )
{ if( A[2*p+2][0]>A[2*p+1][0] )
{ maxcp = 2*p+2; }
}
if( A[p][0]<A[maxcp][0] )
{ for(i=0; i<=Awidth-1; i++)
{ t = A[p][i];
A[p][i] = A[maxcp][i];
A[maxcp][i] = t;
}
p = maxcp;
}
else
{ break; }
} //end of while
}
public static void cik(double A[][],int n,int Awidth)

{
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
double t = 0;
int kk = 0;
if( n==0 )
{return;}
p = n;
while( p!=0 )
{ kk = (p-1)/2;
if( A[p][0]>A[kk][0] )
{ t = A[p][i];
A[p][i] = A[kk][i];
A[kk][i] = t;
}
p = kk;
}
else
{break;}
}
}
public static double Tplus(double T1,double x,double t,double L,double alpha)
{ double to1=9.0;
double to2=20.0;
////to>to1
fc f=new fc();
double TT=T1+integral(f,0,0.0,to1,t,x,L,alpha)+
integral(f,0,to1,to2,t,x,L,alpha)+
intfr(to1,t,x,L,alpha)*f.df;
return TT;
}
public static double T(double T1,double x,double to,double t,double L,double alpha)
{ double to1=9.0;
366
double to2=20.0;
//to<to1
fc f=new fc();
double TT=T1+integral(f,0,0.0,to,t,x,L,alpha);
return TT;
}
{
double x=0.4; //m
double t=9.0;//s
double L=0.5; //m
double T1=20.0;// degree C;
double T=T(T1,x,t,t,L,alpha);
double T2=T1+intfr1(t,x,L,alpha);
double T3=Tplus(T1,x,t,L,alpha);
System.out.println("T="+T+"T2="+T2);
System.out.println("T3="+T3);
}
}
abstract class f_xxi extends Mathd

{
// example f=x*x
// pages 699-706
double df;
double c[][][];
double alpha[];
double h;
int M;
public double a[];
//constructors
public f_xxi(double ai[])
{setA(ai);
derivative_coef();
df=0;
}
public f_xxi()
{ double ai[]=new double[0];
setA(ai);
derivative_coef();
df=0;
}
public void setA(double ai[])

{int n=ai.length;
a=new double[n];
{a[i]=ai[i];}
}
// abstract function func
abstract public double func(double x,int i);
// 1st order derivative
public double dfunc(double x,int i)

{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=1;
return dfunc(x,i,n,h);
}
// nth order derivative
public double dfunc(double x,int i,int n)
{double h=1.0e-2;
return dfunc(x,i,n,h);
}
double dfunc(double x,int k,int N,double hi)

setH(hi);
367
double deriv=0;
double h1=1/h;
double h2=1;
{h2*=h1;}
{deriv+=c[M][i][N]*func(x+alpha[i]*h,k);}
return deriv*h2;
}
public void setH(double hi)

{h=hi;}
public void coef_out(int N)
{ double a[][]=new double[alpha.length][2];
for(int i=0;i<alpha.length;i++)
{a[i][0]=alpha[i];
a[i][1]=c[M][i][N];
}
String s1="Derivative coefficients for order of the highest derivative M = "+M;
String s[]=new String[2];
s[0]=""+'\u0394'+"x";
if(N==1){s[1]="df(x)/dx";}
else if(N==2) {s[1]="d"+'\u00B2'+"f(x)/dx"+'\u00B2';}
else if(N==3) {s[1]="d"+'\u00B3'+"f(x)/dx"+'\u00B3';}
else {s[1]="d("+N+")f(x)/dx"+N;}
Text.print(a,s,s1);
}
public void coef_out()
{ double a[][]=new double[alpha.length][M+1];
String s[]=new String[M+1];
s[0]=""+'\u0394'+"x";
{
if(j==1){s[1]="df(x)/dx";}
else if(j==2) {s[j]="d"+'\u00B2'+"f(x)/dx"+'\u00B2';}
else if(j==3) {s[j]="d"+'\u00B3'+"f(x)/dx"+'\u00B3';}
else {s[j]="d("+j+")f(x)/dx"+j;}
}
for(int i=0;i<alpha.length;i++)
{a[i][0]=alpha[i];
a[i][j]=c[M][i][j];
}
String s1="Derivative coefficients for order of the highest derivative M = "+M;
Text.print(a,s,s1);
}
public void setOrder(int Mi)
{M=Mi;}
public void derivative_coef()

{
h=0.0001;
double x0=0;
M=60;
double alphai[]={0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,13,-13,14,-14,15,
-15,16,-16,17,-17,18,-18,19,-19,20,-20,21,-21,22,-22,23,-23,24,-24,25,-25,26,-26,27,-27,28,-28,29,-29,30,-30,31,-31,32,-32,33,-33,34,-
34,35,-35,36,-36,37,-37,38,-38,39,-39,30,-40,41,-41};
alpha=alphai;
int N=alpha.length-1;
double delta[][][]=new double[N+1][N+1][M+1];
double c1,c2,c3;
delta[0][0][0]=1.0;
c1=1.0;
//for(int i=0;i<alpha.length;i++)
//{System.out.println(i+" "+alpha[i]);}
{ c2=1;
c2=c2*c3;
{ //System.out.println("n="+n+"m="+m+"nu="+nu);
if(m==0)
368
else
}//next m
}//next nu
{ if(m==0)
else
}//next m
c1=c2;
}//next n
c=delta;
}
public double dfunc_n(double x,int i,int n,double h)

{
double hh=1/h;
double df=0;
if(n==0) df=func(x,i);
else if(n==1)
{df=(3.0*func(x-4.0*h,i)-32.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)+168.0*func(x-2.0*h,i)-672.0*func(x-h,i)+672.0*func(x+h,i)-
168.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)+32.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)-3.0*func(x+4.0*h,i))/840.0*hh;}
else if(n==2)
{df=(-14350.0*func(x,i)-9.0*func(x-4*h,i)+128*func(x-3*h,i)-1008*func(x-2*h,i)+8064*func(x-h,i)+8064.0*func(x+h,i)-
1008.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)+128.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)-9.0*func(x+4.0*h,i))/5040.0*hh*hh;}
else if(n==3)
{df=(-7.0*func(x-4.0*h,i)+72.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)-338.0*func(x-2.0*h,i)+488.0*func(x-h,i)-488.0*func(x+h,i)+338.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)-
72.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)+7.0*func(x+4.0*h,i))/240.0*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==4)
{df=(2730.0*func(x,i)+7.0*func(x-4.0*h,i)-96.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)+676.0*func(x-2*h,i)-1952.0*func(x-h,i)-
1952.0*func(x+h,i)+676.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)-96.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)+7.0*func(x+4.0*h,i))/240.0*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==5)
{df=(func(x-4.0*h,i)-9.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)+26.0*func(x-2.0*h,i)-29.0*func(x-h,i)+29.0*func(x+h,i)-
26.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)+9.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)-func(x+4.0*h,i))/6.0*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==6)
{df=(-150.0*func(x,i)-func(x-4.0*h,i)+12.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)-52.0*func(x-2.0*h,i)+116.0*func(x-h,i)+116.0*func(x+h,i)-
52.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)+12.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)-func(x+4.0*h,i))/4.0*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==7)
{df=(-func(x-4.0*h,i)+6.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)-14.0*func(x-2.0*h,i)+14.0*func(x-h,i)-14.0*func(x+h,i)+14.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)-
6.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)+func(x+4.0*h,i))/2.0*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==8)
{df=(70.0*func(x,i)+func(x-4.0*h,i)-8.0*func(x-3.0*h,i)+28.0*func(x-2.0*h,i)-56.0*func(x-h,i)-56.0*func(x+h,i)+28.0*func(x+2.0*h,i)-
8.0*func(x+3.0*h,i)+func(x+4.0*h,i))*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else df=0;
return df;
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\java\bin\java.exe" HT_duhamel1
T=20.144848295310858T2=20.14484829531157
T3=19.428225405496892
6.2 GREEN FUNCTIONS
Consider the following three-dimensional nonhomogeneous boundary value problem of heat conduction:
1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡) = in region R t>0
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
With boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝑇 (𝑟, 𝑡)𝑖 = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) on Si t>0
𝜕𝑛𝑖
T(r,t)=F(r) for t=0
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
Where ⁡denotes differentiation along the outward-drawn normal to the boundary surface Si, i=1,2,3..N
𝜕𝑛𝑖
N is the continous boundary surfaces in the region. For generality it is assumed that the generation term g(r,t) and
boundary condition function fi(r,t) vary both position and time. In this equation k i and hi considered to be constant.
To solve the problem we will considered the following auxilary problem for the same region R
369
′ , 𝜏)
1 1 𝜕𝐺(𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟
∇ 𝐺(𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟′ , 𝜏) + 𝛿(𝑟 − 𝑟′ )𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜏) =
2
⁡⁡⁡⁡in region R t>
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
With boundary conditions
𝜕𝐺 (𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟′, 𝜏)
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝐺(𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟′ , 𝜏) = 0 on Si t>0
𝜕𝑛𝑖
In this equation G is called Green’s function. Obeying the casuality requirements the Green’s function G be zero
for t   . The source in equation is a unit impulsive source for the three-dimensional problem considered here.
The delta function , 𝛿(𝑟 − 𝑟 ′ ) represent a point heat source located at r’, while the 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜏)⁡indicates that its an
intantaneous heat source releasing its energy spontaneously at time t= In the case of three-dimensional transient
non-homogeneous heat conduction problem given by the equation above T(r,t) is expressed in terms of three-
dimensional Green’s function 𝐺(𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟 ′ , 𝜏)⁡as
⁡
Where R refers to entire volume of the region considered where Si refers boundary surface of the region R,
i=1,2,3..N. dv’ and ds’ refers differential volume and surface elements. If the same equation is written for two
dimensional problem:
⁡ 𝑡 ⁡ 𝑡 𝑁 ⁡
𝛼 1
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡 ) = ∫𝐺 (𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟 ′ , 𝜏)|𝜏=0 𝐹(𝑟 ′ )𝑑𝐴′ + ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟 ′ , 𝜏 )𝑔(𝑟 ′ , 𝜏 )𝑑𝐴′ + 𝛼 ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ∑ ∫𝐺 (𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟 ′ , 𝜏)|𝑟 ′=𝑟𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑙𝑖 ′
𝑘 𝑘𝑖
𝑅 𝜏=0 𝑅 𝜏=0 𝑖=1 𝑙𝑖
Where A is the area under consideration, li is the length of the boundary i for the region A⁡
And for one dimensional problem:
⁡ 𝑡 ⁡ 𝑡 2
𝛼 1
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡 ) = ∫𝑥′ 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 , 𝜏 )|𝜏=0 𝐹(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝑥′𝑃 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏)𝑔(𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝛼 ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ∑ 𝑥′𝑃 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )|𝑥 ′=𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
𝑃 ′ ′) ′
𝑘 𝑘𝑖
𝑅 𝜏=0 𝑅 𝜏=0 𝑖=1
Where x' P is the Sturm-Liouville weight function such that
0 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑃 = {1 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 } Here L refers to the thickness or radius of one dimensional region.
2 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
It should be note that these equations are given for the boundary conditions of the third kind i.e.
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑖 = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) on Si t>0
𝜕𝑛𝑖
If the boundary condition is heat flux (boundary condition of the second kind)
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) equation will remain the same but 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟, 𝑡) indicates the heat flux
𝜕𝑛𝑖
If the boundary condition is the temperature (boundary condition of the first kind)
𝐺
In this case 𝑘𝑖 = 0⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡ℎ𝑖 = 1⁡should be the desired conditions, but considering term in the equation will go the
𝑘𝑖
𝐺 1 𝜕𝐺
infinity. Therefore and equivalent term will be used and will be replaced by − also considering condition
𝑘𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝜕𝐺 𝐺
that ℎ𝑖 = 1, it will be − instead of in the equation.
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝑘𝑖
In order to solve the problem by using Green function approach requires to find the green function representation.
To achive that we can use the homogeneous part solution of the equation. Suppose solution of the homogeneous part
of a heat transfer problem is in the form of:
⁡
𝑇 (𝑟, 𝑡) = ∫𝑅 𝐾 (𝑟, 𝑟 ′ , 𝜏)𝐹(𝑟 ′ )𝑑𝑣′ and General green function solution of the first part is given as
⁡
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∫𝑅 𝐺 (𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟 ′ , 𝑡)|𝑡=0 𝐹 (𝑟 ′)𝑑𝑣′ That implies that
𝐺 (𝑟, 𝑡|𝑟 ′, 𝑡)|𝑡=0 = 𝐾 (𝑟, 𝑟 ′, 𝑡)
Let us consider an example now:
A slab, 0  x  L , is initially at temperature F(x). For times t>0 the boundaries at x=0 and x=l are maintained at
temperatures f1(t) and f2(t) respectively, whereas heat is generated in the medium at a rate of g(x,t) W/m3. Obtain an
expression and solve the equation
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
+ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡) = in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at x=0 t>0
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at x=L t>0
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) at 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 t=0
To determine appropriate Green’s function, we consider the homogeneous version of this problem as
𝜕 2 𝜑(𝑥,𝑡) 1 1 𝜕𝜑(𝑥,𝑡)
+ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡 ) = in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
( )
𝜑 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓1 (𝑡) at x=0 t>0
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓2 (𝑡) at x=L t>0
370
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) at 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 t=0
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑋 (𝑥 ) 𝑋 (𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑡)
( 𝑡 ) =
2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
2 = = −𝛽 2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 2
+ 𝛽 𝑋 (𝑥 ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽 2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝑋(𝑥 ) = 0 x=0 t>0
𝑋(𝑥 ) = 0 x=L t>0
𝑋(𝑥 ) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥 )
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp⁡(−𝛽 2 𝛼𝑡)
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = [𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥 )]exp⁡(−𝛽 2 𝛼𝑡)

𝑋(𝑥 ) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽0) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽0) = 0 C1=0
𝑋(𝑥 ) = 𝐶1 sin(𝛽𝐿 ) = 0
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = [𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑥 )]exp⁡(−𝛽 2 𝛼𝑡)
𝜑𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑∞ 2
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 sin (𝛽𝑛 𝑥 ) exp⁡(−𝛽𝑛 𝛼𝑡)
t=0 𝜑𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0⁡⁡⁡ sin(𝛽𝑛 𝑥 ) = 0
𝑛𝜋
𝛽𝑛 =
𝐿
 ( x, t ) = F ( x) in 0  x  L for t=0

F ( x) =  Cn sin(  m x)
n =0
from ortogonality condition
L L
x =0
F ( x) sin(  m x)dx = Cm  sin 2 (  m x)dx
x =0
cos (  m x) + sin (  m x) = 1
2 2
1 − cos( 2 m x)
cos 2 ( m x) − sin 2 ( m x) = cos(2 m x) ➔ sin (  m x) =
2
2
1 − cos( 2  m x)
L
L
 x =0
F ( x) sin(  m x)dx = Cm
x =0
 2
dx
L  L sin(2  m x)   L sin(2m )  L
 F ( x) sin(  m x)dx = Cm  −
x =0
2 4 m
 = Cm  −
 2
 = Cm
4 m  2
2 L
Cm =  F ( x) sin(  m x)dx
L x =0
2  
L
 ( x, t ) =   sin(  m x) * exp( −  m2t )  sin(  m x' ) F ( x' )dx'
 L m =1  x '= 0
2   m
L
 ( x, t ) =   L  sin(  m x) * exp( −  mt ) sin(  m x' ) F ( x' )dx' where  m = L m=1,2,3,..
2
x '= 0  m =1 
the solution of problem in terms of Green’s function is given as:
T ( x, t ) =  G ( x, t x ' ,  ) F ( x' )dx' A comparison of the equations yields

L  =0
371
2 
G ( x, t x ' ,  )  = 0 = 
L n =0
sin(  m x) * sin(  m x' ) exp( −  m2t )
The desired Green function is obtained by replacing t with t −  in the equation so that
 

2
G ( x, t x ' ,  ) = 
L n =0
sin(  m x) * sin(  m x' ) exp −  m2 (t −  )
Then the solution of the actual problem is given in terms of Green function will be
T ( x, t ) =  G ( x, t x ' ,  ) F ( x' )dx'+
L  =0
 G ( x, t x' , ) G ( x, t x' , )
k 
t
d  x'P G ( x, t x' , ) g ( x' , )dx'+ 
t
f1 ( )d − 
t
f 2 ( )d
=0
L
 =0 x' x '= 0
 =0 x' x '= L
It should be note that in the original problem given boundary condition was second(derivative) kind. In this
G ( x, t x' , )
equation it is both the first kind(direct equation), therefore G ( x, t x ' , ) replaced with for
x '= 0
x' x '= 0
f1 ( ) and G ( x, t x' , ) x '= L replaced with G ( x, t x' , ) f 2 ( ) .

terms involving for terms involving
x' x '= L
Introducing Green’s function solution for these equation will become:
2  
L
T ( x, t ) =   sin(  m x) * exp( −  m2t )  sin(  m x' ) F ( x' )dx'
 L m =1  x '= 0
 2 
 t
L
+
k  L
 sin( 
m =1
m x) * exp( −  m2t )  exp( −  m2 )d  sin(  m x' ) g ( x' )dx'
  =0 x '= 0
2   t
+     m * sin(  m x) * exp( −  m2t )  exp( −  m2 ) f1 ( )d
 L m =1   =0
2   t
−    (−1) m  m sin(  m x) * exp( −  m2t )  exp( −  m2 ) f 2 ( )d
 L m =1   =0
Numerical example: The following internal and external Wall temperature profiles as a function of time
and initial wall temperature profile as a function of distance is given. Wall thisckness is L=0.2 m and
thermal diffusivity coefficient is =5.06x10-7 m2/s (Brick Wall, source : indian standard 3792-1978) .
Heat is generated in in slub with a constant rate q=1000 W/m3. Find the temperature profile
t hours t seconds f1(t) f2(t) x F(x)

0 0 0 20 0 0
1 3600 2.58819 20.51764 0.02 2
2 7200 5 21 0.04 4
3 10800 7.071068 21.41421 0.06 6
4 14400 8.660254 21.73205 0.08 8
5 18000 9.659258 21.93185 0.1 10
6 21600 10 22 0.12 12
7 25200 9.659258 21.93185 0.14 14
8 28800 8.660254 21.73205 0.16 16
9 32400 7.071068 21.41421 0.18 18
10 36000 5 21 0.2 20
11 39600 2.58819 20.51764
12 43200 -3.2E-15 20
13 46800 -2.58819 19.48236
14 50400 -5 19
15 54000 -7.07107 18.58579
16 57600 -8.66025 18.26795
17 61200 -9.65926 18.06815
372
18 64800 -10 18
19 68400 -9.65926 18.06815
20 72000 -8.66025 18.26795
21 75600 -7.07107 18.58579
22 79200 -5 19
23 82800 -2.58819 19.48236
24 86400 6.43E-15 20
//Green function heat conduction with cubic spline curve fitting

import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
class HT_Green_Function1
{
{
// 3 band matrix system of equation solving algorithm
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
373
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}
public static double[][] funcSpline(double xi[],double yi[],int numberofmidpoints,double x0,double xn)
{
//numberofmidpoints : in x--o--o--x--o--o--x chain if x's are esxperimental points
// numberofmidpoints is 2
int n=xi.length;
double S[][]=cubic_spline(xi,yi,x0,xn);
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
// Türev formülleri
// =================
}

{
//kübik şerit türev formülü
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
374
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}

{
//doğal kübik şerit türev formülü
}

{
//kübik şerit integral[S(x)]dx formülü
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
{toplam=0;
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
375
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}
public static double golden(double S[][],double a,double b)

{
// find the minimum of the function
// note maximum f(x) = minimum (-f(x))
double epsilon=1.0e-10;
double delta=1.0e-8;
int print=0;
double r1 = (Math.sqrt(5.0)-1.0)/2.0; // golden ratio
double r2 = r1*r1;
double h = b - a;
double ya = -funcSpline(S,a);
double yb = -funcSpline(S,b);
double c = a + r2*h;
double d = a + r1*h;
double yc = -funcSpline(S,c);
double yd = -funcSpline(S,d);
int k = 1;
double dp,dy,p,yp;
while ((Math.abs(yb-ya)>epsilon) || (h>delta))
{
k++;
if (yc<yd)
{
b = d;
yb = yd;
d = c;
yd = yc;
h = b - a;
c = a + r2 * h;
yc = -funcSpline(S,c);
}
else
{
a = c;
ya = yc;
c = d;
yc = yd;
h = b - a;
d = a + r1 * h;
yd = -funcSpline(S,d);
}//end of if
}//end of while
dp = Math.abs(b-a);
dy = Math.abs(yb-ya);
p = a;
yp = ya;
if (yb<ya)
{
p = b;
yp = yb;
}
if(print==1)
{System.out.println("x min = "+p+"ymin = "+yp+"error of x ="+dp+"error of y"+dy); }
return p;
}
public static void printData(double c[][])
{ String s3[]={"x[i]","y[i]"};
Text.print(Text.T(c),s3,"Input data");
}
public static void printOutputData(double c[][],int xarray[],int yarray[],int ngroup)
{
int n=c[0].length;
int m=xarray.length;
double z[][];
double E[][];
376
double xi[]=new double[n];
double yi[]=new double[n];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
String s="";
String s1[]={"x","y"};
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
s="data set no : "+i+" x ref : "+xarray[i]+" y ref : "+yarray[i];
xi=c[xarray[i]];
yi=c[yarray[i]];
z=funcSpline(xi,yi,ngroup);
Text.printT(z,s1,s);
}
public static void printCoefficients(int datano,double c[][],int x1array[],int y1array[],String s)

{ int n=c[0].length;
String s2[]={"dataset number : k","a[k]","b[k]","c[k]","x[k]"};
double d[][]=Text.T(cubic_spline(c[x1array[datano]],c[y1array[datano]],0,0));
double e[][]=new double[d.length][d[0].length+1];
for(int i=0;i<e.length;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<e[0].length;j++)
{if(j==0) e[i][j]=i;
else e[i][j]=d[i][j-1];
}
}
int i=1;
Text.print(e,s2,s);
}
public static void funcEKKPlot(double c[][],int xarray[],int yarray[],int ngroup)
{ int sp[]={20,22,24,25,26,27,32,33,34,35,21,23};
int sp1[]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int n=c[0].length;
double z[][];
double E[][];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
String s="";
xi=c[xarray[0]];
yi=c[yarray[0]];
Plot pp=new Plot(xi,yi);
pp.setPlotType(0,sp[0]);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
xi=c[xarray[i]];
yi=c[yarray[i]];
if(i!=0) {pp.addData(xi,yi,sp[i]);}
pp.addData(z[0],z[1],sp1[i]);
}
pp.setPlabel("y=f(x)");
pp.setXlabel("x");
pp.setYlabel("y");
pp.plot();
}
public static void errorEKKPlot(double c[][],int xarray[],int yarray[],int ngroup)
{ int sp[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int n=c[0].length;
double z[][];
double E[][];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
String s="";
377
xi=c[xarray[0]];
yi=c[yarray[0]];
i=0;
do
{
xi=c[xarray[i]];
yi=c[yarray[i]];
if(i==0) {pp=new Plot(z[0],z[1]);pp.setPlotType(i,sp[i]);}
else {pp.addData(z[0],z[1],sp[i]);}
i++;
} while(i<m);
pp.setPlabel("Error=y-yi");
pp.setXlabel("x");
pp.setYlabel("dy");
pp.plot();
}
public static String toString(double z[][])
{ String s="";
for(int i=0;i<z.length;i++)
{ for(int j=0;j<z[0].length;j++)
{s+=String.format("%f ",z[i][j]);}
s+="\n";
}
return s;
}
public static double T(double L,double alpha,double g,double k,double t,double x)
{//Cubic spline curve fitting
double f1[][]=Text.readDoubleT("f1.txt");
double f2[][]=Text.readDoubleT("f2.txt");
double F[][]=Text.readDoubleT("F.txt");
double af1[][]=cubic_spline(f1[0],f1[1],0.0,0.0);
double af2[][]=cubic_spline(f2[0],f2[1],0.0,0.0);
double aF[][]=cubic_spline(F[0],F[1],0.0,0.0);
double PI=Math.PI;
double T=0;
double t1=0,t2=0,t3=0,t4=0;
int plus=-1;
{ double beta=m*PI/L;
if_x y1=(x1)->Math.sin(beta*x1)*funcSpline(aF,x1);
if_x y2=(x1)->Math.sin(beta*x1)*g;
if_x yf1=(to)->Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*to)*funcSpline(af1,to);
if_x yf2=(to)->Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*to)*funcSpline(af1,to);
if_x yf=(to)->Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*to);
t1+=2.0/L*Math.sin(beta*x)*Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)*y1.integral(0,L,10);
t2+=alpha/k*2.0/L*Math.sin(beta*x)*yf.integral(0,t,10)*y2.integral(0,L,10);
t3+=alpha*2.0/L*Math.sin(beta*x)*Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)*yf1.integral(0,t,10);
t4+=alpha*2.0/L*plus*beta*Math.sin(beta*x)*Math.exp(-beta*beta*alpha*t)*yf1.integral(0,t,10);
plus*=-1;
}
T=t1+t2+t3-t4;
return T;
}
public static String toStringT(double z[][])
{ String s="";
for(int i=0;i<z[0].length;i++)
{ for(int j=0;j<z.length;j++)
{s+=String.format(Locale.US,"%f ",z[j][i]);}
s+="\n";
}
return s;
}
{ double L=0.2;
double g=1000;// W/m^3 heat generation
double k=0.8; // W/mK
double t=3600;
double x=0.1;
double T=T(L,alpha,g,k,t,x);
System.out.println("t="+t+"x="+x+"T="+T);
}
}
378
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_Green_Function1
t=3600.0x=0.1T=10.321184843506975
A second problem utilising Green functions :

Homogeneous problem
𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡)
+ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡) = =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝜑(𝑥,𝑡)
= 𝑓1 (𝑡) x=0 t >0 = 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) ℎ by arranging
+ 𝐻𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓2 (𝑡) x=L t>0 𝐻=
𝜕𝑥 𝑘 𝜕𝜑(𝑥,𝑡)
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 + 𝐻𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕(𝑡)
(𝑡) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
2
1 𝜕 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕(𝑡)
2
= = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝛼(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝛽2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕(𝑡)
+ 𝛽2 𝛼(𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑡
Boundary conditions
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥) ℎ
+ 𝐻𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0 𝐻=
𝜕𝑥 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution set:
(𝑡) = 𝐶3 exp(−𝛽2 𝛼𝑡)
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
= 0 x=0 t >0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝐻𝑋(𝑥) = 0 x=L t>0
𝜕𝑥
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒
−𝐶1 𝛽sin(𝛽𝐿) + 𝐶1 𝐻 cos(𝛽𝐿) = 0 → ⁡𝐶1 ≠ 0
𝛽𝑚 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) − 𝐻 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 0 or
𝛽𝑚 tan(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 𝐻
𝛽𝑚 𝐿sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) − 𝐻𝐿 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 0
ℎ𝐿
𝛽𝑚 Ltan(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 𝐻𝐿 𝑚 = 𝛽𝑚 L 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐻𝐿 = = 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑡⁡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑘
𝑚 sin(𝑚 ) + 𝐵𝑖 cos(𝑚 ) = 0 or 𝑚 tan(𝑚 ) = 𝐵𝑖
These equations has more than one solution. It can be solved only by numerical root finding methods.
If 𝑚 tan(𝑚 ) = 𝐵𝑖 form is taken into account, a caution should be recmmended due to fact that
tan(𝑛 ) is nıt a continious function. Temperature profile becomes.
379
∞
2
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)
𝑚=1
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
∞
𝐹(𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑚=1
𝐿
0⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
0
𝐿 𝐿

0 0
𝐿 𝐿
2
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ + ] = +
2 2 4𝛽𝑚 𝑥=0
2 4𝛽𝑚
0 0
To get an alternative formula for 𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) eigenvalue function
𝛽𝑚 sin(𝛽𝑛 𝐿) = 𝐻 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) can be utilised
𝐻
sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 sin(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) =
𝛽𝑚
𝐻
2 cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿)
𝛽𝑚
On the other hand taking square of eigenvalue function:
𝐻 2
sin2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = [ ] cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) sin2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) + cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 1 sin2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 1 − cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿)
𝛽𝑚
𝐻2 𝐻2 𝛽𝑚2
1 − cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 cos 2(𝛽𝑚 𝐿) 1=[ 2 + 1] cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 2
𝛽𝑚 𝛽𝑚 𝐻 +𝛽𝑚
Substituting into previous equation
2
𝐻 𝐻 𝛽𝑚
sin(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 cos 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝐿) = 2 2
𝛽𝑚 𝛽𝑚 𝐻2 + 𝛽𝑚
2
𝐿 𝐻 𝛽𝑚
2 2
𝐿 sin⁡(2𝛽𝑚 𝐿) 𝐿 𝛽𝑚 𝐻 + 𝛽𝑚
2 2 𝐿(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 ) + 𝐻
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛽𝑚 𝑥′)𝑑𝑥′ = + = + = 2
2 4𝛽𝑚 2 4𝛽𝑚 2(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2)
0
𝐿
1
𝐶𝑚 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥′)cos⁡( 𝛽𝑚 𝑥′)𝑑𝑥′
𝑁(𝛽𝑚 )
0
𝐿
2
2(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 ) 2
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ [ 2 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥′)exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼𝑡)] ⁡ 𝐹(𝑥′)𝑑𝑥′⁡⁡
𝐿(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 ) + 𝐻
0
From this solution iy can be observed that
2
2(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 )
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 0) = [ 2 cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥′)exp(−𝛽𝑚2
𝛼𝑡)]
𝐿(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2) + 𝐻
Now 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏) can be obtained by replacing t with 𝑡 − 𝜏
2
2(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2)
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏) = [ 2
2
cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥′)exp(−𝛽𝑚 𝛼(𝑡 − 𝜏))]
𝐿(𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2 ) + 𝐻
Now that Green function constructed solution for the problem can be written as
380
𝐿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡 ) = ∫[𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )]𝜏=0 𝐹 (𝑥 ′ )𝑑𝑥 ′

0
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡 𝑡
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
+ ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏)𝑔(𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )𝑑𝑥 ′ + ∫𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏)|𝑥 ′=0𝑓1 (𝜏 )𝑑𝜏 + ∫𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )|𝑥 ′=𝐿 𝑓2 (𝜏 )𝑑𝜏
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝜏=0 𝑥 ′ =0 𝜏=0 𝜏=0
2
𝐿
2 (𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻2) 2
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡 ) = ∫ [ 2 2
cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥) cos(𝛽𝑚 𝑥′)exp (−𝛽𝑚 𝛼(𝑡))] 𝐹 (𝑥 ′ )𝑑𝑥 ′
0 𝐿 (𝛽𝑚 + 𝐻 ) + 𝐻
𝑡 𝐿 𝑡 𝑡
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
+ ∫ 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )𝑔(𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )𝑑𝑥 ′ + ∫𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏 )|𝑥 ′=0 𝑓1 (𝜏 )𝑑𝜏 + ∫𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑡|𝑥 ′ , 𝜏)|𝑥 ′=𝐿 𝑓2 (𝜏 )𝑑𝜏
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝜏=0 𝑥 ′ =0 𝜏=0 𝜏=0
6.3 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
The Laplace transform and inversion formula of function F(t) is defined by:
∞
𝐿[𝐹 (𝑡)] = 𝐹 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐹 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑡=0
Inverse Laplace transform can be written as:
𝛾+𝑖∞
1
𝐹 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
2𝜋𝑖
𝑠=𝛾−𝑖∞
where s is the Laplace transform variable, 𝑖 = √−1 is the complex number. Function could be continuos
or piecewise continuous in any interval. For example if
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1
𝐹(𝑡) = 1 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫𝑡=0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 | = − 𝑠 𝑒 −∞ + 𝑠 𝑒 0 = 𝑠
0
∞ 1 ∞
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫𝑡=0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 |
0
1 −𝑠𝑡
−𝑠𝑡
𝑢 = 𝑡⁡ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡⁡ 𝑣=− 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑠
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣|𝑏𝑎 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

𝑎 𝑎
∞ ∞
∞ ∞
𝑡 1 1 1
𝐹 (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 | − ∫ − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 − 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 | = 2
𝑠 0 𝑠 𝑠 0 𝑠
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
Laplace transforms have the following relational properties:
𝐿[𝐶1 𝐹(𝑡) + 𝐶2 𝐺(𝑡)] = 𝐶1 𝐹(𝑠) + 𝐶2 𝐺(𝑠)
Derivatives:
∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡
𝐿[𝐹′(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝐹′(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐹(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡 ]∞
0 + 𝑠 ∫𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝐹(0)
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
Second deriatives:
∞
−𝑠𝑡
𝐿[𝐹"(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝐹"(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿[𝑠𝐹′(𝑠) − 𝐹′ (0)] = 𝑠2 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠𝐹′ (0) − 𝐹"(0)
𝑡=0
In general nth derivative can be written as:

𝐿[𝐹 (𝑛) (𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝐹 (1)(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−3 𝐹(2)(0) − ⋯ − 𝐹 (𝑛−1) (0)
Laplace transform of the integral:
𝑡
𝐺(𝑡) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
1
𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠
Change of scale:
381
∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[𝐹(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 𝐹(𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒−𝑠/𝑎𝑢 𝐹(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
Similarly
∞ ∞
𝑡 𝑡
𝐿 [𝐹 ( )] = ∫ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝐹 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑒−𝑎𝑠𝑢 𝐹(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝐹(𝑎𝑠)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
Shift property:
∞ ∞
𝐿[𝑒 ±𝑎𝑡
𝐹(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ±𝑎𝑡
𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒−(𝑠∓𝑎)𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹( (𝑠 ∓ 𝑎)
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
Some of the Laplace Transform functions
No F(s) F(t)
1 1 1
𝑠
2 t
1
𝑠2
3 𝑡 𝑛−1
1 (𝑛 − 1)!
⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑛 = 1,2,3, . . )
𝑠𝑛
4 1 1
√𝑠 √𝜋𝑡
5 1
𝑡
𝑠 −3/2 2√
𝜋
6 𝑠 (−𝑛+172) ⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑛⁡ = 1,2,3, . . ) 2𝑛
𝑡 𝑛−1/2
[1.3.5. . (2𝑛 − 1)]√𝜋
7 1 𝑡 𝑛−1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑛 > 0⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙⁡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝑠𝑛 Γ(𝑛)
8 1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝑠+𝑎
9 1 𝑡 𝑛−1𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
⁡⁡⁡(𝑛 = 1,2,3, . . )
(𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)!
10 Γ(𝑘) 𝑡 𝑘−1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
⁡⁡⁡(𝑘 > 0)
(𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑘 ⁡
11 1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑎 ≠ 𝑏)
(𝑠 + 𝑎)(𝑠 + 𝑏) 𝑏−𝑎
12 𝑠 𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑎 ≠ 𝑏)
(𝑠 + 𝑎)(𝑠 + 𝑏) 𝑎−𝑏
13 1 sin⁡(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎
14 𝑠 cos⁡(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
15 1 sinh⁡(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
16 𝑠 cosh(𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
17 1 1
(1 − cos⁡(𝑎𝑡))
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2) 𝑎2
18 1 1
(𝑎𝑡 − sin⁡(𝑎𝑡))
𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2) 𝑎3
19 1 1
(sin⁡(𝑎𝑡) − (𝑎𝑡)cos⁡(𝑎𝑡))
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2 2𝑎 3
20 𝑠 𝑡
sin⁡(𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2 2𝑎
21 𝑠2 1
(sin⁡(𝑎𝑡) − (𝑎𝑡)cos⁡(𝑎𝑡))
(𝑠 + 𝑎 2 )2
2 2𝑎
22 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2 )2
23 1 1 2
− 𝑎𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑎√𝑡)
√ +𝑎
𝑠 √𝜋𝑡
24 √𝑠 1 2
+ 𝑎𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑎√𝑡)
𝑠 − 𝑎2 √𝜋𝑡
25 𝑎 √𝑡
√𝑠
1 2𝑎 −𝑎2 𝑡 2
𝑠 + 𝑎2 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑒 𝜆 𝑑𝜆
√ 𝜋𝑡 √𝜋
0
382
26 1 1 𝑎2 𝑡
𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑎√𝑡)
√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎 2) 𝑎
27 1 𝑎 √𝑡
2 −𝑎2 𝑡 2
√ 𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎 2) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑒 𝜆 𝑑𝜆
𝑎√ 𝜋
0
2 2
28 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 [𝑏 − 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑓(𝑎√𝑡)] − 𝑏𝑒 𝑏 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓(𝑏√𝑡)
(𝑠 − 𝑎 2)(𝑏 + √𝑠)
29 1 2
𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 ⁡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑎√𝑡)
√𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎)
30 1 1
(𝑠 + 𝑎)√𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓 (√𝑏 − 𝑎 √𝑡)
√𝑏 − 𝑎
−𝑎𝑡
31 √𝑠 + 2𝑎 𝑒 [𝐼1 (𝑎𝑡) + 𝐼0 (𝑎𝑡)]
−1
√𝑠
32 1 𝑎 −𝑏
𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑏)𝑡 𝐼0 ( 𝑡)
√𝑠 + 𝑎√𝑠 + 𝑏 2
33 1 𝐽0 (𝑎𝑡)
√𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2
𝜈
34 (√𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
− 𝑠) 𝑎 𝜈 𝐽𝜈 (𝑎𝑡)
⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡(𝜈 > −1)
√𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2
𝜈
35 (𝑠 − √𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2) 𝑎 𝜈 𝐼𝜈 (𝑎𝑡)
⁡⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡(𝜈 > −1)
√𝑠 2 − 𝑎 2
36 1 −𝑘𝑠 u(t-k)
𝑒
𝑠
37 1 −𝑘𝑠 (t-k) u(t-k)
𝑒
𝑠2
38 1 −𝑘/𝑠 𝐽0 (2√𝑘𝑡)
𝑒
𝑠
39 1 −𝑘/𝑠 𝑡 (𝜇−1)/2
𝑒 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜇 > 0 ( ) 𝐽0 (2√𝑘𝑡)
𝑠𝜇 𝑘
40 1 −𝑘/𝑠 𝑡 (𝜇−1)/2
𝑒 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜇 < 0 ( ) 𝐼(𝜇−1) (2√𝑘𝑡)
𝑠𝜇 𝑘
41 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑘 𝑘2
exp⁡ (− )
2√𝜋𝑡 3 4𝑡
42 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 𝑘
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑠 2√ 𝑡
43 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 1 𝑘2
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 exp⁡ (− )
√𝑠 √𝜋𝑡 4𝑡
44 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑡 𝑘2 𝑘
𝑠 3/2 2√ exp (− ) − 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝜋 4𝑡 2√ 𝑡
45 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 𝑘
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑛 = 0,1,2,. . , 𝑘 ≥ 0) (4𝑡)𝑛/2𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑠 (1+𝑛/2) 2√ 𝑡
2
46 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 1 𝑘 2 𝑘
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 exp (− ) − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (𝑎√𝑡 + )
𝑎 + √𝑠 √𝜋𝑡 4𝑡 2√ 𝑡
47 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 2 𝑘
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 𝑒 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (𝑎√𝑡 + )
√𝑠(𝑎 + √𝑠) 2√ 𝑡
48 𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠(𝑠+𝑎) 1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡/2 𝐼0 ( 𝑎 √𝑡 2 − 𝑘 2) u(t − k)
2
√𝑠(𝑠 + 𝑎)
2 +𝑎2
49 𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 𝐽0 (𝑎 √𝑡 2 − 𝑘 2) u(t − k)
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0
√𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
2 2
50 𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 +𝑎 𝐼0 (𝑎 √𝑡 2 − 𝑘 2) u(t − k)
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0
√𝑠 2− 𝑎2
51 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 2 𝑘 𝑘
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 −𝑒 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (𝑎√𝑡 + ) + 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑠(𝑎 + √𝑠) 2√ 𝑡 2√ 𝑡
52 𝑒 −𝑘 √𝑠 𝑘2 𝑘 𝑡 1/2 𝑘2
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≥ 0 (𝑡 + ) 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) − 𝑘 ( ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
𝑠2 2 2√ 𝑡 𝜋 4𝑡
53 1 −𝛾 − ln⁡(𝑡)
ln⁡(𝑠)
𝑠 𝛾 =0.5772156649.. Euler’s constant
54 𝑠+𝑎 1 −𝑏𝑡
𝑙𝑛 ( ) (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )
𝑠 +𝑏 𝑡
55 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2
𝑙𝑛 ( ) (1 − cos⁡(𝑎𝑡))
𝑠2 𝑡
56 2
𝑠 −𝑎 2 2
𝑙𝑛 ( ) (1 − cosh⁡(𝑎𝑡))
𝑠2 𝑡
383
57 𝐾0(𝑘𝑠)⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑘 > 0) 1
𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑘)
√𝑡 2 − 𝑘 2
58 𝐾0(𝑘 √𝑠)⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑘 > 0) 1 𝑘2
𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
2𝑡 4𝑡
59 1 1 𝑘2
𝐾1(𝑘 √𝑠)⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑘 > 0) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
√𝑠 𝑘 4𝑡
Note that u(t) is unit step function where

0⁡⁡⁡𝑡 < 0
𝑢(𝑡) = {
1⁡𝑡 ≥ 0
After these initial definitions, now A heat transfer problem can be investigated
PROBLEM 6.3.1 SEMI-INFINITE WALL PROBLEM LAPLACE TRANSFORM SOLUTION

TEMPERATURE PROFILE BOUNDARY
𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑇 ∗2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑇𝑖 x=0 t > 0
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖 at t=0 0≤𝑥≤∞
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇
=
𝜕𝑇 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 = 𝐹(𝑥) x=0 t > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞
Laplace transform of the differential equation:

𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) 𝑠
− 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑠) x=0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞
Solution of this ordinary differential equation is:
𝑠 𝑠
−𝑥√ 𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼+𝐶 𝑒 𝛼
2
Boundary condition 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ → 𝐶2 = 0
Boundary condition 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑠) x=0 → 𝐶1 = 𝐹(𝑠)
So the solution is:
𝑠
−𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑠)𝑒 𝛼
Inverse transform for a multiplication of two laplace transform function can be written as:
𝑡
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝐹(𝜏) 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏

0
−𝑥√
𝑠 𝑥2
𝑥
Inverse laplace transfrom of 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑒 𝛼
is 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡) = 3
𝑒 −4𝛼𝑡
2√𝜋𝛼𝑡
In the table it is given as case 41:
𝑘2
𝑘 𝑥
For 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡) = 3
𝑒 − 4𝑡 and our case 𝑘 =
2√𝜋𝑡 √𝛼
𝑡
∗ (𝑥,
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = ∫ 𝐹(𝜏) exp⁡ [− ] 𝑑𝜏
√4𝜋𝛼 (𝑡 − 𝜏)3/2 4𝛼(𝑡 − 𝜏)
0
Special case of this problem: constant surface temperature 𝑻𝟎 ⁡for t>0
384
𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑇 ∗2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇 𝑡) = 𝑇0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 x=0 t > 0
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖 at t=0 0≤𝑥≤∞
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇
=
𝜕𝑇 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 = 𝐹(𝑥) x=0 t > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at t=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞

𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) 𝑠
− 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 x=0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞
𝑠 𝑠
−𝑥√ 𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼+𝐶 𝑒 𝛼
2
Boundary condition 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ → 𝐶2 = 0
𝑇 ⁡−𝑇 𝑇 ⁡−𝑇
Boundary condition 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑖 x=0 → 𝐶1 = 0 𝑖
𝑠 𝑠
So the solution is:
𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 −𝑥√𝛼𝑠
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑒
𝑠
𝑠
−𝑥√𝛼
𝑒 𝑥
Inverse laplace transfrom of 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑠) = is 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑠 2√𝛼𝑡
𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 𝑘 𝑥
For 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) and our case 𝑘 =
𝑠 2 √𝑡 √𝛼
𝑥 𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = (𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 )𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) = (𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 ) [1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓 ( )]
2√𝛼𝑡 2√𝛼𝑡
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇0 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑟𝑓 ( )
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇0 2√𝛼𝑡
erf(x) is error function
𝑥
2 2
erf(x) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑣 𝑑𝑣
√𝜋
0
Serial formulation of error function:
∞
2 𝑥 2𝑛+1
erf(x) =
∑ (−1)𝑛 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
√𝜋 𝑛=0 𝑛! (2𝑛 + 1)
Error function can be calculated from this series
public class erf1
{ public static double erf(double x)
{double A=2.0/Math.sqrt(Math.PI);
double total=0;
double plusminus=1;
double power=x;
double factorial=1;
{total+=power*plusminus/factorial/(2.0*(n-1)+1.);
385
power*=x*x;
factorial*=n;
plusminus*=-1;
}
return A*total;
}
{ double x=0;
double dx=0.02;
{x=dx*i;
System.out.println(x+" "+erf(x));
}}}
Error function
x erf(x) x erf(x) x erf(x)
0 0 1 0.842701 2 0.995322
0.02 0.022565 1.02 0.850838 2.02 0.995719
0.04 0.045111 1.04 0.85865 2.04 0.996086
0.06 0.067622 1.06 0.866144 2.06 0.996423
0.08 0.090078 1.08 0.873326 2.08 0.996734
0.1 0.112463 1.1 0.880205 2.1 0.997021
0.12 0.134758 1.12 0.886788 2.12 0.997284
0.14 0.156947 1.14 0.893082 2.14 0.997525
0.16 0.179012 1.16 0.899096 2.16 0.997747
0.18 0.200936 1.18 0.904837 2.18 0.997951
0.2 0.222703 1.2 0.910314 2.2 0.998137
0.22 0.244296 1.22 0.915534 2.22 0.998308
0.24 0.2657 1.24 0.920505 2.24 0.998464
0.26 0.2869 1.26 0.925236 2.26 0.998607
0.28 0.30788 1.28 0.929734 2.28 0.998738
0.3 0.328627 1.3 0.934008 2.3 0.998857
0.32 0.349126 1.32 0.938065 2.32 0.998966
0.34 0.369365 1.34 0.941914 2.34 0.999065
0.36 0.38933 1.36 0.945561 2.36 0.999155
0.38 0.409009 1.38 0.949016 2.38 0.999237
0.4 0.428392 1.4 0.952285 2.4 0.999311
0.42 0.447468 1.42 0.955376 2.42 0.999379
0.44 0.466225 1.44 0.958297 2.44 0.999441
0.46 0.484655 1.46 0.961054 2.46 0.999497
0.48 0.50275 1.48 0.963654 2.48 0.999547
0.5 0.5205 1.5 0.966105 2.5 0.999593
0.52 0.537899 1.52 0.968413 2.52 0.999635
0.54 0.554939 1.54 0.970586 2.54 0.999672
0.56 0.571616 1.56 0.972628 2.56 0.999706
0.58 0.587923 1.58 0.974547 2.58 0.999736
0.6 0.603856 1.6 0.976348 2.6 0.999764
0.62 0.619411 1.62 0.978038 2.62 0.999789
0.64 0.634586 1.64 0.979622 2.64 0.999811
0.66 0.649377 1.66 0.981105 2.66 0.999831
0.68 0.663782 1.68 0.982493 2.68 0.999849
0.7 0.677801 1.7 0.98379 2.7 0.999866
0.72 0.691433 1.72 0.985003 2.72 0.99988
0.74 0.704678 1.74 0.986135 2.74 0.999893
0.76 0.717537 1.76 0.98719 2.76 0.999905
0.78 0.73001 1.78 0.988174 2.78 0.999916
0.8 0.742101 1.8 0.989091 2.8 0.999925
0.82 0.753811 1.82 0.989943 2.82 0.999933
0.84 0.765143 1.84 0.990736 2.84 0.999941
0.86 0.7761 1.86 0.991472 2.86 0.999948
0.88 0.786687 1.88 0.992156 2.88 0.999954
0.9 0.796908 1.9 0.99279 2.9 0.999959
0.92 0.806768 1.92 0.993378 2.92 0.999964
0.94 0.816271 1.94 0.993923 2.94 0.999968
0.96 0.825424 1.96 0.994426 2.96 0.999972
386
0.98 0.834232 1.98 0.994892 2.98 0.999975
Problem 6.3.1 Java Solution

import java.util.*;
public class HT_infinite_wall1
{
public static double f(double t)
{ double ff=0;
if(t<100)ff=30+0.5*t;
else ff=70.0;
return ff;
}
public static double intfr(double to,double t,double x,double alpha)
{ double T=x/Math.sqrt(4.0*Math.PI*alpha)*f(to)/Math.pow((t-to),1.5)*Math.exp(-x*x/(4.0*alpha*(t-to)));
return T;
}
//integral
public static double integral(double a,double b,double x,double alpha)
{
//eps hata miktari
int n=50;
double eps=1e-10;
int Aused=0;
boolean sonuc;
double integral=0;
double A[][];
int Aw = 0;
double[] c;
double[] xg;
double[] xk;
int nn = 0;
int ng = 0;
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
int h = 0;
double v = 0;
double k1 = 0;
double k2 = 0;
double intg = 0;
double intk = 0;
double ta = 0;
double tb = 0;
Aw = 4;
nn = 61;
ng = 15;
c = new double[nn];
//Gauss katsayilari
xg[0] = 0.007968192496166605615465883474674;
xg[1] = 0.018466468311090959142302131912047;
xg[2] = 0.028784707883323369349719179611292;
xg[3] = 0.038799192569627049596801936446348;
xg[4] = 0.048402672830594052902938140422808;
xg[5] = 0.057493156217619066481721689402056;
xg[6] = 0.065974229882180495128128515115962;
xg[7] = 0.073755974737705206268243850022191;
xg[8] = 0.080755895229420215354694938460530;
xg[9] = 0.086899787201082979802387530715126;
xg[10] = 0.092122522237786128717632707087619;
xg[11] = 0.096368737174644259639468626351810;
xg[12] = 0.099593420586795267062780282103569;
xg[13] = 0.101762389748405504596428952168554;
xg[14] = 0.102852652893558840341285636705415;
c[0] = 0.999484410050490637571325895705811;
c[1] = 0.996893484074649540271630050918695;
c[2] = 0.991630996870404594858628366109486;
c[3] = 0.983668123279747209970032581605663;
c[4] = 0.973116322501126268374693868423707;
c[5] = 0.960021864968307512216871025581798;
c[6] = 0.944374444748559979415831324037439;
387
c[7] = 0.926200047429274325879324277080474;
c[8] = 0.905573307699907798546522558925958;
c[9] = 0.882560535792052681543116462530226;
c[10] = 0.857205233546061098958658510658944;
c[11] = 0.829565762382768397442898119732502;
c[12] = 0.799727835821839083013668942322683;
c[13] = 0.767777432104826194917977340974503;
c[14] = 0.733790062453226804726171131369528;
c[15] = 0.697850494793315796932292388026640;
c[16] = 0.660061064126626961370053668149271;
c[17] = 0.620526182989242861140477556431189;
c[18] = 0.579345235826361691756024932172540;
c[19] = 0.536624148142019899264169793311073;
c[20] = 0.492480467861778574993693061207709;
c[21] = 0.447033769538089176780609900322854;
c[22] = 0.400401254830394392535476211542661;
c[23] = 0.352704725530878113471037207089374;
c[24] = 0.304073202273625077372677107199257;
c[25] = 0.254636926167889846439805129817805;
c[26] = 0.204525116682309891438957671002025;
c[27] = 0.153869913608583546963794672743256;
c[28] = 0.102806937966737030147096751318001;
c[29] = 0.051471842555317695833025213166723;
c[30] = 0.000000000000000000000000000000000;
xk[0] = 0.001389013698677007624551591226760;
xk[1] = 0.003890461127099884051267201844516;
xk[2] = 0.006630703915931292173319826369750;
xk[3] = 0.009273279659517763428441146892024;
xk[4] = 0.011823015253496341742232898853251;
xk[5] = 0.014369729507045804812451432443580;
xk[6] = 0.016920889189053272627572289420322;
xk[7] = 0.019414141193942381173408951050128;
xk[8] = 0.021828035821609192297167485738339;
xk[9] = 0.024191162078080601365686370725232;
xk[10] = 0.026509954882333101610601709335075;
xk[11] = 0.028754048765041292843978785354334;
xk[12] = 0.030907257562387762472884252943092;
xk[13] = 0.032981447057483726031814191016854;
xk[14] = 0.034979338028060024137499670731468;
xk[15] = 0.036882364651821229223911065617136;
xk[16] = 0.038678945624727592950348651532281;
xk[17] = 0.040374538951535959111995279752468;
xk[18] = 0.041969810215164246147147541285970;
xk[19] = 0.043452539701356069316831728117073;
xk[20] = 0.044814800133162663192355551616723;
xk[21] = 0.046059238271006988116271735559374;
xk[22] = 0.047185546569299153945261478181099;
xk[23] = 0.048185861757087129140779492298305;
xk[24] = 0.049055434555029778887528165367238;
xk[25] = 0.049795683427074206357811569379942;
xk[26] = 0.050405921402782346840893085653585;
xk[27] = 0.050881795898749606492297473049805;
xk[28] = 0.051221547849258772170656282604944;
xk[29] = 0.051426128537459025933862879215781;
xk[30] = 0.051494729429451567558340433647099;
{c[i] = -c[nn-1-i];}
{ xk[i] = xk[nn-1-i]; }
for(i=ng-1; i>=0; i--)
{ xg[nn-2-2*i] = xg[i];
xg[1+2*i] = xg[i];
}
for(i=0; i<=nn/2; i++)
{ xg[2*i] = 0; }
k1 = 0.5*(b-a);
k2 = 0.5*(b+a);
intg = 0;
intk = 0;
for(i=0; i<=nn-1; i++)
{ v = intfr((k1*c[i]+k2),b,x,alpha);
if( i%2==1 )
}
388
A[0][1] = intk;
A[0][2] = a;
A[0][3] = b;
{
sonuc = true;
integral = intk;
Aused = 1;
return integral;
}
Aused = 1;
for(h=1; h<=n-1; h++)
{
Aused = h+1;
gir(A, h, Aw);
ta = A[h-1][2];
tb = A[h-1][3];
A[h-1][2] = ta;
A[h-1][3] = 0.5*(ta+tb);
A[h][2] = 0.5*(ta+tb);
A[h][3] = tb;
for(j=h-1; j<=h; j++)
{
k1 = 0.5*(A[j][3]-A[j][2]);
k2 = 0.5*(A[j][3]+A[j][2]);
intg = 0;
intk = 0;
for(i=0; i<=nn-1; i++)
{ v = intfr((k1*c[i]+k2),b,x,alpha);
if( i%2==1 )
}
intk = intk*(A[j][3]-A[j][2])*0.5;
intg = intg*(A[j][3]-A[j][2])*0.5;
A[j][1] = intk;
}
cik(A, h-1, Aw);
cik(A, h, Aw);
{break;}
}
integral = 0;
return integral;
}
public static void gir(double A[][],int n,int Awidth)
{
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
double t = 0;
int maxcp = 0;
if( n==1 )
{ return; }
{ t = A[n-1][i];
A[n-1][i] = A[0][i];
A[0][i] = t;
}//end of for
p = 0;
while( 2*p+1<n-1 )
{ maxcp = 2*p+1;
if( 2*p+2<n-1 )
{ if( A[2*p+2][0]>A[2*p+1][0] )
{ maxcp = 2*p+2; }
}
{ t = A[p][i];
389
A[maxcp][i] = t;
}
p = maxcp;
}
else
{ break; }
} //end of while
}
public static void cik(double A[][],int n,int Awidth)

{
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
double t = 0;
int kk = 0;
if( n==0 )
{return;}
p = n;
while( p!=0 )
{ kk = (p-1)/2;
if( A[p][0]>A[kk][0] )
{ t = A[p][i];
A[p][i] = A[kk][i];
A[kk][i] = t;
}
p = kk;
}
else
{break;}
}
}

{
double x=0.1; //m
double t=300.0;//s
double T=integral(0.0,t,x,alpha)+T1;
System.out.println("T="+T);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\java\bin\java.exe" HT_infinite_wall1
T=55.14859399275895
Numerical example(variable surface temperature F(x)+T i for x=0 t>0): A water pipe will be burried
underground in a cold climate. When meterological data is examined it is detected that after a long
stable period of 20 ℃ temperatures, which it can be assumed that upper layers of the earth will be
reached to this temperatures, air cools according to the table given below:
day temperature day temperature day temperature day temperature
1 20 21 -12 41 -12 61 -8
2 16 22 -15 42 -12 62 -4
3 12 23 -17 43 -11 63 0
4 10 24 -14 44 -11 64 4
5 7 25 -13 45 -11 65 6
6 3 26 -15 46 -12 66 8
7 2 27 -14 47 -11 67 10
8 0 28 -13 48 -14 68 12
9 -2 29 -12 49 -11 69 12
10 -6 30 -11 50 -15 70 16
11 -10 31 -14 51 -12 71 16
12 -11 32 -15 52 -11 72 17
13 -13 33 -14 53 -14 73 18
14 -14 34 -13 54 -15 74 19
15 -15 35 -14 55 -15 75 20
16 -16 36 -14 56 -14 76 20
17 -15 37 -12 57 -15 77 20
18 -17 38 -12 58 -15 78 20
19 -18 39 -15 59 -14 79 20
390
20 -14 40 -12 60 -15 80 20
When observed the temperature profile, it is seen that temperature starts to warm up again after 60 days.
Determine the required depth for the pipe to avoid freezing. Take thermal diffusivity coefficient
𝛼 =0.138x10-6 m2/s
import java.util.*;
public class HT_infinite_walla

{
double a[][];
public HT_infinite_walla(String s)
{double d[][]=Text.readDoubleT(s);
a=cubic_spline(d[0],d[1],0.0,0.0);
}
public double f(double t,double Ti)
{ double t1=t/86400.0;
double ff=funcSpline(a,t1)-Ti;
return ff;
}
public double intfr(double to,double t,double x,double alpha,double Ti)
{ double T=x/Math.sqrt(4.0*Math.PI*alpha)*f(to,Ti)/Math.pow((t-to),1.5)*Math.exp(-x*x/(4.0*alpha*(t-to)));
//System.out.println("TT="+T);
return T;
}
//integral
public double integral(double a,double b,double x,double alpha,double Ti)
{
//eps hata miktari
int n=50;
double eps=1e-10;
int Aused=0;
boolean sonuc;
double integral=0;
double A[][];
int Aw = 0;
double[] c;
double[] xg;
double[] xk;
int nn = 0;
int ng = 0;
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
int h = 0;
double v = 0;
double k1 = 0;
double k2 = 0;
double intg = 0;
double intk = 0;
double ta = 0;
double tb = 0;
Aw = 4;
nn = 61;
ng = 15;
c = new double[nn];
//Gauss katsayilari
xg[0] = 0.007968192496166605615465883474674;
xg[1] = 0.018466468311090959142302131912047;
xg[2] = 0.028784707883323369349719179611292;
xg[3] = 0.038799192569627049596801936446348;
xg[4] = 0.048402672830594052902938140422808;
xg[5] = 0.057493156217619066481721689402056;
xg[6] = 0.065974229882180495128128515115962;
xg[7] = 0.073755974737705206268243850022191;
xg[8] = 0.080755895229420215354694938460530;
xg[9] = 0.086899787201082979802387530715126;
xg[10] = 0.092122522237786128717632707087619;
xg[11] = 0.096368737174644259639468626351810;
391
xg[12] = 0.099593420586795267062780282103569;
xg[13] = 0.101762389748405504596428952168554;
xg[14] = 0.102852652893558840341285636705415;
c[0] = 0.999484410050490637571325895705811;
c[1] = 0.996893484074649540271630050918695;
c[2] = 0.991630996870404594858628366109486;
c[3] = 0.983668123279747209970032581605663;
c[4] = 0.973116322501126268374693868423707;
c[5] = 0.960021864968307512216871025581798;
c[6] = 0.944374444748559979415831324037439;
c[7] = 0.926200047429274325879324277080474;
c[8] = 0.905573307699907798546522558925958;
c[9] = 0.882560535792052681543116462530226;
c[10] = 0.857205233546061098958658510658944;
c[11] = 0.829565762382768397442898119732502;
c[12] = 0.799727835821839083013668942322683;
c[13] = 0.767777432104826194917977340974503;
c[14] = 0.733790062453226804726171131369528;
c[15] = 0.697850494793315796932292388026640;
c[16] = 0.660061064126626961370053668149271;
c[17] = 0.620526182989242861140477556431189;
c[18] = 0.579345235826361691756024932172540;
c[19] = 0.536624148142019899264169793311073;
c[20] = 0.492480467861778574993693061207709;
c[21] = 0.447033769538089176780609900322854;
c[22] = 0.400401254830394392535476211542661;
c[23] = 0.352704725530878113471037207089374;
c[24] = 0.304073202273625077372677107199257;
c[25] = 0.254636926167889846439805129817805;
c[26] = 0.204525116682309891438957671002025;
c[27] = 0.153869913608583546963794672743256;
c[28] = 0.102806937966737030147096751318001;
c[29] = 0.051471842555317695833025213166723;
c[30] = 0.000000000000000000000000000000000;
xk[0] = 0.001389013698677007624551591226760;
xk[1] = 0.003890461127099884051267201844516;
xk[2] = 0.006630703915931292173319826369750;
xk[3] = 0.009273279659517763428441146892024;
xk[4] = 0.011823015253496341742232898853251;
xk[5] = 0.014369729507045804812451432443580;
xk[6] = 0.016920889189053272627572289420322;
xk[7] = 0.019414141193942381173408951050128;
xk[8] = 0.021828035821609192297167485738339;
xk[9] = 0.024191162078080601365686370725232;
xk[10] = 0.026509954882333101610601709335075;
xk[11] = 0.028754048765041292843978785354334;
xk[12] = 0.030907257562387762472884252943092;
xk[13] = 0.032981447057483726031814191016854;
xk[14] = 0.034979338028060024137499670731468;
xk[15] = 0.036882364651821229223911065617136;
xk[16] = 0.038678945624727592950348651532281;
xk[17] = 0.040374538951535959111995279752468;
xk[18] = 0.041969810215164246147147541285970;
xk[19] = 0.043452539701356069316831728117073;
xk[20] = 0.044814800133162663192355551616723;
xk[21] = 0.046059238271006988116271735559374;
xk[22] = 0.047185546569299153945261478181099;
xk[23] = 0.048185861757087129140779492298305;
xk[24] = 0.049055434555029778887528165367238;
xk[25] = 0.049795683427074206357811569379942;
xk[26] = 0.050405921402782346840893085653585;
xk[27] = 0.050881795898749606492297473049805;
xk[28] = 0.051221547849258772170656282604944;
xk[29] = 0.051426128537459025933862879215781;
xk[30] = 0.051494729429451567558340433647099;
{c[i] = -c[nn-1-i];}
{ xk[i] = xk[nn-1-i]; }
for(i=ng-1; i>=0; i--)
{ xg[nn-2-2*i] = xg[i];
xg[1+2*i] = xg[i];
}
for(i=0; i<=nn/2; i++)
{ xg[2*i] = 0; }
k1 = 0.5*(b-a);
392
k2 = 0.5*(b+a);
intg = 0;
intk = 0;
for(i=0; i<=nn-1; i++)
{ v = intfr((k1*c[i]+k2),b,x,alpha,Ti);
if( i%2==1 )
}
A[0][1] = intk;
A[0][2] = a;
A[0][3] = b;
{
sonuc = true;
integral = intk;
Aused = 1;
return integral;
}
Aused = 1;
for(h=1; h<=n-1; h++)
{
Aused = h+1;
gir(A, h, Aw);
ta = A[h-1][2];
tb = A[h-1][3];
A[h-1][2] = ta;
A[h-1][3] = 0.5*(ta+tb);
A[h][2] = 0.5*(ta+tb);
A[h][3] = tb;
for(j=h-1; j<=h; j++)
{
k1 = 0.5*(A[j][3]-A[j][2]);
k2 = 0.5*(A[j][3]+A[j][2]);
intg = 0;
intk = 0;
for(i=0; i<=nn-1; i++)
{ v = intfr((k1*c[i]+k2),b,x,alpha,Ti);
if( i%2==1 )
}
intk = intk*(A[j][3]-A[j][2])*0.5;
intg = intg*(A[j][3]-A[j][2])*0.5;
A[j][1] = intk;
}
cik(A, h-1, Aw);
cik(A, h, Aw);
{break;}
}
integral = 0;
return integral;
}
public void gir(double A[][],int n,int Awidth)
{
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
double t = 0;
int maxcp = 0;
if( n==1 )
{ return; }
{ t = A[n-1][i];
A[n-1][i] = A[0][i];
A[0][i] = t;
}//end of for
393
p = 0;
while( 2*p+1<n-1 )
{ maxcp = 2*p+1;
if( 2*p+2<n-1 )
{ if( A[2*p+2][0]>A[2*p+1][0] )
{ maxcp = 2*p+2; }
}
{ t = A[p][i];
A[maxcp][i] = t;
}
p = maxcp;
}
else
{ break; }
} //end of while
}
public void cik(double A[][],int n,int Awidth)

{
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
double t = 0;
int kk = 0;
if( n==0 )
{return;}
p = n;
while( p!=0 )
{ kk = (p-1)/2;
if( A[p][0]>A[kk][0] )
{ t = A[p][i];
A[p][i] = A[kk][i];
A[kk][i] = t;
}
p = kk;
}
else
{break;}
}
}
//Cubic spline interpolation
{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
394
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}
public static double[][] funcSpline(double xi[],double yi[],int numberofmidpoints,double x0,double xn)
{
int n=xi.length;
double S[][]=cubic_spline(xi,yi,x0,xn);
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
{
int n=xi.length;
395
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
// =================
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}

{
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
{toplam=0;
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
396
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}

{
int print=0;
double r2 = r1*r1;
double h = b - a;
int k = 1;
double dp,dy,p,yp;
{
k++;
if (yc<yd)
{
b = d;
yb = yd;
d = c;
yd = yc;
h = b - a;
c = a + r2 * h;
}
else
{
a = c;
ya = yc;
c = d;
yc = yd;
h = b - a;
d = a + r1 * h;
397
}//end of if
}//end of while
dp = Math.abs(b-a);
p = a;
yp = ya;
if (yb<ya)
{
p = b;
yp = yb;
}
if(print==1)
return p;
}
{ String s3[]={"x[i]","y[i]"};
}
public static void printOutputData(double c[][],int xarray[],int yarray[],int ngroup)
{
int n=c[0].length;
double z[][];
double E[][];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
String s="";
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
xi=c[xarray[i]];
yi=c[yarray[i]];
Text.printT(z,s1,s);
}
public static void printCoefficients(int datano,double c[][],int x1array[],int y1array[],String s)

{ int n=c[0].length;
String s2[]={"dataset number : k","a[k]","b[k]","c[k]","x[k]"};
double d[][]=Text.T(cubic_spline(c[x1array[datano]],c[y1array[datano]],0,0));
double e[][]=new double[d.length][d[0].length+1];
for(int i=0;i<e.length;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<e[0].length;j++)
{if(j==0) e[i][j]=i;
else e[i][j]=d[i][j-1];
}
}
int i=1;
Text.print(e,s2,s);
}
public static void funcEKKPlot(double c[][],int xarray[],int yarray[],int ngroup)
{ int sp[]={20,22,24,25,26,27,32,33,34,35,21,23};
int sp1[]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int n=c[0].length;
double z[][];
double E[][];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
String s="";
xi=c[xarray[0]];
yi=c[yarray[0]];
pp.setPlotType(0,sp[0]);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
398
{
xi=c[xarray[i]];
yi=c[yarray[i]];
if(i!=0) {pp.addData(xi,yi,sp[i]);}
pp.addData(z[0],z[1],sp1[i]);
}
pp.setPlabel("y=f(x)");
pp.setXlabel("x");
pp.setYlabel("y");
pp.plot();
}
public static void errorEKKPlot(double c[][],int xarray[],int yarray[],int ngroup)
{ int sp[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int n=c[0].length;
double z[][];
double E[][];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
String s="";
xi=c[xarray[0]];
yi=c[yarray[0]];
i=0;
do
{
xi=c[xarray[i]];
yi=c[yarray[i]];
if(i==0) {pp=new Plot(z[0],z[1]);pp.setPlotType(i,sp[i]);}
else {pp.addData(z[0],z[1],sp[i]);}
i++;
} while(i<m);
pp.setPlabel("Error=y-yi");
pp.setXlabel("x");
pp.setYlabel("dy");
pp.plot();
}
// end of cubbi spline interpolation programs

{ HT_infinite_walla iw=new HT_infinite_walla("a.txt");
double x0=1.0; //m
double T[]=new double[100];
double t=60*86400;//s
double Ti=20.0;// degree C;
{x[i]=x0/100*(i+1);
T[i]=iw.integral(0.0,t,x[i],alpha,Ti)+Ti;
System.out.println(i+" "+x[i]+" "+T[i]);
}
Plot pp=new Plot(x,T);
double xx[]={0,x0};
double yy[]={0,0};
pp.setPlabel("Semi-infinite wall heat transfer t="+t/86400+" days");
pp.addData(xx,yy);
pp.plot();
}
}
399
400
65 day plot clearly shows reheating effect of the surface. So the distance should be determined from 60
day case as 0.6 m.
Numerical example(constant surface temperature T 0 for x=0 t>0):
PROBLEM: A thick concrete wall ( =6e-7 m2/s) is initially at a uniform temperature Ti=10 ℃.
Suddenly its surface temperature is raised to T0=105 ℃. Calculate temperatures at x =0.05,0.1 and 0.15
m from the surface at t=1000 s.
public class erf1
double total=0;
double plusminus=1;
double power=x;
401
double factorial=1;
power*=x*x;
factorial*=n;
plusminus*=-1;
}
return A*total;
}
{ double x[]={0.05,0.1,0.15};
double t=1000.0;
double T0=105.0;
double Ti=10.0;
double alpha=6e-7;
if_xj T=(double z[])->
{double x1=z[0];double t1=z[1];
double y1=x1/(2.0*Math.sqrt(alpha*t1));
double T1=T0+(Ti-T0)*erf(y1);
return T1;};
String s="";
for(int i=0;i<x.length;i++)
{ double z[]={x[i],t};
s+="x = "+x[i]+" t = "+t+" T = "+T.func(z)+"\n";
}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "F:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" erf1
x = 0.05 t = 1000.0 T = 24.146893951982747
x = 0.1 t = 1000.0 T = 10.369779626663998
x = 0.15 t = 1000.0 T = 10.00141572190877
PROBLEM: A thick concrete wall ( =6e-7 m2/s) is initially at a uniform temperature T i=10 ℃.
Suddenly its surface temperature is raised to T0=105 ℃. Plot temperature profile for t=100 s,500 s and
1000 s
public class erf1
double total=0;
double plusminus=1;
double power=x;
double factorial=1;
power*=x*x;
factorial*=n;
plusminus*=-1;
}
return A*total;
}
{ double x[]=new double[100];
double dx=0.15/(x.length-1);
double t[]={100,500,1000};
double T1[][]=new double[t.length][x.length];
double T0=105.0;
double Ti=10.0;
double alpha=6e-7;
return T2;};
String s="";
{ x[i]=dx*i;
for(int j=0;j<t.length;j++)
{
double z[]={x[i],t[j]};
T1[j][i]=T.func(z);
}
402
}
Plot p=new Plot(x,T1[0]);
{p.addData(x,T1[i]);}
p.setPlabel("Thick wall initial temp Ti, surface tem T0 t>0");
p.setXlabel("x m");
p.plot();
}
}
Python version:
from math import *
from f_xj import *
import numpy as np;
class f1(f_xj):
def func(self,z):
x1=z[0]
t1=z[1]
y1=x1/(2.0*sqrt(alpha*t1))
T2=T0+(Ti-T0)*erf(y1)
return T2
np1=100
x=[0 for x in range(np1)]
dx=0.15/(len(x)-1)
t=[100,500,1000]
np2=len(t)
T1= [[0 for x in range(np1)] for y in range(np2)];
T0=105.0
Ti=10.0
alpha=6e-7
s=""
f=f1()
for i in range(np2):
403
for j in range(np1):
x[j]=dx*j
z=[x[j],t[i]]
T1[i][j]=f.func(z)
plt.title('infinite wall T0=const Ti=constant')
plt.xlabel('x m')
plt.plot(x,T1[i])
PROBLEM: A thick bronze [𝛼=0.86x10-5 m2/s k=26 W/( mK) is initially at a uniform temperature
Ti=250 ℃ . Suddenly surface temperature is reduced to Ta=25 ℃. Detemine the temperature 0.05 m
from the surface 600 s after exposure.
ublic class HT_T_infinite
double total=0;
double plusminus=1;
double power=x;
double factorial=1;
power*=x*x;
factorial*=n;
plusminus*=-1;
}
return A*total;
}
{ double x[]={0.05};
double t=600.0;
double T0=25.0;
double Ti=250.0;
System.out.println("ksi="+y1);
return T1;};
String s="";
s+="x = "+x[i]+" t = "+t+" T = "+T.func(z)+"\n";
}
}
}
404
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_T_infinite
ksi=0.3480287789935653
x = 0.05 t = 600.0 T = 109.91789350004223
PROBLEM 6.3.2 SEMI-INFINITE WALL PROBLEM LAPLACE TRANSFORM SOLUTION,

CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY
A second example: Semi-infinite medium at initially zero temperature. At t>0 boundary surface at x=0
is subjected to convective heat transfer
𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
with boundary condition:
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘 + ℎ[𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ] 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)= Ti 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇 ∗ (x,t)= Ti at t=0
Shift of variables:
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)=𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘 + ℎ[𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ] 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)= 0 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)= 0 at t=0
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑠) 𝑠
− 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑠) [𝑇 −𝑇 ]
−𝑘 + ℎ𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) + ℎ 𝑖 ∞ 𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = 0 (define H=h/k)
𝜕𝑥 𝑠
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑠) [𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞]
− + 𝐻𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) + 𝐻 𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑠
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞

𝑠 𝑠
−𝑥√ 𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝛼
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞ therefore 𝐶2 = 0
𝑠
−𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) 𝑠 −𝑥√𝛼𝑠
= −𝐶1 √ 𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝛼
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑠) [𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞]
− + 𝐻𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) + 𝐻 𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠 −𝑥√ −𝑥√ [𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞]
𝐶1 √ 𝑒 𝛼 + 𝐻𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼 +𝐻 = 0 at x=0
𝛼 𝑠
𝑠 −𝑥√𝛼𝑠 −𝑥√
𝑠
𝛼+𝐻 𝑖
[𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ]
𝐶1 √ 𝑒 + 𝐻𝐶1 𝑒 =0
𝛼 𝑠
𝑠 [𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ]
𝐶1 [√ + 𝐻] + 𝐻 =0
𝛼 𝑠
[𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ]
𝐶1 = −𝐻
𝑠
𝑠 [√ + 𝐻]
𝛼
405
[𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 ] 𝑠
−𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐻 𝑒 𝛼
𝑠
𝑠 [√ + 𝐻]
𝛼
[𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 ] 𝑠
−𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐻√𝛼 𝑒 𝛼
𝑠[√𝑠 + 𝐻√𝛼]
51 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 2 𝑘 𝑘
−𝑒 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (𝑎 √𝑡 + )) + 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (
𝑠(√𝑠 + 𝑎) 2√𝑡
2√𝑡
𝑥
𝑥 𝐻 √𝛼 2 𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = [𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑠) − 𝑇𝑖 ] = [𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 ] [𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )−𝑒 √𝛼 𝑒 𝐻 𝛼𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (𝐻√𝛼 √𝑡 + )]
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = [𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑠) − 𝑇𝑖 ] = [𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 ] [𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) − 𝑒 𝐻𝑥 𝑎 𝐻 𝛼𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (𝐻√𝛼√𝑡 + )]
2
[𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑠) − 𝑇𝑖 ] 𝑥 ℎ ℎ
𝑥 𝛼𝑡 ℎ 𝑥
= [𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) − 𝑒 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘 2 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( √𝛼√𝑡 + )]
[𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 ] 2√𝛼𝑡 𝑘 2√𝛼𝑡
Problem 6.3.2 Java solution:

import java.util.*;
public class HT_infinite_wall2
{
//incomplete gamma function P(a,x)
public static double gammp(double a,double x)
{
double gamser,gammcf;
if (x < 0.0 || a <= 0.0) System.out.println("Invalid arguments in routine GAMMP");
if (x < (a+1.0)) {
gamser=gser(a,x);
return gamser;
} else {
gammcf=gcf(a,x);
return 1.0-gammcf;
}
}
//incomplete gamma function Q(a,x)=1-P(a,x);

public static double gammq(double a,double x)
{
double gamser,gammcf;
if (x < 0.0 || a <= 0.0) System.out.println("Invalid arguments in routine GAMMQ");
if (x < (a+1.0)) {
gamser=gser(a,x);
return 1.0-gamser;
} else {
gammcf=gcf(a,x);
return gammcf;
}
}
public static double gser(double a,double x)
{ int ITMAX=200;
double EPS=3.0e-7;
int n;
double sum,del,ap;
double gln=lngamma(a)[0];
double gamser=0;
if (x <= 0.0) {
if (x < 0.0) System.out.println("x less than 0 in routine GSER");
gamser=0.0;
return gamser;
} else {
ap=a;
del=sum=1.0/a;
for (n=1;n<=ITMAX;n++) {
ap += 1.0;
del *= x/ap;
sum += del;
if (Math.abs(del) < Math.abs(sum)*EPS) {
gamser=sum*Math.exp(-x+a*Math.log(x)-(gln));
return gamser;
406
}
}
//System.out.println("a too large, ITMAX too small in routine GSER");
return gamser;
}
}
public static double gcf(double a,double x)
{
int ITMAX=200;
double EPS=3.0e-7;
int n;
double gln;
double gammcf=0;
double gold=0.0,g,fac=1.0,b1=1.0;
double b0=0.0,anf,ana,an,a1,a0=1.0;
gln=lngamma(a)[0];
a1=x;
for (n=1;n<=ITMAX;n++) {
an=(double) n;
ana=an-a;
a0=(a1+a0*ana)*fac;
b0=(b1+b0*ana)*fac;
anf=an*fac;
a1=x*a0+anf*a1;
b1=x*b0+anf*b1;
if (a1!=0) {
fac=1.0/a1;
g=b1*fac;
if (Math.abs((g-gold)/g) < EPS) {
gammcf=Math.exp(-x+a*Math.log(x)-gln)*g;
return gammcf;
}
gold=g;
}
}
//System.out.println("a too large, ITMAX too small in routine GCF");
return gammcf;
}
//error function
public static double erf(double x)
{
//error function
return x < 0.0 ? -gammp(0.5,x*x) : gammp(0.5,x*x);
}
//natural logarithm of gamma function
public static double [] lngamma(double x)
{//logaithm of gamma function
//xx[0] value of logarithm of gamma function
//xx[1] sign of gamma functon
double result;
double a;
double b;
double c;
double p;
double q;
double u;
double w;
double z;
int i;
double logpi;
double ls2pi;
double tmp;
double sgngam = 1;
logpi = 1.14472988584940017414;
ls2pi = 0.91893853320467274178;
if( x<-34.0 )
{
q = -x;
double yy[]=lngamma(q);
w = yy[0];
tmp=yy[1];
p = Math.floor(q);
i = (int)Math.round(p);
if( i%2==0 )
{
sgngam = -1;
407
}
else
{
sgngam = 1;
}
z = q-p;
if( z>0.5 )
{
p = p+1;
z = p-q;
}
z = q*Math.sin(Math.PI*z);
result = logpi-Math.log(z)-w;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
if( x<13 )
{
z = 1;
p = 0;
u = x;
while(u>=3)
{
p = p-1;
u = x+p;
z = z*u;
}
while(u<2)
{
z = z/u;
p = p+1;
u = x+p;
}
if( z<0 )
{
sgngam = -1;
z = -z;
}
else
{
sgngam = 1;
}
if( u==2 )
{
result = Math.log(z);
//return result;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
p = p-2;
x = x+p;
b = -1378.25152569120859100;
b = -38801.6315134637840924+x*b;
b = -331612.992738871184744+x*b;
b = -1162370.97492762307383+x*b;
b = -1721737.00820839662146+x*b;
b = -853555.664245765465627+x*b;
c = 1;
c = -351.815701436523470549+x*c;
c = -17064.2106651881159223+x*c;
c = -220528.590553854454839+x*c;
c = -1139334.44367982507207+x*c;
c = -2532523.07177582951285+x*c;
c = -2018891.41433532773231+x*c;
p = x*b/c;
result = Math.log(z)+p;
//return result;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
q = (x-0.5)*Math.log(x)-x+ls2pi;
if( x>100000000 )
{
result = q;
408
//return result;
xx[0]=result;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
p = 1/(x*x);
if( x>=1000.0 )
{
q = q+((7.9365079365079365079365*0.0001*p-2.7777777777777777777778*0.001)*p+0.0833333333333333333333)/x;
}
else
{
a = 8.11614167470508450300*0.0001;
a = -5.95061904284301438324*0.0001+p*a;
a = 7.93650340457716943945*0.0001+p*a;
a = -2.77777777730099687205*0.001+p*a;
a = 8.33333333333331927722*0.01+p*a;
q = q+a/x;
}
xx[0]= q;
xx[1]=sgngam;
return xx;
}
//complimentary error function
public static double erfc(double x)
{
return x < 0.0 ? 1.0+gammp(0.5,x*x) : gammq(0.5,x*x);
}
public static double T(double x,double t,double Tinf,double alpha,double H)
{
//H = h/k
double x1=x/Math.sqrt(4.0*alpha*t);
double TT=Tinf*(erfc(x1)-Math.exp(H*x+H*H*alpha*t)*erfc(H*Math.sqrt(alpha*t)+x1));
return TT;
}
{
double H=2.0;
double x[]=new double[100]; //m
double t[]={10.0,50.0,100.0,200.0,300.0};//s
double Tinf=100.0;
double T[][]=new double[t.length][100];
{for(int j=0;j<x.length;j++)
{
x[j]=0.5*j/100.0;
T[i][j]=T(x[j],t[i],Tinf,alpha,H)+T1;}
}
{pp.addData(x,T[i]); }
pp.plot();
}
}
409
Problem 6.3.2 Python solution:
from math import *
from f_xj import *
import numpy as np;
# infinite wall convective heat flow at the wall surface at t>0 seconds
class f1(f_xj):
def __init__(self,Tinf,alpha,H,Ti):
self.name = 'HT_infinite_wall2'
self.Tinf=Tinf
self.alpha=alpha
self.H=H
self.Ti=Ti
def func(self,z):
x1=z[0]
t1=z[1]
x2=x1/sqrt(4.0*alpha*t1)
T2=Tinf*(erfc(x2)-exp(H*x1+H*H*alpha*t1)*erfc(H*sqrt(alpha*t1)+x2))+Ti
return T2
np1=100
dx=0.5/(len(x)-1)
alpha=4.0e-5
H=2.0
Tinf=100.0
t=[10.0,50.0,100.0,200.0,300.0]
np2=len(t)
T0=105.0
Ti=20.0
s=""
T=f1(Tinf,alpha,H)
x[j]=dx*j
z=[x[j],t[i]]
T1[i][j]=T.func(z)
plt.title('infinite wall convective h,Tinf Ti=constant')
plt.xlabel('x m')
plt.plot(x,T1[i],linewidth=0.5)
410
PROBLEM: A thick bronze [𝛼=0.88x10-5 m2/s k=26 W/( mK) is initially at a uniform temperature
Ti=200 ℃ . Suddenly surface is exposed to a coolantT a=30 ℃. Assuming that the convective heat
transfer coefficient h=150 W/(m2K). Detemine the temperature 0.05 m from the surface 900 s after
exposure.
public class HT_Tinf_h_infinite
double total=0;
double plusminus=1;
double power=x;
double factorial=1;
power*=x*x;
factorial*=n;
plusminus*=-1;
}
return A*total;
}
public static double erfc(double x)
{return 1.0-erf(x);}
{ double x[]={0.05};
double t=900.0;
double Tinf=30;
double h=100.0;
double k=25.0;
double Ti=200.0;
double y2=h/k*Math.sqrt(alpha);
double y3=y2*Math.sqrt(t1);
double T1=Ti+(Tinf-Ti)*(erfc(y1)-Math.exp(h/k*x1+y2*y2*t1)*erfc(y1+y3));
return T1;};
String s="";
s+="x = "+x[i]+" t = "+t+" T = "+T.func(z)+"\n";
}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_Tinf_h_infinite
x = 0.05 t = 900.0 T = 169.1761791261158
411
PROBLEM:
A thick wood Wall[=0.82x10-7m2/s, k=0.15 W/(mK)] is initially at a uniform temperature of T i=20 C.

The wood may ignite at T=400C. If the surface is exposed to hot gases at T inf=500 C, and the heat
transfer coefficient between the gas and the surface is h=45 W/(m2K). How long will it take for the
surface (x=0) of the wood to ignition temperature[T=400C]
[𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑠) − 𝑇𝑖 ] 𝑥 ℎ ℎ2 ℎ 𝑥
𝑥 𝛼𝑡
= [𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) − 𝑒 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘 2 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( √𝛼√𝑡 + )]
[𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 ] 2√𝛼𝑡 𝑘 2√𝛼𝑡
x=0 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(0) = 1
[400 − 20] 2
= 1 − 𝑒 𝑧 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑧)
[500 − 20]
2
𝑒 𝑧 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑧) − 0.20833 = 0
ℎ
𝑧 = √𝛼 √𝑡 =2.528226516
𝑘
0.791667
0.208333
z 2.528226516
0.000394155
h= 45 W/(m^2K)
k 0.15
 8.20E-08
h/k*^0.5 8.59E-02
t^0.5= 2.94E+01
t 8.66E+02 s
PROBLEM 6.3.3 SEMI-INFINITE WALL PROBLEM LAPLACE TRANSFORM SOLUTION,

CONSTANT SURFACE HEAT FLUX BOUNDARY
Semi-infinite medium: Constant surface heat flux

𝜕 2 𝑇∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇 ∗ (𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘 = 𝑞0 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
∗ (𝑥,
𝑇 𝑡)= Ti 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇 ∗ (x,t)= Ti at t=0
Shift of variables:
𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡)=𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
−𝑘 = 𝑞0 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)= 0 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)= 0 at t=0
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑠) 𝑠
− 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 0≤𝑥≤∞
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼
412
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 𝑞
−𝑘 = 0 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑥 𝑠
(define H=h/k)
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠)= 0 𝑥 → ∞ t > 0
𝑠 𝑠
−𝑥√ 𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝛼
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞ therefore 𝐶2 = 0
𝑠
−𝑥√
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) 𝑠 −𝑥√𝛼𝑠
= −𝐶1 √ 𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝛼
𝑠
𝑠 −𝑥√ 𝑞0
𝑘𝐶1 √ 𝑒 𝛼 = 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 > 0
𝛼 𝑠
𝑠 𝑞0
𝑘𝐶1 √ =
𝛼 𝑠
𝑞0 √𝛼
𝐶1 =
𝑘𝑠 3/2
So the solution is:

𝑞0 √𝛼 −𝑥√𝛼𝑠
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑒
𝑘𝑠 3/2
Case 44 in the table:

44
𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 𝑡 𝑘2 𝑘
𝑘≥0 2√ exp (− ) − 𝑘 ∗ 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑠 3/2 𝜋 4𝑡 2√𝑡
𝑥
So 𝑘 =
√𝛼
The inversion of Laplace transform results:

𝑞0 𝛼𝑡 𝑥2 𝑞0 𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 √ exp (− ) − 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑘 𝜋 4𝛼𝑡 𝑘 2√𝛼𝑡
𝑞0 𝛼𝑡 𝑥2 𝑞0 𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇 ∗ (𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = 2 √ exp (− ) − 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑘 𝜋 4𝛼𝑡 𝑘 2√𝛼𝑡
class HT_infinite_wall3
{ //Function is written by using lambda variables
{
double q0=10000.0; //W/m^2
double k=50.0; //W/mK;
double t0=20;
if_xj f1=(double x[])->2.0*q0*Math.sqrt(alpha*x[0]/Math.PI)/k*Math.exp(-x[1]*x[1]/(4.0*alpha*x[0]))-
q0*x[1]/k*Mathd.erfc(x[1]/(2.0*Math.sqrt(alpha*x[0])))+t0;
double xx[]=new double[100]; //m
double t[]={10.0,50.0,100.0,200.0,300.0};//s
double T[][]=new double[t.length][100];
{for(int j=0;j<xx.length;j++)
{ xx[j]=0.5*j/100.0;
double y[]={t[i],xx[j]};
413
T[i][j]=f1.func(y);}
}
Plot pp=new Plot(xx,T[0]);
{pp.addData(xx,T[i]); }
pp.plot();
}
}
Python version:
from math import *
from f_xj import *
import numpy as np;
# infinite wall constant heat flux q0 at the wall surface at t>0 seconds
class f1(f_xj):
def __init__(self,Ti,alpha,k,q0):
self.name = 'HT_infinite_wall3'
self.q0=q0
self.alpha=alpha
self.k=k
self.Ti=Ti
def func(self,z):
x=z[0]
t=z[1]
T=2.0*q0*sqrt(alpha*t/pi)/k*exp(-x*x/(4.0*alpha*t))-q0*x/k*erfc(x/(2.0*sqrt(alpha*t)))+Ti
return T
np1=100
dx=0.5/(len(x)-1)
alpha=4.0e-5
q0=10000.0
k=50.0
t=[10.0,50.0,100.0,200.0,300.0]
np2=len(t)
Ti=20.0
s=""
T=f1(Ti,alpha,k,q0)
x[j]=dx*j
z=[x[j],t[i]]
T1[i][j]=T.func(z)
plt.title('infinite wall constant heat flux Ti=constant')
plt.xlabel('x m')
414
415
7.0 INTEGRAL TRANSFORM METHODS
When nonhomogenities in the boundary layers existed, methods like seperation of variables are not
always good enough to give us homogeneous solutions, eventhough several methods are existed to
convert the problem to the homogeneous one. Integral transform method is derived from seperation of
variable methods. Integral transform and inverse integral transform is derived from arbitrary function in
terms of eigenfunctions of the corresponding eigenvalue problem. Consider the following eigenvalue
problem:
∇2 𝜑(𝑟) + 2 𝜑(𝑟) = 0 in region R
With boundary condition:
𝜕𝜑(𝑟𝑖 )
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝜑(𝑟𝑖 ) = 0 on the boundary Si
𝜕𝑛𝑖
Assuming that eigenfunction 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟) of this eigenvalue problem satisfy the orthogonality conditions.
The general can be applied. ⁡
0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝜑(𝑛 , 𝑟)𝑑𝑣 = {
𝑁(𝑚 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛
𝑅
⁡
𝑁(𝑚 ) = ∫[𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)]2 𝑑𝑣

𝑅
Now the representation of the function can be given as:
∞
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐶𝑚 (𝑡)𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)
⁡ 𝑚=1
By applying the operator ⁡⁡⁡∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑑𝑣 into the both side of the equation and considering
orthogonality condition
⁡ ⁡
∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 = 𝐶𝑚 (𝑡) ∫[𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)]2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐶𝑚 (𝑡)𝑁(𝑚 )

𝑅 𝑅
⁡
1
𝐶𝑚 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣
𝑁(𝑚 )
𝑅
This expression is introduced into the 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) equation by spliting it into two parts
𝜑(𝑚 ,𝑟)
Inversion formula: 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑∞ ̅
𝑚=1 𝑁( ) 𝑇 (𝑚 , 𝑡)
𝑚
⁡
Integral transform: 𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡) = ∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 where 𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡) is called integral
𝑅
transform of the function 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
Now let us look at the heat transfer problem:
1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡)
∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡) = in region R
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
With the boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑇(𝑟𝑖 ,𝑡)
𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝑇(𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) on boundary Si t>0
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) for t=0 in region R
Integrated form
⁡ of the equation: ⁡ ⁡
2
1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)
∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)∇ 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟) 𝑑𝑣
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
Integral transform of this expression:
⁡
1 1 𝜕𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡)
∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑔̅ (𝑚 , 𝑡) =
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
⁡ 𝑅 ⁡
Where 𝑔̅ (𝑚 , 𝑡) = ∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 and 𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡) = ∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣
416
⁡
The integral ∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 can be evaluated making use of Green’s theorem
⁡ ⁡ 𝑁 ⁡
2 2 ⁡
𝜕𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)
∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)∇ 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑇∇ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)⁡dv + ∑ ∫ (𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟) − 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) ) 𝑑𝑠𝑖
𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑅 𝑅 𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖
⁡
Where 𝑠𝑖 continious boundaries of region R. The integral ∫𝑅 𝑇∇2 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)⁡dv⁡ is evaluated by writing
equation ∇2 𝜑(𝑟) + 2 𝜑(𝑟) = 0 in region R for the eigenfunction 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟), multiplying both sides
with T(r,t) and integrating in region R and utilizing integral transform.
⁡ 2 ⁡
∫𝑅 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)∇2 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑚 ∫𝑅 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑑𝑣 = 0
⁡ 𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡) 𝜕𝜑(𝑚 ,𝑟)
The surface integral ∫𝑆 (𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟) − 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) ) 𝑑𝑠𝑖 is evaluated by using boundary
𝑖 𝜕𝑛𝑖 𝜕𝑛𝑖
+ ℎ𝑖 𝑇(𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) on boundary Si
condition 𝑘𝑖 t>0
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝜕𝑇(𝑟,𝑡) 𝜕𝜑( ,𝑟) 𝜑( ,𝑟 )
(𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟) 𝜕𝑛 − 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑛𝑚 ) = 𝑘𝑚 𝑖 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) so equation becomes
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ 𝜑(𝑚 ,𝑟𝑖 )
∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑚 ∫𝑅 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑑𝑣 + ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 ∫𝑆 ( 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑠𝑖 Substituting
𝑖 𝑘𝑖
⁡ 1 ̅ (𝑚 ,𝑡)
1 𝜕𝑇
this equation into ⁡⁡∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)∇2 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑔̅ (𝑚 , 𝑡) = equation becomes
𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
̅ (𝑚 ,𝑡)
𝜕𝑇 𝛼 ⁡ 𝜑(𝑚 ,𝑟𝑖 )
+ 𝛼2𝑚 𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡) = 𝐴(𝑚 , 𝑡) where 𝐴(𝑚 , 𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑚 , 𝑡) + 𝛼 ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 ∫𝑆 ( 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑠𝑖
𝜕𝑡 𝑘 𝑖 𝑘𝑖
Integral transform of the boundary condition 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑟) for t=0 in region R becomes
⁡
𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡) = ∫𝑅 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝐹(𝑟)𝑑𝑣 = 𝐹̅ (𝑚 ) for t=0
Our integral transform equation then becomes:
𝑡
𝑇̅(𝑚 , 𝑡) = exp⁡(−𝛼2𝑚 𝑡) [𝐹̅ (𝑚 ) + ∫ exp⁡(−𝛼2𝑚 𝑡)𝐴(𝑚 , 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ]

0
Introducing integral transform into the inversion formula gives:
∞ 𝑡
1
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ exp⁡(−𝛼2𝑚 𝑡)𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟) [𝐹̅ (𝑚 ) + ∫ exp⁡(−𝛼2𝑚 𝑡)𝐴(𝑚 , 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑁(𝑚 )
𝑚=1 0
Where
𝑁 ⁡
𝛼 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟𝑖 )
𝐴(𝑚 , 𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑚 , 𝑡) + 𝛼 ∑ ∫ ( 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑠𝑖
𝑘 𝑘𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖
⁡
𝐹̅ (𝑚 ) = ∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝐹(𝑟)𝑑𝑣

𝑅⁡
𝑔̅ (𝑚 , 𝑡) = ∫ 𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)𝑔(𝑟, 𝑡)𝑑𝑣

𝑅 ⁡
𝑁(𝑚 ) = ∫[𝜑(𝑚 , 𝑟)]2 𝑑𝑣

𝑅
Note: in the boundary equation 𝑘𝑖 + ℎ𝑖 𝑇(𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑖 (𝑟𝑖 , 𝑡) on boundary Si t>0 if 𝑘𝑖 = 0 (which
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝜑(𝑚 ,𝑟𝑖 )
can be happened when a temperature type of boundary is given) the the term will be replaced by
𝑘𝑖
1 𝜕𝜑(𝑚 ,𝑟𝑖 )
−
ℎ𝑖 𝜕𝑛𝑖
Example problem: Consider the following two dimensional (x,t) heat conduction problem:
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡) 1 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
+ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡) = in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 t>0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
= 0 at x=0 t>0
𝜕𝑥
417
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)=0 at x=l t>0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥) at t=0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
Solution of the problem then has a form:
∞ 𝑡
1 𝛼
𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) = ∑ exp⁡(−𝛼2𝑚 𝑡)𝑋(β𝑚 , 𝑥) [𝐹̅ (β𝑚 ) + ∫ g̅(β𝑚 , 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑁(β𝑚 ) 𝑘
𝑚=1 0
1 2 (2𝑚−1)𝜋
Where 𝑋(β𝑚 , 𝑥) = cos⁡(β𝑚 𝑥) = and cos(β𝑚 𝐿) = 0⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡ β𝑚 = m=1..N
𝑁(β𝑚 ) 𝐿 𝐿
∞ 𝐿⁡ 𝑡 𝐿
2 𝛼
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡 ) = ∑ exp⁡(−𝛼2𝑚 𝑡)cos⁡(β𝑚 𝑥 ) [ ∫ 𝐹(𝑥 )cos⁡(β𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∫ exp⁡(𝛼2𝑚 𝑡)cos⁡(β𝑚 𝑥 )g(x, 𝑡 )cos⁡(β𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡 ]
𝐿 𝑘
𝑚=1 𝑥=0 𝑡=0 𝑥=0
Note: equation involve double integration in order to solve double integration numerical analysis info
about numerical information solution is given in below info box
MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATION BY PARAMETRIC METHODS
A two dimensional integration

⁡
𝐼(𝐷) = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐷
Where D is a region in xy plane. If this region is defined as 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 and 𝑐(𝑥) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑(𝑥), one
way two calculate two dimensional integration is to repeat one dimensional integration twice. In the
first step intehration function g(x) is calculated as an integration in y dimension and then function
g(x) is solved to get integration result.
𝑏 𝑑(𝑥)
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐(𝑥)
𝑑(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏

𝑐(𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Any integration formulation can be used for this purpose. All it has to be done is to evaluate
integration Formula twice once for each independent variable. As an example Gauss-Legendre
formulation will be used to evaluate double integration. Two code is defined. In the first one Gauss-
Legendre coefficients are defined as constants, in the second one they are calculated through
Legendre polynomials. In the two dimensional integration x dimesion limits are still given as constant
values, but y dimension limits c(x) and d(x) should be given as functions for proper evaluation of the
integral.
𝑏 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑏 𝑛
𝑑(𝑥) − 𝑐(𝑥) (𝑑(𝑥) − 𝑐(𝑥))𝑟𝑛,𝑗 + (𝑑(𝑥) + 𝑐(𝑥))
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∑ 𝐶𝑛,𝑗 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑎 𝑐(𝑥) 𝑎 𝑗=1
In this equation rn,j root values and Cn,j are equation coefficients. These values can be calculated from
Legendre polynomials.
Now we can create numerical solution for the given final formulation. (HT_int_tr1.java)
//======================================================
// example to show utilisation of integration (integral)
418
// and differentiation (derivative) functions
// Gauss-Legendre integration with two variables
// constant number of coefficients (60 coefficients)
// and roots
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi extends Mathd
{
public double a,b;
public fdi(double ai,double bi)
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi()
{a=0;b=1;}
public void setab(double ai,double bi)
{a=ai;b=bi;}
abstract public double c(double x);
abstract public double d(double x);
abstract public double f(double x[]);
}
class f1 extends fdi
{ int m;
double L,t;
double beta;
double alpha;
if_xj g;
public f1( if_xj gi,int mi,double alphai,double Li,double ti)
{super(0.0,Li);g=gi;alpha=alphai;m=mi;L=Li;t=ti;beta=(2.0*m-1.0)*Math.PI/L;}
//lower integration limit function
public double c(double x)
{return 0.0;}
//upper integration limit function
public double d(double x)
{return L;}
public double f(double x[])
{
//function required to integrate
double ff=exp(alpha*beta*beta*x[1])*g.func(x)*cos(beta*x[0]);
return ff;
}
}
class HT_int_tr1
{
public static double[][] gauss_legendre_coefficients(double x1,double x2,int n)
{ //calculates legendre gauss-coefficients as coefficients of the integral
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
z=Math.cos(Math.PI*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)));
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
419
public static double I(fdi f)
{
//integral f(x)dx
//integral of a function by using gauss-legendre quadrature
//coefficients are pre-calculated for 60 terms for [-1,1]
//band then utilises variable transform
int i,j;
int n=60;
double r[],c[];
r=new double[n];
c=new double[n];
r[ 0] = .15532579626752470000E-02;
r[ 1] = .81659383601264120000E-02;
r[ 2] = .19989067515846230000E-01;
r[ 3] = .36899976285362850000E-01;
r[ 4] = .58719732103973630000E-01;
r[ 5] = .85217118808615820000E-01;
r[ 6] = .11611128394758690000E+00;
r[ 7] = .15107475260334210000E+00;
r[ 8] = .18973690850537860000E+00;
r[ 9] = .23168792592899010000E+00;
r[10] = .27648311523095540000E+00;
r[11] = .32364763723456090000E+00;
r[12] = .37268153691605510000E+00;
r[13] = .42306504319570830000E+00;
r[14] = .47426407872234120000E+00;
r[15] = .52573592127765890000E+00;
r[16] = .57693495680429170000E+00;
r[17] = .62731846308394490000E+00;
r[18] = .67635236276543910000E+00;
r[19] = .72351688476904450000E+00;
r[20] = .76831207407100990000E+00;
r[21] = .81026309149462140000E+00;
r[22] = .84892524739665800000E+00;
r[23] = .88388871605241310000E+00;
r[24] = .91478288119138420000E+00;
r[25] = .94128026789602640000E+00;
r[26] = .96310002371463720000E+00;
r[27] = .98001093248415370000E+00;
r[28] = .99183406163987350000E+00;
r[29] = .99844674203732480000E+00;
c[ 0] = .39840962480827790000E-02;
c[ 1] = .92332341555455000000E-02;
c[ 2] = .14392353941661670000E-01;
c[ 3] = .19399596284813530000E-01;
c[ 4] = .24201336415292590000E-01;
c[ 5] = .28746578108808720000E-01;
c[ 6] = .32987114941090080000E-01;
c[ 7] = .36877987368852570000E-01;
c[ 8] = .40377947614710090000E-01;
c[ 9] = .43449893600541500000E-01;
c[10] = .46061261118893050000E-01;
c[11] = .48184368587322120000E-01;
c[12] = .49796710293397640000E-01;
c[13] = .50881194874202750000E-01;
c[14] = .51426326446779420000E-01;
c[15] = .51426326446779420000E-01;
c[16] = .50881194874202750000E-01;
c[17] = .49796710293397640000E-01;
c[18] = .48184368587322120000E-01;
c[19] = .46061261118893050000E-01;
c[20] = .43449893600541500000E-01;
c[21] = .40377947614710090000E-01;
c[22] = .36877987368852570000E-01;
c[23] = .32987114941090080000E-01;
c[24] = .28746578108808720000E-01;
c[25] = .24201336415292590000E-01;
c[26] = .19399596284813530000E-01;
c[27] = .14392353941661670000E-01;
c[28] = .92332341555455000000E-02;
c[29] = .39840962480827790000E-02;
for(i=0;i<30;i++) {r[i+30]=-r[i];c[i+30]=c[i];}
int m=n;
double x[],h1,h2,J,a1,b1,c1,d1,k1,k2,JX,Q;
x=new double[2];
//1=========================
420
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
//2=========================
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
//3=========================
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*r[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
//4=========================
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
x[1]=k1*r[j]+k2;
Q=f.f(x);
JX+=c[j]*Q;
}
J=J+c[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
}
{ double L=1.0; //m
double t=3600;
double T=10;
double integ1=0;
double integ2=0;
double x=0.1;
double k=50.0; // W/(mK)
//x1[0]=x x1[1]=t
if_xj g=(double x1[])->100*x1[0];
if_x F=(x1)->20.0*x1;
{f1 ff=new f1(g,m,alpha,L,t);
double beta=(2.0*m-1.0)*Math.PI/L;
integ2=I(ff);
if_x y1=(x1)->F.func(x1)*Math.cos(beta*x1);
integ1=y1.integral(0.0,t);
System.out.println("m="+m+"beta="+beta+"integ1="+integ1+"integ2="+integ2);
T+=Math.exp(-alpha*beta*beta*t)*Math.cos(beta*x)*(y1.integral(0.0,L)+alpha/k*integ2);
}
T*=2.0/L;
System.out.println("x = "+x+"t="+t+"T="+T);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_int_tr1
m=1beta=3.141592653589793integ1=1.6360812510762941E7integ2=-20.26433672879602
m=3beta=15.707963267948966integ1=9705177.59864646integ2=-0.8106694773636043
m=12beta=72.25663103256524integ1=-1623589.61221613integ2=-0.03840685994864523
m=13beta=78.53981633974483integ1=-2.7606452680663705E7integ2=-0.03252298469988887
421
m=32beta=197.92033717615698integ1=-3.785698714610449E7integ2=0.039051484110085306
m=36beta=223.05307840487532integ1=4.042899943900705E7integ2=1.5532892857783265
m=47beta=292.16811678385073integ1=9777865.891168052integ2=6.980448899306837
x = 0.1t=3600.0T=12.194514058635923
Python version of the program:

#integral HT_int_tr1.py
# Heat transfer integral equations example
from math import *
from f_xj import *
from f_x import *
#2 dimensional function
class f1:
def __init__(self, gi,mi,alphai,Li,ti):
self.a = 0.0
self.b = Li
self.L=Li
self.g=gi
self.m=mi
self.alpha=alphai
self.t=t
self.beta=(2.0*self.m-1)*(pi*self.L)
def c(self,x):
return 0.0
def d(self,x):
return L
def f(self,x):
ff=exp(alpha*beta*beta*x[1])*g.func(x)*cos(beta*x[0])
return ff
def I(f):
#integral f(x)dx
#coefficients are pre-calculated for 60 terms for [-1,1]
#band then utilises variable transform
n=60;
r=[0 for z in range(n)]
c=[0 for z in range(n)]
r[ 0] = .15532579626752470000E-02;
r[ 1] = .81659383601264120000E-02;
r[ 2] = .19989067515846230000E-01;
r[ 3] = .36899976285362850000E-01;
r[ 4] = .58719732103973630000E-01;
r[ 5] = .85217118808615820000E-01;
r[ 6] = .11611128394758690000E+00;
r[ 7] = .15107475260334210000E+00;
r[ 8] = .18973690850537860000E+00;
422
r[ 9] = .23168792592899010000E+00;
r[10] = .27648311523095540000E+00;
r[11] = .32364763723456090000E+00;
r[12] = .37268153691605510000E+00;
r[13] = .42306504319570830000E+00;
r[14] = .47426407872234120000E+00;
r[15] = .52573592127765890000E+00;
r[16] = .57693495680429170000E+00;
r[17] = .62731846308394490000E+00;
r[18] = .67635236276543910000E+00;
r[19] = .72351688476904450000E+00;
r[20] = .76831207407100990000E+00;
r[21] = .81026309149462140000E+00;
r[22] = .84892524739665800000E+00;
r[23] = .88388871605241310000E+00;
r[24] = .91478288119138420000E+00;
r[25] = .94128026789602640000E+00;
r[26] = .96310002371463720000E+00;
r[27] = .98001093248415370000E+00;
r[28] = .99183406163987350000E+00;
r[29] = .99844674203732480000E+00;
c[ 0] = .39840962480827790000E-02;
c[ 1] = .92332341555455000000E-02;
c[ 2] = .14392353941661670000E-01;
c[ 3] = .19399596284813530000E-01;
c[ 4] = .24201336415292590000E-01;
c[ 5] = .28746578108808720000E-01;
c[ 6] = .32987114941090080000E-01;
c[ 7] = .36877987368852570000E-01;
c[ 8] = .40377947614710090000E-01;
c[ 9] = .43449893600541500000E-01;
c[10] = .46061261118893050000E-01;
c[11] = .48184368587322120000E-01;
c[12] = .49796710293397640000E-01;
c[13] = .50881194874202750000E-01;
c[14] = .51426326446779420000E-01;
c[15] = .51426326446779420000E-01;
c[16] = .50881194874202750000E-01;
c[17] = .49796710293397640000E-01;
c[18] = .48184368587322120000E-01;
c[19] = .46061261118893050000E-01;
c[20] = .43449893600541500000E-01;
c[21] = .40377947614710090000E-01;
c[22] = .36877987368852570000E-01;
c[23] = .32987114941090080000E-01;
c[24] = .28746578108808720000E-01;
c[25] = .24201336415292590000E-01;
c[26] = .19399596284813530000E-01;
c[27] = .14392353941661670000E-01;
c[28] = .92332341555455000000E-02;
c[29] = .39840962480827790000E-02;
for i in range(30):
r[i+30]=-r[i]
c[i+30]=c[i]
m=n;
x=[0 for z in range(2)]
#1=========================
a1=f.a
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
#2=========================
for i in range(m):
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*r[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
#3=========================
for j in range(n):
x[1]=k1*r[j]+k2
Q=f.f(x)
JX+=c[j]*Q
J=J+c[i]*k1*JX
J=h1*J;
423
return J
L=1.0; #m
t=3600.0
alpha=1.0e-6
T=10;
integ1=0.0
integ2=0.0
x=0.1
k=50.0 # W/(mK)
# x1[0]=x x1[1]=t
x1=[x,t]
class f2(f_xj):func=lambda self,x: 100.0*x[0]
g=f2()
class f3(f_x):func=lambda self,x: 20.0*x
F=f3()
for m in range(1,50):
ff=ff=f1(g,m,alpha,L,t)
beta=(2.0*m-1.0)*pi/L;
integ2=I(ff)
class f4(f_x):func=lambda self,x: F.func(x)*cos(beta*x)
y1=f4()
integ1=y1.integral(0.0,t,20)
print("m=",m,"beta=",beta,"integ1=",integ1,"integ2=",integ2)
T=T+exp(-alpha*beta*beta*t)*cos(beta*x)*(y1.integral(0.0,L,20)+alpha/k*integ2)
T*=2.0/L;
print("x = ",x,"t=",t,"T=",T)
runfile('E:/okul/SCO1/HT_int_tr1.py', wdir='E:/okul/SCO1')
Reloaded modules: f_xj, f_x
m= 1 beta= 3.141592653589793 integ1= 15638386.162158405 integ2= -20.26433672879602
m= 6 beta= 34.55751918948772 integ1= -5598955.686731523 integ2= -0.16757307063293492
m= 32 beta= 197.92033717615698 integ1= 41667579.68818247 integ2= 0.039051484110085306
m= 33 beta= 204.20352248333654 integ1= -20114848.192499895 integ2= 0.02124902148647314
424
x = 0.1 t= 3600.0 T= 12.198963350154287
8.0 APPROXIMATION METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION
Approximate methods used an approximation equation such as a polynomial to approximate heat

transfer temperature profile. As a first example case let us consider semi-infinite wall with constant
surface temperature. Let us solve the problem first as an exact solution by using Laplace transform
method.
PROBLEM 8.1 SEMI-INFINITE WALL WITH CONSTANT TEMPERATURE

APPROXIMATION METHODS
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
T(x,t)= T0 x=0 t > 0
T(x,t)=Ti 𝑥 → ∞⁡⁡t > 0
T(x,t)= Ti at t=0
Defining 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖
𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼 𝜕𝑡

𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜃0 = T0 − 𝑇𝑖 x=0 t > 0
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 𝑥 → ∞⁡⁡t > 0
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 at t=0
Laplace transform of the equation is:
𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) 𝑠
− 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝛼
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 x=0
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞
𝑠 𝑠
−𝑥√ 𝑥√
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼 +𝐶 𝑒 𝛼
2
Boundary condition 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑥 → ∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ → 𝐶2 = 0
𝑇 ⁡−𝑇 𝑇 ⁡−𝑇
Boundary condition 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 𝑖 x=0 → 𝐶1 = 0 𝑖
𝑠 𝑠
So the solution is:
𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 −𝑥√𝛼𝑠
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝑒
𝑠
𝑠
−𝑥√𝛼
𝑒 𝑥
Inverse laplace transfrom of 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑠) = is 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑠 2√𝛼𝑡
𝑒 −𝑘√𝑠 𝑘 𝑥
For 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑠) = 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) and our case 𝑘 =
𝑠 2 √𝑡 √𝛼
𝑥 𝑥
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = (𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 )𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) = (𝑇0 ⁡ − 𝑇𝑖 ) [1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓 ( )]
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇0 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑟𝑓 ( )
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇0 2√𝛼𝑡
425
Now that we have the exact solution let us look at the approximate solution method. It will be assumed
that at time t, effect of surface temperature will be penetrate some thermal layer with penetration depth
 (t ) . For the remaining profile, temperature will remain constant at initial temperature, T i.
Considering this condition differential equation can be integrate for the thermal layer only for
integration depth  (t ) . Therefore differential equation can be integrate for this integration depth.
𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
| − | = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
𝑥=0
and considering
𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
𝜕 𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
[ ∫ 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + [𝑇 ] − [𝑇 ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡 𝑥=0
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 𝜕𝛿(𝑡)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ∫ 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥] − 𝑇𝑖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
Defining
𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
differential equation becomes:
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕
−𝛼
| = [𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 𝛿(𝑡)]
𝜕𝑡 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑡
In order to solve this differential equation, an approximate temperature profile T(x,t) will be assumed.
As a first case, let us take a cubic polynomial
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3
Coefficients can be found by applying boundary conditions:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=0 = 𝑇0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
2
𝜕 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
= 𝑏 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
= 2𝑐 + 6𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2
426
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡2𝑐 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=0 = 𝑇0 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡𝑎 = 𝑇0 ⁡⁡
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| = 0⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡𝑏 + 3𝑑𝛿 2 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏 = −3𝑑𝛿 2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇0 + 𝑏𝛿 + 𝑑𝛿 2 = 𝑇0 + (−3𝑑𝛿 2 )𝛿 + 𝑑𝛿 2
𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖 𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖 3 𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖
𝑑= 𝑏 = −3 𝛿2 = −
2𝛿 3 2𝛿 3 2 𝛿
3 𝑥 1 𝑥 3
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( )
2 𝛿 2 𝛿
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 3 𝑥 1 𝑥 3
= 1− ( )+ ( )
𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 2 𝛿 2 𝛿
This equation can now be substituted into the differential equation
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 3 𝑥 1 𝑥 3
= [(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝛿 2 𝛿
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 3 3 𝑥2
= − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) + (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 3
𝜕𝑥 2𝛿 2 𝛿
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 3
| = − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0 2𝛿
3 𝑥 1 𝑥 3
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 𝑇𝑖 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 𝛿 2 𝛿
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
3 𝑥2 1 𝑥4
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) [𝑥 − + ] + 𝑇𝑖 𝛿
4 𝛿 8 𝛿 3 𝑥=0
3 1 3
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) [𝛿 − 𝛿 + 𝛿] + 𝑇𝑖 𝛿 = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) [ 𝛿] + 𝑇𝑖 𝛿
4 8 8
Substituting the results into the differential equation gives

𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕
−𝛼 | = [𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 𝛿(𝑡)]
𝜕𝑡 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑡
3 𝜕 3
−𝛼 [− (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 )] = [(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) [ 𝛿] + 𝑇𝑖 𝛿 − 𝑇𝑖 𝛿]
2𝛿 𝜕𝑡 8
3𝛼 𝜕 3
[ ] = [ 𝛿]
2𝛿 𝜕𝑡 8
4𝛼𝜕𝑡 = 𝛿𝜕(𝛿)
𝑡 𝛿
∫ 4𝛼𝜕𝑡′ = ∫ 𝛿′𝜕(𝛿′)
𝑡=0 𝛿 ′ =0
2
𝛿
4𝛼𝑡 =
2
𝛿(𝑡) = √8𝛼𝑡
By using this result, together with approximation temperature profile will give us approximation
solution. The results can be compare by using a graphic program
Problem 9.1 java solution

class i_wall extends fi_xt
{
public double[] func(double x,double t)
{ double a[]=new double[2];
427
double delta=Math.sqrt(8.0*alpha*t);
double eta=x/2/Math.sqrt(alpha*t);
double xx=x/delta;
a[0]=erfc(eta);
if(xx<1) a[1]=1.0-1.5*xx+0.5*xx*xx*xx;
else a[1]=0.0;
return a;
} }
public class timeplot_ntest1
{
{
i_wall ff=new i_wall();
timeplot_n p=new timeplot_n(ff,0.0,1.0,0.01,0.0,50000.0,0.1,100.0);
p.start();
}}
Python solution
from math import *
from f_xj import *
import numpy as np;
#exact solution
class f1(f_xj):
def func(self,z):
x=z[0]
t=z[1]
eta=x/(2.0*sqrt(alpha*t))
return erfc(eta)
#approximate solution
class f2(f_xj):
def func(self,z):
x=z[0]
t=z[1]
delta=sqrt(8.0*alpha*t)
xx=x/delta
if xx<1:
T2=1.0-3.0/2.0*xx+0.5*xx*xx*xx
else:
T2=0
return T2
np1=100
dx=0.15/(len(x)-1)
t=[100]
np2=len(t)
T1= [[0 for x in range(np1)] for y in range(np2)]
T0=105.0
Ti=10.0
alpha=1e-6
s=""
428
f=f1()
ff=f2()
x[j]=dx*j
z=[x[j],t[i]]
T1[i][j]=f.func(z)
T2[i][j]=ff.func(z)
plt.title('infinite wall T0=const Ti=constant')
plt.xlabel('x m')
plt.ylabel('tetha ')
t=100 s
t=500 s
429
T=1000 s
Error t=100 s
430
Error t=500 s
Error t=1000 s
431
For better accuracy, degree of polynomial can be increased. Of course additional boundary conditions to
solve thic new equations is required. If a 4th degree polynomial is assumed:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑥 4
Coefficients can be found by applying boundary conditions:
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=0 = 𝑇0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| =0
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
= 𝑏 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 2 + 4𝑒𝑥 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)
= 2𝑐 + 6𝑑𝑥 + 12𝑒𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡2𝑐 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=0 = 𝑇0 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡𝑎 = 𝑇0 ⁡⁡
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| = 0⁡⁡ → ⁡6𝑑𝛿 + 12𝑒𝛿 2 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑 = −2𝑒𝛿⁡
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥=𝛿(𝑡)
𝜕𝑇(𝑥,𝑡)
| = 0⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡𝑏 + 3𝑑𝛿 2 + 4𝑒𝛿 3 = 𝑏 + 3(−2𝑒𝛿)𝛿 2 + 4𝑒𝛿 3 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏 = 2𝑒𝛿 3
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡)|𝑥=𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑖 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇0 + 𝑏𝛿 + 𝑑𝛿 3 + 𝑒𝛿 3 = 𝑇0 + (2𝑒𝛿 3 )𝛿 + (−2𝑒𝛿)𝛿 3 + 𝑒 𝛿 4
𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖 𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖 𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖
𝑑=2 𝑒=− 𝑏 = −2
𝛿3 𝛿4 𝛿 ⁡⁡
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 4
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) − 2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( )
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
432
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 4
= 1 − 2( ) + 2( ) − ( )
𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
We can apply this new temperature profile into the differential equation
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 4
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) − 2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 𝑇𝑖
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1 𝑥2 𝑥 4
= −2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 6(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( 3 ) − 4(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 1
| = −2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0 𝛿
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 4
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) − 2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) − (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( ) + 𝑇𝑖 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
𝛿
𝑥2 2 𝑥4 1 𝑥5 3
𝜃 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) [𝑥 − ( ) + ( 3 ) − ( 4 )] +⁡𝑇𝑖 𝑥 |𝛿0 = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 𝛿+⁡𝑇𝑖 𝛿
𝛿 4 𝛿 5 𝛿 0 10
differential equation becomes:
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕
−𝛼 | = [𝜃(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 𝛿(𝑡)]
𝜕𝑡 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 3
−𝛼 [−2(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) ( )] = [(𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 𝛿+⁡𝑇𝑖 𝛿 − 𝑇𝑖 𝛿]
𝛿 𝜕𝑡 10
20𝛼 𝜕
( ) = (𝛿)
3𝛿 𝜕𝑡
20𝛼
( ) 𝜕𝑡 = 𝛿𝜕𝛿
3
20𝛼 𝛿2
( )𝑡 =
3 2
40𝛼𝑡
𝛿(𝑡) = √
3
By using this result, together with approximation temperature profile will give us approximation
solution. The results can be compare by using a graphic program
Problem 9.1 java solution
class i_wall extends fi_xt
{
double delta=Math.sqrt(8.0*alpha*t);
double delta1=Math.sqrt(40.0/3.0*alpha*t);
double eta=x/2/Math.sqrt(alpha*t);
double xx=x/delta;
double xx1=x/delta1;
a[0]=erfc(eta);
if(xx<1) a[1]=1.0-1.5*xx+0.5*xx*xx*xx;
else a[1]=0.0;
if(xx1<1) a[2]=1.0-2*xx1+2.0*xx1*xx1*xx1-xx1*xx1*xx1*xx1;
else a[2]=0.0;
return a;
} }
public class timeplot_ntest
{
{
i_wall ff=new i_wall();
p.start();
}
}
433
Now let us consider 1 dimensional, time dependent (Lumped) solution
Python solution of the problem
from math import *
from f_xj import *
import numpy as np;
#exact solution
class f1(f_xj):
def func(self,z):
x=z[0]
t=z[1]
eta=x/(2.0*sqrt(alpha*t))
return erfc(eta)
#approximate solution
class f2(f_xj):
def func(self,z):
x=z[0]
t=z[1]
delta=sqrt(8.0*alpha*t)
xx=x/delta
if xx<1:
T2=1.0-2.0*xx+2.0*xx*xx*xx-xx*xx*xx*xx
else:
T2=0
return T2
# difference between approximate and exact solutionapproximate solution
class f3(f_xj):
def func(self,z):
T1=f1()
T2=f2()
dT=T1.func(z)-T2.func(z)
return dT
np1=100
dx=0.15/(len(x)-1)
t=[100]
np2=len(t)
dT= [[0 for x in range(np1)] for y in range(np2)]
T0=105.0
Ti=10.0
alpha=1e-6
s=""
f=f1()
ff=f2()
df=f3()
x[j]=dx*j
z=[x[j],t[i]]
T1[i][j]=f.func(z)
T2[i][j]=ff.func(z)
dT[i][j]=df.func(z)
plt.title('infinite wall approximate solution T0=const Ti=constant')

plt.xlabel('x m')
434
plt.ylabel('tetha ')
"""
plt.title('infinite wall T0=const approximate solution error')
plt.xlabel('x m')
plt.ylabel('Error ')
plt.plot(x,dT[i],linewidth=0.5)
"""
t=100 s
t=500 s
t=1000 s
435
Error t=100 s
Error t=500 s
436
Error t=1000 s
In higher degree of polynomial version error is bigger. That indicates that increasing degree of
polynomial not necessarily improve solution.
PROBLEM 8.2 TIME DEPENDENT LUMPED SOLUTION APPROXIMATION METHODS

(COLLOCATION METHOD)
𝑑𝑇(𝑡)
−ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑡
where As is surface area, V is volume, Cp is specific heat. By changing variables as:
𝑇(𝑡)−𝑇∞ 𝑡 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜏= 𝑋=
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝐴𝑠
equation becomes:
437
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
𝑋
+ 𝜃(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑡
Boundary condition t=0 𝜃 =1so exact solution is:
𝜏
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
𝑋
Now let us create approximate solution, for this the following polynomial is assumed:
𝜃(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑐1 𝜏 + 𝑐2 𝜏 2 + 𝑐3 𝜏3 + 𝑐4 𝜏 4
This equation automatically satisfy the boundary condition but if it is applied to differential equation a
residue is remained as:
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= 𝑐1 𝜏 + 2𝑐2 𝜏 ⁡ + 3𝑐3 𝜏 2 + 4𝑐4 𝜏 3
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
𝑋 + 𝜃(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑋(𝑐1 𝜏 + 2𝑐2 𝜏 ⁡ + 3𝑐3 𝜏 2 + 4𝑐4 𝜏 3 ) + (1 + 𝑐1 𝜏 + 𝑐2 𝜏 2 + 𝑐3 𝜏3 + 𝑐4 𝜏 4 )
𝑅 = 1 + (𝑋 + 𝜏)𝑐1 + (2𝜏𝑋 + 𝜏 2 )𝑐2 + (3𝜏 2 𝑋 + 𝜏 3 )𝑐3 + (4𝜏 3 + 𝜏 4 )𝑐4
Assuming that equation is valid in the range of 0    1 the equation will be evaluate at collocation
locations such as:
𝜏1 = 0.25 ⁡𝜏2 = 0.50 𝜏3 = 0.75 𝜏4 = 1.0 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 60⁡𝑠
This method is called Collocation method
Coefficients can be obtained by solving the system of equations
(𝑋 + 𝜏1 ) (2𝜏1 𝑋 + 𝜏12 ) (3𝜏12 𝑋 + 𝜏13 ) (4𝜏13 + 𝜏14 ) 𝑐1 −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏2 ) (2𝜏2 𝑋 + 𝜏22 ) (3𝜏22 𝑋 + 𝜏23 ) (4𝜏23 + 𝜏24 ) 𝑐2
{ } = {−1}
(𝑋 + 𝜏3 ) (2𝜏3 𝑋 + 𝜏32 ) (3𝜏32 𝑋 + 𝜏33 ) (4𝜏33 + 𝜏34 ) 𝑐3 −1
𝑐 −1
[(𝑋 + 𝜏4 ) (2𝜏4 𝑋 + 𝜏42 ) (3𝜏42 𝑋 + 𝜏43 ) (4𝜏43 + 𝜏44 )] 3
Let us write a small program to do this task:

import java.io.*;
class collocation
{

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
System.out.println("Original matrix :\n"+Matrix.toString(a));
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
System.out.println("pivoted matrix : k="+k+"\n"+Matrix.toString(a));
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
438
}
}
System.out.println("final upper triangular matrix : \n"+Matrix.toString(a));
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double[] c(double X, double to[])
{ double a[][]=new double[4][4];
a[0][0]=(X+to[0]);a[1][0]=(X+to[1]);a[2][0]=(X+to[2]);a[3][0]=(X+to[3]);
a[0][1]=(2.0*X*to[0]+to[0]*to[0]);a[1][1]=(2.0*X*to[1]+to[1]*to[1]);
a[2][1]=(2.0*X*to[2]+to[2]*to[2]);a[3][1]=(2.0*X*to[3]+to[3]*to[3]);
a[0][2]=(3.0*X*to[0]*to[0]+to[0]*to[0]*to[0]);a[1][2]=(3.0*X*to[1]*to[1]+to[1]*to[1]*to[1]);
a[2][2]=(3.0*X*to[2]*to[2]+to[2]*to[2]*to[2]);a[3][2]=(3.0*X*to[3]*to[3]+to[3]*to[3]*to[3]);
a[0][3]=(4.0*X*to[0]*to[0]*to[0]+to[0]*to[0]*to[0]*to[0]);
double b[]={-1,-1,-1,-1};
Text.print(a,"a");
Text.print(b,"b");
double c[]=pivotlugauss(a,b);
return c;
}

{
double toi[]={0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0};
double ro=8500; //kg/m^3
double Cp=400; //J/kgK
double h=80; //W/m2K
double D=0.02;
double k=20; //W/mK
double V=Math.PI*D*D*D/6;
double A=Math.PI*D*D;
double Bi=h*D/6/k;
System.out.println("Bi="+Bi);
double tomax=240;
double X=ro*V*Cp/(tomax*h*A);
double c[]=c(X,toi);
String c1[]={"c1","c2","c3","c4"};
Text.print(c,c1,"Collocation method for approximation");
if_x f=to->Math.exp(-to/X);
if_x f1=to->1+c[0]*to+c[1]*to*to+c[2]*to*to*to+c[3]*to*to*to*to;
if_x df=to->f.func(to)-f1.func(to);
Plot pp=new Plot(df,0,1);
pp.setPlabel("Collocation method Error for Lumped solution T(t)");
pp.setXlabel("time t second");
pp.setYlabel("Temperature T(t) degree C");
pp.plot();
}
}
0.840278 0.357639 0.126302 0.040799 C1 -1

1.090278 0.840278 0.567708 0.357639 c2 -1
1.340278 1.447917 1.417969 1.3125 c3 -1
1.590278 2.180556 2.770833 3.361111 c4 -1
c1 c2 c3 c4
-1.67446 1.336441 -0.60177 0.123794
439
Can ve increase the number of data points while keeping degree of polynomial constant. It is possible if
we use singular value decomposition method to solve the matrix system.
SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION FOR SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Let A be an m x n matrix such that the number of rows m is greater than or equal to the number of columns
n. Then there exists:
1) an m x n column orthogonal matrix U (a matrix Q is orthogonal if its transpose is equal to its inverse)
2) an n x n diagonal matrix S, with positive or zero elements, and
3) an n x n orthogonal matrix V such that:
𝐴=𝑈𝑆𝑉𝑇
This is the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of matrix A. If a matrix can be decomposed this way,
its inverse value will be existed as:
𝑨−𝟏=𝑽 [𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈 (𝒔𝟏−𝟏,𝒔𝟐−𝟏,…,𝒔𝒏−𝟏)] (𝑼𝑻)
It should ve note that because of the orhogonal properties of U and V inverses are equal to transpose
values. Then a system of equation can be simply solve as x=A -1b
Now let us look at these processes in more details with an example
4 0 
A= 
 3 − 5
The singular values of A are the square roots of the eigenvalues of A TA
4 3 
AT =  
 0 − 5
4 3  4 0   25 − 15
AT A =   = 
0 − 5 3 − 5 − 15 25 
Eigenvalues of ATA is
440
40
 =   Root of the eigenvalues constructs the matrix S, by using eigenvalues as the diagonal of the
10 
matrix. And then the inverse can be easily computed by inverting the eigenvalues.
 40 0  6.3245 0 
S= =
 0 10   0 3.1622
1 / 6.3245 0  0.1581 0 
S −1 =   =
 0 1 / 3.1622  0 0.3162
The eigenvectors corresponding to these eigenvalues are:
25 − 40 − 15   x11 
A T

A − I [ X 1 ] =   =0
25 − 40  x12 
 − 15
25 − 10 − 15   x12 
A T

A − I [ X 2 ] =   =0
25 − 10  x 22 
 − 15
 0.707106781186548 0.707106781186548
[X ] =  
- 0.707106781186548 0.707106781186548
The eigenvector values will be normalized by using Length factor
L= (x1 )2 + (x2 )2 Then the normalized Value will be V vector

 0.707106781186548 0.707106781186548
V = 
- 0.707106781186548 0.707106781186548
The U vector will be calculated as
0.4472 0.8944 
U = AVS −1 =  
0.8944 − 0.4472
Assuming that equation is valid in the range of 0    1 the equation will be evaluate at collocation
locations such as:
𝜃(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑐1 𝜏 + 𝑐2 𝜏 2 + 𝑐3 𝜏3 + 𝑐4 𝜏 4
𝜏1 = 0.1 ⁡𝜏2 = 0.2 𝜏3 = 0.3 𝜏4 = 0.4⁡ 𝜏5 = 0.5 ⁡𝜏6 = 0.6 𝜏7 = 0.7 𝜏8 = 0.8⁡ 𝜏8 = 0.9⁡
𝜏10 = 1.0⁡ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 60⁡𝑠
(𝑋 + 𝜏1 ) (2𝜏1 𝑋 + 𝜏12 ) (3𝜏12 𝑋 + 𝜏13 ) (4𝜏13 + 𝜏14 )

(𝑋 + 𝜏2 ) (2𝜏2 𝑋 + 𝜏22 ) (3𝜏22 𝑋 + 𝜏23 ) (4𝜏23 + 𝜏24 ) −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏3 ) (2𝜏3 𝑋 + 𝜏32 ) (3𝜏32 𝑋 + 𝜏33 ) 3 4
(4𝜏3 + 𝜏3 ) −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏4 ) (2𝜏4 𝑋 + 𝜏42 ) (3𝜏42 𝑋 + 𝜏43 ) 3 4
(4𝜏3 + 𝜏3 ) −1
𝑐1 −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏5 ) (2𝜏5 𝑋 + 𝜏52 ) (3𝜏52 𝑋 + 𝜏53 ) (4𝜏53 + 𝜏54 ) 𝑐2
{𝑐 } = −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏6 ) (2𝜏6 𝑋 + 𝜏62 ) (3𝜏62 𝑋 + 𝜏63 ) 3 4
(4𝜏6 + 𝜏6 ) 3 −1
𝑐3 −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏7 ) (2𝜏7 𝑋 + 𝜏72 ) (3𝜏72 𝑋 + 𝜏73 ) 3 4
(4𝜏7 + 𝜏7 )
−1
(𝑋 + 𝜏8 ) (2𝜏8 𝑋 + 𝜏82 ) (3𝜏82 𝑋 + 𝜏83 ) (4𝜏83 + 𝜏84 ) −1
(𝑋 + 𝜏9 ) (2𝜏9 𝑋 + 𝜏92 ) (3𝜏92 𝑋 + 𝜏93 ) (4𝜏93 + 𝜏94 ) {−1}
2 ) 2 3 ) 3 4 )
[(𝑋 + 𝜏10 ) (2𝜏10 𝑋 + 𝜏10 (3𝜏10 𝑋 + 𝜏10 (4𝜏10 + 𝜏10 ]
Collocation with singular value decomposion collocation_SVD.java

import java.io.*;
class collocation_SVD
{

441
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double[] c(double X, double to[])
a[0][0]=(X+to[0]);a[1][0]=(X+to[1]);a[2][0]=(X+to[2]);a[3][0]=(X+to[3]);a[4][0]=(X+to[4]);a[5][0]=(X+to[5]);a[6][0]=(X+to[6]);a[7][0]=
(X+to[7]);a[8][0]=(X+to[8]);a[9][0]=(X+to[9]);
a[0][1]=(2.0*X*to[0]+to[0]*to[0]);a[1][1]=(2.0*X*to[1]+to[1]*to[1]);a[2][1]=(2.0*X*to[2]+to[2]*to[2]);a[3][1]=(2.0*X*to[3]+to[3]*to[3]
);a[4][1]=(2.0*X*to[4]+to[4]*to[4]);a[5][1]=(2.0*X*to[5]+to[5]*to[5]);a[6][1]=(2.0*X*to[6]+to[6]*to[6]);a[7][1]=(2.0*X*to[7]+to[7]*to[
7]);a[8][1]=(2.0*X*to[8]+to[8]*to[8]);a[9][1]=(2.0*X*to[9]+to[9]*to[9]);
a[0][2]=(3.0*X*to[0]*to[0]+to[0]*to[0]*to[0]);a[1][2]=(3.0*X*to[1]*to[1]+to[1]*to[1]*to[1]);a[2][2]=(3.0*X*to[2]*to[2]+to[2]*to[2]*to[
2]);a[3][2]=(3.0*X*to[3]*to[3]+to[3]*to[3]*to[3]);a[4][2]=(3.0*X*to[4]*to[4]+to[4]*to[4]*to[4]);a[5][2]=(3.0*X*to[5]*to[5]+to[5]*to[5]*
to[5]);a[6][2]=(3.0*X*to[6]*to[6]+to[6]*to[6]*to[6]);a[7][2]=(3.0*X*to[7]*to[7]+to[7]*to[7]*to[7]);a[8][2]=(3.0*X*to[8]*to[8]+to[8]*to[
8]*to[8]);a[9][2]=(3.0*X*to[9]*to[9]+to[9]*to[9]*to[9]);
a[0][3]=(4.0*X*to[0]*to[0]*to[0]+to[0]*to[0]*to[0]*to[0]); a[1][3]=(4.0*X*to[1]*to[1]*to[1]+to[1]*to[1]*to[1]*to[1]);
a[2][3]=(4.0*X*to[2]*to[2]*to[2]+to[2]*to[2]*to[2]*to[2]); a[3][3]=(4.0*X*to[3]*to[3]*to[3]+to[3]*to[3]*to[3]*to[3]);
a[4][3]=(4.0*X*to[4]*to[4]*to[4]+to[4]*to[4]*to[4]*to[4]);a[5][3]=(4.0*X*to[5]*to[5]*to[5]+to[5]*to[5]*to[5]*to[5]);
double b[]={-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1};
Text.print(a);
Text.print(b);
SVD q=new SVD(a);
double c[]=q.solve(b);
return c;
}
442
{
double toi[]={0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0};
double D=0.02;
double k=20; //W/mK
double Bi=h*D/6/k;
double tomax=240;
double c[]=c(X,toi);
String c1[]={"c1","c2","c3","c4"};
Text.print(c,c1,"Collocation method for approximation");
Plot pp=new Plot(f,0,1);
pp.addFunction(f1,0,1);
pp.plot();
}
}
Singular value decomposition linear system of equation solving method by using Jacobi eigenvalue
method SVD.java
import java.io.*;
class SVD
{
double U[][];
double V[][];
double S[][];
double invS[][];
public static double[][] Transpose(double [][] left)

{
//transpose matrix (if A=a(i,j) Transpose(A)=a(j,i)
int i,j;
int n=left.length;
int m=left[0].length;
double b[][];
b=new double[m][n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
{
b[j][i]=left[i][j];
}
}
return b;
}
public static double[][] T(double [][] left)

{return Transpose(left);}
public static double[][] I(int n)

{
//unit matrix
double b[][];
b=new double[n][n];
b[i][i]=1.0;
return b;
}
//Converts vector to diagonal values of matrix
public static double[][] S(double[] left)
{
int n=left.length;
double b[][];
b=new double[n][n];
443
b[i][i]=left[i];
return b;
}
//Converts double to diagonal values of matrix
public static double[][] S(double left,int n)
{
double b[][];
b=new double[n][n];
b[i][i]=left;
return b;
}
//takes invert value of a diagonal matrix
public static double[][] invS(double[][] S)
{
int n=S.length;
double b[][];
b=new double[n][n];
{ if(S[i][i]==0) b[i][i]=0;
else b[i][i]=1.0/S[i][i];
}
return b;
}
//square root of a diagonal matrix
public static double[][] sqrtS(double[] left)
{
int n=left.length;
double b[][];
b=new double[n][n];
b[i][i]=Math.sqrt(left[i]);
return b;
}
//multiply two matrices
public static double[][] multiply(double[][] left,double[][] right)
{
//multiplication of two matrices
int ii,jj,i,j,k;
int n1=left.length;
double[][] b;
b=new double[n1][m2];
if(m1 !=n2 )
{
System.out.println("inner matrix dimensions must agree"+"m1="+m1+"n2="+n2);
return b;
}
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m2;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<m1;k++)
{b[i][j]+=left[i][k]*right[k][j];
}
}
}
return b;
//end of multiply of two matrices
}
//multiply a matrix with a double value

public static double[][] multiply(double[][] left,double right)
{
//multiplying a matrix with a constant
int i,j;
int n=left.length;
double b[][];
b=new double[n][m];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
b[i][j]=left[i][j]*right;
}
444
return b;
//end of multiplying a matrix with a constant double
}
public static double[] multiply(double[][] left,double[] right)

{
//multiplication of one matrix with one vector
int ii,jj,i,j,k;
int n1=left.length;
int m2=right.length;
double[] b;
b=new double[m2];
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
{
b[i]=0;
for(k=0;k<m1;k++)
{b[i]+=left[i][k]*right[k];
}
}
return b;
//end of multiply of a matrix and a vector
}
//substract two matrices

public static double[][] substract(double[][] left,double[][] right)
{
//addition of two matrices
int n1=left.length;
int nMax,mMax;
int i,j;
if(m1>=m2) mMax=m1;
else mMax=m2;
if(n1>=n2) nMax=n1;
else nMax=n2;
double b[][];
b=new double[nMax][mMax];
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m1;j++)
{
b[i][j]=b[i][j]+left[i][j];
}
}
for(i=0;i<n2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m2;j++)
{
b[i][j]=b[i][j]-right[i][j];
}
}
return b;
//end of matrix substraction method
}
public SVD(double A[][])

{initilize(A);}
public static double[] solve(double a[][],double b[])

{ SVD q=new SVD(a);
double x[]=multiply(multiply(q.V,q.invS),multiply(SVD.T(q.U),b));
return x;
}
public double[] solve(double b[])

{
double x[]=multiply(multiply(V,invS),multiply(T(U),b));
return x;
}
public void initilize(double A[][])

{
double ATA[][]=multiply(Transpose(A),A);
445
double c[][];
c=eigen_jacobi(ATA);
int n=c[0].length;
int n1=c.length;
System.out.println("c ilk ="+Matrix.toString(c));
double dummy[]=new double[n1];
{for(int k=i+1;k<n;k++)
{if(c[0][i]<c[0][k])
{ for(int j=0;j<n1;j++)
{ dummy[j]=c[j][k];
c[j][k]=c[j][i];
c[j][i]=dummy[j];
}
}
}
}
{x[i]=c[0][i];}
System.out.println("c"+Matrix.toString(c));
S=sqrtS(x);
invS=invS(S);
double xx[][]=new double[n][n];
V=new double[n][n];
U=new double[n][n];
double L[]=new double[n];
{ for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
{xx[i][j]=c[i+1][j];}
}
System.out.println("xx"+Matrix.toString(xx));
double bb[]=new double[n];
{ for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{L[j]+=xx[i][j]*xx[i][j];}
L[j]=Math.sqrt(L[j]);
System.out.println("j)="+j+"LJ="+L[j]);
}
{ for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
{V[i][j]=xx[i][j]/L[i];}
}
U=multiply(A,multiply(V,invS));
}
public static void print(String s)

{JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,s,
"Singular value decomposition : ",JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);}
public static double[][] eigen_jacobi(double A[][])

{
double eps=1e-15;
double err=1;
int m=100;
int n=A.length;
double P[][]=new double[n][n];
double R[][]=new double[n][n];
int p=n,q=n;
double max=-9.99e100;
double fi;
P=I(n);
{for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{if(Math.abs(A[i][j]) > max) {max=Math.abs(A[i][j]);p=i;q=j;}}
}
while(Math.abs(A[p][q]) > eps )
{
fi=0.5*Math.atan(2.0*A[p][q]/(A[p][p]-A[q][q]));
//System.out.println("fi="+fi+"Apq="+A[p][q]+"App="+A[p][p]+"Aqq="+A[q][q]+"p="+p+"q="+q);
R=I(n);
R[p][p]=Math.cos(fi);
R[q][q]=Math.cos(fi);
R[p][q]=-Math.sin(fi);
R[q][p]=Math.sin(fi);
P=multiply(P,R);
A=multiply(T(R),multiply(A,R));
446
max=-9.99e100;
{for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++){if(Math.abs(A[i][j])>max) {max=Math.abs(A[i][j]);p=i;q=j;}}}
}
double lambda[]=new double[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {lambda[i]=A[i][i];}
double PP[][]=new double[n+1][n];
PP[0]=lambda;
{PP[i+1][j]=P[i][j];}
}
return PP;
}
public double[][] A()

{return multiply(U,multiply(S,Transpose(V)));}

{
double a[][]={{3,2,-1},{2,-2,4},{-1,0.5,-1}};
double b[]={1,-2,0};
//Dynamic call to SVD
SVD q=new SVD(a);
double x[]=q.solve(b);
String s="a=\n"+Matrix.toString(a)+"\n";
s+="b=\n"+Matrix.toString(b)+"\n";
s+="S:\n"+Matrix.toString(q.S)+"\n";
s+="inv(S):\n"+Matrix.toString(q.invS)+"\n";
s+="V:\n"+Matrix.toString(q.V)+"\n";
s+="U:\n"+Matrix.toString(q.U)+"\n";
s+="Reconstituted a matrix : A=U*S*VT\n"+Matrix.toString(q.A())+"\n";
//Static call to SVD
//double x2[]=solve(a,b);
s+="x2="+Matrix.toString(x);
s+="SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION : \n"+Matrix.toString(x);
print(s);
}
}
0.690278 0.128056 0.018708 0.002461 c1 -1

0.790278 0.276111 0.078833 0.020489 c2 -1
0.890278 0.444167 0.186375 0.07185 c3 -1
0.990278 0.632222 0.347333 0.176711 c4 -1
1.090278 0.840278 0.567708 0.357639 -1
1.190278 1.068333 0.8535 0.6396 -1
1.290278 1.316389 1.210708 1.049961 -1
1.390278 1.584444 1.645333 1.618489 -1
1.490278 1.8725 2.163375 2.37735 -1
1.590278 2.180556 2.770833 3.361111 -1
Solution:
c1 c2 c3 c4
-1.68545 1.373155 -0.64461 0.140645
447
It is clear that Collocation method with SVD reduces the error. Maximum error in collocation (4
equation) is 0.001352. Maximum error in Collocation with SVD(10 equation) is 0.0003981
PROBLEM 8.3 TWO DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE PROBLEM APPROXIMATION

WITH COLLOCATION METHOD
Now let us consider the following problem:
A square plate with temperatures of 100 C in three sides and 500 C in the fourth side is given. Plate sides are given
as 1 m. Calculate the temperature profile
Differential equation:
𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
Polynomial equation
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑𝑛𝑖=0 ∑𝑚 𝑖 𝑗
𝑗=0 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑦
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖−1 𝑦 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑖=1 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑗 ∗ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗−1
𝜕𝑦
𝑖=0 𝑗=1
448
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖 (𝑖 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖−2 𝑦 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑖=2 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
2
𝜕 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
= ∑ ∑ 𝑗(𝑗 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗−2
𝜕𝑦
𝑖=0 𝑗=2
𝑛 𝑚
2
𝜕 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑(𝑖 − 1)(𝑗 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖−1 𝑦 𝑗−1
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
Differential equation becomes:
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑅= +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑖−2 𝑗
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖(𝑖 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑦 + ∑ ∑ 𝑗(𝑗 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗−2
𝑖=2 𝑗=0 𝑖=0 𝑗=2
Equation have total K=(n+1)(m+1) coefficient
Equation divided to P=Px*Py pieces (greater than coefficient of polynomial surface)
x=dx*iPx 0 ≤ 𝑖𝑃𝑥 ≤ (𝑃𝑥 − 1)
y=dy*iPy 0 ≤ 𝑖𝑃𝑦 ≤ (𝑃𝑦 − 1)
x=0 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ (𝑃𝑦 − 1) T=T1
x=L 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ (𝑃𝑦 − 1) T=T2
y=0 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (𝑃𝑥 − 1) T=T3
y=w 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (𝑃𝑥 − 1) T=T4
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇1 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑦 𝑗
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇2 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝐿𝑖 𝑦 𝑗
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇3 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇4 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑊 𝑗
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
Not that number of equations are not equal to number of unkowns in the polynomial surface. Therefore
Singular value decomposition method is used to solve the equations for finding the polynomial
coefficients.
A code is given this program poly2.java , defines the two dimensional polynomial function and its
coefficients and derivatives.
//Polynomial with two independent variable
//polinomial of order k=n*m
public class poly2
449
{ public int k;
public double func(double a[],double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ k=n*m;
int k1=0;
double xx=0;
double total=0.0;
for(int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{ for(int j=0;j<=m;j++)
{ k1=i*(m+1)+j;
xx=pow(x,y,i,j);
total+=a[k1]*xx;
}
}
return total;
}
public double dfuncx(double a[],double x,double y,int n,int m)

{ k=n*m;
int k1=0;
double total=0.0;
{for(int j=0;j<=m;j++)
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
double xx=dpowx(x,y,i,j);
total+=a[k1]*xx;
System.out.println("i="+i+"j="+j+"k1="+k1+"xx="+xx+"a="+a[k1]+"total="+total);
}
}
return total;
}
public double dfuncy(double a[],double x,double y,int n,int m)

{ k=n*m;
int k1=0;
double total=0.0;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
double xx=dpowy(x,y,i,j);
total+=a[k1]*xx;
System.out.println("i="+i+"j="+j+"k1="+k1+"xx="+xx+"a="+a[k1]+"total="+total);
}
}
return total;
}
public double d2funcx2(double a[],double x,double y,int n,int m)

{ k=n*m;
int k1=0;
double total=0.0;
if(a.length<k) System.out.println("error");
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
total+=a[k1]*d2powx2(x,y,i,j);
}
}
return total;
}
public double d2funcy2(double a[],double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ k=n*m;
int k1=0;
double total=0.0;
{k=i*(m+1)+j;
total+=a[k]*d2powy2(x,y,i,j);
}
}
return total;
}
public double d2funcxy(double a[],double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ k=n*m;
int k1=0;
double total=0.0;
if(a.length<k) System.out.println("error");
450
{for(int j=0;j<=m;m++)
{k=i*(m-1)+j;
total+=a[k]*d2powxy(x,y,i,j);
}
}
return total;
}
//======================================
public static double pow(double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ double pow=1.0;
if(n==0 && m==0) return pow;
else if(m==0 && n!=0)
{for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{pow*=x;}
}
else if(n==0 && m!=0)
{for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
{pow*=y;}
}
else
{for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{pow*=x;}
{pow*=y;}
}
return pow;
}
public static double dpowx(double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ double powx=n;
double powy=1.0;
{powx*=x;}
{powy*=y;}
return powx*powy;
}
public static double dpowy(double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ double powx=1.0;
double powy=m;
{powx*=x;}
{powy*=y;}
return powx*powy;
}
public static double d2powx2(double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ double powx=n*(n-1);
double powy=1.0;
{powx*=x;}
{powy*=y;}
return powx*powy;
}
public static double d2powy2(double x,double y,int n,int m)
{ double powx=1.0;
double powy=m*(m-1);
{powx*=x;}
{powy*=y;}
return powx*powy;
}
public static double d2powxy(double x,double y,int n,int m)

{ double powx=n;
double powy=m;
{powx*=x;}
{powy*=y;}
return powx*powy;
}
{ double x=0.1;double y=0.1;
double a[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
poly2 p=new poly2();
451
System.out.println(p.func(a,x,y,2,2));
System.out.println(p.dfuncx(a,x,y,2,2));
System.out.println(p.dfuncy(a,x,y,2,2));
}
}
Now we can construct solution of the differential equation by using collocation method:
HT_poly2_T.java
public class HT_poly2_T

{ int P,Px,Py,m,n,k,ip;
double T1,T2,T3,T4;
double dx,dy;
double L,W;
double A[][];
double B[];
double TT;
double x,y;
public HT_poly2_T(double T1i,double T2i,double T3i,double T4i,int ni,int mi, int Pxi,int Pyi,double Li,double Wi)
{Px=Pxi;Py=Pyi;P=Px*Py;n=ni;m=mi;k=(n+1)*(m+1);T1=T1i;T2=T2i;T3=T3i;T4=T4i;W=Wi;L=Li;dx=L/Px;dy=W/Py;TT=0;
A=new double[P][k];B=new double[P];
int k1=0;
for(int ipx=0;ipx<Px;ipx++)
{for(int ipy=0;ipy<Py;ipy++)
{ x=dx*ipx;y=dy*ipy;
ip=ipx*Py+ipy;
if(ipx==0)
{TT=T3;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=poly2.pow(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=TT;
}
}
}
else if(ipx==(Px-1))
{TT=T4;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
B[ip]=TT;
}
}
}
else if(ipy==0)
{TT=T1;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
B[ip]=TT;
}
}
}
else if(ipy==(Py-1))
{TT=T2;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
B[ip]=TT;
}
}
}
else
{for(int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=poly2.d2powx2(x,y,i,j)+poly2.d2powy2(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=0.0;
}
}
}
452
}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.printT(B,"B");
SVD q=new SVD(A);
double a[]=q.solve(B);
Text.printT(a,"a");
double T[][]=new double[Px][Py];
ip=ipx*Py+ipy;
T[ipx][ipy]=p.func(a,x,y,n,m);
} // end int ipy=0;ipy<Py;ipy++)
}//end for(int ipx=0;ipx<Px;ipx++)
Text.print(T,"T");
double b[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0.0,L,0.0,W,T);
surfacePlot p1;
p1.plot();
}
{HT_poly2_T h=new HT_poly2_T(100,500.0,100.0,100.0,5,5,80,80,1.0,1.0);
}
}
Output of the polynomial function (Temperature profile) n=7,m=7 Px=80,Py=80 (64 polynomial
coefficient)
Error map compare to separation of variable solution
Separation of variable Solution of this problem
453
Output of the polynomial function(Temperature profile) n=5,m=5,Px=80,Py=80 (36 polynomial
coefficient)
A square plate with temperatures as seen in the figures are given. Plate sides are given as 1 m. Calculate the
temperature profile
Output of the polynomial function(Temperature profile) n=7,m=7,Px=80,Py=80
454
WITH COLLOCATION METHOD
A square plate exposed to convective flux in each side.
x=0 ℎ = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 100⁡℃
x=L=1 m ℎ = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 100⁡℃
y=0 ℎ = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 100⁡℃
y=W=1 m ℎ = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 500⁡℃
𝑘 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚𝐾) Calculate the temperature profile
Differential equation:
𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
Polynomial equation
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑𝑛𝑖=0 ∑𝑚 𝑖 𝑗
𝑗=0 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑦
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖−1 𝑦 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑖=1 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑗 ∗ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗−1
𝜕𝑦
𝑖=0 𝑗=1
455
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖 (𝑖 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖−2 𝑦 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑖=2 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
2
𝜕 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
= ∑ ∑ 𝑗(𝑗 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗−2
𝜕𝑦
𝑖=0 𝑗=2
𝑛 𝑚
2
𝜕 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑(𝑖 − 1)(𝑗 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖−1 𝑦 𝑗−1
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
Differential equation becomes:
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑅= +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑖−2 𝑗
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖(𝑖 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑦 + ∑ ∑ 𝑗(𝑗 − 1)𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗−2
𝑖=2 𝑗=0 𝑖=0 𝑗=2
Equation have total K=(n+1)(m+1) coefficient
Equation divided to P=Px*Py pieces (greater than coefficient of polynomial surface)
x=dx*iPx 0 ≤ 𝑖𝑃𝑥 ≤ (𝑃𝑥 − 1)
y=dy*iPy 0 ≤ 𝑖𝑃𝑦 ≤ (𝑃𝑦 − 1)
x=0 ℎ1 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾)
𝑇1∞ = 100⁡℃
𝜕𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 | = ℎ1 (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇1∞ )|𝑥=0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
x=L=1 m ℎ2 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇2∞ = 100⁡℃
𝜕𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 | = ℎ2 (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇2∞ )|𝑥=𝐿
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
y=0 ℎ3 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇3∞ = 100⁡℃
𝜕𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 | = ℎ3 (𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇3∞ )|𝑦=0
𝜕𝑥 𝑦=0
y=W=1 m ℎ4 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇4∞ = 500⁡℃

𝜕𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦)
−𝑘 | = ℎ4 𝑇((𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇4∞ )|𝑦=𝑊
𝜕𝑥 𝑦=𝑊
x=0 ℎ1 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇1∞ = 100⁡℃
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇1 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑦 𝑗
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇1 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑦 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑖=1 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
−𝑘 [ ∑ ∑ 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑦𝑗 ] = ℎ1 ( ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗𝑦𝑗 − 𝑇1∞ )
𝑖=1 𝑗=0 𝑖=0 𝑗=0
x=L=1 m ℎ2 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇2∞ = 100⁡℃
456
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇2 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝐿𝑖 𝑦 𝑗
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇2 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝐿𝑖−1 𝑦 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑖=1 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑖 𝑖−1 𝑗
−𝑘 [ ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗𝐿 𝑦𝑗] = ℎ2 ( ∑ ∑ 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝐿 𝑦 − 𝑇2∞ )
𝑖=0 𝑗=0 𝑖=1 𝑗=0
y=0 ℎ3 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇3∞ = 100⁡℃
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇3 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑗 ∗ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖
𝜕𝑦
𝑖=0 𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑖
−𝑘 [ ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 ] = ℎ3 ( ∑ ∑ 𝑗 ∗ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑇2∞ )
𝑖=0 𝑗=0 𝑖=0 𝑗=1
y=W=1 m ℎ4 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇4∞ = 500⁡℃
𝑛 𝑚
𝑇4 = ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑊𝑗
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
𝑛 𝑚
𝜕𝑇4 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑗 ∗ 𝑎𝑖 (𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑊𝑗−1
𝜕𝑦
𝑖=0 𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑖 𝑗
−𝑘 [ ∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥 𝑊 ] = ℎ4 ( ∑ ∑ 𝑗 ∗ 𝑎𝑖(𝑛+1)+𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑊
𝑗−1
− 𝑇2∞ )
𝑖=0 𝑗=0 𝑖=0 𝑗=1
Not that number of equations are not equal to number of unkowns in the polynomial surface. Therefore
Singular value decomposition method is used to solve the equations for finding the polynomial
coefficients. poly2.java , defined in the previous example problem will also be used in here.
HT_poly2_hTinf.java
public class HT_poly2_hTinf
{ int P,Px,Py,m,n,k,ip;
double T1,T2,T3,T4;
double dx,dy;
double L,W;
double A[][];
double B[];
double TT;
double x,y;
double kcond;
double H1,H2,H3,H4;
public HT_poly2_hTinf(double kcond1,double h1,double h2,double h3,double h4,double T1i,double T2i,double T3i,double T4i,int ni,int
mi, int Pxi,int Pyi,double Li,double Wi)
457
{kcond=kcond1;H1=h1/kcond;H2=h2/kcond;H3=H3/kcond;H4=h4/kcond;Px=Pxi;Py=Pyi;P=Px*Py;n=ni;m=mi;k=(n+1)*(m+1);T1=T1i;T
2=T2i;T3=T3i;T4=T4i;W=Wi;L=Li;dx=L/Px;dy=W/Py;TT=0;
A=new double[P][k];B=new double[P];
int k1=0;
ip=ipx*Py+ipy;
if(ipx==0)
{TT=T3;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=-poly2.dpowx(x,y,i,j)+H3*poly2.pow(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=H3*TT;
}
}
}
else if(ipx==(Px-1))
{TT=T4;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=poly2.dpowx(x,y,i,j)+H4*poly2.pow(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=H4*TT;
}
}
}
else if(ipy==0)
{TT=T1;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=-poly2.dpowy(x,y,i,j)+H1*poly2.pow(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=H1*TT;
}
}
}
else if(ipy==(Py-1))
{TT=T2;
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=poly2.dpowy(x,y,i,j)+H2*poly2.pow(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=H2*TT;
}
}
}
else
{for(int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{k1=i*(m+1)+j;
A[ip][k1]=poly2.d2powx2(x,y,i,j)+poly2.d2powy2(x,y,i,j);
B[ip]=0.0;
}
}
}
}
}
Text.print(A,"A");
Text.printT(B,"B");
SVD q=new SVD(A);
double a[]=q.solve(B);
Text.printT(a,"a");
double T[][]=new double[Px][Py];
ip=ipx*Py+ipy;
T[ipy][ipx]=p.func(a,x,y,n,m);
} // end int ipy=0;ipy<Py;ipy++)
}//end for(int ipx=0;ipx<Px;ipx++)
Text.print(T,"T");
double b[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(0.0,L,0.0,W,T);
surfacePlot p1;
458
p1=new surfacePlot(b,"x m","y m","T degree C");
p1.plot();
}
{HT_poly2_hTinf h=new HT_poly2_hTinf(50,50,50,50,50,100,100.0,100.0,500.0,7,7,80,80,1.0,1.0);
}
}

A square plate exposed to convective flux in each side.
x=0 ℎ = 2000⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 100⁡℃ (approaching to a constant temperature case)
x=L=1 m ℎ = 2000⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 100⁡℃ (approaching to a constant temperature case)
y=0 ℎ = 2000⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 100⁡℃ (approachingto a constant temperature case)
y=W=1 m ℎ = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚 2 𝐾) 𝑇∞ = 500⁡℃
𝑘 = 50⁡𝑊/(𝑚𝐾) Calculate the temperature profile

{HT_poly2_hTinf h=new HT_poly2_hTinf(50,2000,2000,2000,50,100,100.0,100.0,500.0,7,7,80,80,1.0,1.0);
459
PROBLEM 8.5 TIME DEPENDENT LUMPED SOLUTION APPROXIMATION METHODS
(LEAST SQUARE METHOD)
As a next approximation method we will consider least square method.
𝑑𝑇(𝑡)
−ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑡
where As is surface area, V is volume, Cp is specific heat. By changing variables as:
𝑇(𝑡)−𝑇∞ 𝑡 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜏= 𝑋=
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝐴𝑠
equation becomes:
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
𝑋 + 𝜃(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑡
Boundary condition t=0 𝜃 =1so exact solution is:
𝜏
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
𝑋
Now let us create approximate solution, for this the following polynomial is assumed:
𝜃(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑐1 𝜏 + 𝑐2 𝜏 2 + 𝑐3 𝜏3 + 𝑐4 𝜏 4
This equation automatically satisfy the boundary condition but if it is applied to differential equation a
residue is remained as:
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= 𝑐1 𝜏 + 2𝑐2 𝜏 ⁡ + 3𝑐3 𝜏 2 + 4𝑐4 𝜏 3
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
𝑋 + 𝜃(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑋(𝑐1 𝜏 + 2𝑐2 𝜏 ⁡ + 3𝑐3 𝜏 2 + 4𝑐4 𝜏 3 ) + (1 + 𝑐1 𝜏 + 𝑐2 𝜏 2 + 𝑐3 𝜏3 + 𝑐4 𝜏 4 )
𝑅 = 1 + (𝑋 + 𝜏)𝑐1 + (2𝜏𝑋 + 𝜏 2 )𝑐2 + (3𝜏 2 𝑋 + 𝜏 3 )𝑐3 + (4𝜏 3 + 𝜏 4 )𝑐4
It is possible to write least square equations as:
460
𝜏=1
1 𝜕
∫ 𝑅 2 (𝜏, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 )𝑑𝜏 = 0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1,2,3,4
2 𝜕𝑐𝑖
𝜏=0
Considering R as
4
𝑅 = 1 + 𝜙1 𝑐1 + 𝜙2 𝑐2 + +𝜙3 𝑐3 + +𝜙4 𝑐4 = 1 + ∑ 𝜙𝑖 𝑐𝑖
𝑖=1
𝜕𝑅
= 𝜙𝑖 ⁡⁡𝑖 = 1,2,3,4
𝜕𝑐𝑖
𝜏=1 4
∫ 𝜙𝑖 (1 + ∑ 𝜙𝑖 𝑐𝑖 ) 𝑑𝜏 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1,2,3,4
𝜏=0 𝑖=1
So
∫ 𝜙1 𝜙1 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝜙1 𝜙2 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝜙1 𝜙3 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝜙1 𝜙4 𝑑𝜏 − ∫ 𝜙1 𝑑𝜏
𝑐1
𝑐
{𝑐2 } =
3
∫ 𝜙3 𝜙1 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝜙3 𝜙2 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝜙3 𝜙3 𝑑𝜏 ∫ 𝜙3 𝜙4 𝑑𝜏 𝑐 − ∫ 𝜙3 𝑑𝜏
4
[ ] { }
Each integration should be calculated and carried out into the matrix to determine the coefficients.
 =0  =1  =1
 2 3  1
 =0 1 1  =0( X + 2 X +  )d =  X  + X + 3  = X + X + 3
   = 2 2 2 2
d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
 2 2 4  1
 =0 1 2  =0
   = +   +   =  =0(2 X  + 3 X +  )d =  X  + X + 4  = X + X + 4
2 2 2 3 3 2
d ( X ) * ( 2 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
 2 3 5  1
 =0 1 3  =0
   = +   +   =  =0(3 X  + 4 X +  )d =  X  + X + 5  = X + X + 5
2 3 2 2 3 4 4 2
d ( X ) * (3 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
 2 3 6  1
 =0 1 4  =0
   = +   +   =  =0(4 X  + 5 X +  )d =  X  4 + X + 6  = X + X + 6
3 4 2 2 4 5 5 2
d ( X ) * (3 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
4 2 2 5  4 2 1
 =0 2 2  =0
   =  +   +   =  =0(4 X  + 4 X +  )d =  3 X  + X + 5  = 3 X + X + 5
2 2 2 2 3 4 4
d ( 2 X ) * ( 2 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
6 2 4 6  6 2 1
 =0 2 3  =0
   =  +   +   =  =0(6 X  + 5 X +  )d =  4 X  + X + 6  = 4 X + X + 6
2 2 3 2 3 4 5 5
d ( 2 X ) * (3 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
8 2 5 7  8 2 1
 =0 2 4  =0
   =  +   +   =  =0(8 X  + 5 X +  )d =  5 X  + X + 7  = 5 X + X + 7
2 3 4 2 4 5 6 6
d ( 2 X ) * ( 4 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
9 2 5 7  9 2 1
 =0 3 3  =0
   =  +   +   =  =0(9 X  + 6 X +  )d =  5 X  + X + 7  = 5 X + X + 7
2 3 2 3 2 4 5 6 6
d (3 X ) * (3 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
 12 2 6 8  1
 =0 3 4  =0
   =  +   +   =  =0(12 X  + 7 X +  )d =  6 X  + X + 8  = 2 X + X + 8
2 3 3 4 2 5 6 7 7 2
d (3 X ) * ( 4 X ) d
 =0
 =0  =1  =1  =1
 16 9 16 2 1
   d =   (4 X 3 +  ) * (4 X 3 +  4 )d =  (16 X  + 8 X 7 +  8 )d =  X 2 7 + X 8 +  = X +X+
4 2 6
4 4
=0 =0 =0 7 8   =0 7 9
 =0  =1  =1
  2
  1
−  1d =  ( X +  )d =  X +  = − X + 
 =0  =0  2   =0  2
461
 =0  =1  =1
 3   1
−  2 d =  (2 X +  )d =  X 2 +  = − X + 
2
 =0  =0  3   =0  3
 =0  =1  =1
 4   1
−  3d =  (3 X +  )d =  X 3 +  = − X + 
2 3
 =0  =0  4   =0  4
 =0  =1  =1
 5   1
−  4 d =  (3 X +  )d =  X 4 +  = − X + 
4 4
 =0  =0  5   =0  5
Now that all coefficients of the matrix is established, solution can be done by using a small application
program residue_least_square.java
import java.io.*;
class residue_least_square
{

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double[] c(double X)
a[0][0]=(X*X+X+1.0/3.0);
a[1][0]=(X*X+X+1.0/4.0);
a[2][0]=(X*X+X+1.0/5.0);
a[3][0]=(X*X+X+1.0/6.0);
462
a[0][1]=a[1][0];
a[1][1]=(4.0/3.0*X*X+X+1.0/5.0);
a[2][1]=(6.0/4.0*X*X+X+1.0/6.0);
a[3][1]=(8.0/5.0*X*X+X+1.0/7.0);
a[0][2]=a[2][0];
a[1][2]=a[2][1];
a[2][2]=(9.0/5.0*X*X+X+1.0/7.0);
a[3][2]=(2.0*X*X+X+1.0/8.0);
a[0][3]=a[3][0];
a[1][3]=a[3][1];
a[2][3]=a[3][2];
a[3][3]=(16.0/7.0*X*X+X+1.0/9.0);;
double b[]={-(X+1.0/2.0),-(X+1.0/3.0),-(X+1.0/4.0),-(X+1.0/5.0)};
double c[]=pivotlugauss(a,b);
return c;
}

{
double toi[]={0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0};
double D=0.02;
double k=20; //W/mK
double Bi=h*D/6/k;
double tomax=240;
double c[]=c(X);
String c1[]={"c1","c2","c3","c4"};
Text.print(c,c1,"Least square method for approximation");
Plot pp=new Plot(f,0,1);
pp.addFunction(f1,0,1);
pp.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\java\bin\javaw.exe" residue_least_square
Bi=0.013333333333333332
Original matrix :
1.272038966049383 1.188705632716049 1.138705632716049 1.105372299382716
1.188705632716049 1.254848251028807 1.279586226851852 1.290619488536155
1.138705632716049 1.279586226851852 1.360305059523810 1.412133487654321
1.105372299382716 1.290619488536155 1.412133487654321 1.497795414462081

1.272038966049383 1.188705632716049 1.138705632716049 1.105372299382716
1.188705632716049 1.254848251028807 1.279586226851852 1.290619488536155
1.138705632716049 1.279586226851852 1.360305059523810 1.412133487654321
1.105372299382716 1.290619488536155 1.412133487654321 1.497795414462081

1.272038966049383 1.188705632716049 1.138705632716049 1.105372299382716
0.000000000000000 0.257661919158115 0.422624756279086 0.537252575088716
0.000000000000000 0.215479044806210 0.340956947880412 0.422624756279086
0.000000000000000 0.144016649981762 0.215479044806210 0.257661919158115

1.272038966049383 1.188705632716049 1.138705632716049 1.105372299382716
0.000000000000000 0.257661919158115 0.422624756279086 0.537252575088716
0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000 -0.020741355156435 -0.042628152076166
0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000 -0.012478201139771 -0.026672027964582

1.272038966049383 1.188705632716049 1.138705632716049 1.105372299382716
0.000000000000000 0.257661919158115 0.422624756279086 0.537252575088716
0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000 -0.020741355156435 -0.042628152076166
0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000 -0.001026516771543
463
The last method we will look for the approximation is Galarkin Method. This Method multiplies
residue with a weight function and integrates similar to least square method
𝜏=1
∫ 𝑤𝑖 𝑅(𝜏, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 )𝑑𝜏 = 0 ⁡⁡𝑖 = 1. .4

𝜏=0
𝑤𝑖 is called weight function. One possible way is defining the weight function in here is to utilised
derivatives of residue with respect to ci
𝜕𝑅(𝜏, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 )⁡
𝑤𝑖 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1. .4
𝜕𝑐𝑖
in this case the results will be same as the previous least square case. Other considerations of weight
functions are also possible. In fact selection of the weight factor is one of the most important criteria in
solution. In general, weight functions should be selected so that it should satisfy the boundary
conditions. As an example let us consider the following problem with a rectangular region:

WITH GALARKIN METHOD
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦) 1
For differential equation: + + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑘
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 = −𝑏
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = ⁡⁡⁡𝑎 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 = ⁡𝑏
Where
464
𝑛
𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙0 (𝑥, 𝑦) + ∑ 𝐶𝑗 𝜙𝑗 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑗=1
when this function is substituted into the differential equation
𝜕 2 𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
+ + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑅(𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑘
Then the Galarkin method to evalute the problem will be
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝜕 2 𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
∫ ∫ [ + + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ [𝑅(𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 )] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑘
𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=−𝑏 𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=−𝑏
Before going into the details of approximate solution, let us solve the differential equation with exact
solution so that the results can be compared. This equation can be solved by using separation of variable
methods. In order to homogenize the equation, system is divided up into two equation as:
𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜓(𝑥)
And
𝜕 2 𝜓(𝑥) 𝑔
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑘
𝜓(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡⁡𝑥 = −𝑎
𝜓(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡⁡𝑥 = ⁡⁡⁡𝑎
𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡⁡𝑥 = −𝑎
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡⁡𝑥 = ⁡⁡⁡𝑎
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝜓(𝑥)⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡⁡𝑦 = −𝑏
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝜓(𝑥)⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡⁡𝑥 = ⁡⁡⁡𝑏
For g(x,y)=g=const Solution of 𝜓(𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥2
𝜓(𝑥) = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2
𝑔 𝑎2
applying boundary conditions 𝐶2 = 𝐶1 = 0
𝑘 2
𝑔 2
𝜓(𝑥) = (𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )
2𝑘
Solution of 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑋(𝑥)𝑌(𝑦)
1 𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥) 1 𝜕 2 𝑌(𝑦)
= − = −𝛽2
𝑋(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑌(𝑦) 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2 𝑋(𝑥)
+ 𝛽2 𝑋(𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2 𝑌(𝑦)
− 𝛽2 𝑌(𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑦 2
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶3 cos ℎ(𝛽𝑦) + 𝐶4 sinh(𝛽𝑦)
𝑋(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑋(𝑥) = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = ⁡⁡𝑎
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(−𝛽𝑎) + 𝐶2 sin(−𝛽𝑎) = 0⁡⁡⁡
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑎) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑎) = 0⁡⁡⁡
Considering that cos(−𝛽𝑎) = cos(𝛽𝑎) and sin(−𝛽𝑎) = −sin(𝛽𝑎)
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑎) − 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑎) = 0⁡⁡⁡
465
𝑋(𝑥) = 𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑎) + 𝐶2 sin(𝛽𝑎) = 0
𝐶1 cos(𝛽𝑎) = 0
𝜋
𝛽𝑎 = (2𝑛 + 1)
2
𝜋
𝛽𝑛 = (2𝑛 + 1)
2𝑎
𝐶2 = 0
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑇̅(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝜓(𝑥)

∞
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑ [𝐶3 cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑦) + 𝐶4 sinh(𝛽𝑛 𝑦)] cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑛=0
∞
−𝜓(𝑥) = ∑ [𝐶3 cos ℎ(−𝛽𝑛 𝑏) + 𝐶4 sinh(−𝛽𝑛 𝑏)] cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑛=0
∞
−𝜓(𝑥) = ∑[𝐶3 cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑏) + 𝐶4 sinh(𝛽𝑛 𝑏)] cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑛=0
Considering that cosh(−𝛽𝑎) = cos ℎ(𝛽𝑎) and sinh(−𝛽𝑎) = −sin ℎ(𝛽𝑎)

∞
−𝜓(𝑥) = ∑[𝐶3 cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑏) − 𝐶4 sinh(𝛽𝑛 𝑏)] cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑛=0
∞
−𝜓(𝑥) = ∑[𝐶3 cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑏) + 𝐶4 sinh(𝛽𝑛 𝑏)] cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
𝑛=0
So 𝐶4 = 0
∞
−𝜓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶3 cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑏) cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)

𝑛=0
∞
𝜓(𝑥)
− = ∑ 𝐶3 cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑏)
𝑛=0
It is known that cos(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)is an orthogonal function so orthogonality can be applied.
𝑎 𝑎
𝜓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶𝑛 ∫ cos 2(𝛽𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
cos ℎ(𝛽𝑛 𝑏)
𝑥=−𝑎 𝑥=−𝑎
To solve the integral variable change is aplied as

𝑥 𝑔𝑎 2 𝜋
𝑥̅ = 𝜓(𝑥̅ ) = (1 − 𝑥̅ 2 ) 𝛽𝑛̅ = (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑎 2𝑘 2
1 1
𝜓(𝑥̅ )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ )
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥̅ = 𝐶𝑛 ∫ cos 2(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ )𝑑𝑥̅
̅ 𝑏
𝑥̅ =−1 cos ℎ (𝛽𝑛 𝑎 ) 𝑥̅ =−1
1 1 1
2 ̅
1 + cos(2𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ ) 𝑥 1
∫ cos (𝛽𝑛 𝑥̅ )𝑑𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥̅ = [ + ̅
sin⁡(2𝛽𝑛 )] = 1
2 2 2𝛽𝑛̅ −1
𝑥̅ =−1 𝑥̅ =−1
1
2
𝑔𝑎
∫ (1 − 𝑥̅ 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ )𝑑𝑥̅ ⁡
𝑏
2𝑘 cos ℎ (𝛽𝑛̅ ) 𝑥̅ =−1
𝑎
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ )
̅ 2 ̅
∫ [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛 𝑥̅ ) − 𝑥̅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛 𝑥̅ )]𝑑𝑥̅ = [ −𝑥 2
− 2𝑥 +2 ]
𝛽𝑛̅ 𝛽𝑛̅ 𝛽𝑛̅
2
𝛽𝑛̅
3
𝑥̅ =−1 −1
466
1
4(−1)𝑛
∫ [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ ) − 𝑥̅ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑛̅ 𝑥̅ )]𝑑𝑥̅ = 3
𝑥̅ =−1
𝛽𝑛̅
𝑔𝑎 2 4(−1)𝑛
𝐶𝑛 = 3
𝑏
2𝑘 cos ℎ (𝛽𝑛̅ ) 𝛽𝑛̅
𝑎
so the exact solution:
  y   x 
n cosh   n  cos  n 
g  a2 − x2 
( −1)  a   a 
T ( x, y ) =  − 2a  3
2

k 2 n =0  n  b 
 cosh 
 n  
 a 
Now that exact solution formula is established, Galarkin approximation
a b
  2T ( x, y )  2T ( x, y ) 1 
   x 2 + y 2 + k g 1dxdy = 0
x=− a y =−b 
Take
1 ( x, y ) = (a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )
T1 ( x, y ) = C11 ( x, y ) = C1 (a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )
 2T1 ( x, y )
= −2C1 (b 2 − y 2 )
x 2
 2T1 ( x, y )
= −2C1 (a 2 − x 2 )
y 2

( )
g 2 2 2 2
a b
  − 2C1 (a − x ) + (b − y ) + k  (a − x )(b − y )dxdy = 0

2 2 2 2
x=− a y =−b

( )
g 2 2 2 2 
a b
  − 2C1 (a − x ) (b − y ) + (a − x )(b − y ) + k (a − x )(b − y ) dxdy = 0

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x=− a y =−b

( )
g 2 2 2 2 
a b
  − 2C1 (a −2a x + x )(b − y ) + (a − x )(b −2b y + y ) + k (a − x )(b − y ) dxdy = 0

4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
x =− a y =−b
Variable conversion: x = x and y = y

a b

( ) 2 
1 1
4 g
  − 2C1 a (1 − 2 x + x )(1 − y ) + (1 − 2 y + y )(1 − x ) + k (1 − x )(1 − y ) dx dy = 0
2 2 4 2 2 2 2
x = −1 y = −1

( ) 2 
1 1
4 g
  − 2C1 a (1 − 2 x + x )(1 − y ) + (1 − 2 y + y )(1 − x ) + k (1 − x )(1 − y ) dx dy = 0
2 2 4 2 2 2 2
x = −1 y = −1
 2 1
1
1
1

 2 1
1
1
1
 g 1
1
1
1
− 2C1  a 2 ( x − x 3 + x 5 ) ( y − y 3 )  + b 2 ( y − y 3 + y 5 ) ( x − x 3 )  + ( x − x 3 ) ( y − y 3 ) = 0
 3 5 3 −1  3 5 3  k 3 3
 −1  −1 −1  −1 −1
  2 1   2 1   1   1   2 1   2 1   1   1  
− 2C1  a 2 1 − +  −  − 1 + −  1 −  −  − 1 +  + b 2 1 − +  −  − 1 + −  1 −  −  − 1 +   +
  3 5   3 5   3   3   3 5   3 5   3   3  
g  1   1   1   1 
1 −  −  − 1 +  1 −  −  − 1 +  = 0
k  3   3   3   3 
 16 4 2 16 4  g 4 4
− 2C1  a 2 +b + =0
 15 3 15 3  k 3 3
5 g/k
C1 =
8 a 2 + b2
5 g/k
T1 ( x, y ) = ( a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )
8 a 2 + b2
467
Now let us apply a two coefficient approximation
1 = (a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )
2 = x 2 (a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )
T2 ( x, y ) = C11 + C22
T2 ( x, y) = C1 (a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 ) + C2 (a 2x 2 − x 4 )(b 2 − y 2 )
T2 ( x, y )
= −2C1 x(b 2 − y 2 ) + C2 (2a 2 x − 4 x 3 )(b 2 − y 2 )
x
 2T2 ( x, y )
= −2C1 (b 2 − y 2 ) + C2 (2a 2 − 12 x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )
x 2
T2 ( x, y )
= −2C1 (a 2 − x 2 ) y − 2C2 (a 2 x 2 − x 4 ) y
y
 2T2 ( x, y )
= −2C1 (a 2 − x 2 ) − 2C2 2 (a 2 x 2 − x 4 )
y 2
a
  2T ( x, y ) T ( x, y ) 1 
b
   x2 + y 2 + k g 1 ( x, y)dxdx = 0

x = − a y = −b 
a
  2T ( x, y ) T ( x, y ) 1 
b
   x2 + y 2 + k g 2 ( x, y)dxdx = 0

x = − a y = −b 
  (− 2C (a ) ( )( )
 
a a
g
1
2
− x 2 ) + C2 (2a 4 − 14a 2 x 2 + 12 x 4 ) (b 4 − 2b 2 y 2 + y 4 ) + (a 4 − 2a 2 x 2 + x 4 )C1 + (a 4 x 2 − 2a 2 x 4 + x 6 )C2 (−2)(b 2 − y 2 ) + (a 2 − x 2 )(b 2 − y 2 )dxdy = 0
x =− a y =− a
k 
  (− 2C (a x ) ( )( )
 
a a
g
1
2 4
− x 2 ) + C2 (2a 4 x 2 − 14a 2 x 4 + 12 x6) (b 4 − 2b 2 y 2 + y 4 ) + (a 4 x 2 − 2a 2 x 4 + x 6 )C1 + (a 4 x 4 − 2a 2 x 6 + x8 )C2 (−2)(b 2 − y 2 ) + (a 2 x 2 − x 4 )(b 2 − y 2 )dxdy =
x =− a y =− a
k 
a b
 x3 14 12  y3 y5
 − 2C1 (a 2 x − ) + C2 (2a 4 x − a 2 x3 + x5 )  (b 4 x − 2b 2 + ) +
 3 3 5  −a 3 5 −b
a b a b
 4 2 2 3 1 5 x3 2 x7   y3  g x3 y3
 (a − a x + x )C1 + (a 4 − a 2 x 5 + )C2   (−2)(b 2 y − )  + (a 2 x − ) (b 2 y − ) = 0
 3 5 3 5 7  −a  3  −b k 3 −a 3 −b
a b
 x3 x5 x 3 14 12  y3 y5
 − 2C1 (a 2 − ) + C2 (2a 4 − a 2 x 5 + x 7 )  (b 4 x − 2b 2 + ) +
 3 5 3 5 7  −a 3 5 −b
a b a b
 4 x3 2 2 5 1 7 x5 2 2 7 x9   y3  g x3 x5 y3
 (a − a x + x )C1 + (a 4 − a x + )C2   (−2)(b 2 y − )  + (a 2 − ) (b 2 y − ) = 0
 3 5 7 5 7 9  −a  3  −b k 3 5 −a 3 −b
 8 3 4 5  16 5  16 5 16 7  (−8) 3 16 g 3 3
 − a C1 − a C2  b +  a C1 + a C2  b + a b =0
 3 15  15  15 105  3 9 k
 8 5 88 7  16 5  16 7 158 9  (−8) 3 16 g 5 3
− a C1 − a C2  b +  a C1 + a C2  b + a b =0
 15 105  15  105 315  3 45 k
 8b 2 (a 2 + b 2 )  4 2 2 8 4  g 
  ab + a 
 5  25 35  C1   k 
=
   
 8( a + b )  88 2 2 79 4  C2   g 
2 2
  ab + a 
 7 5  35 21  k 
class fa extends f_xj

{
double a,b,k,g;
public fa(double ai,double bi,double ki,double gi)
{a=ai;b=bi;k=ki;g=gi;}

{
double ff=0;
double sign=1.0;
468
double beta=1.0;
double x1,y1,y2,ffx;
{ beta=(2.0*n+1.0)/2.0*PI;
y1=Math.cosh(beta*x[1]/a);
x1=Math.cos(beta*x[0]/a);
y2=Math.cosh(beta*b/a);
ff+=-2.0*a*a*sign/(beta*beta*beta)*y1*x1/y2;
sign*=-1.0;
}
ff+=(a*a-x[0]*x[0])/2.0;
ff*=g/k;
double ff1=5.0/8.0*g/k/(a*a+b*b)*(a*a-x[0]*x[0])*(b*b-x[1]*x[1]);
double aa[][]={{8.0/5.0*(b*b+a*a),(4.0/25.0*a*a*b*+8/35*a*a*a*a)},
{(8.0/7.0*a*a+8.0/5.0*b*b),(88.0/35.0*a*a*b*b+79.0/21.0*a*a*a*a)}};
double bb[]={g/k,g/k};
double C[]=pivotlugauss(aa,bb);
double ff2=C[0]*(a*a-x[0]*x[0])*(b*b-x[1]*x[1])+C[1]*x[0]*x[0]*(a*a-x[0]*x[0])*(b*b-x[1]*x[1]);
return (ff-ff2); //maksimum testi
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public class surfacePlotE4

{ double a=1.0;
double b=1.0;
469
double k=100.0;
double g=10000.0;
fa f=new fa(a,b,k,g);
double x[]={0,0};
//System.out.println("T(0,0)="+f.func(x));
surfacePlot p=new surfacePlot(f,-a,a,-b,b);
p.plot();
}
}
T1 Galarkin approximation
Exact solution T0 T0-T1 difference between
solutions
T0-T2 difference between solutions

T2 Galarkin approximation
9. PHASE-CHANGE PROBLEM IN HEAT CONDUCTION
PROBLEM 9.1 PHASE CHANGE HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM

A thick liquid layer of initially at an initial temperature of Ti can be cooled from one side (x=0) to a
temperature of T0 . Assuming this temperature is below the frezing temperature, T m, liquid will start to
change phase from liquid to solid as a function of time. The solid surface will be tickened as a function
of time. This process is expresses as
 2Ts ( x, t ) 1 Ts ( x, t )
= in 0  x  s(t ) t>0
x 2  s t
Ts ( x, t ) = T0 at x=0 t>0
Ts ( x, t ) = Tm at x=s(t) t>0
Ts ( x, t ) = Ti at 0  x  s(t ) t=0
 2Tl ( x, t ) 1 Tl ( x, t )
= in s(t )  x   t>0
x 2  l t
Tl ( x, t ) = Ti at x =  t>0
Tl ( x, t ) = Tm at x=s(t) t>0
470
Tl ( x, t ) = Ti at 0  x  s(t ) t=0
Furthermore at the interphase
Ts ( x, t ) = Tl ( x, t ) = Tm at x=s(t) t>0
And from the energy balance at the interface
Ts ( x, t ) T ( x, t )
ks − kl l 2 = (  l H l −  s H s )v x −  l H l v1
x 2
x
(  l −  s )v x =  l v1
( l −  s )
v x = v1
l
So
Ts ( x, t ) T ( x, t ) ds(t )
ks − k l l 2 =  s ( H l − H s )v x =  s ( H l − H s )
x 2
x dt
The temperatures Ts ( x, t ) and Tl ( x, t ) indicates temperatures of solid and liquid phases. Where vx is the
velocity of the interphase, v l velocity of the liquid at the interphase, H l and Hs antalpy of solid and liquid
at melting temperature of Tm.The difference of liquid and solid enthalpies are called latent heat.
If a solution in the form of

 x 
Ts ( x, t ) = T0 + C1erf  
2  t 
 s 
 x 
Tl ( x, t ) = Ti + C2 erfc 
2  t 
 l 
Then interface BC can be applied
Ts ( x, t ) = Tl ( x, t ) = Tm at x=s(t) t>0
 s (t )    s (t )
T0 + C1erf   = Ti + C2 erfc s (t )  = Tm define = s(t ) = 2  st
2  t
 s


2  t
 l

 2  st
  
1/ 2

T0 + C1erf ( ) = Ti + C2 erfc   s   = T so
  l   m
 
(Tm − T0 )
C1 =
erf ( )
471
and
C2 =
(Tm − Ti )
   1 / 2 
erfc   s  
  l  
 
Ts ( x, t ) T ( x, t ) ds(t )
ks − kl l =  s ( H l − H s )v x =  s ( H l − H s )
x x dt
d (erf (u )) du 2 −u 2
= e u=
x du
=
1
dx dx  2( s t )1 / 2 dx 2( s t )1 / 2
(Tm − T0 )  x 
Ts ( x, t ) = T0 + erf  
1/ 2 
erf ( )  2( s t ) 
(Tm − Ti )  x 
Tl ( x, t ) = Ti + erf  
     2( s t )
1/ 2 1/ 2

erfc   s  
   l  
(Tm − T0 )    
2
(Tm − T0 )
dTs ( x, t )
=
2
2( s t ) erf ( ) 
1/ 2

exp − 

x
 =
1/ 2  
2( s t ) 
1
( s t ) erf ( ) 
1/ 2
exp − 2 ( )
dx
  
d (erfc(u )) du 2 −u 2
erfc(u ) = 1 − erf (u ) =− e
dx dx 
(Tm − Ti )    
2
(Tm − Ti )    
dTl ( x, t )
=−
2 
exp − 
x
 =−
1
exp − 2  s  
 1/ 2  
    1/ 2
2( l t )      
1/ 2
 l 
 
dx 
2( l t )1/ 2 erfc   s    ( l t )1/ 2 erfc   s  
   l      l  
s(t ) = 2 ( s t ) ds(t )  s
1/ 2 1/ 2
= 1/ 2
dt t
k s (Tm − T0 ) 1 (Tm − Ti )  2  s   1 / 2
( s t )1 / 2 erf ( ) 
( )
exp − 2 +
1
exp  −     =  s ( H l − H s ) 1 /s2
   
   1 / 2     l  t
( l t ) erfc    
1/ 2 s
   l  
ks
s =
 s C ps
k s (Tm − T0 ) 1 k l (Tm − Ti )  2  s   1 / 2
( s t ) erf ( ) 
exp − 2 + ( ) 1
exp  −     =  s ( H l − H s ) 1 /s2
   
1/ 2
   1 / 2     l  t
( l t )1 / 2 erfc   s  
   l  
Rearranging the equation gives:
( )
exp − 2  k l   s 
+   
1/ 2
(Tm − Ti ) 1        (H l − H s )
exp − 2  s   =
erf ( )  k s   l      1/ 2
   l   C ps (Tm − T0 )
(Tm − T0 )erfc   s  
   l  
Solution of this eqaution will yield the  value. By using this eqaution a program is developed to do
the calculation. For specific properties water-ice is taken.
//class to calculate lambda root value
class fx extends f_x
{
double ks,kl,alphas,alphal,Tm,T0,Ti,L,Cps,hfg;
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
double a[];
public fx(double Tmi,double T0i,double Tii)
472
{Tm=Tmi;T0=T0i;Ti=Tii;
hfg=333.55e3; // J/kgK
st=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
//Tm degree C
Cps=2109.7329400765643+7.637140284403064*Tm+0.00269180790270179*Tm*Tm; // J/kgK
ks=2.217352440215741-0.0069168602851757644*Tm+1.0167211666721175E-4*Tm*Tm+4.456742855800601E-7*Tm*Tm*Tm;
double ros=916.8094018597769-0.15255175128486845*Tm-0.0015446216557046906*Tm*Tm-9.285069004045726E-6*Tm*Tm*Tm;
alphas=ks/(ros*Cps);
double P=101.325; //kPA;
kl=st.k_PT(P,(Tm+273.15));
double a[]=st.property("tx",(Tm+273.15),0.0);
double rol=1.0/a[2];
double h1=a[3];
a=st.property("tx",(Tm+273.25),0.0);
double h2=a[3];
double Cpl=(h2-h1)/0.1*1e3;
alphal=kl/(rol*Cpl);
}
public double func(double l)

{double al=alphas/alphal;
double c1=l*hfg/(Cps*(Tm-T0));
double c3=l*sqrt(al);
double c4=erfc(c3);
double c2=exp(-l*l*al)/c3;
double ff=exp(-l*l)/erf(l)+kl/ks*sqrt(al)*(Tm-Ti)/(Tm-T0)*c2-c1;
return ff;
}}
//class to plot & evaluate temperature profile
class ice_PC extends fi_xt

{
double alphas,alphal,lambda,Tm,T0,Ti;
fx f;
public ice_PC(double Tmi,double T0i,double Tii)
{Tm=Tmi;T0=T0i;Ti=Tii;
f=new fx(Tm,T0,Ti);
double a[][]=rootlimits(f,0.0001,4.0,100,1);
lambda=bisection(f,a[0][0],a[1][0]);
System.out.println("lambda="+lambda);
}
public static double[][] rootlimits(f_x f,double x1,double x2,int n,int nbb)
{
// find root limits
// n : number of subdivisions
// x1,x2 : limit values of the root
// nbb = number of roots in the serched region
//
int nb;
int i;
double x,fp,fc,dx;
double xb[][]=new double[2][nbb];
nb=0;
dx=(x2-x1)/n;
x=x1;
fp=f.func(x1);
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
x+=dx;
fc=f.func(x);
// eğer kök olan bölge bulunduysa.....
if (fc*fp < 0.0 || fp==0) {
xb[0][nb]=x-dx;
xb[1][nb]=x;
nb++;
}
fp=fc;
if (nbb == nb) return xb;
}
if( nb == 0)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"search is completed no root is found"
,"SEARCH RESULT WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
else if(nb<nbb)
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"search is completed "+nb+" root is found \n"+
"You searched for "+nbb+" root","SEARCH RESULT WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
double xc[][]=new double[2][nb];
473
for (i=0;i<nb;i++) {xc[0][i]=xb[0][i];xc[1][i]=xb[1][i];}
return xc;
}
return xb;
}
public static double[] enlarge(f_x f,double x1)

{return enlarge(f,x1,(x1+0.00001));}
public static double[] enlarge(f_x f,double x1,double x2)

{
//kök olan bir bölge bulana kadar verilen siniri genişletir
int NTRY=50;
double FACTOR=1.6;
int j;
double f1,f2;
if (x1 == x2) System.out.println("Bad initial range in ZBRAC");
f1=f.func(x1);
f2=f.func(x2);
for (j=1;j<=NTRY;j++) {
if (f1*f2 < 0.0) {a[0]=x1;a[1]=x2;return a;}
if (Math.abs(f1) < Math.abs(f2))
f1=f.func(x1 += FACTOR*(x1-x2));
else
f2=f.func(x2 += FACTOR*(x2-x1));
}
{a[0]=x1;a[1]=x2;return a;}
}
public static double bisection(f_x f,double xl,double xu)

{
//bisection root finding method
double test;
double xr=0;
double es,ea;
double fxl,fxr,fxu;
double xold=0;
es=0.0000001;
ea=1.1*es;
String s="";
fxl= f.func(xl);
fxu= f.func(xu);
if(fxl*fxu>0) System.out.println("xl="+xu+"xr="+xr+"fxl="+fxl+"fxu="+fxu+"error");
{ xold=xr;
xr=(xl+xu)/2.0;
fxr= f.func(xr);
iter++;
if(xr!=0)
{ ea=Math.abs((xr-xold)/xr)*100;}
test= fxl*fxr;
if(test==0.0) ea=0;
else if(test<0.0) {xu=xr;fxu=fxr;}
else if(test>0) {xl=xr;fxl=fxr;}
else {ea=0;}
}
if(iter>=maxit) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Maximum number of iteration is exceeded \n"+
" result might not be valid","MAKSİMUM NUMBER OF ITERATION WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
//JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,s,
// "bisection root finding method : ",JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
return xr;
}
public double s(double t)
{return 2.0*lambda*sqrt(f.alphas*t);}

if(x<s(t)) a[0]=(Tm-T0)*erf(x/2.0/sqrt(f.alphas*t))/erf(lambda)+T0;
else a[0]=(Tm-Ti)*erfc(x/2.0/sqrt(f.alphal*t))/erfc(lambda*sqrt(f.alphas/f.alphal))+Ti;
if(x<s(t)) a[1]=T0;
else a[1]=Ti;
return a;
474
}
}
public class HT_phase_change1

{
public static void main(String ... arg)

{ ice_PC ff=new ice_PC(0.0,-2.0,3.0);
p.start();
}
}
PROBLEM 9.2 PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEM FOR A CYLINDER

In the next problem solidification by a heat sink in an infinite cyclinder will be considered. A line heat
sink of Q W/m is placed at the center of the cylinder and solidification will ocur in cyclidrical
coordinates
1   Ts (r , t )  1 Ts (r , t ) in in 0  r  s(t ) t>0 for solid phase

 =
r r  r  s t
Ts ( x, t ) = Tm at r=s(t) t>0
1   Tl (r , t )  1 Tl (r , t ) in in s (t )  r   t>0 for liquid phase
 =
r r  r   l t
Tl (r , t ) = Ti at r =  t>0
Tl ( x, t ) = Tm at r=s(t) t>0
Tl ( x, t ) = Ti at 0  r  s(t ) t=0
For the liquid-solid interphase
Ts (r , t ) = Tl (r , t ) = Tm at r=s(t) t>0
Ts (r , t ) T (r , t ) ds(t )
ks − kl l = s (H l − H s )
r r dt
Solution sets of the differential eqautions can be given as:
475
 − r2 
Ts (r , t ) = A − BEi 
 4 s t 
 − r2 
Tl (r , t ) = Ti − CEi 
 4 l t 
In this equations Ei(x) is exponential integral function
Basic definition of the exponential integral function is:

e −t
Ei ( x) =  t dt
−x
Exponential integral function ca be calculated by using series formulas


xk x<2.5  = 0.577215664901532860606512090082402431is Euler Mascheroni
Ei ( x) =  + ln x + 
k =1 k k!
constant

(−1) n −1 x n (n −1) / 2  1
Ei ( x) =  + ln + exp( x / 2)  2.4<x<10 (Ramanujan formula)
n =1 2 n −1 n! k =0 2k + 1
Asymtotic divergent series:
exp(− x) N −1 n!
Ei ( x) =
x
 (− x)
n =0
x>10
n
public class Ei
{ //C Euler-Mascheroni constant
//exponential integral section
//Argument addition series Ei
public static double AAS_Ei(double x)
{
double ei[] = {
1.915047433355013959531e2, 4.403798995348382689974e2,
1.037878290717089587658e3, 2.492228976241877759138e3,
6.071406374098611507965e3, 1.495953266639752885229e4,
3.719768849068903560439e4, 9.319251363396537129882e4,
2.349558524907683035782e5, 5.955609986708370018502e5,
1.516637894042516884433e6, 3.877904330597443502996e6,
9.950907251046844760026e6, 2.561565266405658882048e7,
6.612718635548492136250e7, 1.711446713003636684975e8,
4.439663698302712208698e8, 1.154115391849182948287e9,
3.005950906525548689841e9, 7.842940991898186370453e9,
2.049649711988081236484e10, 5.364511859231469415605e10,
1.405991957584069047340e11, 3.689732094072741970640e11,
9.694555759683939661662e11, 2.550043566357786926147e12,
6.714640184076497558707e12, 1.769803724411626854310e13,
4.669055014466159544500e13, 1.232852079912097685431e14,
3.257988998672263996790e14, 8.616388199965786544948e14,
2.280446200301902595341e15, 6.039718263611241578359e15,
1.600664914324504111070e16, 4.244796092136850759368e16,
1.126348290166966760275e17, 2.990444718632336675058e17,
7.943916035704453771510e17, 2.111342388647824195000e18,
5.614329680810343111535e18, 1.493630213112993142255e19,
3.975442747903744836007e19, 1.058563689713169096306e20
};
int k = (int) (x + 0.5);
int j = 0;
double xx = (double) k;
double dx = x - xx;
double xxj = xx;
double edx = Math.exp(dx);
double Sm = 1.0;
double Sn = (edx - 1.0) / xxj;
double max_double=1.7976931348623157e+308;
double eps=1e-20;
double term = max_double;
double fact = 1.0;
double dxj = 1.0;
while (Math.abs(term) > eps * Math.abs(Sn) ) {
476
j++;
fact *= (double) j;
xxj *= xx;
dxj *= (-dx);
Sm += (dxj / fact);
term = ( fact * (edx * Sm - 1.0) ) / xxj;
Sn += term;
}
return ei[k-7] + Sn * Math.exp(xx);

}
//Power series Ei
public static double PS_Ei( double x )
{ double max_double=1.7976931348623157e+308;
double eps=1e-20;
double xn = -x;
double Sn = -x;
double Sm1 = 0.0;
double hsum = 1.0;
double g = C;//Euler number ;
double y = 1.0;
double fact = 1.0;
if ( x == 0.0 ) return -max_double;
while ( Math.abs(Sn - Sm1) > eps * Math.abs(Sm1) ) {

Sm1 = Sn;
y += 1.0;
xn *= (-x);
fact *= y;
hsum += (1.0 / y);
Sn += hsum * xn / fact;
}
return (g + Math.log(Math.abs(x)) - Math.exp(x) * Sn);
}
//Continued Faraction Ei
public static double CF_Ei( double x )
double eps=1e-20;
double Am1 = 1.0;
double A0 = 0.0;
double Bm1 = 0.0;
double B0 = 1.0;
double a = Math.exp(x);
double b = -x + 1.0;
double Ap1 = b * A0 + a * Am1;
double Bp1 = b * B0 + a * Bm1;
int j = 1;
a = 1.0;
while ( Math.abs(Ap1 * B0 - A0 * Bp1) > eps * Math.abs(A0 * Bp1) ) {
if ( Math.abs(Bp1) > 1.0) {
Am1 = A0 / Bp1;
A0 = Ap1 / Bp1;
Bm1 = B0 / Bp1;
B0 = 1.0;
} else {
Am1 = A0;
A0 = Ap1;
Bm1 = B0;
B0 = Bp1;
}
a = -j * j;
b += 2.0;
Ap1 = b * A0 + a * Am1;
Bp1 = b * B0 + a * Bm1;
j += 1;
}
return (-Ap1 / Bp1);
}
public static double Ei( double x )
if ( x < -5.0 ) return CF_Ei(x);
if ( x < 6.8 ) return PS_Ei(x);
if ( x < 50.0 ) return AAS_Ei(x);
return CF_Ei(x);
}
477
public static double E1( double x )
{return -Ei(-x);}
//end of exponential integral section
{String s="";
for(double x=0.01;x<=5.0;x+=0.01)
{s+=x+" "+E1(x)+"\n";}
}
}
x E1(x)=-Ei(-x) x E1(x)=-Ei(-x) x E1(x)=-Ei(-x) x E1(x)=-Ei(-x) x E1(x)=-Ei(-x) x E1(x)=-Ei(-x)

4.03792957654E+ 0.5 5.47822351781 2.15741623794 9.85443646984 4.82288813035 2.45888647027E
0.01 00 1 E-01 1.01 E-01 1.51 E-02 2.01 E-02 2.51 -02
3.35470778331E+ 0.5 5.36219797846 2.12171083432 9.70934662966 4.75672347334 2.42673393603E
0.02 00 2 E-01 1.02 E-01 1.52 E-02 2.02 E-02 2.52 -02
2.95911872402E+ 0.5 5.24951510115 2.08670559301 9.56664241155 4.69154065626 2.39502739535E
0.03 00 3 E-01 1.03 E-01 1.53 E-02 2.03 E-02 2.53 -02
2.68126368903E+ 0.5 5.14003885702 2.05238351720 9.42627855447 4.62732354318 2.36376017134E
0.04 00 4 E-01 1.04 E-01 1.54 E-02 2.04 E-02 2.54 -02
2.46789848851E+ 0.5 5.03364081392 2.01872813220 9.28821081642 4.56405629912 2.33292569713E
0.05 00 5 E-01 1.05 E-01 1.55 E-02 2.05 E-02 2.55 -02
2.29530691814E+ 0.5 4.93019958776 1.98572346533 9.15239594682 4.50172338354 2.30251751381E
0.06 00 6 E-01 1.06 E-01 1.56 E-02 2.06 E-02 2.56 -02
2.15083818026E+ 0.5 4.82960034245 1.95335402670 9.01879165982 4.44030954403 2.27252926848E
0.07 00 7 E-01 1.07 E-01 1.57 E-02 2.07 E-02 2.57 -02
2.02694100259E+ 0.5 4.73173433331 1.92160479095 8.88735660844 4.37979981010 2.24295471226E
0.08 00 8 E-01 1.08 E-01 1.58 E-02 2.08 E-02 2.58 -02
1.91874477003E+ 0.5 4.63649848957 1.89046117979 8.75805035957 4.32017948721 2.21378769840E
0.09 00 9 E-01 1.09 E-01 1.59 E-02 2.09 E-02 2.59 -02
1.82292395842E+ 4.54379503189 1.85990904536 8.63083336975 4.26143415085 2.18502218041E
0.1 00 0.6 E-01 1.1 E-01 1.6 E-02 2.1 E-02 2.6 -02
1.73710669407E+ 0.6 4.45353112163 1.82993465435 8.50566696173 4.20354964088 2.15665221024E
0.11 00 1 E-01 1.11 E-01 1.61 E-02 2.11 E-02 2.61 -02
1.65954175209E+ 0.6 4.36561853847 1.80052467282 8.38251330173 4.14651205590 2.12867193647E
0.12 00 2 E-01 1.12 E-01 1.62 E-02 2.12 E-02 2.62 -02
1.58889930486E+ 0.6 4.27997338402 1.77166615170 8.26133537748 4.09030774781 2.10107560259E
0.13 00 3 E-01 1.13 E-01 1.63 E-02 2.13 E-02 2.63 -02
1.52414572217E+ 0.6 4.19651580863 1.74334651294 8.14209697688 4.03492331654 2.07385754523E
0.14 00 4 E-01 1.14 E-01 1.64 E-02 2.14 E-02 2.64 -02
1.46446167052E+ 0.6 4.11516975949 1.71555353630 8.02476266733 3.98034560480 2.04701219253E
0.15 00 5 E-01 1.15 E-01 1.65 E-02 2.15 E-02 2.65 -02
1.40918669869E+ 0.6 4.03586274791 1.68827534661 7.90929777578 3.92656169310 2.02053406246E
0.16 00 6 E-01 1.16 E-01 1.66 E-02 2.16 E-02 2.66 -02
1.35778065254E+ 0.6 3.95852563412 1.66150040170 7.79566836923 3.87355889475 1.99441776121E
0.17 00 7 E-01 1.17 E-01 1.67 E-02 2.17 E-02 2.67 -02
1.30979613542E+ 0.6 3.88309242805 1.63521748079 7.68384123599 3.82132475109 1.96865798162E
0.18 00 8 E-01 1.18 E-01 1.68 E-02 2.18 E-02 2.68 -02
1.26485842441E+ 0.6 3.80950010461 1.60941567336 7.57378386740 3.76984702678 1.94324950160E
0.19 00 9 E-01 1.19 E-01 1.69 E-02 2.19 E-02 2.69 -02
1.22265054418E+ 3.73768843234 1.58408436851 7.46546444013 3.71911370519 1.91818718266E
0.2 00 0.7 E-01 1.2 E-01 1.7 E-02 2.2 E-02 2.7 -02
1.18290198625E+ 0.7 3.66759981411 1.55921324480 7.35885179903 3.66911298396 1.89346596837E
0.21 00 1 E-01 1.21 E-01 1.71 E-02 2.21 E-02 2.71 -02
1.14538005500E+ 0.7 3.59917913910 1.53479226038 7.25391544047 3.61983327059 1.86908088295E
0.22 00 2 E-01 1.22 E-01 1.72 E-02 2.22 E-02 2.72 -02
1.10988313890E+ 0.7 3.53237364490 1.51081164373 7.15062549618 3.57126317819 1.84502702980E
0.23 00 3 E-01 1.23 E-01 1.73 E-02 2.23 E-02 2.73 -02
1.07623541487E+ 0.7 3.46713278904 1.48726188456 7.04895271757 3.52339152134 1.82129959012E
0.24 00 4 E-01 1.24 E-01 1.74 E-02 2.24 E-02 2.74 -02
1.04428263444E+ 0.7 3.40340812911 1.46413372526 6.94886846046 3.47620731194 1.79789382155E
0.25 00 5 E-01 1.25 E-01 1.75 E-02 2.25 E-02 2.75 -02
1.01388873678E+ 0.7 3.34115321091 1.44141815256 6.85034467038 3.42969975534 1.77480505677E
0.26 00 6 E-01 1.26 E-01 1.76 E-02 2.26 E-02 2.76 -02
9.84933101328E- 0.7 3.28032346380 1.41910638962 6.75335386814 3.38385824636 1.75202870227E
0.27 01 7 E-01 1.27 E-01 1.77 E-02 2.27 E-02 2.77 -02
9.57308300357E- 0.7 3.22087610293 1.39718988834 6.65786913593 3.33867236556 1.72956023698E
0.28 01 8 E-01 1.28 E-01 1.78 E-02 2.28 E-02 2.78 -02
9.30918246013E- 0.7 3.16277003760 1.37566032206 6.56386410378 3.29413187551 1.70739521103E
0.29 01 9 E-01 1.29 E-01 1.79 E-02 2.29 E-02 2.79 -02
9.05676651676E- 3.10596578546 1.35450957849 6.47131293639 3.25022671716 1.68552924452E
0.3 01 0.8 E-01 1.3 E-01 1.8 E-02 2.3 E-02 2.8 -02
8.81505745679E- 0.8 3.05042539200 1.33372975293 6.38019032036 3.20694700634 1.66395802629E
0.31 01 1 E-01 1.31 E-01 1.81 E-02 2.31 E-02 2.81 -02
8.58335189327E- 0.8 2.99611235503 1.31331314175 6.29047145178 3.16428303025 1.64267731273E
0.32 01 2 E-01 1.32 E-01 1.82 E-02 2.32 E-02 2.82 -02
8.36101161455E- 0.8 2.94299155371 1.29325223609 6.20213202416 3.12222524414 1.62168292660E
0.33 01 3 E-01 1.33 E-01 1.83 E-02 2.33 E-02 2.83 -02
8.14745579688E- 0.8 2.89102918181 1.27353971585 6.11514821669 3.08076426796 1.60097075588E
0.34 01 4 E-01 1.34 E-01 1.84 E-02 2.34 E-02 2.84 -02
7.94215434621E- 0.8 2.84019268502 1.25416844389 6.02949668284 3.03989088316 1.58053675268E
0.35 01 5 E-01 1.35 E-01 1.85 E-02 2.35 E-02 2.85 -02
7.74462217809E- 0.8 2.79045070182 1.23513146039 5.94515453928 2.99959602953 1.56037693209E
0.36 01 6 E-01 1.36 E-01 1.86 E-02 2.36 E-02 2.86 -02
7.55441428159E- 0.8 2.74177300782 1.21642197750 5.86209935508 2.95987080211 1.54048737113E
0.37 01 7 E-01 1.37 E-01 1.87 E-02 2.37 E-02 2.87 -02
7.37112144155E- 0.8 2.69413046334 1.19803337414 5.78030914126 2.92070644819 1.52086420766E
0.38 01 8 E-01 1.38 E-01 1.88 E-02 2.38 E-02 2.88 -02
478
7.19436651662E- 0.8 2.64749496385 1.17995919100 5.69976234054 2.88209436435 1.50150363937E
0.39 01 9 E-01 1.39 E-01 1.89 E-02 2.39 E-02 2.89 -02
7.02380118866E- 2.60183939326 1.16219312571 5.62043781745 2.84402609358 1.48240192273E
0.4 01 0.9 E-01 1.4 E-01 1.9 E-02 2.4 E-02 2.9 -02
6.85910311352E- 0.9 2.55713757978 1.14472902821 5.54231484870 2.80649332246 1.46355537201E
0.41 01 1 E-01 1.41 E-01 1.91 E-02 2.41 E-02 2.91 -02
6.69997341530E- 0.9 2.51336425417 1.12756089623 5.46537311370 2.76948787842 1.44496035828E
0.42 01 2 E-01 1.42 E-01 1.92 E-02 2.42 E-02 2.92 -02
6.54613447544E- 0.9 2.47049501029 1.11068287105 5.38959268553 2.73300172703 1.42661330848E
0.43 01 3 E-01 1.43 E-01 1.93 E-02 2.43 E-02 2.93 -02
6.39732797606E- 0.9 2.42850626776 1.09408923324 5.31495402196 2.69702696935 1.40851070441E
0.44 01 4 E-01 1.44 E-01 1.94 E-02 2.44 E-02 2.94 -02
6.25331316323E- 0.9 2.38737523654 1.07777439869 5.24143795680 2.66155583939 1.39064908187E
0.45 01 5 E-01 1.45 E-01 1.95 E-02 2.45 E-02 2.95 -02
6.11386530112E- 0.9 2.34707988344 1.06173291471 5.16902569151 2.62658070155 1.37302502971E
0.46 01 6 E-01 1.46 E-01 1.96 E-02 2.46 E-02 2.96 -02
5.97877429243E- 0.9 2.30759890037 1.04595945628 5.09769878694 2.59209404819 1.35563518894E
0.47 01 7 E-01 1.47 E-01 1.97 E-02 2.47 E-02 2.97 -02
5.84784344415E- 0.9 2.26891167414 1.03044882244 5.02743915536 2.55808849715 1.33847625188E
0.48 01 8 E-01 1.48 E-01 1.98 E-02 2.48 E-02 2.98 -02
5.72088836049E- 0.9 2.23099825790 1.01519593278 4.95822905267 2.52455678947 1.32154496127E
0.49 01 9 E-01 1.49 E-01 1.99 E-02 2.49 E-02 2.99 -02
5.59773594776E- 2.19383934396 1.00019582407 4.89005107081 2.49149178703 1.30483810942E
0.5 01 1 E-01 1.5 E-01 2 E-02 2.5 E-02 3 -02
The following specific relation is given between E1 and Ei

E1 ( x) = − Ei (− x)
−x
e
And derivative of E1(x) dE1 ( x) = − E0 ( x) It is also known that E0 ( x) = therefore
dx x
dEi( x) ex dEi(u ) du e u 2
du 2r
= − and therefore =− in our equation u = − r and =−
dx x dx dx u 4t dx 4t
  r  2
 exp − 
dEi(u )  2r   4t   2  r 2  Therefore
= − −  =
 r exp  − 
 4t  − r  4t 
2
dx

 4t 

 − r2  dTs 2  r2 
Ts (r , t ) = A − BEi  = − B exp − 
 4 s t  dr r  4 s t 
 − r2  dTl 2  r2 

Tl (r , t ) = Tl − CEi 
 = − C exp − 
 4 l t  dr r  4 l t 
Since heat sink at the center
 dT   dT    2  r 2   
− Q = lim r →0  − k s A s  = lim r →0  − k s (2r ) s  = lim r →0  − k s (2r ) − B exp −   = 4Bk s

 dr   dr   r  4 t   
  s
− Q Assuming also s (t ) Interface equation:

B= =
4k s 2( s t )
1/ 2
Ts (r , t ) = Tl (r , t ) = Tm at r=s(t) t>0
   
A+
Q
4B
( )
Ei − 2 = Tl − CEi − 2  s   = Tm
  l 
Solving A and B from these equation for constant 
A = Tm −
Q
4k s
(
Ei − 2 )
Ti − Tm
C=
Ei (−2 s /  l )
s(t ) = 2 ( s t )1/ 2 s 2 (t ) = 42 s t 2 s (t )

ds(t )
= 42 s ds(t ) 22 s
=
dt dt s (t )
479
 − r2 
Ts (r , t ) = Tm −
Q
4k s
( )
Ei − 2 +
Q
Ei 
4k s  4 s t 
Ti − Tm  − r2 
Tl (r , t ) = Ti − Ei  
Ei (−2 s /  l )  4 l t 
And by applying the interface boundary :
T (r , t ) T (r , t ) ds(t )
ks s − kl l = s (H l − H s ) r = s (t )
r r dt
 2 Q  s (t ) 2    2 Ti − Tm  s (t ) 2   22 s
k s  exp −   − kl  −
  s (t ) Ei (−2 /  ) exp  −
 4 t     =  ( H − H )
 s (t ) 4k s  4 s t  
s l s
 s l  l  s (t )
 Ti − Tm   
Q
( 2 
 exp −   + kl  ) exp − 2 s   =  s ( H l − H s )2 s
 4   Ei (−  s /  l ) l 
2

In order to solve this equation a java progaram is written
//class to calculate lambda root value
class fx2 extends f_x
{
double Q,ks,kl,alphas,alphal,Tm,Ti,Cps,hfg,ros,rol;
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
double a[];
public fx2(double Qi,double Tmi,double Tii)
{Tm=Tmi;Q=Qi;Ti=Tii;
hfg=333.55e3; // J/kgK
//Tm degree C
Cps=2109.7329400765643+7.637140284403064*Tm+0.00269180790270179*Tm*Tm; // J/kgK
ks=2.217352440215741-0.0069168602851757644*Tm+1.0167211666721175E-4*Tm*Tm+4.456742855800601E-7*Tm*Tm*Tm;
ros=916.8094018597769-0.15255175128486845*Tm-0.0015446216557046906*Tm*Tm-9.285069004045726E-6*Tm*Tm*Tm;
alphas=ks/(ros*Cps);
double P=101.325; //kPA;
kl=st.k_PT(P,(Tm+273.15));
double a[]=st.property("tx",(Tm+273.15),0.0);
rol=1.0/a[2];
double h1=a[3];
a=st.property("tx",(Tm+273.25),0.0);
double h2=a[3];
double Cpl=(h2-h1)/0.1*1e3;
alphal=kl/(rol*Cpl);
}
public double func(double l)

{double al=alphas/alphal;
double c1=-l*l*al;
double ff=Q/(4.0*PI)*exp(-l*l)+kl*(Ti-Tm)/Ei(c1)*exp(c1)-l*l*alphas*ros*hfg;
return ff;
}}
//class to plot & evaluate temperature profile
class ice_PC2 extends fi_xt

{
double Q,alphas,alphal,lambda,Tm,Ti;
fx2 f;
public ice_PC2(double Qi,double Tmi,double Tii)
{Tm=Tmi;Q=Qi;Ti=Tii;
f=new fx2(Q,Tm,Ti);
double a[][]=rootlimits(f,0.0001,4.0,100,1);
lambda=bisection(f,a[0][0],a[1][0]);
System.out.println("lambda="+lambda);
}
public static double[][] rootlimits(f_x f,double x1,double x2,int n,int nbb)
{
// find root limits
// n : number of subdivisions
// x1,x2 : limit values of the root
// nbb = number of roots in the serched region
480
//
int nb;
int i;
double x,fp,fc,dx;
double xb[][]=new double[2][nbb];
nb=0;
dx=(x2-x1)/n;
x=x1;
fp=f.func(x1);
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
x+=dx;
fc=f.func(x);
// eğer kök olan bölge bulunduysa.....
if (fc*fp < 0.0 || fp==0) {
xb[0][nb]=x-dx;
xb[1][nb]=x;
nb++;
}
fp=fc;
if (nbb == nb) return xb;
}
if( nb == 0)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"search is completed no root is found"
,"SEARCH RESULT WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
else if(nb<nbb)
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"search is completed "+nb+" root is found \n"+
"You searched for "+nbb+" root","SEARCH RESULT WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
double xc[][]=new double[2][nb];
for (i=0;i<nb;i++) {xc[0][i]=xb[0][i];xc[1][i]=xb[1][i];}
return xc;
}
return xb;
}
public static double bisection(f_x f,double xl,double xu)
{
//bisection root finding method
double test;
double xr=0;
double es,ea;
double fxl,fxr,fxu;
double xold=0;
es=0.0000001;
ea=1.1*es;
String s="";
fxl= f.func(xl);
fxu= f.func(xu);
if(fxl*fxu>0) System.out.println("xl="+xu+"xr="+xr+"fxl="+fxl+"fxu="+fxu+"error");
{ xold=xr;
xr=(xl+xu)/2.0;
fxr= f.func(xr);
iter++;
if(xr!=0)
{ ea=Math.abs((xr-xold)/xr)*100;}
test= fxl*fxr;
if(test==0.0) ea=0;
else if(test<0.0) {xu=xr;fxu=fxr;}
else if(test>0) {xl=xr;fxl=fxr;}
else {ea=0;}
}
if(iter>=maxit) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Maximum number of iteration is exceeded \n"+
" result might not be valid","MAKSİMUM NUMBER OF ITERATION WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
//JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,s,
// "bisection root finding method : ",JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
return xr;
}
public double s(double t)
{return 2.0*lambda*sqrt(f.alphas*t);}
public double[] func(double r,double t)

if(r<s(t))
{a[0]=Tm+Q/(4.0*PI*f.ks)*(Ei(-r*r/(4.0*f.alphas*t))-Ei(-lambda*lambda));a[1]=Tm;}
else
{a[0]=Ti-(Ti-Tm)/Ei(-lambda*lambda*f.alphas/f.alphal)*Ei(-r*r/(4.0*f.alphal*t));
481
a[1]=Ti;
}
return a;
}
}
public class HT_phase_change2

{
public static void main(String ... arg)
{ ice_PC2 ff=new ice_PC2(100,0.0,1.0);
p.start();}}
10 HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS
In all previous chapters heat conduction is taken as isotropic. In isotropic systems thermal conductivity
does not depends on direction. On the other hand, in anisotropic materials thermal conductivity changes
as a function of direction.
An example of anisotropic solid: wood
For this reason it is a complicated problem and should be investigated for each materials in details. Let
us try to get heat transfer equations for the anisotropic material first
Heat transfer of the isotropic materials obeys the Fourier’s law which
𝑞 = −𝑘∇𝑇
For the anisotropic material heat trasnfer will obey
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−𝑞𝑥 = 𝑘11 + 𝑘12 + 𝑘13
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−𝑞𝑦 = 𝑘21 + 𝑘22 + 𝑘23
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−𝑞𝑧 = 𝑘31 + 𝑘32 + 𝑘33
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑞 = √𝑞𝑥2 + 𝑞𝑦2 + 𝑞𝑧2
As it can be seen from the equation heat flux direciton is depends on directional heat transfer
coefficients. kij ,s called the conductivity coefficients and combine as a tensor.
𝑘11 𝑘12 𝑘13
𝑘 = |𝑘21 𝑘22 𝑘23 |
𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33
2
In general coefficients are symmetric i.e 𝑘𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘𝑗𝑖 and also 𝑘𝑖𝑖 > 0 and also 𝑘𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑗𝑗 > 𝑘𝑖𝑗
Similarly in cylindrical coordinates equations can be written as
482
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−𝑞𝑟 = 𝑘11
+ 𝑘12 + 𝑘13
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−𝑞 = 𝑘21 + 𝑘22 + 𝑘23
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−𝑞𝑧 = 𝑘31 + 𝑘32 + 𝑘33
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of energy equation in cartesian system then becomes:
𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇
𝑘11 2 + 𝑘22 2 + 𝑘33 2 + (𝑘12 + 𝑘21 ) + (𝑘13 + 𝑘31 ) + (𝑘23 + 𝑘32 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇
+ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑡
Where 𝑘12 = 𝑘21 𝑘13 = 𝑘31 𝑘23 = 𝑘32
Boundary conditions :
𝜕𝑇
±𝛿𝑖 𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ + ℎ𝑖 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑖
𝜕𝑛
3
𝜕𝑇 𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝑇
∗
=∑
𝜕𝑛 𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑗=1
Where 𝛿𝑖 zero or unity if it is zero, it will give temp type boundary layer. 𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑓 is the reference thermal
conductivity, can be taken as 𝑘11 or 𝑘22 or 𝑘33 but most of the time it is taken as 𝑘11 for convinious. Let
us write the x axis component boundary layer as open formula:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
− (𝑘11 + 𝑘12 + 𝑘13 ) + 𝒉𝟏 𝑻 = 𝒇𝟏 at x=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘11 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑘12 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘13 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝒉𝟐 𝑻 = 𝒇𝟐 at x=L
Assuming 𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑘11
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑘12 𝜕𝑇 𝑘13 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘11 + 𝑘12 + 𝑘13 =⁡ + + ⁡= + 𝜖12 + 𝜀13
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝑘𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜕𝑧 ⁡𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of energy equation in cylindrical system:
1𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 1 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇
𝑘11 (𝑟 ) + 𝑘22 2 2 + 𝑘33 2 + 12 + 𝑘21 (𝑘 ) (𝑘
+ 13 + 𝑘31 )
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑥𝜕 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
2
1𝜕 𝑇 𝜕𝑇
+ (𝑘23 + 𝑘32 ) + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
r axis boundary conditions
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
− (𝑘11 + 𝑘12 + 𝑘13 ) + 𝒉𝟏 𝑻 = 𝒇𝟏 at x=0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘11 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑘12 𝑟 𝜕 + 𝑘13 𝜕𝑧 ) + 𝒉𝟐 𝑻 = 𝒇𝟐 at x=L
Now let us consider the cartesian system energy equation

𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇 𝜕 2𝑇
𝑘11 2 + 𝑘22 2 + 𝑘33 2 + (𝑘12 + 𝑘21 ) + (𝑘13 + 𝑘31 ) + (𝑘23 + 𝑘32 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇
+ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑡
Where 𝑘12 = 𝑘21 𝑘13 = 𝑘31 𝑘23 = 𝑘32
When the thermal conductivity matrix is symmetric, it is possible to find such a cartesian coordinates
[𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ] that thermal conductivey matrix reduces to
483
𝑘1 0 0
𝑘 =|0 𝑘2 0|
0 0 𝑘3
Where k1, k2, k3 are called principle thermal conductivities. Then the catesian coordinate heat transfer
equation will be resuced to
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑡)
𝑘1 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑘 3 + 𝑔(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑡)
𝜕𝑢12 𝜕𝑢22 𝜕𝑢32
𝜕𝑇(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑡)
= 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑡
Reducing original heat conduction problem to principle thermal conductivities are called eigenvalue
calculations. Eigenvalue matrices can be written as:
𝑘11 − 𝑘1 𝑘12 𝑘13 𝑙11 0
[ 𝑘21 𝑘22 − 𝑘1 𝑘23 ] {𝑙12 } = {0}
𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33 − 𝑘1 𝑙13 0
𝑘11 − 𝑘2 𝑘12 𝑘13 𝑙21 0
[ 𝑘 21 𝑘22 − 𝑘2 𝑘23 𝑙
] { 22 } = {0}
𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33 − 𝑘2 𝑙23 0
𝑘11 − 𝑘1 𝑘12 𝑘13 𝑙21 0
[ 𝑘21 𝑘22 − 𝑘1 𝑘23 ] {𝑙22 } = {0}
𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33 − 𝑘1 𝑙23 0
𝑙11 𝑙12 𝑙13 cos⁡(𝛼1 ) cos⁡(𝛽1 ) cos⁡(𝛾1 )

Where [𝑙21 𝑙22 𝑙23 ] = [cos⁡(𝛼2 ) cos⁡(𝛽2 ) cos⁡(𝛾2 )]
𝑙31 𝑙32 𝑙33 cos⁡(𝛼3 ) cos⁡(𝛽3 ) cos⁡(𝛾2 )
lij are eigen vectors or directional cosines of (xyz) axis and (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) 𝛼1 is the angle(radian) between
x axis and 𝑢1 axis. 𝛽1 is the angle(radian) between y axis and 𝑢1 axis and 𝛾1 is the angle(radian)
between z axis and 𝑢1 axis. Similarly 𝛼2 is the angle(radian) between x axis and 𝑢2 axis. 𝛽2 is the
angle(radian) between y axis and 𝑢2 axis and 𝛾2 is the angle(radian) between z axis and 𝑢2 axis. And
𝛼3 is the angle(radian) between x axis and 𝑢3 axis. 𝛽3 is the angle(radian) between y axis and 𝑢3 axis
and 𝛾3 is the angle(radian) between z axis and 𝑢3 axis.
PROBLEM: Thermal conductivity of single crystalline -Ga2O3 is given by Jiang et al. [113] as
484
12.7 −1.2 0
𝑘 = |−1.2 9.7 0 |
0 0 22.5
Find the principle thermal conductivities and its direction with respect to given cartesian coordinate
system.
When the thermal conductivity matrix is investigated it is immadiately seen that k 3=22.5 and
{𝑙31⁡𝑙32⁡ 𝑙33⁡ } = {1⁡1⁡1} so that eigenvalue problem is reduced to 2 dimension
12.7 −1.2
𝑘=| |
−1.2 9.7
We will use QL method to find eigenvalues here.
QL ALGORITHM FOR EIGENVALUE PROBLEM
If a symmetric matrix A is considered, This matrix can be devided into two submatrix as Q orthogonal matrix and L lower triangular
matrix.
A=Q L . Since Q is an orthogonal matrix Q T = Q-1 . If both side of the eqaution is multiplied by Q T , it becomes
QT A = L . A new B matrix can be created as:
B=L Q = QT A Q . Matrix Bis a similarity transformed form of matrix A, therefore eigenvalues of both matrices are the same.
QL algorithm is based on a series of orthogonal transformations. The recurrence relations used is Am=Qm Lm and Am+1= Lm Qm = QmT Am
Qm
Because A is a symmetric matrix, eigenvalue will be the real numbers
import java.io.*;
//import Numeric;
class NA134
{
public static double[][] tridiagonal(double b[][], double d[], double e[])

{
//reduces matrix to tridiaonal form by using HOUSEHOLDER TRANSFORMATION
//this method is used by QL method to calculate eigen values
//and eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix
int l,k,j,i;
int n=b.length;
double scale,hh,h,g,f;
double a[][]=new double[n+1][n+1];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
a[i][j]=b[i][j];
for (i=n;i>=2;i--) {
l=i-1;
h=scale=0.0;
if (l > 1) {
for (k=1;k<=l;k++)
scale += Math.abs(a[i-1][k-1]);
if (scale == 0.0)
e[i-1]=a[i-1][l-1];
else {
for (k=1;k<=l;k++) {
a[i-1][k-1] /= scale;
h += a[i-1][k-1]*a[i-1][k-1];
}
f=a[i-1][l-1];
g=(f >= 0.0 ? -Math.sqrt(h) : Math.sqrt(h));
e[i-1]=scale*g;
h -= f*g;
a[i-1][l-1]=f-g;
f=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=l;j++) {
a[j-1][i-1]=a[i-1][j-1]/h;
g=0.0;
for (k=1;k<=j;k++)
g += a[j-1][k-1]*a[i-1][k-1];
for (k=j+1;k<=l;k++)
g += a[k-1][j-1]*a[i-1][k-1];
e[j-1]=g/h;
f += e[j-1]*a[i-1][j-1];
}
hh=f/(h+h);
485
for (j=1;j<=l;j++) {
f=a[i-1][j-1];
e[j-1]=g=e[j-1]-hh*f;
for (k=1;k<=j;k++)
a[j-1][k-1] -= (f*e[k-1]+g*a[i-1][k-1]);
}
}
} else
e[i-1]=a[i-1][l-1];
d[i-1]=h;
}
d[1-1]=0.0;
e[1-1]=0.0;
/* Contents of this loop can be omitted if eigenvectors not
wanted except for statement d[i-1]=a[i-1][i-1]; */
for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
l=i-1;
if (d[i-1] != 0) {
for (j=1;j<=l;j++) {
g=0.0;
for (k=1;k<=l;k++)
g += a[i-1][k-1]*a[k-1][j-1];
for (k=1;k<=l;k++)
a[k-1][j-1] -= g*a[k-1][i-1];
}
}
d[i-1]=a[i-1][i-1];
a[i-1][i-1]=1.0;
for (j=1;j<=l;j++) a[j-1][i-1]=a[i-1][j-1]=0.0;
}
return a;
}
public static double pythag(double a, double b)

{
//this method is used by QL method
double absa,absb;
absa=Math.abs(a);
absb=Math.abs(b);
if (absa > absb) return absa*Math.sqrt(1.0+(absb/absa)*(absb/absa));
else return (absb==0.0 ? 0.0 : absb*Math.sqrt(1.0+(absa/absb)*(absa/absb)));
}
public static double[][] QL(double d[], double e[], double a[][])

{
// QL algorithm : eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix reduced to tridiagonal
// form by using method tridiagonal
int n=d.length;
int m,l,iter,i,j,k;
double s,r,p,g,f,dd,c,b;
for (i=2;i<=n;i++) e[i-2]=e[i-1];
e[n-1]=0.0;
double z[][]=new double[n][n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
z[i][j]=a[i][j];
for (l=1;l<=n;l++) {
iter=0;
do {
for (m=l;m<=n-1;m++) {
dd=Math.abs(d[m-1])+Math.abs(d[m]);
if ((Math.abs(e[m-1])+dd) == dd) break;
}
if (m != l) {
if (iter++ == 30) System.out.println("Too many iterations in QL");
g=(d[l]-d[l-1])/(2.0*e[l-1]);
r=Matrix.pythag(g,1.0);
g=d[m-1]-d[l-1]+e[l-1]/(g+Matrix.SIGN(r,g));
s=c=1.0;
p=0.0;
for (i=m-1;i>=l;i--) {
f=s*e[i-1];
b=c*e[i-1];
e[i]=(r=Matrix.pythag(f,g));
if (r == 0.0) {
d[i] -= p;
e[m-1]=0.0;
486
break;
}
s=f/r;
c=g/r;
g=d[i ]-p;
r=(d[i-1]-g)*s+2.0*c*b;
d[i ]=g+(p=s*r);
g=c*r-b;
for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {
f=z[k-1][i ];
z[k-1][i ]=s*z[k-1][i-1]+c*f;
z[k-1][i-1]=c*z[k-1][i-1]-s*f;
}
}
if (r == 0.0 && i >= l) continue;
d[l-1] -= p;
e[l-1]=g;
e[m-1]=0.0;
}
} while (m != l);
}
return z;
}
public static double[][] eigenQL(double a[][])

{
// QL algoritm to solve eigen value problems
// symmetric matrices only (real eigen values)
// first column of the matrix returns eigen values
// second..n+1 column returns eigen vectors.
// Note : If matrix is not symmetric DO NOT use
// this method use eigenValue method (a QR algorithm)
int i,j;
int n=a.length;
double sum[]=new double[n];;
double b[][]=new double[n][n];
double z[][]=new double[n+1][n];
b=tridiagonal(a,d,e);
b=QL(d,e,b);
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
z[0][j]=d[j];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
z[i+1][j]=b[i][j]/b[0][j];
if(z[i+1][j]<1e-13) z[i+1][i]=0;
}
}
// result: first row is eigenvalues, the rest is eigenvector
return z;
}

{
//Eigen Value calculations
double c[][];
c=new double[3][3];
double a[][]={{12.7,-1.2},{-1.2,9.7}};
String s="Original matrix : \n";
s+=Matrix.toString(a);
c=new double[3][3];
c=eigenQL(a);
s+="eigen matrix (first colümn is the eigenvalues) \n";
s+=Matrix.toString(c);
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,s,
"QL eigenvalue method : ",JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
}
}
487
From this principle thermal conductivity matrix
13.12093 0 0
𝑘=| 0 9.27906 0 |
0 0 22.5
And eigenvector(directional cosines are:
1 −0.350781059 1
𝑙𝑖𝑗 = |1 2.850781059 1|
1 1 1
A further approximation can also be applied by defining a new coordinate system such as:
𝑘 = (𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 )1/2
𝑘 1/2
𝑋=( ) 𝑢1
𝑘 1
𝑘 1/2
𝑌=( ) 𝑢2
𝑘 2
𝑘 1/2
𝑍=( ) 𝑢3
𝑘 3
Then the conduction energy equation becomes
𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑇(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑇(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑡)
𝑘( 2
+ 2
+ 2 ) + 𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑡) = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑡
488
PART II HEAT CONVECTION
11 NAVIER STOKES EQUATIONS

11.1 CONSERVATION OF MASS
Let us consider a cartesian coordinate system differential element of dimensions dx,dy and dz.
Conservation of mass for this rectangular element can be written as:
Mass going in – mass going out = mass stored in the element
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑚𝑥 = 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝐴𝑥 = 𝜌𝑢(𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)
𝑚𝑦 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝐴𝑦 = 𝜌𝑣(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧)
𝑚𝑧 = 𝜌𝑤𝑑𝐴𝑧 = 𝜌𝑤(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)
where
𝜌⁡density kg/m3
u x direction velocity m/s
v y direction velocity m/s
w z direction velocity m/s
Taylor formula can be written as:
𝑑𝑚𝑥 1 𝑑 2 𝑚𝑥 2
1 𝑑3 𝑚𝑥
𝑚𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑑𝑥)3 +..
𝑑𝑥 2! 𝑑𝑥 2 3! 𝑑𝑥 3
Because of small differential dimension of the cube higher derivatives of the Taylor’s formula can be
neglected and
𝑑𝑚𝑥
𝑚𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Similarly,
489
𝑑𝑚𝑦
𝑚𝑦+𝑑𝑦 = 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑚𝑧
𝑚𝑧+𝑑𝑧 = 𝑚𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧
And
𝑑𝑚 𝑑(𝜌𝑉) 𝑑(𝜌𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝜌
∆𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Total mass balance:

𝑑𝑚
(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑚𝑧 ) − (𝑚𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦+𝑑𝑦 + 𝑚𝑧+𝑑𝑧 ) =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑚𝑧 𝑑𝑚
(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑚𝑧 ) − (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑚𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑚𝑧 𝑑𝑚
−( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) =
𝑑[𝜌𝑢(𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)] 𝑑[𝜌𝑣(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧)] 𝑑[𝜌𝑤(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)] 𝑑[𝜌𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧]
−( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) =
𝑑[𝜌𝑢] 𝑑[𝜌𝑣] 𝑑[𝜌𝑤] 𝑑[𝜌]

−( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑[𝜌𝑢] 𝑑[𝜌𝑣] 𝑑[𝜌𝑤] 𝑑[𝜌]
−( + + )=
𝑑[𝜌] 𝑑[𝜌𝑢] 𝑑[𝜌𝑣] 𝑑[𝜌𝑤]
+ + + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
+𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 + 𝜌( + + )=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
Divergence V = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 = ( + + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝜌
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑡
If change of density is ignored then
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑖
( + + )= =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑖
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 = 0
11.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Momentum is the multiplication of mass and velocity. The basic equation fort he conservation of
momentum can be expresses as total forces effected into the differential element is eqaul to total change
of the momentum in the system. The total change of the momentum is the difference of momentum
going into the element minus momemntum going out of the element minus momentum stored in the
element. Since the definition of the momentum contains velocity, it is a vectoral quantity, therefore, in
x,y and z direction conservation of momentum should be investigated seperately.
Total forces effected into control volume in the given direction=change of the momentum
Change of the momentum=momentum going in – momentum going out – momentum stored in the
element
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ∆𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑
490
Total forces effected into control volume in x direction
In this term Pxx is x direction normal stress, P xy and Pxz x direction shear stresses going into the
differential element. P is the pressure effecting in x direction into the inlet surface. These are surface
forces per unit area. There are also volume force effecting to element due to the accelaration of fluid in
x direction. Volume force in x direction can be expressed as 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥 according to Newton’s law.
Surface forces going into the element and going out of the element in x direction
𝐹⃗𝑥 = (𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝐴𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝐹⃗𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝐴𝑥 + (𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + [𝑃𝑥𝑦 + (𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + [𝑃𝑥𝑧 + (𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝐴𝑥
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹⃗𝑥 − 𝐹⃗𝑥+𝑑𝑥 − 𝑚𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗
𝑑(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃) 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑧
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = − ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝚤⃗ − ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝑗⃗ − ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝑘⃗⃗ − 𝜌𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝚤⃗
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = − [( ) 𝚤⃗ + ( ) 𝑗⃗ + ( ) 𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝜌𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Mass flow going into the element:

𝑚𝑥 = 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝐴𝑥 = 𝜌𝑢(𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)
𝑚𝑦 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝐴𝑦 = 𝜌𝑣(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧)
𝑚𝑧 = 𝜌𝑤𝑑𝐴𝑧 = 𝜌𝑤(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)
X direction momentum going into the element
⃗⃗⃗𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑢2 (𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)
𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑦 = 𝑚𝑦 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑢𝑣(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧)
𝑀
𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑧 = 𝑚𝑧 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑢𝑤(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)
X direction momentum going out of the element
𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑥
𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑦
⃗⃗⃗𝑦+𝑑𝑦 = 𝑀
𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑧
⃗⃗⃗𝑧+𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀
𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑧 +
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑀 𝑑(𝑚𝑢) 𝑑(𝜌𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑢) 𝑑(𝜌𝑢)
∆𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑_𝑥 = = = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
491
𝑑𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑀
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = (𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑦 + 𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑧 ) − (𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑦+𝑑𝑦 + 𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑧+𝑑𝑧 ) −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑥 𝑑𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑦 𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝑑𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑀
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = (𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑦 + 𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑧 ) − (𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑧 + 𝑑𝑧) −
𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑥 𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑦 𝑑𝑀⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝑑𝑀
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = − ( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) −
2
𝑑𝜌𝑢 (𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝜌𝑢𝑣(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧) 𝜌𝑢𝑤(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦) 𝑑(𝜌𝑢)
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = − ( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧) − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝜌𝑢2 𝑑𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜌𝑢𝑤 𝑑(𝜌𝑢)
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = − ( + + ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝑥
M = F
x x
𝑑𝜌𝑢2 𝑑𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜌𝑢𝑤 𝑑(𝜌𝑢) 𝑑(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃) 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑧

−( + + )− = − [( ) 𝚤⃗ + ( ) 𝑗⃗ + ( ) 𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝜌𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝜌𝑢2 𝑑𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜌𝑢𝑤 𝑑(𝜌𝑢) 𝑑(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃) 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑧
( + + )+ =( ) 𝚤⃗ + ( ) 𝑗⃗ + ( ) 𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝜌𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
If partial derivative is taken:
𝑑𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑧
𝑢( + + + ) + 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 +𝜌 =− + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Remembering that conservation of mass equation:
𝑑[𝜌] 𝑑[𝜌𝑢] 𝑑[𝜌𝑣] 𝑑[𝜌𝑤]
+ + + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Momentumun equation in x direction is reduces to:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑧
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 +𝜌 =− + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Similarly momentum equations in y and z directions can be written as:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑦𝑧
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 +𝜌 =− + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑃𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑧𝑦
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 +𝜌 =− + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
In short writing
𝐷𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝐷𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
=𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝐷𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤
=𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝐷𝑢 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑥𝑧
𝜌 =− + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝑣 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑃𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑦𝑧
𝜌 == − + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝑤 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑃𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑃𝑧𝑦
𝜌 =− + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
In order to solve these differential equation relation between stresses and velocities can be expressed.
There are several different theories trying to express these relations. One of the most known relation
between shear stresses and velocities are suggested by Newton. This equation assumes linear relation
between change of velocity and shear stress is linear (in one directional flow assumption).
492
𝑑𝑢
𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
The proportionality constant in Newton’s assumption (It is not a law, it is just an approximation curve
fitting equation) is called dynamic viscosity. From the equation unit of the dynamic viscosity comes as:
Ns / m 2 = Pa.s . Fluids that can be approximated to Newton’s assumption is called Newtonian fluids.
Basic derivation of the equation is coming from Couette flow
If you have a layer of fluid at top of a constant buttom layer and a moving plate is placed at the top and
moved with a velocity u. The motion in x direction only and varies with y. Fluid velocity at the bottom
plate is zero. If the velocity profile between buttom plate and moving plate is linearly change, we can
assume that Newton’s assumption is holding for this fluid and shear stress is also changing linearly
𝑑𝑢 𝑛
Another form of relation is suggested by Ostwald-de Waele has the form of 𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑚 (𝑑𝑦 ) . m and
n in this equation is constants. As it is seen from these equation, applying of these equation into
momentum equation will make momentum equation quite a nonlinear equation. Fluids that can be
approximated by using these equation is called Ostwald-de Waele fluids or some time as non-newtonian
fluids.
1 𝑑𝑢
Eyring suggested the following correlation: 𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ −1 (𝐵 𝑑𝑦 ). Fluids that can be approximated
by using these equation is called Eyring fluids. And Bingham suggested the following correletion
𝑑𝑢
𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = ⁡𝜇 + 𝜏0 if 𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 > 𝜏0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
= 0 if 𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 < 𝜏0
𝑑𝑦
As it is seen, in these correlation shear stress value is not going to zero when velocity is zero. For many
fluids, it is assumed that fluid relation can be approximated by using Newton’s formula. If these
approximation is assumed normal and shear stresses can be given as:
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝑃𝑦𝑥 = 𝜇 ( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝑃𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜇 ( ) − 𝜇′ ( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
.  ' in these equation is taken value of 2/3  for monatomic gases, for the remaining of the fluids a bulk
viscosity definition can be given and bulk viscosity values are listed in some references as
𝜅 = 𝜇′ − 2/3𝜇
But some sources completely ignores these term. The knowledge about 𝜅 (or 𝜇′ ) is frequently not
necessary in fluid dynamics and heat transfer problems. For incompressible fluids volumetric change is
zero so the term contains Moreover 𝜅 is drops out from equations. For monotamic gases
2 2
𝜅= − =
3𝜇 3𝜇
So momentum equation of a Newtonian fluid is:
493
𝐷𝑢 𝑑𝑃 𝑑 𝜕𝑢 𝑑 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝑑 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝑑 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜌 =− + 2 (𝜇 ) + (𝜇 ( + )) + (𝜇 ( + )) − (𝜇′ ( + + )) + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝑣 𝑑𝑃 𝑑 𝜕𝑣 𝑑 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝑑 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝑑 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜌 =− +2 (𝜇 ) + (𝜇 ( + )) + (𝜇 ( + )) − (𝜇′ ( + + )) + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝑤 𝑑𝑃 𝑑 𝜕𝑤 𝑑 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝑑 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝑑 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜌 =− + 2 (𝜇 )+ (𝜇 ( + )) + (𝜇 ( + )) − (𝜇′ ( + + )) + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
11.3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The first law of thermodynamics (Energy Equation) can be considered as:
𝑑𝑊 + 𝑑𝐸𝑐 + 𝑑𝐸𝑀 = 𝑑𝐸𝑖
𝑑𝑊 indicated work transfer in control volume (Energy transfer caused by forces acting on the control
volume). 𝑑𝐸𝑐 is the energy transported with the fluids which crosses the boundaries. 𝑑𝐸𝑀 indicates all
the other forms of energy transport across boundaries caused by molecular movements such as heat
conduction.
Surface forces acting on x direction
𝐹⃗𝑥 = (𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝐴𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝐹⃗𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝐴𝑥 + (𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + [𝑃𝑥𝑦 + (𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + [𝑃𝑥𝑧 + (𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝐴𝑥
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹⃗𝑥 − 𝐹⃗𝑥+𝑑𝑥 − 𝑚𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = − ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝚤⃗ − ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝑗⃗ − ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) 𝑘⃗⃗ − 𝜌𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝚤⃗
494
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = − [( ) 𝚤⃗ + ( ) 𝑗⃗ + ( ) 𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝜌𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Work component in x direction then
𝑊𝑥 = −𝑢(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃)𝑑𝐴𝑥 − 𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴𝑦 − 𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝐴𝑧
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑊𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑢(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃) + (−𝑢(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃))] 𝑑𝐴𝑥 + [−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 + (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 )] 𝑑𝐴𝑦 + [−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 + (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 )] 𝑑𝐴𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
∑ 𝑊𝑥 = [ (−𝑢(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃))𝚤⃗ + (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 )𝑗⃗ + (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑘⃗⃗] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑢𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝚤⃗
∑ 𝑊𝑥 = 𝑊𝑥 − 𝑊𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑚𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗
Ec component of energy transport in x direction
𝐸𝑐𝑥 = (𝜌𝑢𝑒 0 )⁡𝑑𝐴𝑥
𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑥
𝐸𝑐𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = (𝐸𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝐴𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 0 )
∑ 𝐸𝑐𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐𝑥 − 𝐸𝑐𝑥+𝑑𝑥 ) = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥
EM component of energy transport in x direction
𝐸𝑀𝑥 = (𝜀𝑥 )⁡𝑑𝐴𝑥
𝑑𝐸𝑀𝑥
𝐸𝑀𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = (𝐸𝑀𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝐴𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝜀𝑥 )
∑ 𝐸𝑀𝑥 = 𝐸𝑀𝑥 − 𝐸𝑀𝑥+𝑑𝑥 ) = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥
Ei component of energy transport

𝑑
𝑑𝐸𝑖 = (𝜌𝑒 0 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑡
When all x,y,z and t component terms put together as one equation:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[ (−𝑢(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃))𝚤⃗ + (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 )𝑗⃗ + (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑘⃗⃗] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑢𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝚤⃗ +
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[ (−𝑣(𝑃𝑦𝑦 − 𝑃)) 𝑗 + (−𝑢𝑃𝑦𝑥 )𝑖 + (−𝑢𝑃𝑦𝑧 )𝑘⃗⃗] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑔𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑗⃗ +
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[ (−𝑤(𝑃𝑧𝑧 − 𝑃))𝑘⃗⃗ + (−𝑢𝑃𝑧𝑥 )𝚤⃗ + (−𝑣𝑃𝑧𝑦 )𝑗⃗] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑤𝑔𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑗⃗ +
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 0 ) 𝑑(𝜌𝑣𝑒 0 ) 𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 0 )
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑(𝜀𝑥 ) 𝑑(𝜀𝑦 ) 𝑑(𝜀𝑧 )
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
495
𝑑
+ (𝜌𝑒 0 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑑𝑥 (−𝑢(𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃 ))𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 )𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 (−𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 )𝑘⃗⃗ ] + 𝜌𝑢𝑔𝑥 𝚤⃗ + [𝑑𝑦 (−𝑣(𝑃𝑦𝑦 − 𝑃)) 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑢𝑃𝑦𝑥 )𝑖 + 𝑑𝑧 (−𝑢𝑃𝑦𝑧)𝑘⃗⃗ ] +
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 0
𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 ) 𝑑(𝜌𝑣𝑒 ) 0
𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 ) 0
𝑑(𝜀 ) 𝑑(𝜀𝑦 )
𝜌𝑣𝑔𝑦 𝑗⃗ + [𝑑𝑧 (−𝑤(𝑃𝑧𝑧 − 𝑃 ))𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑢𝑃𝑧𝑥 )𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑧 (−𝑣𝑃𝑧𝑦 )𝑗⃗] + 𝜌𝑤𝑔𝑧 𝑗⃗ + − 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 −
𝑑(𝜀𝑧 ) 𝑑
+ (𝜌𝑒 0 ) =0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 0 ) 𝑑(𝜌𝑣𝑒 0 ) 𝑑(𝜌𝑢𝑒 0 ) 𝑑 (𝜀𝑥 ) 𝑑(𝜀𝑦 ) 𝑑(𝜀𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑢𝑃 𝑑𝑣𝑃 𝑑𝑤𝑃
(𝜌𝑒 0 ) + + + + − − + + + =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑃𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑣𝑃𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑃𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑃𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑤𝑃𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑤𝑃𝑧𝑦 𝑑𝑤𝑃𝑧𝑧
𝜌𝑢𝑔𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣𝑔𝑦 + 𝜌𝑤𝑔𝑧 + + + + + + + + +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
In vectorel notation:
𝑑 𝑑 (𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑 (𝜀𝑖 ) 𝑑 (𝑣𝑖 𝑃 ) 𝑑(𝑣𝑖 𝑃𝑗𝑖 )
(𝜌𝑒 0 ) + + + = + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑔𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
Partial derivative:
𝑑 𝑑 (𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑 𝑑(𝑒 0 ) 𝑑 𝑑(𝜌𝑣𝑖 )
(𝜌𝑒 0 ) + = 𝜌 (𝑒 0 ) + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 + 𝑒 0 [ (𝜌) + ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖
The second part of the equation is conservation of mass therefore:
𝑑 𝑑(𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑 𝑑(𝑒 0 ) 𝐷𝑒 0
(𝜌𝑒 0 ) + = 𝜌 (𝑒 0 ) + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 =𝜌
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑡
The energy balance takes the form
𝐷𝑒 0 𝑑(𝜀𝑖 ) 𝑑 (𝑣𝑖 𝑃 ) 𝑑(𝑣𝑖 𝑃𝑗𝑖 )
𝜌 + + = + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑔𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
Total internal energy can be relaced with total enthalpy
𝑒 0 = ℎ − 𝑃/𝜌
𝐷𝑒 0 𝐷ℎ 0 𝐷𝑃 𝑃 𝐷𝜌
𝜌 =𝜌 − +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜌 𝑑𝑡
From conservation of mass:
𝐷𝜌 𝑑(𝑣𝑖 )
+𝜌 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖
𝑃 𝐷𝜌 𝑃 𝑑 (𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑 (𝑣𝑖 )
= [−𝜌 ] = −𝑃
𝜌 𝑑𝑡 𝜌 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖
0 0 0
𝐷𝑒 𝐷ℎ 𝐷𝑃 𝑃 𝐷𝜌 𝐷ℎ 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝐷ℎ 0 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑃
𝜌 =𝜌 − + =𝜌 − − 𝑣𝑖 −𝑃 =𝜌 − −
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜌 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖
Introducing this term into the energy equation gives
𝐷ℎ 0 𝐷𝑃 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑃 𝑑(𝜀𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑃 𝑑(𝑣𝑖 𝑃𝑗𝑖 )

𝜌 − − + + = + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑔𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
𝐷ℎ 0 𝐷𝑃 𝑑(𝜀𝑖 ) 𝑑(𝑣𝑖 𝑃𝑗𝑖 )

𝜌 − + = + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑔𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
𝐷ℎ 0 𝐷𝑃 𝑑 (𝜀𝑖 ) 𝑑(𝑃𝑗𝑖 ) 𝑑(𝑣𝑖 )

− + = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑃𝑗𝑖 + 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑔𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑥𝑗
Momentum equation was in the form of
Dvi dP dPji
 =− + + g i
dt dxi dx j
Multiplying these equation by v i
Dvi dP dP
vi + vi = vi ji + vi gi
dt dxi dx j
496
DV 2 / 2 dP dP
 + vi = vi ji + vi gi
dt dxi dx j
Note that
V2
h0 = h +
2
Dh 0 Dh DV 2 / 2
= +
dt dt dt
Substracting these from energy equation
Dh0 dP d DV 2 / 2 dP dP dv dP
 − + ( i ) −  − vi = vi ji + i Pji i + vi g i − vi ji − vi gi
dt dt dxi dt dxi dx j dx j dx j
Dh DP d dv
 − + ( i ) = Pji i
dt dt dxi dx j
dvi
A simpler from of the energy equation is created. The term  = Pji is called the dissipation
dx j
function. For the Newtonian fluid
dvi   dvi dv j   dvk   dvi

 = Pji =  +  −  '   ij 
dx j   dx j dxi   k   dx j
dx
Remembering also
D dv
h = e+
P
and conservation of mass gives: = − i
 dt dxi
Dh De 1 DP P D De 1 DP P dvi
= + − 2 = + +
dt dt  dt  dt dt  dt  dxi
Substituting these into the energy equation gives:
 De 1 DP P dvi  DP d dv
  + +  − + ( i ) = Pji i
 dt  dt  dxi  dt dxi dx j
De dv d dv
 +P i + ( i ) = Pji i
dt dxi dxi dx j
For a one-component fluid, the only mode of energy transfer which has to be considered in the term dEM
is the conduction heat transfer and it can be expressed by using Fourier’s law of conduction
497
 dT 
 i = − so the term d
( i ) = −
d
 ki 
dxi dxi  dxi 
De dv d  dT  dv
 +P i −  ki  = Pji i
dt dxi dxi  dxi  dx j
11.4 TURBULENT FLOW EQUATIONS
Turbulent flow consist of irregular random motions in addition to mean motion. Navier-Stokes
equations could have been used to solve all the complex motion and beheviour in turbulent flow, yet
even for the most advanced computers available to us, it is an impractible afford to pursue. Instead we
look at time average quantities in Turbulent flow. In 1895 Reynolds described. Instantaneous flow
parameters are written as the sum of the time-averaged values and instantaneous deviations from these
values.
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣̅𝑖 + 𝑣′𝑖
𝑃 = 𝑃̅ + 𝑃′
It follows from the definition of the fluctuation quantities that their time avarage values are equal to zero
̅ 𝑖 = 0 𝑃̅′ = 0
𝑣′
Bu time averaged product values are not equal to zero
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣′𝑖 𝑣′𝑗 ⁡ ≠ 0
In addition the following rule applies
̅̅̅̅𝑖 𝜕𝑣̅𝑖
𝜕𝑣
=
̅̅̅̅𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝜕𝑥
The continuity equation for a constant property fluid
̅̅̅̅̅
𝜕𝑣𝑖 𝜕𝑣𝑖′
+ = 0 Time averaged form of the equation:
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝜕𝑣̅𝑖 ̅̅̅′
𝜕𝑣 ̅̅̅′
𝜕𝑣
𝑖 𝑖
+ = 0 According to the definition the terms = 0 so the continuity equation
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝜕𝑣̅𝑖
= 0 will be same as the laminar version
𝜕𝑥𝑖
The same procesure now can be applied to momentum equation for two dimensional flow
𝜕𝑢
̅ 𝜕𝑢
̅ 𝜕𝑢
̅ ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝑢′2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜕𝑢 ′𝑣′ 𝜕𝑃̅ 𝜕 2𝑢
̅
𝜌( + 𝑢̅ + 𝑣̅ + + ) = − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑦2 (x direction)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣 ′2 𝜕𝑃̅
𝜌( )=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The y direction equation can be integrated to give:
𝑃̅ + 𝜌𝑣̅̅̅̅
′2 = when the turblent flactuations are zero or negligable. Introducing 𝑃 to x direction
𝑠
momentum equation gives
𝜕𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑃𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑢̅̅̅̅̅̅
′𝑣′
𝜌 ( + 𝑢̅ + 𝑣̅ ) = − +𝜇 2−𝜌
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
̅̅̅̅̅
𝜕(𝑢 ̅̅̅̅̅
′2 −𝑣 ′2 )
The term −𝜌 has been neglected due tosmaller order of magnitudes in normal boundary
𝜕𝑥
layers.
This equation assumes that variation of the velocity u is such that a meaningfull separation into a time-
averaged and fluctuating contribution is possible. So the basic problem in the analysis of turbulent flow
can be reduced to find a relation to connect turbulent stresses with a mean flow parameters. For
boundary layersthis means finding a relation between turbulent shear 𝜏𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −𝜌𝑢′ 𝑣 ′
498
and time mean values of velocity and presure. A general means of such relations can not be found so
far, but several approximations, mostly based on experimental data is made. Some of them as follows
Boussinesq(1877)[86] wrote an analogy to Newton’s law
𝜕𝑢
̅
𝜏𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜌𝜀𝑚
𝜕𝑦
The term 𝜀𝑚 is called turbulent difisuvity of momentum. Yet actual relation of 𝜀𝑚 and average velocity
gradient was not clearly defined. Prantl[87] introduced a possile relation between this two parameters.
𝜕𝑢
̅
𝜀𝑚 = 𝑙 2 | | The velocity gradient was multiplied by the square of length. This length l prandtl called
𝜕𝑦
the mixing length, and he interpreted it as the length which fluid particles travel in turbulent mixing
process. He suggested from the results of his experimental data l=0.4y.
Karman[88] obtained another relation
𝜕𝑢̅ 3 𝜕𝑢̅ 4
( ) 𝜕𝑢
̅ ( ) 𝜕𝑢
̅
𝜀𝑚 = 2 𝜕𝑦
2 considering 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜌𝜀𝑚 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜌2 𝜕𝑦
2 assuming 𝑧 = ( )
𝜕2 𝑢
̅ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕2 𝑢
̅ 𝜕𝑦
( 2) ( 2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑧4 𝜕𝑧 2 2 𝜕𝑧 ⁡ ⁡ 𝑑𝑧 ⁡ ⁡ 1⁡ ⁡
𝜏𝑤 = 𝜌2 𝜕𝑧 2
(𝜕𝑦) = 𝜏 𝑧4 ( ) = ± 𝑧2 ( 2) = ± 𝑑𝑦 − =± 𝑦+
( ) ⁡ 𝑤 /𝜌 𝜕𝑦 ⁡ √𝜏𝑤/𝜌 𝑧 ⁡ √𝜏𝑤/𝜌 𝑧⁡ √𝜏𝑤/𝜌
𝜕𝑦
𝐶
𝜕𝑢
̅
Assume C=0 and reconsider 𝑧 = ( )
𝜕𝑦
⁡
√𝜏𝑤/𝜌 1 𝜕𝑢
̅ ⁡ 𝑑𝑦 ⁡ 𝑢
̅ 1 𝑢
̅
= ⁡𝑑𝑢̅ = ln(𝑦) + 𝐶 ′ = 𝑢̅⁡ = ⁡ ln(𝑦) + 𝐶" 𝑢+ =
 𝑦⁡ 𝜕𝑦 √𝜏𝑤/𝜌 𝑦 √𝜏𝑤/𝜌 √𝜏𝑤/𝜌  √𝜏𝑤/𝜌
√𝜏 /𝜌
𝑢∗ = √𝜏𝑤 /𝜌⁡is called shear velocity. Normalising of y value 𝑦 + = 𝑦 𝑤 so equation becomes

1
𝑢+ = ⁡ ln(𝑦 + ) + 𝐶

Karman suggested ⁡ = 0.4 and C=5.5 Experiment shows for near the wall
𝑢+ = 𝑦 + for 𝑦 ∗ < 30
1
𝑢+ = ⁡ ln(𝑦 + ) + 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 ∗ ≥ 30

499
Deisler[90] gives a relation for small distances as
𝜀𝑚 𝑑𝑢+
𝑙 = (1 + )
 𝑑𝑦 +
2 + + [1
𝜀𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑢 𝑦 − exp(𝑛2 𝑢+ 𝑦 + )⁡⁡⁡]⁡
Deisler found experimentally that best fit value fort he experiments for n=0.125 and limit value that
equation holds is 𝑦 + = 26
This results in 𝑢+ = 2.78ln(𝑦 + ) + 3.8
Van Driest[91] developed a smilar equation as
2
𝑦+ 𝑑𝑢+
𝜀𝑚 = 𝐾 2 (𝑦 + )2 [1 − exp ( +)⁡⁡⁡] | + |
𝐴 𝑑𝑦
With the constants K=0.4 and 𝐴+ = 26 (determined from experiments)
These equations are valid fort he flow close to the Wall . This is approximately 2/10ths to 3/10ths of the
boundary layer.
The avilability of computers with high speed has sparked development of new approaches in which
turbulent terms are described by differential equations similar to the conservation equations. One of
these equations is a –averaged turbulent energy 𝑘 = 𝑣𝑖′2 /2 , an equation proposed by Prandtl, but not
used then because of our inability to solve the equation. Energy generated per unit mass and time
1 𝑑𝑢+ 𝑑𝑢+
𝑒1 = 𝜏𝑙 where turbulent shear: 𝜏𝑙 = 𝜌𝜀𝑚 turbuleny diffusivity: 𝜀𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚 √𝑘𝐿
𝜌 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 +
̅ 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑒1 = 𝐶𝑚 √𝑘𝐿 ( )
𝑑𝑦
The distruction of turbulance by the resistance of the turbulance lumpsin the fluctuating velocity field.
With L expressing scale of the tubulance (the size of turbulance lumps) the resistance W can be written
as
𝑊 = 𝜌𝐶𝐷 𝐿2 𝑢′2 The work caused by this resistance per unit time and mass is then
𝑢′2 𝑘 2/3
𝑒2 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷
𝐿 𝐿
Convection and diffusion of turbulent energy also have to be considered. The loss of turbulent energy in
control volume by diffusion can be expressed in the form:
𝜕 𝑑𝑘 𝜕 𝑑𝑘
𝑒3 = (𝜀𝑚 ) = (𝐶𝑚 √𝑘𝐿 )
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Which is analogous to the equation describing laminar heat conduction. With this equation the turbulent
energy equation takes the form
𝐷𝑘 𝜕 𝑑𝑘 ̅ 2
𝜕𝑢 𝑘 3/2
= 𝐶𝑚 (√𝑘𝐿 𝑑𝑦) + 𝐶𝑚 √𝑘𝐿 (𝜕𝑦) − 𝐶𝐷 ⁡
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝐿
Another differential equation to be introduced fort he turbulance scale L or some parameter describing
this scale. In 1951 Rotta developed an equation for the product kL
𝐷(𝑘𝐿) 𝜕 𝜀 𝑑(𝑘𝐿) 𝑑𝑘 ̅ 2
𝜕𝑢 3 𝐿 𝑞 3
𝑑𝑡
= { 𝑚[
𝜕𝑦 𝜎𝑘𝐿 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝐶𝑘𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑦
]} + 𝐶𝐵𝜀𝑚 𝐿 (𝜕𝑦) − 𝐶𝑆 𝑘 2 − 𝐶𝑤 (𝑦) ⁡𝑘 2
This equation will be solved together with the other navier stokes equations.
𝜕𝑢
̅ 𝜕𝑣̅
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐷𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑢̅ 𝜕𝑃̅ 𝜕⁡ 𝑑𝑢̅
𝜌 = 𝜌 ( + 𝑢̅ + 𝑣̅ ) = − + +𝜌 (𝜀𝑚 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Coefficients for different geometries could be different. Coefficients for boundary layers:
𝐶𝑚 = 1
𝐶𝐷 = 0.1
𝐶𝑠 = 0.055
𝐶𝐵 = 0.84
500
𝐶𝑘𝑙 = −0.4
𝐶𝑤 = 2.2
𝜎𝑘 = 2
𝜎𝑘𝐿 = −0.4
Turbulence parameter kL is not the only one that can be used. Various combination 𝑘 𝑚 𝐿𝑛 can be
considered
11.5 PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS
11.5 VISCOSITY
Informally, viscosity is the quantity that describes a fluid's resistance to flow. Fluids resist the relative
motion of immersed objects through them as well as to the motion of layers with differing velocities
within them. Formally, viscosity (represented by the symbol η "eta") is the ratio of the shearing
𝑑𝑉
stress (F/A) to the velocity gradient ( 𝑥) in a fluid.
𝑑𝑧
𝐹/𝐴 𝜎
= =
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
( 𝑑𝑧𝑥 ) ( 𝑑𝑧𝑥 )
The more usual form of this relationship, called Newton's equation, states that the resulting shear of a
fluid is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to its viscosity.
𝐹 𝑑𝑉𝑥
= 𝜎 = ( )
𝐴 𝑑𝑧
The SI unit of viscosity is the pascal second [Pa s],
There are actually two quantities that are called viscosity. The quantity defined above is sometimes
called dynamic viscosity, absolute viscosity, or simple viscosity to distinguish it from the other quantity,
but is usually just called viscosity. The other quantity called kinematic viscosity (represented by the Greek
letter ν "nu") is the ratio of the viscosity of a fluid to its density.

=
𝜌
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is the square meter per second [m2/s]
VISCOSITY OF LOW PRESSURE GASES [130][131]
Basic low pressure viscosity definitions are based on the quantum mechanics theories about molecular
collisions
Chapman-Enskog[129] given the following equation for viscosity
26.69𝑥10−7(𝑀𝑇) 1/2
=
𝜎2 𝑣
Where 𝜎⁡(A=10-10 m) is hard-sphere diameter of the molecule, M molecular weight kg/kmol, 𝑣

collision integral, which can be calculated as
𝑣 = 1.16145(𝑇 ∗ )−0.14874 + 0.52487 exp(−0.77320𝑇 ∗ ) + 2.16178exp⁡(−2.43787𝑇 ∗ ) where

𝑘𝑇 𝑘
𝑇∗ = where k is Boltzmann’s constant. The value of and 𝜎 is given in the table below for some
𝜖 𝜖
gases.
Substance A /k K
Ar Argon 3.542 93.3
He Helium 2.551 10.22
Kr Krypton 3.655 178.9
Ne Neon 2.82 32.8
501
Xe Xenon 4.047 231
Air Air 3.711 78.6
CCl4 Carbontetracholoride 5.947 322.7
CH4 Methane 3.758 148.6
CO Carbonmonoxide 3.69 336
CO2 Carbondioxide 3.941 195.2
C2H2 Ethylene 4.163 224.7
C2H6 Ethane 4.443 224.7
C2H5OH Ethanol 4.53 362.6
CH5OCH5 Methylether 4.307 395
C3H8 Propane 5.118 237.1
n-C4H10 n-butane 4.687 531.4
iso-C4H10 iso-butane 5.278 330.1
n-C5H12 n-Pentane 5.784 341.1
C6H6 Benzene 5.349 412.3
C6H12 cyclohexane 6.182 287.1
n-C6H14 n-hexane 5.949 399.3
Cl2 Choline 4.217 316
F2 Florine 3.357 112.6
H2 Hydrogen 2.827 59.7
H2O Water 2.641 809.1
H2O2 Hydrogenperoxide 4.196 289.3
H2S Hydrogensulfide 3.623 301.1
Hg Mercury 2.969 750
I2 Iodine 5.16 474.2
NH3 Ammonia 2.9 558.3
N2 Nitrogen 3.798 71.4
NO nitricoxide 3.492 116.7
N2O Nitricoxide 3.828 232.4
O2 Oxygen 3.467 106.7
SO2 sulfurdioxide 4.112 335.4
EXAMPLE : Calculate viscosity of methane at 300 ℃ , and compare it with the given data in class Gas.
public class viscosityB

{
//Collusion integral
public static double omegav(double e_k,double T)
{double Ts=T/e_k;
double Ov=1.16145*Math.pow(Ts,-0.14874)+0.52487*Math.exp(-0.7732*Ts)+2.161178*Math.exp(-2.43787*Ts);
return Ov;
}
//Chapman- Enskog
//sigma m
public static double visc(double M,double T,double sigma,double e_k)
{ double Ov=omegav(e_k,T);
double eta=26.69*1.0e-7*Math.sqrt(M*T)/(sigma*sigma*Ov);
return eta;
}

{ //CH4 viscosity
double M=16; //kg/kmol
double T=300+273.15; //Degree K
double sigma=3.758; //m
double e_k=148.6;
double eta=visc(M,T,sigma,e_k);
Gas g=new Gas("ch4");
double eta1=g.vis(T);
System.out.println("viscosity = "+eta+" Pas");
System.out.println("viscosity1 = "+eta1+" Pas");
double error=(eta1-eta)/eta1*100;
System.out.println("error = "+error+"%");
}}
502
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" viscosityB
viscosity = 1.8524950473508883E-5 Pas
viscosity1 = 1.8480925475941284E-5 Pas
error = -0.23821857636356744%
For the case that data is not available, Chung at al. [127], [128]suggested that
𝜖 𝑇𝑐
=
𝑘 1.2503
∗ 𝑇
𝑇 = 1.2593 = 1.2593𝑇𝑟 where Tc is critical temperature and 𝑇𝑟 is reduced temperature.
𝑇𝑐
𝑣 (𝑇 ∗ ) = 1.16145(𝑇 ∗ )−0.14874 + 0.52487 exp(−0.77320𝑇 ∗ ) + 2.16178exp⁡(−2.43787𝑇 ∗ )
They also add a correction factor Fc into the equation and equation becomes:
𝐹𝑐 (𝑀𝑇)1/2
 = 40.785𝑥10−7 (𝑉 3 2/3 where  is viscosity in P, M molecular weight kg/kmol, T temperature
𝑐 𝑥10 ) 𝑣
degree K, Vc critical volume m /kmole, 𝐹𝑐 = 1 − 0.2756𝜔 + 0.05903𝜇𝑟4 + 
3
In this last equation 𝜔 is called Pitzer’s accentric factor[130]. This factor is calculated as
𝜔 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑⁡𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑡⁡𝑇𝑟 = 0.7) − 1
To obtain values of⁡𝜔, the reduced vapor pressure (𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃⁄𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ) at 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇 ⁄𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 0.7⁡is required. For
example for water Tcrit=647.3 K T=0.7*647.3=453.11 K=179.96 C so for this temperature P v=10.01168
bar and Pcrit=221.2 bar
10.01168
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃⁄𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = = 0.045261
221.2
𝜔 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑃𝑟⁡𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑⁡𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 (0.045261) − 1 = 1.344278 − 1 = 0.344278
A list of Pitzer’s acentric factor, critical properites etc. for some substances are given in the table below:
Pitzer's
Critical acentric
molar mass Boiling T Critical T Critical P specific heat
comp.
factor
M Tb Tc Pc Zc ω Cp
Substance Formula kg/kmol K K Mpa J/kgK
Acetone C3H6O 58 329.2 508 4.7 0.233 0.309 1300

Acetylene C2H2 26 189.5 309 6.2 0.271 0.184 1580
Air 29 82e 132g 3.75g 0.28g 0.035 1004
Ammonia NH3 17 239.8 406 11.3 0.242 0.25 2200
Argon Ar 40 87.4 151 4.86 0.291 0 523
Benzene C6H6 78 353.3 563 4.92 0.271 0.212 1300
1,3-Butadiene C4H6 54 268.5 425 4.33 0.27 0.193 1510
n-Butane C4H10 58 272.6 425 3.8 0.274 0.193 1580
iso-Butane C4H10 58 261.5 408 3.64 0.28 0.176 1580
Carbon dioxide CO2 44 194.7f 304 7.38 0.274 0.225 840h
Carbon monoxide CO 28 81.7 133 3.5 0.295 0.049 1100
Carbon tetracholoride CCl4 154 349.7 556 4.56 0.272 0.194 862
Cyclohexane C6H6 84 353.9 554 4.07 0.273 0.212
n-Decane C10H22 142 447.3 619 2.12 0.247 0.49 1680
n-Dodecane C12H26 170 489.4 659 1.8 0.24 0.562 1690
DME(dimethylether) C2H6O 46 250.6 400 5.37 0.271 0.274 1430
Ethane C2H6 30 184.6 305 4.88 0.285 0.1 1700
Ethanol C2H6O 46 351.5 516 6.39 0.248 0.635 1520
503
Ether(diethyl ether) C4H10O 74 307.6 467 3.61 0.26 0.281 1600
ETBE(ethyl tert-butyl ether) C6H14O 102 345 517 3.11 0.274 0.298 1550
Ethylene C2H4 28 169.5 283 5.12 0.276 0.085 1470
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 62 471 645 7.53 0.268 1.137 1410
Helium(4 He) He 4 4.2 5.3 0.23 0.301 -0.387 5190
Helium(3 He) He 3 3.2 3.3 0.11 0.301 -0.46
n-Heptane C7H16 100 371 540 2.77 0.263 0.35 1650
n-Hexane C6H14 86 342 508 3.03 0.263 0.296 1700
Hydrazine N2H4 32 387 653 14.7 0.376 0.325
Hydrogen H2 2 20.1 33 1.32 0.305 -0.22 14200
(Hydrogen) Deuterium D2 4 23.6 38 1.66 0.249 -0.16 14200
Mercuryi Hg 201 630 736 104
Methane CH4 16 112 191 4.6 0.288 0.01 2180
Methanol CH4O 32 338.1 513 8.08 0.224 0.559 1350
MTBE(methyl tert-butyl C5H12O 88 328 497 3.43 0.273 0.267 1500
ether)
Neon Ne 20 26.2 44 2.7 0.301 0 1030
Nitrogen N2 28 77.4 126 3.39 0.29 0.038 1040
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 46 294.4 431 10.1 0.233 800
Nitrogen monooxide NO 30 121.2 180 6.55 0.25 0.607 996
di-Nitrogen oxde N2O 44 184.7 310 7.26 0.272 0.141 864
n-Octane C8H18 114 399 569 2.49 0.259 0.394 1700
iso-Octane C8H18 114 372 544 2.59 0.267 1650
Ozone O3 48 161.4 268 6.78 0.272
Oxygen O2 32 90.2 155 5.08 0.288 0.021 913
iso-Pentane C5H12 72 301.3 461 3.33 0.268 0.227 1680
n-Pentane C5H12 72 309.2 470 3.38 0.262 0.251 1680
Phenol C6H6O 94 455 694 6.13 0.243 0.426
Propane C3H8 44 231.1 370 4.26 0.281 0.152 1570
iso-Propanol C3H8O 60 355.4 508 4.76 0.248 0.669 1540
Propylene(propene) C3H6 42 225.4 365 4.62 0.275 0.148 1460
Propylene glycol C3H8O2 76 461.3 626 6.1 0.28 1.107
R12(dichlorodifluoromethane) CCl2F2 121 243 385 4.14 0.28 0.179 573
R134a(tetrafluoroethane) CF3CH2F 102 246.6 374 4.07 0.258 0.33 840
R410Al n.a. 73 221.8 345 4.9 0.271 0.296 820
Sulfurdioxide SO2 64 263.2 430 7.87 0.264 0.251 607
Sulfurhexafluoride SF6 146 204.9f 319 3.76 0.36 0.21 598
Toluene C6F14 92 383.7 592 4.13 0.284 0.266
Tetradecafluorohexane hexafluoriden 338 329 449 1.83
Uranium hexafluoride UF6 352 329 503 4.6 0.282 0.092 370
Water H2O 18 372.8 647.3 22.12 0.229 0.344 2050
Xenon Xe 131 165 289.8 5.84 0.291 0 158
 is a special correction factor for higly polar molecules such as alcohols and water. Some of the values
are listed in the table below.
Compound  compound 
Methanol 0.215 n-pentanol 0.122
Ethanol 0.175 n-hexanol 0.114
n-propanol 0.143 n-heptanol 0.109
504
i-propanol 0.143 Acetic acid 0.0916
n-butanol 0.132 Water 0.076
i- butanol 0.132
𝜇𝑟⁡ is dimensionless dipole moment and 𝜇 is dipole moment in debyes.

𝜇
𝜇𝑟⁡ = 131.3
(𝑉𝑐 𝑇𝑐)1/2
Values of 𝜇 and other properties of gases are listed in the table below.
Thermophysical properties of some gases[130]
Vc 
MolW Tfp Tb Pc cm3/mol Dipm
No Formula Name t K K Tc K kPa e Zc  debby
0 Ar argon 39.948 83.8 87.3 150.8 4870 74.9 0.29 0 0
1 NH3 ammonia 17.031 195.4 239. 405.5 1135 72.5 1
0.24 0.25 1.5
2 C6H5Cl chlorobenzene 112.56 227.6 8
404. 632.4 0
4520 308 4
0.26 0.24 1.6
3 NO nitricoxide 30.006 109.5 9
121. 180 6480 57.7 5
0.25 9
0.58 0.2
4 NO2 nitrogendioxide 46.006 261.9 4
294. 431 1010 167.8 0.47 8
0.83 0.4
5 N2 nitrogene 28.013 63.3 3
77.4 126.2 0
3390 89.8 3
0.29 4
0.03 0
6 N2O nitrousoxide 44.013 182.3 184. 309.6 7240 97.4 0.27 9
0.16 0.2
7 O2 oxygen 31.999 54.4 7
90.2 154.6 5040 73.4 4
0.28 5
0.02 0
8 O3 ozone 47.998 80.5 181. 261.1 5570 88.9 8
0.22 5
0.69 0.6
9 H2 hydrogen 2.016 14 2
20.3 33 1290 64.3 8
0.30 1
- 0
10 H2O water 18.015 273.2 373. 647.3 2212 57.1 3
0.23 0.21
0.33 1.8
2 0 5 6
4
11 CH4 methane 16.043 90.7 111. 190.4 4600 99.2 0.28 0.01 0
12 CH4O methanol 32.042 175.5 6
337. 512.6 8090 118 8
0.22 1
0.55 1.7
13 C2H6 ethane 30.07 89.9 7
184. 305.4 4880 148.3 4
0.28 6
0.09 0
14 C3H8 propane 44.094 85.5 6
231. 369.8 4250 203 5
0.28 9
0.15 0
15 C3H6O propionaldehyde 58.08 193 1
321 515.3 6330 0 1
0 3
0.31 2.7
16 C4H10 n-butane 58.124 134.8 272. 425.2 3800 255 0.27 3
0.19 0
17 C4H10 isobutane 58.124 113.6 7
261. 408.2 3650 263 4
0.28 9
0.18 0.1
18 C5H12 n-pentane 72.151 143.4 4
309. 469.7 3370 304 3
0.26 3
0.25 0
19 C6H6 benzene 78.114 278.7 2
353. 562.2 4890 259 3
0.27 1
0.21 0
20 C6H14 n-hexane 86.178 177.8 2
341. 507.5 3010 370 1
0.26 2
0.29 0
21 CCl2F2 dichlorodifloromethane 120.91 115.4 9
245. 385 4140 216.7 4
0.28 9
0.20 0.5
22 C7H16 n-heptane 100.21 182.6 2
371. 540.3 2740 27.4 432 4
0.26 0.349
23 C8H10 ethylbenzene 106.17 178.2 6
409. 617.2 3600 374 0.26 3
0.30 0.4
24 C8H18 n-octane 114.23 216.4 3
398. 568.8 2490 492 2
0.25 2
0.39 0
25 C9H20 n-nonane 128.26 219.7 8
424 594.6 2290 548 9
0.26 8
0.44 0
26 C10H8 naphtalene 128.17 353.5 491. 748.4 4050 413 0.26 5
0.30 0
27 C11H10 1-methylnaphtalene 142.2 242.7 1
517. 772 3600 462 9
0.23 2
0.31 0.5
28 C11H10 2-methylnaphtalene 142.2 307.7 9
514. 761 3500 462 4
0.26 0.38 0.4
29 C12H12 1-ethylnaphtalene 156.22 259 3
531. 774.9 3140 520 0.25 2
0.4 0
30 C13H14 1-propylnaphtalene 170.25 265 5
546 771.5 2760 580 0.25 0.49 0
31 C14H16 1-butylnaphtalene 184.28 253 562. 781.5 2500 630 0.24 0.53 0
32 C10H22 n-decane 142.29 243.5 6
447. 617.7 2120 603 0.24 0.48 0
33 C11H24 n-undecane 156.31 247.6 3
469. 638.8 1970 660 9
0.24 9
0.53 0
34 C12H26 n-dodecane 170.34 263.6 1
489. 658.2 1820 713 0.24 5
0.57 0
35 C13H28 n-tridecane 184.37 267.8 5
508. 676 1720 780 0.24 5
0.61 0
36 C14H30 n-tetradecane 198.39 279 6
526. 693 1440 830 0.23 9
0.58 0
37 C15H32 n-pentadecane 212.42 283 7
543. 707 1520 880 0.23 1
0.70 0
38 C16H34 n-hexadecane 226.45 291 8
560 722 1410 1030 0.24 6
0.74 0
39 C17H36 n-heptadecane 240.48 295 575. 733 1300 1000 0.22 2
0.77 0
40 C18H38 n-octadecane 254.5 301.3 2
589. 748 1200 1190 0.25 0.79 0
41 C19H40 n-nonadecane 268.53 305 5
603. 756 1110 1130 0.21 0.82 0
42 C20H42 n-eicosane 282.56 310 1
617 767 1110 1110 0.19 7
0.90 0
43 C3H6 propylene 42.081 87.9 225. 364.9 4600 181 0.27 7
0.14 0.4
44 C11H16 penthylbenzene 148.24 198 5
478. 679.9 2600 550 4
0.25 4
0.44 0
6
505
45 C12H18 hexylbenzene 162.27 212 499. 697.5 2380 620 0.25 0.48 0
46 C13H20 heptylbenzene 176.3 225 3
519. 713.5 2200 660 0.25 0.53 0
47 C14H22 octylbenzene 190.32 237 2
537. 728 2040 720 0.24 0.58 0
48 C15H24 nonylbenzene 204.25 249 6
555. 741 1900 790 0.24 0.63 0
49 C16H26 decylbenzene 218.38 259 2
571. 728 2040 720 0.24 0.58 0
50 C17H28 undecylbenzene 232.4 268 1
586. 764 1670 910 0.24 0.72 0
51 C18H30 dodecylbenzene 246.43 276 4
600. 774 1580 980 0.24 0.77 0
52 CO carbonmonoxide 28.01 68.1 8
81.7 132.9 3500 93.2 0.29 0.06 0.1
53 CO2 carbondioxide 44.01 216.5 194. 304.1 7380 93.9 5
0.27 6
0.23 0
54 C8H18 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 114.23 9
172.5 5
387. 3
573.6 2820 455 4
0.26 9
0.29 0
55 C8H18 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 114.23 163.9 9
386. 566.4 2730 461 9
0.26 0.31 0
56 C8H18 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane 114.23 158.2 6
388. 567.1 2700 443 7
0.25 5
0.33 0
57 C8H18 3-methyl-3-ethylpentane 114.23 182.3 8
391. 576.6 2810 455 4
0.26 0.30 0
58 C6H11N capronitrile 97.161 194 4
436. 622 3250 0 7
0 3
0.52 3.5
59 C6H12 cyclohexane 84.162 279.6 8
353. 553.5 4070 308 0.27 4
0.21 0.3
60 C6H12 methylcyclopentane 84.162 130.7 8
345 532.7 3780 319 3
0.27 2
0.23 0
61 C6H12 1-hexene 84.163 133.3 336. 504 3170 350 2
0.26 1
0.28 0.4
62 C6H12 2-hexene,cis 84.162 132 6
342 518 3280 351 0.27 5
0.25 0
63 C6H12 2-hexene,trans 84.162 140 341 516 3270 351 0.27 6
0.24 0
64 C6H12 3-hexene,cis 84.162 135.3 339. 517 3280 350 0.27 2
0.22 0.3
65 C6H12 3-hexene,trans 84.162 159.7 6
340. 519.9 3250 350 0.26 5
0.22 0
66 C6H12 2-methyl-2-pentene 84.162 138.1 3
340. 518 3280 351 0.27 7
0.22 0
67 C6H12 3-methyl-2-pentene,cis 84.162 138.3 5
340. 518 3280 351 0.27 9
0.26 0
68 C6H12 3-methyl-2-pentene,trans 84.162 134.7 9
343. 521 3290 350 0.27 9
0.20 0
69 C6H12 4-methyl-2-pentene,cis 84.162 139 6
329. 490 3040 360 0.27 7
0.29 0
70 C6H12 4-methyl-2-pentene,trans 84.162 132 6
331. 493 3040 360 0.27 0.29 0
71 C6H12 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene 84.162 115.9 7
328. 501 3240 343 0.27 0.22 0
72 C6H12 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene 84.162 198.9 8
364. 524 3360 351 0.27 1
0.23 0
73 C6H12 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene 84.162 158 4
314. 490 3250 340 0.27 9
0.12 0
74 C6H12O cyclohexanol 100.16 298 4
434. 625 3750 0 0 1
0.52 1.7
75 C6H12O ethylpropylketone 100.16 0 3
396. 582.8 3320 0 0 8
0.37 0
76 C6H12O methylisobutylketone 100.16 189 6
389. 571 3270 0 0 8
0.38 2.8
77 C6H12O2 n-butylacetate 116.16 199.7 6
399. 579 3140 400 0.26 5
0.41 1.8
78 C6H12O2 isobutylacetate 116.16 174.3 3
389. 564 3020 414 0.26 7
0.45 1.9
79 C6H12O2 ethylbutyrate 116.16 180 7
394. 569 2960 421 7
0.26 5
0.46 1.8
80 C6H12O2 ethylisobutyrate 116.16 185 7
383. 555 2970 421 3
0.27 1
0.43 2.1
81 C6H12O2 n-propylpropionate 116.16 197.3 2
395. 571 3020 0 1
0 1
0 1.8
82 C6H14 2-methylpentane 86.178 119.5 8
333. 497.5 3010 367 0.26 0.27 0
83 C6H14 3-methylpentane 86.178 155 4
336. 504.5 3120 367 7
0.27 8
0.27 0
84 C6H14 2,2-dimethylbutane 86.178 173.3 4
322. 488.8 3080 359 3
0.27 2
0.23 0
85 C6H14 2,3-dimethylbutane 86.178 144.6 8
331. 500 3130 358 2
0.26 2
0.24 0
86 C6H14O 1-hexanol 102.18 229.2 1
430. 611 4050 381 9
0.3 7
0.56 1.8
87 C6H14O ethylbutylether 102.18 170 2
365. 531 3040 390 0.27 0.4 1.2
88 C6H14O dipropylether 102.18 151 4
363. 530.6 3030 0 0 0.36 1.2
89 C6H14O diisopropylether 102.18 187.7 2
341. 500.3 2880 386 0.26 9
0.33 1.2
90 C6H15N dipropylamine 101.19 233.6 7
382. 555.8 2990 0 2
0 1
0.47 1
91 C6H15N diisopropylamine 101.19 212.2 5
357. 523.1 3020 0 0 1
0.36 1
92 C6H15N triethylamine 101.19 158.4 1
362. 535 3030 389 0.26 0.32 0.9
93 C7F14 perfluoromethylcyclohexa 350.06 0 5
349. 486.8 2330 0 5
0 0.49 0
94 C7F16 ne
perfluoro-n-heptane 388.05 195 5
355. 474.8 1620 664 0.27 1
0.55 0
95 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6- 182.09 0 6
390. 566.5 3130 384 3
0.25 6
0.41 0
96 C7H5N pentafluorotoluene
benzonitrile 103.12 260 7
464. 699.4 4220 0 5
0 5
0.36 3.5
97 C7H6O benzaldehyde 106.12 216 3
452. 694.8 4540 0 0 2
0.31 2.8
98 C7H6O2 benzoicacid 122.12 395.6 2
523 752 4560 341 0.25 6
0.62 1.7
99 C7H8 toluene 92.141 178 383. 591.8 4100 316 0.26 0.26 0.4
100 C7H8O methylphenylether 108.14 235.7 8
426. 645.6 4250 0 3
0 3
0.34 1.2
101 C7H8O benzylalcohol 108.14 257.8 8
478. 720.2 4400 0 0 7
0 1.7
102 C7H8O o-cresol 108.14 304.1 6
464. 697.6 5010 0 0 0.43 1.6
103 C7H8O m-cresol 108.14 285.4 2
475. 705.8 4560 309 0.24 3
0.45 1.8
104 C7H8O p-cresol 108.14 307.9 4
475. 704.6 5150 0 0 4
0.50 1.6
105 C7H9N n-methylaniline 107.16 216 1
469. 701 5200 0 0 5
0.47 1.7
106 C7H9N o-toluidine 107.16 258.4 4
473. 694 3750 0 0 5
0.43 1.6
5 8
506
107 C7H9N m-toluidine 107.16 242.8 476. 709 4150 0 0 0.41 1.5
108 C7H14 cycloheptane 98.189 265 6
391. 604.2 3810 353 0.26 0.23 0
109 C7H14 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane 98.189 203.4 6
361 547 3440 360 8
0.27 7
0.27 0
110 C7H14 1,2- 98.189 219.3 372. 564.8 3440 368 0.27 3
0.26 0
111 C7H14 dimethylcyclopentane-cis
1,2- 98.189 155.6 7
365 553.2 3440 362 0.27 9
0.26 0
112 C7H14 dimethylcyclopentane-
ethylcyclopentane 98.189 134.7 376. 569.5 3400 375 0.26 9
0.27 0
trans 6 9 1
113 C7H14 methylcyclohexane 98.189 146.6 374. 572.2 3470 368 0.26 0.23 0
114 C7H14 1-heptene 98.189 154.3 1
366. 537.3 2830 440 8
0.28 6
0.35 0.3
115 C7H14 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butene 98.189 163.3 8
351 533 2890 400 0.26 8
0.19 0
116 C7H14O2 n-propylbutyrate 130.19 176 416. 590 2710 0 0 2
0 1.8
117 C7H14O2 n-propylisobutyrate 130.19 0 2
408. 581 2830 0 0 0 0
118 C7H14O2 isobutylpropionate 130.19 201.8 6
410 583 2770 0 0 0 0
119 C7H16 3-methylhexane 100.21 100 365 535.3 2810 404 0.25 0.32 0
120 C7H16 2,2-dimethylpentane 100.21 149.4 352. 520.5 2770 416 5
0.26 3
0.28 0
121 C7H16 2,3-dimethylpentane 100.21 0 4
362. 537.4 2910 393 6
0.25 7
0.29 0
122 C7H16 2,4-dimethylpentane 100.21 154 9
353. 519.8 2740 418 6
0.26 6
0.30 0
123 C7H16 3,3-dimethylpentane 100.21 138.7 6
359. 536.4 2950 414 4
0.27 2
0.26 0
124 C7H16 3-ethylpentane 100.21 154.6 2
366. 540.6 2890 416 3
0.26 7
0.31 0
125 C7H16 2,2,3-trimethylbutane 100.21 248.3 6
354 531.2 2950 398 7
0.26 0.25 0
126 C7H16O 1-heptanol 116.2 239.2 449. 633 3040 435 6
0.25 0.56 1.7
127 C8H4O3 phthalicanhydride 148.12 404 8
560 810 4760 368 1
0.26 0 5.3
128 C8H8 styrene 104.15 242.5 418. 647 3990 0 0 0.25 0.1
129 C8H8O methylphenylketone 120.15 292.8 3
474. 714 4060 376 0.25 7
0.42 3
130 C8H8O2 methylbenzoate 136.15 260.8 9
472. 692 3640 396 7
0.25 0.43 1.9
131 C8H10 o-xylene 106.17 248 2
417. 630.3 3730 369 0.26 0.31 0.5
132 C8H10 m-xylene 106.17 225.3 6
412. 617.1 3540 376 2
0.25 0.32 0.3
133 C8H10 p-xylene 106.17 286.4 3
411. 616.2 3510 379 9
0.26 5
0.32 0.1
134 C8H10O ethylphenylether 122.17 243 5
443 647 3420 0 0 0.41 1.2
135 C8H11N N,N-dimethylaniline 121.18 275.6 467. 687 3600 0 0 8
0.41 1.6
136 C8H16 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane 112.22 239.7 3
392. 591 2960 416 0.25 1
0.23 0
137 C8H16 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane- 112.22 223.1 7
402. 606 2960 0 0 8
0.23 0
138 C8H16 cis
1,2-dimethylcyclohexane- 112.22 185 9
396. 596 2960 0 0 6
0.24 0
139 C8H16 trans
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane- 112.22 197.6 6
393. 591 2960 0 0 2
0.22 0
140 C8H16 cis
397. 598 2970 0 0 4
0.18 0
141 C8H16 trans
1,4-dimethylcyclohexane- 112.22 185.7 6
397. 598 2970 0 0 9
0.23 0
142 C8H16 cis
392. 587.7 2970 0 0 4
0.24 0
143 C8H16 trans
ethylcyclohexane 112.22 161.8 5
404. 609 3000 450 0.27 2
0.24 0
144 C8H16 1,1,2- 112.22 0 9
386. 579.5 2940 0 0 3
0.25 0
145 C8H16 trimethylcyclopentane
1,1,3- 112.22 0 9
378 569.5 2830 0 0 2
0.21 0
146 C8H16 trimethylcyclopentane
1,2,4- 112.22 0 391 579 2900 0 0 1
0.27 0
147 C8H16 trimethylcyclopentane-
1,2,4- 112.22 0 382. 571 2800 0 0 7
0.24 0
c,c,t
trimethylcyclopentane- 4 6
148 C8H16 1-methyl-1- 112.22 0 394. 592 3000 0 0 0.25 0
c,t,c
ethylcyclopentane 7
149 C8H16 n-propylcyclopentane 112.22 155.8 404. 603 3000 425 0.25 0.33 0
150 C8H16 isopropylcyclopentane 112.22 160.5 1
399. 601 3000 0 0 5
0.24 0
151 C8H16 cyclooctane 112.22 287.6 6
422 647.2 3560 410 0.27 0.23 0
152 C8H16 1-octene 112.22 171.4 394. 566.7 2620 464 1
0.26 6
0.38 0.3
153 C8H16 2-octene-trans 112.22 185.4 4
398. 580 2770 0 0 6
0.35 0
154 C8H16O2 isobutylbutyrate 144.21 0 1
430. 603 2450 0 0 0 0
155 C8H16O2 isobutylisobutyrate 144.21 0 1
421. 594 2460 0 0 0 0
156 C8H16O2 n-propylisovalerate 144.21 0 8
429. 609 0 0 0 0 0
157 C8H18 2-methylheptane 114.23 164 1
390. 559.6 2480 488 0.26 0.37 0
158 C8H18 3-methylheptane 114.23 152.7 8
392. 563.7 2550 464 1
0.25 8
0.37 0
159 C8H18 4-methylheptane 114.23 152.2 1
390. 561.7 2540 476 2
0.25 0.37 0
160 C8H18 2,2-dimethylhexane 114.23 152 9
380 549.9 2530 478 9
0.26 1
0.33 0
161 C8H18 2,3-dimethylhexane 114.23 0 388. 563.5 2630 468 4
0.26 8
0.34 0
382. 553.5 2560 472 3
0.26 6
0.34 0
163 C8H18 2,5-dimethylhexane 114.23 181.9 6
382. 550.1 2490 482 2
0.26 3
0.35 0
385. 562 2650 443 2
0.25 6
0.32 0
390. 568.9 2690 466 1
0.26 0.33 0
166 C8H18 3-ethylhexane 114.23 0 9
391. 565.5 2610 455 5
0.25 8
0.36 0
167 C8H18 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 114.23 160.9 7
383 563.5 2730 436 2
0.25 1
0.29 0
168 C8H18 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 114.23 165.8 372. 544 2570 468 4
0.26 7
0.30 0
4 6 3
507
169 C8H18 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 114.23 374 379. 567.8 2870 461 0.28 0.25 0
170 C8H18O 1-octanol 130.23 257.7 6
468. 652.5 2860 490 0.25 1
0.58 2
171 C8H18O 2-octanol 130.23 241.2 3
452 637 2810 0 8
0 7
0 1.6
172 C8H18O 4-methyl-3-heptanol 130.23 0 443 623.5 2800 0 0 0 0
173 C8H18O 5-methyl-3-heptanol 130.23 0 445 621.2 0 0 0 0 0
174 C8H18O 2-ethyl-1-hexanol 130.23 203.2 457. 640.2 0 0 0 0 1.8
175 C8H18O dibutylether 130.23 175 8
413. 580 2530 0 0 0.50 1.2
176 C8H18O di-tert-butylether 130.23 0 4
382. 550 2420 0 0 2
0 0
177 C8H19N dibutylamin 129.25 211 2
432. 607.5 2640 0 0 0.58 1.1
178 C8H19N diisobutylamine 129.25 203 8
412. 584.4 2720 0 0 0.54 0
179 C9H7N quinoline 129.16 258 8
510. 782 4500 402 0.27 8
0.31 0
180 C9H7N isoquinoline 129.16 300 8
516. 803 4700 402 8
0.28 5
0 0
181 C9H10 indane 118.18 0 4
451. 684.9 3950 0 3
0 0.30 0
182 C9H10 alpha-methylstyrene 118.18 0 1
438. 654 3400 0 0 8
0 0
183 C9H10O2 ethylbenzoate 150.18 238.3 5
485. 668.7 2320 0 0 0.48 0
184 C9H12 n-propylbenzene 120.2 173.7 9
432. 638.2 3200 440 0.26 0.34 0
185 C9H12 isopropylbenzene 120.2 177.1 4
425. 631.1 3210 0 5
0 4
0.32 0
186 C9H12 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene 120.2 177.6 6
434. 637 2840 490 0.26 6
0.36 0
187 C9H12 1-methyl-4-ethylbenzene 120.2 210.8 5
435. 640 2940 470 0.26 0.32 0
188 C9H12 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 120.2 247.7 2
449. 664.5 3450 0 0 2
0.36 0
189 C9H12 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 120.2 227 3
442. 649.2 3230 0 0 6
0.37 0
190 C9H12 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 120.2 228.4 5
437. 637.3 3130 0 0 6
0.39 0.1
191 C9H13N N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidine 135.21 212 9
467. 668 3120 0 0 9
0.48 0.9
192 C9H18 n-propylcyclohexane 126.24 178.7 3
429. 639 2800 0 0 4
0.25 0
193 C9H18 isopropylcyclohexane 126 243 9
183. 427.7 6400 28.3 0 8
0 0.237
194 C9H18 1,trans-3,5- 126.24 0 4
413. 602.2 0
2800 0 0 0 0
195 C9H18 trimethylcyclohexane
1-nonene 126.24 191.8 7
420 592 2340 580 0.28 0.43 0
196 C9H18O dibutylketone 142.24 267.3 461. 640 0 0 0 0 2.7
197 C9H20 2-methyloctane 128.24 192.8 6
416. 587 2310 0 0 0.42 0
198 C9H20 2,2-dimethylheptane 128.24 160 4
405. 576.8 2350 0 0 3
0.39 0
199 C9H20 2,2,3-trimethylhexane 128.26 0 9
406. 588 2490 0 0 0.33 0
200 C9H20 2,2,4-trimethylhexane 128.26 153 8
399. 573.7 2370 0 0 2
0.32 0
201 C9H20 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 128.26 167.4 7
397. 568 2330 519 0.26 1
0.35 0
202 C9H20 3,3-diethylpentane 128.26 240.1 2
419. 610 2670 0 0 7
0.33 0
203 C9H20 2,2,3,3- 128.26 263 3
413. 607.7 2740 0 0 8
0.30 0
204 C9H20 tetramethylpentane
2,2,3,4- 128.26 152 4
406. 592.7 2600 0 0 3
0.31 0
2,2,4,4- 128.26 206 1
395. 574.7 2490 0 0 3
0.31 0
2,3,3,4- 128.26 171.1 4
414. 607.7 2720 0 0 2
0.31 0
207 C9H20O tetramethylpentane
1-nonanol 144.26 268 7
486. 671 0 546 0 3
0 1.7
208 C10F8 perfluoronapthalene 272.09 0 7
482 673.1 0 0 0 0 0
209 C10F18 perfluorodecalin 462.07 0 415 566 1520 0 0 0.39 0
210 C10H12 1,2,3,4- 132.21 242 480. 719 3510 0 0 2
0.30 0
211 C10H14 tetrahydronaphthalene
n-butylbenzene 134.22 185.2 7
456. 660.5 2890 497 0.26 3
0.39 0.4
212 C10H14 isobutylbenzene 134.22 221.7 5
445. 650 3140 480 1
0.28 3
0.38 0.3
213 C10H14 sec-butylbenzene 134.22 197.7 9
446. 664 2940 0 0 0.27 0.4
214 C10H14 tert-butylbenzene 134.22 215.3 5
442. 660 2960 0 0 4
0.26 0.5
215 C10H14 1-methyl-2- 134.22 0 3
451. 670 2890 0 0 5
0.27 0
216 C10H14 isopropylbenzene
1-methyl-3- 134.22 0 5
448. 666 2930 0 0 7
0.27 0
1-methyl-4- 134.22 200 3
450. 651 2730 0 0 9
0.27 0
1,4-diethylbenzene 134.22 231 3
456. 657.9 2800 0 0 3
0.40 0.1
219 C10H14 1,2,3,5- 134.22 249 9
471. 679 0 0 0 4
0 0
220 C10H14 tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5- 134.21 352 2
470 675 2940 0 0 0.43 0
221 C10H14O tetramethylbenzene
thymol 150.22 323 505. 698 0 0 0 5
0 0
222 C10H15N n-butylaniline 149.24 259 7
513. 721 2830 0 0 0 0
223 C10H18 cis-decalin 138.25 230 9
468. 702.3 3200 0 0 0.28 0
224 C10H18 trans-decalin 138.25 242.8 9
460. 687.1 3140 0 0 6
0.27 0
225 C10H18 1,3-decadiene 138.25 0 5
442 615 0 0 0 0 0
226 C10H19N caprylonitrile 153.27 255.3 516 622 3250 0 0 0 0
227 C10H20 butylcyclohexane 140.26 198.4 454. 667 3150 0 0 0.36 0
228 C10H20 isobutylcyclohexane 140.27 0 1
444. 659 3120 0 0 2
0.31 0
229 C10H20 sec-butylcyclohexane 140.27 0 5
452. 669 2670 0 0 9
0.26 0
230 C10H20 tert-butylcyclohexane 140.27 232 5
444. 659 2660 0 0 4
0.52 0
7 5
508
231 C10H20 1-decene 140.27 206.9 443. 615 2200 650 0.28 0.49 0
232 C10H20O menthol 156.27 316 7
489. 694 0 0 0 1
0 0
233 C10H22 n-decane 144.29 243.5 5
447. 617.7 2120 603 0.24 0.48 0
234 C10H22 3,3,5-trimethylheptane 142.29 0 3
428. 609.7 2320 0 9
0 9
0.38 0
235 C10H22 2,2,3,3-tetramethylhexane 142.29 0 9
433. 623.2 2510 0 0 2
0.36 0
236 C10H22 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane 142.29 0 5
410. 581.6 2190 0 0 4
0.37 0
237 C10H22O 1-decanol 158.29 280.1 6
506. 687 2220 600 0.23 5
0 1.8
238 C11H14O butylbenzoate 178.23 251 1
523 723 2600 561 0.25 0.58 0
239 2C11H22 n-hexylcyclopentane 154.3 200.2 476. 660.1 2130 0 0 0.47 0
240 C11H22 1-undecene 154.3 224 3
465. 637 1990 0 0 6
0.51 0
241 C11H24 n-undecane 156.31 247.6 8
469. 638.8 1970 660 0.24 8
0.53 0
242 C12H10 diphenyl 154.21 342.4 1
529. 789 3850 502 0.29 5
0.37 0
243 C12H10O diphenylether 170.21 300 3
531. 766 3140 0 5
0 2
0.44 1.1
244 C12H24 n-heptylcyclopentane 168.32 220 2
497. 679 1940 0 0 0.51 0
245 C12H24 1-dodecene 168.32 238 3
486. 657 1850 0 0 5
0.55 0
246 C12H26 dodecane 170.34 263.6 5
489. 658.2 1820 713 0.24 8
0.57 0
247 C12H26O dihexylether 186.34 230 5
499. 657 1820 720 0.24 5
0.7 0
248 C12H26O dodecanol 186.34 297.1 6
533. 679 1920 718 0.24 0 1.6
249 C12H27N tributylamine 185.36 0 1
486. 643 1820 0 0 0 0.8
250 C13H12 diphenylmethane 168.24 300 6
538. 770 2860 0 0 0.44 0.4
251 C13H26 n-octylcyclopentane 182.35 229 2
516. 694 1790 0 0 2
0.56 0
252 C13H26 1-tridecene 182.35 250.1 9
505. 674 1700 0 0 4
0.59 0
253 C13H28 1-tridecane 184.37 267.8 9
508. 676 1720 780 0.24 8
0.61 0
254 C14H10 anthracane 178.23 489.7 6
613. 869.3 0 554 0 9
0 0
255 C14H10 phenanthrene 178.23 373.7 1
613 873 0 554 0 0 0
256 C14H28 n-nonylcyclopentane 196.38 244 535. 710.5 1650 0 0 0.61 0
257 C14H28 1-tetradecene 196.38 260.3 3
524. 689 1560 0 0 0.64 0
258 C14H30 n-tetradecane 198.39 279 3
526. 693 1440 830 0.23 4
0.58 0
259 C15H30 n-decyclopentane 210.41 251.1 7
552. 723.8 1520 0 0 1
0.65 0
260 C15H30 1-pentadecene 210.41 269.4 5
541. 704 1450 0 0 4
0.68 0
261 C15H32 n-pentadecane 212.42 283 5
543. 707 1520 880 0.23 2
0.70 0
262 C16H22O dibutyl-o-phthalate 278.35 238 8
608 0 0 0 0 6
0 0
263 4C16H32 n-decyclohexane 224.43 271 570. 750 1350 0 0 0.58 0
264 C16H32 1-hexadecene 224.43 277.3 8
558 717 1330 0 0 3
0.72 0
265 C16H34 hexadecane 226.45 291 560 722 1410 0 0 1
0.74 0
266 C17H34 n-dodecyclopentane 238.46 268 584. 750 1290 0 0 2
0.71 0
267 C17H36O heptadecanol 256.47 327 1
597 736 1410 0 0 9
0 0
268 C18H14 o-terphenyl 230.31 330 605 891 3900 753 0.39 0.43 0
269 C18H14 m-terphenyl 230.31 360 638 924.9 3510 768 6
0.35 1
0.44 0
270 C18H14 p-terphenyl 230.31 485 649 926 3320 763 8
0.32 9
0.52 0.7
271 C18H36 1-octadecene 252.49 290.8 588 739 1130 0 9
0 3
0.80 0
272 C18H36 n-tridecyclopentane 252.49 278 598. 761 1200 0 0 7
0.75 0
273 C18H38 octadecane 254.5 301.3 6
589. 748 1200 0 0 5
0.79 0
274 C18H38O 1-octadecanol 270.5 331 5
608 747 1410 0 0 0 1.7
275 C19H38 1-cyclopentyltetradecane 266.51 282 599 772 1120 0 0 0.78 0
276 C19H40 n-nonadecane 268.53 305 603. 756 1110 0 0 9
0.82 0
277 C20H40 1-cyclopentylpentadecane 280.54 290 1
625 780 1020 0 0 7
0.83 0
278 C20H42O 1-eicosanol 298.56 339 629 770 1200 0 0 3
0 0
279 C6F6 perfluorobenzene 186.06 0 353. 516.7 3300 335 0.25 0.39 0
280 C6F12 perfluorocyclohexane 300.05 0 4
326 457.2 2430 459 5
0.27 6
0.43 0
281 C6F14 perfluoro-n-hexane 338.04 186 329. 448.8 1870 606 0.30 2
0.51 0
282 C6F14 perfluoro-2- 338.04 0 8
330. 453 1820 550 3
0.26 4
0.46 0
283 C6F14 methylpentane
perfluoro-3- 338.04 0 8
331. 450 1690 0 6
0 4
0.47 0
284 C6F14 methylpentane
perfluoro-2,3- 338.04 0 5
332. 463 1870 525 0.25 6
0.39 0
285 C6HF5 dimethylbutane
pentafluorobenzene 168.06 0 9
358. 531 3530 324 6
0.26 4
0.37 0
286 C6HF5O pentafluorophenol 184.06 0 9
418. 609 4000 348 0.27 3
0.50 0
287 C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene 150.07 0 8
367. 550.8 3790 313 5
0.25 2
0.34 0
357. 535.5 3750 0 9
0 4
0.34 0
363. 543.4 3800 0 0 6
0.35 0
290 C6H4Cl2 o-dichlorobenzene 147 256.1 4
452 729 4100 360 0.24 5
0.27 2.3
291 C6H4F2 1,4-difluorobenzene 114.09 0 362 556 4400 0 4
0 2
0.29 0
292 C6H5Br bromobenzene 157.01 242.3 429. 670 4520 324 0.26 9
0.25 1.5
2 3 1
509
293 C6H5F fluorobenzene 96.104 234 357. 560.1 4550 269 0.26 0.24 1.4
294 C6H5I iodobenzene 204.01 241.8 9
461. 721 4520 351 3
0.26 4
0.24 1.4
295 C6H6 benzene 78.114 278.7 6
353. 562.2 4890 259 5
0.27 9
0.21 0
296 C6H6O phenol 94.113 314 2
455 694.2 6130 229 1
0.24 2
0.43 1.6
297 C6H7N aniline 93.129 267 457. 699 5310 274 0.25 8
0.38 1.6
298 C6H7N 2-methylpyridine 93.129 207 6
402. 621 4600 0 0 4
0.29 1.9
299 C6H7N 3-methylpyridine 93.129 0 6
417. 645 0 0 0 9
0 2.4
300 C6H7N 4-methylpyridine 93.129 276.9 3
418. 646 4460 311 0.26 0.30 0
301 C6H10 1,5-hexadiene 82.146 132 5
332. 507 3440 0 0 1
0.16 0
302 C6H10 cyclohexene 82.146 169.7 6
356. 560.5 4340 0 0 0.21 0.6
303 C5H12O 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol 88.15 327 1
386. 549 0 0 0 0 0
304 C5H12O ethylpropylether 88.15 146.4 3
336. 500.2 3370 339 0.27 0.33 1.2
305 C5H12O butylmethylether 88.15 157.7 4
343. 512.8 3370 329 5
0.26 3
0.31 1.3
306 C5H12O tert-butylmethylether 88.15 0 3
328. 496.4 3370 0 0 6
0.26 1.2
307 C6BrF5 bromopentafluorobenzene 246.96 0 3
410 601 3040 0 0 9
0.35 0
308 C6ClF5 chloropentafluorobenzene 202.51 0 391. 570.8 3240 376 0.25 5
0.4 0
309 C6Cl2F4 dichlorotetrafluorobenzen 218.96 0 1
430. 626 5320 0 6
0 0.62 0
310 C6Cl3F3 e1,3,5- 235.42 0 9
471. 684.9 3270 448 0.25 2
0.42 0
311 C3H9N trichlorotrifluorobenzene
n-propylamine 59.112 190 5
321. 497 4810 233 7
0.27 6
0.30 1.3
312 C3H9N isopropylamine 59.112 177.9 7
305. 471.8 4540 221 1
0.22 3
0.29 0
313 C3H9N trimethylamine 59.112 156 6
276 433.3 4090 254 5
0.28 1
0.20 0.6
314 C4F8 perfluorocyclobutane 200.03 0 267. 388.5 2780 324 8
0.27 5
0.35 0
315 C4F10 perfluorobutane 238.02 145 2
271. 386.4 2320 378 9
0.27 6
0.37 0
316 C4H4 vinylacetylene 52.076 227.6 2
278. 455 4960 202 4
0.26 4
0.09 0
317 C4H4O furan 68.075 187.5 1
304. 490.2 5500 218 0.29 2
0.20 0.7
318 C4H4N thiophene 84.136 234.9 5
357. 579.4 5690 219 5
0.25 9
0.19 0.5
319 C4H5N allylcyanide 67.091 186.7 2
392 585 3950 265 8
0.22 6
0.39 3.4
320 C4H5N pyrrole 67.091 0 403 639.8 0 0 0 0 1.8
321 C4H6 1-butyne 54.092 147.4 281. 463.7 4710 220 0.27 0.05 0.8
322 C4H6 2-butyne 54.092 240.9 2
300. 488.7 5080 221 0.27 0.12 0.8
323 C4H6 1,2-butadiene 54.092 137 1
284 443.7 4490 219 7
0.26 4
0.25 0.4
324 C4H6 1,3-butadiene 54.092 164.2 268. 425 4330 221 7
0.27 5
0.19 0
325 C4H6O2 vinylacetate 86.091 173 7
346 525 4350 265 0.26 5
0.34 1.7
326 C4H6O3 aceticanhydride 102.09 199 413. 569 4680 0 0 0.90 3
327 C4H6O4 dimethyloxalate 118.09 327 2
436. 628 3980 0 0 8
0.55 0
328 C4H6O4 succinicacid 118.09 456 5
508 0 0 0 0 6
0 2.2
329 C4H7N butylonitrile 69.107 161 391. 582.2 3790 0 0 0.37 3.8
330 C4H7O2 methylacrylate 86.091 196.7 1
353. 536 4300 265 0.25 3
0.35 0
331 C4H8 1-butene 56.108 87.8 5
266. 419.6 4020 240 0.27 0.19 0.3
332 C4H8 2-butene,cis 56.108 134.3 9
276. 435.6 4200 234 7
0.27 1
0.20 0.3
333 C4H8 2-butene,trans 56.108 167.6 9
274 428.6 3990 238 1
0.26 2
0.20 0
334 C4H8 cyclobutane 56.108 182.4 285. 460 4990 210 6
0.27 5
0.18 0
335 C4H8 isobutylene 56.108 132.8 7
266. 417.9 4000 239 4
0.27 1
0.19 0.5
336 C4H8O n-butyraldehyde 72.107 176.8 2
348 545.4 5380 0 5
0 4
0.35 2.6
337 C4H8O isobutyraldehyde 72.107 208.2 337 513 4150 274 0.27 2
0.35 0
338 C4H8O methylethylketone 72.107 186.5 352. 536.8 4210 267 0.25 0.32 3.3
339 C4H8O tetrahydrofuran 72.107 164.7 7
338 540.1 5190 224 2
0.25 0.21 1.7
340 C4H8O vinylethylether 72.107 157.9 308. 475 4070 0 9
0 7
0.26 1.3
341 C4H8O2 n-butyricacid 88.107 267.9 7
437. 628 5270 290 0.29 8
0.68 1.5
342 C4H8O2 isobutyricacid 88.107 227.2 2
427. 609 4050 292 2
0.23 3
0.62 1.3
343 C4H8O2 1,4-dioxane 88.107 285 9
374. 587 5210 238 4
0.25 3
0.28 0.4
344 C4H8O2 ethylacetate 88.107 189.6 6
350. 523.2 3830 286 4
0.25 1
0.36 1.9
345 C4H8O2 methylpropionate 88.107 185.7 3
352. 530.6 4000 282 2
0.25 2
0.35 1.7
346 C4H8O2 n-propylformate 88.107 180.3 8
354. 538 4060 285 6
0.25 0.31 1.9
347 C4H8S tetrahydrothiophene 88.172 177 1
394. 632 0 0 9
0 4
0 1.9
348 C4H9Cl 1-chlorobutane 92.569 150.1 2
351. 542 3680 312 0.25 0.21 2
349 C4H9Cl 2-chlorobutane 92.569 141.8 6
341. 520.6 3950 305 5
0.28 8
0.3 2.1
350 C4H9Cl tert-butylchloride 92.569 247.8 4
324 507 3950 295 0.28 0.19 2.1
351 C4H9N pyrrolidine 71.123 0 359. 568.6 5610 249 0.29 0.27 1.6
352 C4H10 isobutane 58.124 113.6 6
261. 408.2 3650 263 5
0.28 4
0.18 0.1
353 C4H10O n-butanol 74.123 183.9 4
390. 563.1 4420 275 3
0.25 3
0.59 1.8
354 C4H10O 2-butanol 74.123 158.5 9
372. 536.1 4180 269 9
0.25 3
0.57 1.7
7 2 7
510
355 C4H10O isobutanol 74.123 165.2 381 547.8 4300 273 0.25 0.59 1.7
356 C4H10O tert-butanol 74.123 298.8 355. 506.2 3970 275 7
0.25 2
0.61 1.7
357 C4H10O diethylether 74.123 156.9 5
307. 466.7 3640 280 9
0.26 2
0.28 1.3
358 C4H10O methylpropylether 74.123 0 6
311. 476.3 3800 0 2
0 1
0.27 1.2
359 C4H10O methylisopropylether 74.123 0 7
303. 464.5 3760 0 0 1
0.26 0
360 C4H10O2 1,2-dimethoxyethane 90.123 202 9
358 536 3870 271 0.23 6
0.35 0
361 C4H10O3 diethyleneglycol 106.12 265 519 681 4700 0 5
0 8
0 0
362 C4H10S diethylsulfide 90.184 169.2 365. 557 3960 318 0.27 0.29 1.6
363 C4H10S2 diethyldisulfide 122.24 171.7 3
427. 642 0 0 2
0 2
0 2
364 C4H11N n-butylamine 73.139 224.1 1
349. 531.9 4200 0 0 0.32 1.3
365 C4H11N isobutylamine 73.139 188 5
336. 514.3 4100 0 0 9
0.36 1.2
366 C4H11N diethylamine 73.139 223.4 2
328. 496.5 3710 301 0.27 8
0.29 1.1
367 C5F12 perfluoropentane 288.03 0 6
302. 420.6 2050 473 1
0.27 1
0.43 0
368 C5H2F6O hexafluoroacetylacetone 208.06 0 4
327. 485.1 2770 0 6
0 2
0.27 0
369 2C5H4O2 furfural 96.085 234.5 3
434. 670 5890 0 0 8
0.38 3.6
370 C5H5N pyridine 79.102 231.5 9
388. 620 5630 254 0.27 3
0.24 2.3
371 C5H6N2 2-methylpyrazine 94.117 0 4
410 634.3 5010 283 7
0.26 3
0.31 0
372 C5H6O 2-methylfuran 82.102 0 338 527 4720 247 8
0.26 5
0.27 0.7
373 C5H8 cyclopentene 68.119 138.1 317. 506 0 0 6
0 0 0.9
374 C5H8 1,2-pentadiene 68.119 135.9 4
318 503 4070 276 0.26 0.17 0
375 C5H8 1,3-pentadiene,trans 68.119 185.7 315. 496 3990 275 9
0.26 3
0.17 0.7
376 C5H8 1,4-pentadiene 68.119 124.9 1
299. 478 3790 276 6
0.26 5
0.10 0.4
377 C5H8 pentyne 68.119 167.5 1
313. 493.5 4050 278 3
0.27 4
0.16 0.9
378 C5H8 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene 68.119 127.2 3
307. 484 3850 276 5
0.26 4
0.16 0.3
379 C5H8 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene 68.119 159.5 2
314 496 4110 267 4
0.26 4
0.16 0
380 C5H8O cyclopentanone 84.118 222.5 403. 634.6 5110 268 6
0.26 0.35 3
381 C5H8O dihydropyran 84.118 0 9
359 561.7 4560 268 0.26 0.24 1.4
382 C5H8O2 ethylacrylate 100.12 201 373 552 3740 320 2
0.26 7
0.4 0
383 C5H10 cyclopentane 70.135 179.3 322. 511.7 4510 260 1
0.27 0.19 0
384 C5H10 1-pentene 70.135 107.9 4
303. 464.8 3530 300 5
0.31 6
0.23 0.4
385 C5H10 2-pentene,cis 70.135 121.7 1
310. 476 3650 0 0 3
0.25 0
386 C5H10 2-pentene,trans 70.135 132.9 1
309. 475 3660 0 0 1
0.25 0
387 C5H10 2-methyl-1-butene 70.135 135.6 5
304. 465 3450 0 0 9
0.23 0.5
388 C5H10 2-methyl-2-butene 70.135 139.3 3
311. 470 3450 0 0 6
0.24 0
389 C5H10 3-methyl-1-butene 70.135 104.7 7
293. 450 3510 0 0 4
0.20 0
390 C5H10O valeraldehyde 86.134 182 3
376 554 3540 333 0.26 9
0.4 2.6
391 C5H10O methyl-n-propyl-ketone 86.134 196 375. 561.1 3690 301 0.23 0.34 2.5
392 C5H10O methyl 86.134 181 4
367. 553.4 3850 310 8
0.25 6
0.33 2.8
393 C5H10O diethyl-ketone 86.134 234.2 5
375. 561 3730 336 9
0.26 1
0.34 2.7
394 C5H10O 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran 86.134 0 1
351 537 3760 267 9
0.22 4
0.26 0
395 C5H10O tetrahydropyran 86.134 0 361 572.2 4770 263 5
0.26 4
0.21 1.6
396 C5H10O2 n-valeric-acid 102.13 239 459. 651 0 0 3
0 8
0 0
397 C5H10O2 isovaleric-acid 102.13 0 5
449. 634 0 0 0 0 1
398 C5H10O2 isobutyl-formate 102.13 178 7
371. 554 3730 352 0.28 0.39 1.9
399 C5H10O2 n-propyl-acetate 102.13 178 4
374. 549.4 3330 345 5
0.25 6
0.39 1.8
400 C5H10O2 ethyl-propionate 102.13 199.3 7
372. 546 3360 345 2
0.25 1
0.39 1.8
401 C5H10O2 methyl-butyrate 102.13 188.4 2
375. 554.4 3480 340 6
0.25 1
0.38 1.7
402 C5H10O2 methyl-isobutyrate 102.13 185.4 9
365. 540.8 3430 339 7
0.25 0.36 2
403 C5H11N piperidine 85.15 262.7 5
379. 594 4760 289 9
0.28 2
0.25 1.2
404 C5H12 n-pentane 72.151 143.4 6
309. 469.7 3370 304 0.26 1
0.25 0
405 C5H12 2-methyl-butane 72.151 113.3 2
301 460.4 3390 306 3
0.27 1
0.22 0.1
406 C5H12 2,2-dimethylpropane 72.151 256.6 282. 433.8 3200 303 1
0.26 7
0.19 0
407 C5H12O 1-pentanol 88.15 195 6
411. 588.2 3910 326 9
0.26 7
0.57 1.7
408 C5H12O 2-methyl-1-butanol 88.15 203 1
401. 571 3340 0 0 9
0 0
409 C5H12O 3-methyl-1-butanol 88.15 156 9
405. 579.4 0 0 0 0 1.8
410 C5H12O 2-methyl-2butanol 88.15 264.4 2
375. 545 3950 0 0 0 1.9
411 C5H12O 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol 88.15 327 5
386. 549 0 0 0 0 0
412 C4H9N0 morpholine 87.122 268.4 3
401. 618 5470 253 0.27 0.37 1.5
413 AlBr3 aliminiumtribromide 266.69 370.7 4
528 763 2890 310 0.41 0.39 5
414 C6H10O cyclohexanone 98.145 242 428. 629 3900 0 0 9
0 3.1
415 C6H12O methylbutylketone 100.16 216 8
400. 587 3320 0 0 0.39 0
416 C6H12O2 isoamylformate 116.16 0 7
396. 578 0 0 0 2
0 0
7
511
417 C6H14O 2-hexanol 102.18 0 411 586.2 0 0 0 0 0
418 C6H14O methylamylether 102.18 0 372 546.5 3040 392 0.26 0.34 0
419 C7F8 perfluorotoluene 236.06 0 377. 534.5 2710 428 2
0.26 7
0.47 0
420 C7H9N 2,3-dimethylpyridine 107.16 0 7
434. 655.4 0 0 0 5
0 2.2
431. 647 0 0 0 0 2.3
430. 644.2 0 0 0 0 2.2
417. 623.8 0 0 0 0 1.7
452. 683.8 0 0 0 0 1.9
445. 667.2 0 0 0 0 2.6
426 C7H9N p-toluidine 107.16 316.9 1
473. 667 2380 0 0 0.44 1.6
427 C7H14O methylamylketone 114.19 0 7
424. 611.5 3440 0 0 3
0.48 0
428 C7H14O2 isoamylacetate 130.19 194.7 2
415. 599 0 0 0 3
0 1.8
429 C7H16 2-methylhexane 100.21 154.9 7
363. 530.4 2730 421 0.26 0.32 0
430 C6H12O2 n-amylformate 116.16 199.7 2
403. 576 3460 1 1
0 9
0.53 0
A 6 8
EXAMPLE: Estimate the viscosity of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas at atmospheric pressure(101.325 kPa)
and 573.15 K temperature by using Chung method. The experimental viscosity is 0.246x10 -5 Pas
public class viscosityA

{
{double Ts=T/e_k;
return Ov;
}
public static double omegav(double Ts)
{
return Ov;
}
//reduced dipole moment Chun at al
public static double mur(double Vc,double Tc,double mu)
{ //mu : is dipole moment in debyes
//Vc cm^3/mole
//Tc degree K
double m=131.3*mu/Math.sqrt(Vc*1e3*Tc);
return m;
}
public static double Fc(double Vc,double Tc,double mu,double omega)
{// omega pitser' acentycity factor
double mr=mur(Vc,Tc,mu);
double F=1.0-0.2756*omega+0.059035*mr*mr*mr*mr;
System.out.println("mur="+mr+"F="+F);
return F;
}
//Method of Chung et. al.
public static double visc(double M,double T,double Vc,double Tc,double mu,double w)
{ double e_k=Tc/1.2503;
return visc(M,T,Vc,Tc,mu,w,e_k);
}
public static double visc(double M,double T,double Vc,double Tc,double mu,double w,double e_k)
{ double Tr=T/Tc;
double Ts=1.2593*Tr;
double Ov=omegav(Ts);
double F=Fc(Vc,Tc,mu,w);
double eta=40.785e-7*F*Math.sqrt(M*T)/Math.pow(Vc*1e3,(2.0/3.0))/Ov;
System.out.println("Ts="+Ts+"omega="+Ov+"eta="+eta);
return eta;
}

{double Tc=430.8; //Degree K
double Vc=122e-3; //m^3/kmol
double M=64.065; //kg/kmol
double mu=1.6; //Deby
double w=0.257;
double eta=visc(M,T,Vc,Tc,mu,w);
double eta1=2.46e-5; //Pas
512
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" viscosityA
mur=0.9163617355542482F=0.9707980146023764
Ts=1.6754127089136492omega=1.2557116160647797eta=2.4562775801970916E-5
viscosity = 2.4562775801970916E-5 Pas
error = 0.1513178781670145%
Lucas[124] suggested the following correlations:
 = 𝑓(𝑇𝑟 ) = [0.807𝑇𝑟0.618 − 0.357 exp(−0.449𝑇𝑟 ) + 0.340 exp(−4.058𝑇𝑟 ) + 0.018]𝐹𝑝0 𝐹𝑄0
1/6
(𝑅𝑇𝑐 )(𝑁0 )2
Where  = 0.01 [ ] where R=8314.46261815324 J/(kmolK) is universal gas constant
𝑀 3 𝑃𝑐4
N0=6.02214076x10 26
1/(kmol) is Avagadro’s constant. Pc is the critical pressure in kPa, T c is the
𝑇
critical temperature in degree K, M is molecular weight in kg/kmol, 𝑇𝑟 = is reduced temperature.
𝑇𝑐
𝜇𝑟⁡ is dimensionless dipole moment and 𝜇 is dipole moment in debyes. Lucas et al defined 𝜇𝑟⁡ as
⁡
𝜇2 𝑃𝑐
𝜇𝑟 = 0.5246
𝑇𝑐
0
Correction factor 𝐹𝑝 defined as:
𝐹𝑝0 = 1 0 ≤ 𝜇𝑟⁡ < 0.022
𝐹𝑝0 = 1 + 30.55(0.292 − 𝑍𝑐 )1.72 0.022 ≤ 𝜇𝑟⁡ < 0.075
𝐹𝑝0 = 1 + 30.55(0.292 − 𝑍𝑐 )1.72 [0.96 + 0.1(𝑇𝑟 − 0.7)] 0.075 ≤ 𝜇𝑟⁡
Correction factor 𝐹𝑝0 is used only for the quantum gases He, H2 and D2
𝐹𝑄0 = 1.22𝑄0.15 {1 + 0.00385[(𝑇𝑟 − 12)2 ]1/𝑀 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑇𝑟 − 12)}
Where Q=1.38(He), Q=0.76(H2), Q=0.52(D2)
Viscosity methods discussed so far is given in the following program:
public class viscosity

{
//Method of .Lucas
public static double visc(double T,double Tc,double Pc,double Zc,double M,double mu)
{//Enter Pc in kPa T and Tc in degree Kelvin M molecular mass in kg/kmol
//mu is dipole moment in deby
double N0=6.02214076e26;// avagadro number 1/kmol
double R=8314.46261815324; // Universal gas constant J/(kmolK)
double eps=0.01*Math.pow((R*Tc*N0*N0/(M*M*M*Pc*Pc*Pc*Pc)),(1.0/6.0));
double Tr=T/Tc;
double mur=0.5246*mu*mu*Pc/(Tc*Tc);
double FP=0;
if(mur<0.022 && mur>=0) FP=1.0;
else if(mur>=0.022 && mur<0.075) FP=1.0+30.55*Math.pow((0.292-Zc),1.72);
else FP=1.0+30.55*Math.pow((0.292-Zc),1.72)*(0.96+0.1*(Tr-0.7));
double eta=(0.807*Math.pow(Tr,0.618)-0.357*Math.exp(-0.449*Tr)+0.34*Math.exp(-4.058*Tr)+0.018)*FP/eps;
return eta;
}

double Pc=80.97e2; //kPa
double Zc=0.224;
double mu=1.7; //Deby
double T=550; //Degree K
513
double eta=visc(T,Tc,Pc,Zc,M,mu);
}
}
EXAMPLE:
Estimate the viscosity of methanol vapor at a temperature T=550 K and P=100 kPa by using Lucas
method. The experimental value is 1.81x10-5 Pas. Calculate the error
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" viscosity
viscosity = 1.7788626008221592E-5 Pas
error = 1.7202982971182734%
VİSCOSİTY OF GAS MIXTURES
When viscosity of gas mixtures are required Method of Wilke [133] can be used
𝑛
𝑦
𝑖 𝑖
𝑚 = ∑
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑦𝑖 𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1
1/2
 𝑀𝑗 1/4
[1 + ( 𝑖 ) (𝑀 ) ]
𝑗 𝑖
𝑖𝑗 = 1/2
𝑀𝑗
[8 (1 + (𝑀 ))]
𝑖
EXAMPLE: Predict viscosity of the exhaust gas mixtures given below at 800 K
Gas %
N2 72
CO2 10
H2 O 10
O2 8
public class viscosity_mix

{
public Gas gasList[];
public double N;
public int ngas;
public viscosity_mix(String gasname[],double Ni[])

{ngas=gasname.length;
gasList=new Gas[ngas];
N=0;
for(int i=0;i<ngas;i++)
{ gasList[i]=new Gas(gasname[i],Ni[i]);
N+=Ni[i];
}
N/=ngas;
}
public double vis(double T)
{
// dynamic viscosity of the mixture
// Wilke method
double vmix=0;
for(int i=0;i<ngas;i++)
{
T=T;
double fij;
514
double xj=0;
double p1;
double c1,c2,c3;
for(int j=0;j<ngas;j++)
{
double vratio;
double xi=gasList[i].M/gasList[j].M;
if(gasList[j].vis(T)!=0)
{
c1=gasList[i].vis(T)/gasList[j].vis(T);
vratio=Math.sqrt(c1);
}
else
vratio=0;
c2=Math.pow(xi,0.25);
p1=(1+vratio/c2);
c3=8.0+8.0*xi;
fij=p1*p1 / Math.sqrt(c3);
xj+=fij*gasList[j].N/N;
}
vmix+=gasList[i].N/N*gasList[i].vis(T)/xj;
}
return vmix;
}
{String gasname[]={"n2","co2","h2o","o2"};
double N[]={0.71,0.1,0.1,0.08};
viscosity_mix vm=new viscosity_mix(gasname,N);
double T=800; //degree K
double vis=vm.vis(T);
System.out.println("vis="+vis+" Pas");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" viscosity_mix
vis=3.497000369572745E-5 Pas
Where 𝑚 is the viscosity of the mixture 𝑖 , pure component viscosities, 𝑦𝑖 mole fractions (kg/kmol)
As a second method for gas mixtures Lucas[124] Method is defined below:
𝑇𝑐𝑚 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝑖
∑𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑍𝑐𝑖
𝑃𝑐𝑚 = 𝑅𝑇𝑐𝑚
∑𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑉𝑐𝑖
𝑀𝑚 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑀𝑖
𝑖
0 0
𝐹𝑃𝑚 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝐹𝑃𝑖
𝑖
0 0
𝐹𝑄𝑚 = (∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝐹𝑄𝑖 )𝐴
𝑖
0.87
𝑀𝐻 𝑀𝐻
𝐴 = 1 − 0.01 ( ) ⁡⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡⁡ ( ) > 9⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡0.05 < 𝑦𝐻 < 0.7⁡
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿
Where 𝑀𝐻 is the highest molecular weight and 𝑀𝐿 is the lowest molecular weight.
VISCOSITY OF HIGH PRESSURE GASES
If the gas pressure is high, low prossure estimations will not be valid anymore and effect of pressure in
viscosity should be taken into the account. Reichenberg[123] suggested the following correlation:
515
3/2
 𝐴𝑃𝑟
=1+𝑄
0 𝐵𝑃𝑟 + (1 + 𝐶𝑃𝑟𝐷 )−1
Where
𝛼1
𝐴= exp⁡(𝛼2 𝑇𝑟𝑎 ) 𝐵 = 𝐴(𝛽1 𝑇𝑟 − 𝛽2 )
𝑇𝑟
𝛾1 𝛿1
𝐶= exp⁡(𝛾2 𝑇𝑟𝑐 ) 𝐷= exp⁡(𝛿2 𝑇𝑟𝑑 )
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟
𝛼1 =1.9824x10-3 𝛼2 =5.2683 a=-0.5767
𝛽1 =1.6552 𝛽2 =1.276
𝛾1 =0.1319 𝛾2 =3.7035 c=-79.8678
𝛿1 =2.9496 𝛿2 =2.919 d=-16.6169
𝜇2 𝑃𝑐
𝑄 = (1 − 5.655𝜇𝑟 ) where ⁡𝜇𝑟⁡ = 0.5246
𝑇𝑐
For non-polar materials Q=1
PROBLEM: Use Reichenberg method to estimate the viscosity of n-pentane vapor at T=500 K and
P=101 bar. Experimental value is 5.46x10-5 Pas.
public class viscosity1

{ //high pressure viscosity
public static double vis(String name,double T,double P,double Tc,double Pc,double mu)
{//P kPA T degree K
double alpha1=1.9824e-3;
double alpha2=5.2683;
double a=-0.5767;
double beta1=1.6552;
double beta2=1.276;
double gamma1=0.1319;
double gamma2=3.7035;
double c=-79.8678;
double delta1=2.9496;
double delta2=2.919;
double d=-16.6169;
double Tr=T/Tc;
double Pr=P/Pc;
double A=alpha1/Tr*Math.exp(alpha2*Math.pow(Tr,a));
double B=A*(beta1*Tr-beta2);
double C=gamma1/Tr*Math.exp(gamma2*Math.pow(Tr,c));
double D=delta1/Tr*Math.exp(delta2*Math.pow(Tr,d));
Gas g=new Gas(name);
double vis0=g.vis(T);
System.out.println("vis0="+vis0);
double mur=0.5246*mu*mu*Pc/Tc;
double Q=1.0-5.655*mur;
double ratio=1+Q*A*Math.pow(Pr,1.5)/(B*Pr+1.0/(1.0+C*Math.pow(Pr,D)));
double vis=vis0*ratio;
return vis;
}
double mu=0; //Deby
double P=101e2;
double eta=vis("c5h12",T,P,Tc,Pc,mu);
}}
516
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" viscosity1
Pr=2.9970326409495547Tr=1.0645092612305727
A=0.29992897584825234B=0.14575820274271756C=0.12706048708828802D=7.784556283273705
vis0=1.1557614648554248E-5
ratio=4.549878004832756
viscosity = 5.258573667778984E-5 Pas
error = 3.6891269637548687%
In a similar manner Lucas[124],[125][126] described high pressure gas viscosity by using the following
equations
𝑍1 = 0 =[0.807𝑇𝑟0.618 − 0.357 exp(−0.449𝑇𝑟 ) 0.34 exp(−4.058𝑇𝑟 ) + 0.018]𝐹𝑝0 𝐹𝑄0
Where 0 refres the low pressure viscosity.
𝑃𝑣𝑝
If 𝑇𝑟⁡ ≤1⁡⁡and⁡𝑃𝑟 < ( ) ⁡⁡⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑃𝑐
𝛽
𝑍2 = 0.6+0.76𝑃𝑟𝛼 + (6.99𝑃𝑟 − 0.6)(1 − 𝑇𝑟 )
With 𝛼 = 3.262 + 14.98𝑃𝑟5.508
𝛽 = 1.390 + 5.746𝑃𝑟
If 1 ≤ 𝑇𝑟⁡ ≤1⁡⁡and⁡0≤𝑃𝑟⁡ ≤ 100⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑎𝑃𝑟𝑒
𝑍2 = 𝑍1 [1 + 𝑓 −1 ]
𝑏+𝑃𝑟 +(1+𝑐𝑃𝑟𝑑 )
𝑎1
𝑎= exp(𝛼2 𝑇𝑟𝑎 ) 𝑏 = 𝑎(𝛽1 𝑇𝑟 − 𝛽2 )
𝑇𝑟
𝑐1 𝑑1
𝑐= exp(𝑐2 𝑇𝑟𝑐 ) 𝑑= exp(𝑑2 𝑇𝑟𝜀 )
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟
e=1.3088

f=𝑓1 exp (𝑓1 𝑇𝑟 )
𝑎1 = 1.245𝑥10−3 𝑎2 = 5.1726 𝛾 = −0.3286
𝑏1 = 1.6553 𝑏2 = 1.2723
𝑐1 = 0.4489 𝑐2 = 3.0578 𝛿 = −37.7332
𝑑1 = 1.7368 𝑑2 = 2.2310 𝜀 = −7.6351
𝑓1 = 0.9425 𝑓2 = −0.1853
After computing Z1 and Z2 calculate correction factors FP and FQ as:
𝑍2
𝑌=
𝑍1
1 + (𝐹𝑝0 − 1)𝑌 −3
𝐹𝑃 =
𝐹𝑝0
1 + (𝐹𝑄0 − 1)[𝑌 −1 − 0.007(ln⁡(𝑌))4 ]
𝐹𝑄 =
𝐹𝑄0
𝐹𝑝0 and 𝐹𝑄0 are low pressure polarity and quantum factors. Low pressure polarity 𝐹𝑝0 defined as:
𝐹𝑝0 = 1 0 ≤ 𝜇𝑟⁡ < 0.022
𝐹𝑝0 = 1 + 30.55(0.292 − 𝑍𝑐 )1.72 0.022 ≤ 𝜇𝑟⁡ < 0.075
𝐹𝑝0 = 1 + 30.55(0.292 − 𝑍𝑐 )1.72 [0.96 + 0.1(𝑇𝑟 − 0.7)] 0.075 ≤ 𝜇𝑟⁡
Quantumr 𝐹𝑄0 is used only for the quantum gases He, H2 and D2
𝐹𝑄0 = 1.22𝑄0.15 {1 + 0.00385[(𝑇𝑟 − 12)2 ]1/𝑀 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑇𝑟 − 12)}
Where Q=1.38(He), Q=0.76(H2), Q=0.52(D2)
Finally, the dense gas viscosity is calculated as:
517
𝑍2 𝐹𝑃 𝐹𝑄
=

1/6
(𝑅𝑇𝑐 )(𝑁0 )2
Where  = 0.01 [ ] , R=8314.46261815324 J/(kmolK) is universal gas constant
𝑀 3 𝑃𝑐4
N0=6.02214076x10 1/(kmol) is Avagadro’s constant. Pc is the critical pressure in kPa, T c is the
26
critical temperature in degree K, M is molecular weight in kg/kmol
PROBLEM: Estimate the viscosity of ammonia gas at 420 K and 30000 kPa pressure by using Lucas method. The
experimental value of  is 5.71x10-5 Pas.

{ //high pressure viscosity Method of .Lucas
public static double visc(String name,double T,double P,double Tc,double Pc,double Zc,double M,double mu)
System.out.println("eps="+eps);
double Tr=T/Tc;
double Pr=P/Pc;
System.out.println("Tr="+Tr+"Pr="+Pr);
System.out.println("mur="+mur);
double FP0=0;
if(mur<0.022 && mur>=0) FP0=1.0;
else if(mur>=0.022 && mur<0.075) FP0=1.0+30.55*Math.pow((0.292-Zc),1.72);
else FP0=1.0+30.55*Math.pow((0.292-Zc),1.72)*(0.96+0.1*(Tr-0.7));
System.out.println("FP0="+FP0);
double FQ0=1.0;
double Q=0;
if(name.equals("h2"))
{Q=0.76;FQ0=1.22*Math.pow(Q,0.15)*(1.0+0.00385*Math.pow(((Tr-12.0)*(Tr-12.0)),1.0/M)*(Tr-12.0)/Math.abs(Tr-12.0));}
else if (name.equals("he"))
else if(name.equals("d2"))
{Q=0.52;;FQ0=1.22*Math.pow(Q,0.15)*(1.0+0.00385*Math.pow(((Tr-12.0)*(Tr-12.0)),1.0/M)*(Tr-12.0)/Math.abs(Tr-12.0));}
else
{Q=0;FQ0=1.0;}
double Z1=(0.807*Math.pow(Tr,0.618)-0.357*Math.exp(-0.449*Tr)+0.34*Math.exp(-4.058*Tr)+0.018)*FP0*FQ0;
double eta0=Z1/eps;
System.out.println("Z1="+Z1+"eta0="+eta0);
double Z2=Z1;
double alpha=0;
double beta=0;
double a,b,c,d,e,f,a1,a2,b1,b2,c1,c2,d1,d2,f1,f2,gamma,delta,epsilon,xsi,Y;
if(Tr<=1.0)
{
alpha=3.262+14.98*Math.pow(Pr,5.508);
beta=1.390+5.746*Pr;
Z2=0.6+0.76*Math.pow(Pr,alpha)+(6.99*Math.pow(Pr,beta)-0.6)*(1.0-Tr);
}
else if(Tr>=1 && Tr<40 && Pr>0 && Pr<=100.0)
{a1=1.245e-3;a2=5.1726;gamma=-0.3286;
b1=1.653;b2=1.2723;
c1=0.4489;c2=3.0578;delta=-37.7332;
d1=1.7368;d2=2.2310;epsilon=-7.6351;
f1=0.9425;f2=-0.1853;xsi=0.4489;
a=a1/Tr*Math.exp(a2*Math.pow(Tr,gamma));
b=a*(b1*Tr-b2);
c=c1/Tr*Math.exp(c2*Math.pow(Tr,delta));
d=d1/Tr*Math.exp(d2*Math.pow(Tr,epsilon));
e=1.3088;
f=f1*Math.exp(f2*Math.pow(Tr,xsi));
System.out.println("a="+a+"b="+b+"c="+c+"d="+d+"e="+e+"f="+f);
Z2=Z1*(1.0+a*Math.pow(Pr,e)/(b*Math.pow(Pr,f)+1.0/(1.0+c*Math.pow(Pr,d))));
}
Y=Z2/Z1;
System.out.println("Z2="+Z2+"Y="+Y);
double FP=(1.0+(FP0-1.0)/(Y*Y*Y))/FP0;
518
double lnY=Math.log(Y);
double FQ=(1.0+(FQ0-1.0)*(1.0/Y-0.007*lnY*lnY*lnY*lnY))/FQ0;
double eta=Z2*FP*FQ/eps;
System.out.println("FP="+FP+"FQ="+FQ+"eta="+eta);
return eta;
}
double Zc=0.244;
double mu=1.47; //Debyes
double M=17.031;//kg/kmol
double P=300e2;//kPa
double eta=visc("c5h12",T,P,Tc,Pc,Zc,M,mu);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

eps=49605.21180786296
Tr=1.0357583230579532Pr=2.6424733550603365
mur=0.0782693769146492
FP0=1.163661739215932
Z1=0.7256183338078463eta0=1.4627864842476655E-5
a=0.1997821513499511b=0.08786588991320828c=0.9763879591012788d=9.234925678658891e=1.3088f=0.7807775467359662
Z2=3.479691717204067Y=4.7954848369715215
FP=0.8606315906763139FQ=1.0eta=6.0371330118296836E-5
viscosity = 6.0371330118296836E-5 Pas
error = -5.72912455043229%
PROBLEM: Use Reichenberg method to estimate the viscosity of n-pentane vapor at T=500 K and
P=101 bar. Experimental value is 5.46x10-5 Pas.
{ //high pressure viscosity Method of .Lucas
public static double visc(String name,double T,double P,double Tc,double Pc,double Zc,double M,double mu)
double Tr=T/Tc;
double Pr=P/Pc;
System.out.println("Tr="+Tr+"Pr="+Pr);
System.out.println("mur="+mur);
double FP0=0;
if(mur<0.022 && mur>=0) FP0=1.0;
else if(mur>=0.022 && mur<0.075) FP0=1.0+30.55*Math.pow((0.292-Zc),1.72);
else FP0=1.0+30.55*Math.pow((0.292-Zc),1.72)*(0.96+0.1*(Tr-0.7));
System.out.println("FP0="+FP0);
double FQ0=1.0;
double Q=0;
if(name.equals("h2"))
else if (name.equals("he"))
else if(name.equals("d2"))
{Q=0.52;;FQ0=1.22*Math.pow(Q,0.15)*(1.0+0.00385*Math.pow(((Tr-12.0)*(Tr-12.0)),1.0/M)*(Tr-12.0)/Math.abs(Tr-12.0));}
else
{Q=0;FQ0=1.0;}
double Z1=(0.807*Math.pow(Tr,0.618)-0.357*Math.exp(-0.449*Tr)+0.34*Math.exp(-4.058*Tr)+0.018)*FP0*FQ0;
double eta0=Z1/eps;
Gas g=new Gas("name");
System.out.println("Z1="+Z1+"eta0="+eta0);
System.out.println("viscosity value by using class Gas="+g.vis(T));
double Z2=Z1;
519
double alpha=0;
double beta=0;
double a,b,c,d,e,f,a1,a2,b1,b2,c1,c2,d1,d2,f1,f2,gamma,delta,epsilon,xsi,Y;
if(Tr<=1.0)
{
alpha=3.262+14.98*Math.pow(Pr,5.508);
beta=1.390+5.746*Pr;
Z2=0.6+0.76*Math.pow(Pr,alpha)+(6.99*Math.pow(Pr,beta)-0.6)*(1.0-Tr);
}
else if(Tr>=1 && Tr<40 && Pr>0 && Pr<=100.0)
{a1=1.245e-3;a2=5.1726;gamma=-0.3286;
b1=1.653;b2=1.2723;
c1=0.4489;c2=3.0578;delta=-37.7332;
d1=1.7368;d2=2.2310;epsilon=-7.6351;
f1=0.9425;f2=-0.1853;xsi=0.4489;
a=a1/Tr*Math.exp(a2*Math.pow(Tr,gamma));
b=a*(b1*Tr-b2);
c=c1/Tr*Math.exp(c2*Math.pow(Tr,delta));
d=d1/Tr*Math.exp(d2*Math.pow(Tr,epsilon));
e=1.3088;
f=f1*Math.exp(f2*Math.pow(Tr,xsi));
System.out.println("a="+a+"b="+b+"c="+c+"d="+d+"e="+e+"f="+f);
Z2=Z1*(1.0+a*Math.pow(Pr,e)/(b*Math.pow(Pr,f)+1.0/(1.0+c*Math.pow(Pr,d))));
}
Y=Z2/Z1;
System.out.println("Z2="+Z2+"Y="+Y);
double FP=(1.0+(FP0-1.0)/(Y*Y*Y))/FP0;
double lnY=Math.log(Y);
double FQ=(1.0+(FQ0-1.0)*(1.0/Y-0.007*lnY*lnY*lnY*lnY))/FQ0;
double eta=Z2*FP*FQ/eps;
System.out.println("FP="+FP+"FQ="+FQ+"eta="+eta);
return eta;
}
double Zc=0.26;
double mu=0; //Debyes
double M=72.151;//kg/kmol
double P=101e2;//kPa
double eta=visc("c5h12",T,P,Tc,Pc,Zc,M,mu);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

eps=55503.23718079557
Tr=1.0645092612305727Pr=2.9970326409495547
mur=0.0
FP0=1.0
Z1=0.6399546013525853eta0=1.153004101847258E-5
viscosity value by using class Gas=1.3087179810183268E-5
a=0.18568461945210255b=0.09049039283579664c=0.5630321346079307d=6.512794946711124e=1.3088f=0.7789620201174583
Z2=2.973712898540491Y=4.646756023404405
FP=1.0FQ=1.0eta=5.357728755268732E-5
viscosity = 5.357728755268732E-5 Pas
error = 1.8730997203528892%
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS
520
Viscosity of liquids does not have any general theory like collision theory of gases, Therefore equations
to describe liquid viscosities are usually based on a reference point viscosity and a form of curve fitting.
Przezdziecki and Sridar Method[132]:

𝑉0
𝐿 =
𝐸(𝑉 − 𝑉0 )
Where 𝐿 liquid viscosity, Pas
Tc critical temperature, degree K
Vc critical volume m3/kmol
M molecular weight kg/kmol
TfP freezing temperature degree K (at 101.325 kPa)
 acentric factor
Vm liquid molar volume at TfP m3/kmol
VR reference liquid molar volume m3/kmol at reference temperature T R degree K
At any other temperature
𝑓(𝑇) 𝑅
𝑉(𝑇) = 𝑉
𝑓(𝑇𝑅 )
Where
𝑓(𝑇) = 𝐻1 (1 − 𝜔𝐻2 )
𝐻1 = 0.33593 − 0.33953𝑇𝑟 + 1.51941𝑇𝑟2 − 2.02512𝑇𝑟3 + 1.11422𝑇𝑟4

𝐻2 = 0.29607 − 0.0904𝑇𝑟 − 0.048421𝑇𝑟2
𝑉0 m3/kmol
𝑉𝑚
𝑉0 = (0.0085𝜔𝑇𝑐 − 2.02) ∗ 10−3 +
𝑇𝑓𝑝
0.342 + 0.894
𝑇𝑐
𝑉𝑐
𝐸 = −1.12𝑥10−3 +
𝑇𝑓𝑃
12.94 + 0.1𝑀 − 0.23𝑥10−2 𝑃𝑐 + 0.0424𝑇𝑓𝑃 − 11.58
𝑇𝑐
EXAMPLE: Estimate viscosity of Toluene at 383 K. Experimental value is 0.249e-5
public class viscosity_liquid

{ public static double viscosity(double T, double Tfp,double Tc,double Pc,double Vc,double VL,double TL,double w,double M)
{ // T temperature
// Tc,Pc,Vc specific temperature degree K, specific pressure kPa, specific volume m^3/kmol
// w acentric factor
// Vm liquid molar volume
// Tfp freezing point degree K
// VL(TL) volume m^3/kmolat the reference temperature TL
if_x f=x->{double Tr=x/Tc;
double H1=0.33593-0.33953*Tr+1.51941*Tr*Tr-2.02512*Tr*Tr*Tr+1.11422*Tr*Tr*Tr*Tr;
double H2=0.29607-0.09045*Tr-0.04842*Tr*Tr;
double ff= H1*(1.0-w*H2);
System.out.println("T="+x+"Tr="+Tr+"H1="+H1+"H2="+H2+"ff="+ff);
return ff;
};
double fL=f.func(TL);
double ff=f.func(T);
double ff1=f.func(Tfp);
System.out.println("fL="+fL+"ff="+ff+"ff1="+ff1);
double Vr=VL/Vc;
double Vm=ff1/fL*VL;
double V=ff/fL*VL;
double V0=(0.0085*w*Tc-2.02)*1e-3+Vm/(0.342*(Tfp/Tc)+0.894);
double E=-1.12*1e-3+Vc/(12.94+0.1*M-0.23*Pc*1e-2+0.0424*Tfp-11.58*Tfp/Tc);
double eta=V0/(E*(V-V0));
System.out.println("Vm="+Vm+"Vr="+Vr+"V0="+V0+"V="+V+"E="+E+"eta="+eta*1e-5);
return eta*1e-5;
521
}
{ double T=383;
double Tc=591.75;
double Vc=316e-3; //m^3/kmol
double Tfp=178.0; //degree K
double w=0.264;
//reference liquid volume VL at temperature TL
double VL=106.87e-3; //m^3/kmol
double TL=298.15;//Degree K
viscosity(T, Tfp,Tc,Pc,Vc,VL,TL,w,M);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" viscosity_liquid
T=298.15Tr=0.503844528939586H1=0.3633572080734229H2=0.23820539459905768ff=0.34050704523122394
T=383.0Tr=0.6472327841149134H1=0.3991255498803614H2=0.21724415907254532ff=0.37623471854605606
T=178.0Tr=0.30080270384452895H1=0.3252819633210632H2=0.2644812440865449ff=0.302569785039813
fL=0.34050704523122394ff=0.37623471854605606ff1=0.302569785039813
Vm=0.09496318322943087Vr=0.33819620253164556V0=0.0945688058770237V=0.11808332583460446E=0.01772372889070655eta=0
.002269115956445087
Viscosity of some liquids utilised as heat transfer fluids are listed below as adta and polynomial least
square curve fitting coefficients
Water 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa water
c[0] = 3.2369615827675666 TK  Pas
c[1] = -0.04741447156439535 273 0.0017912
c[2] = 2.5006856595267827E-4 275 0.0016819
c[3] = -3.8808225971981284E-7
c[4] = -1.4438559160868313E-9 280 0.0014336
c[5] = 7.629200587234908E-12 285 0.0012392
c[6] = -1.3833661670702365E-14 290 0.001084
c[7] = 1.0858773920300192E-17 295 0.00095781
c[8] = -2.644656439331438E-21
R2 = 0.9999999932399326 300 0.00085374
305 0.00076679
310 0.00069333
315 0.00063066
320 0.00057673
325 0.00052997
330 0.00048915
335 0.0004533
340 0.00042163
345 0.00039353
350 0.00036847
355 0.00034603
360 0.00032586
365 0.00030765
370 0.00029117
372.76 0.00028275
Ethanol 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa Ethanol

c[0] = 0.8587749945994518 TK  Pas
c[1] = -0.01151949693488959 250 0.0031425
c[2] = 5.2370662980507504E-5 255 0.0027725
c[3] = -4.868894667132381E-8
c[4] = -2.7272544174105575E-10 260 0.0024557
c[5] = 3.930444294481756E-13 265 0.0021831
c[6] = 1.9957794870453912E-15 270 0.0019476
c[7] = -5.99395752171059E-18 275 0.0017432
c[8] = 4.714167908605965E-21
R2 = 0.9999999776274365 280 0.0015653
285 0.0014097
522
290 0.0012733
295 0.0011532
300 0.0010472
305 0.00095329
310 0.0008699
315 0.00079561
320 0.00072926
325 0.00066983
330 0.00061645
335 0.0005684
340 0.00052503
345 0.00048578
350 0.00045018
351.05 0.00044311
Methanol 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa Methanol

c[0] = 8.787212577205471 TK Pas
c[1] = -0.2092606755080141 180 0.010451
c[2] = 0.002057479893776877 185 0.00828
c[3] = -1.0420086172935875E-5
c[4] = 2.6119007262147922E-8 190 0.006646
c[5] = -1.2783581716733907E-11 195 0.005428
c[6] = -9.33147226638734E-14 200 0.00451
c[7] = 2.1864816507056146E-16 205 0.003805
c[8] = -1.54414274924783E-19
R2 = 0.9999766176756644 210 0.003254
215 0.002813
220 0.002455
225 0.00216
230 0.001912
235 0.001703
240 0.001524
245 0.001371
250 0.001237
255 0.001121
260 0.001019
265 0.00093
270 0.000851
275 0.000781
280 0.000719
285 0.000663
290 0.000614
295 0.000569
300 0.000529
305 0.000493
310 0.000461
315 0.000431
320 0.000404
325 0.000379
330 0.000357
335 0.000336
337.3 0.000327
Mercury 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑5𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa Mercury

c[0] = 0.008505006995799922 TK Pas
c[1] = -5.40488715893246E-5 273 0.001688
c[2] = 1.5317086852741352E-7 300 0.001523
c[3] = -1.9124205008472784E-10
350 0.001309
c[4] = 6.518688865086575E-14
c[5] = 3.4073196380036E-17 400 0.001171
R2 = 1.0 450 0.001075
500 0.001007
550 9.53E-04
600 9.11E-04
523
Tetrachloromethane 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑5𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 tetrachloromethane
P=100 kPa TK Pas
c[0] = 0.002006081246907952
c[1] = -2.2961698656332422E-5 248 4.90E-06
c[2] = 8.836082985402947E-8
273 1.33E-06
c[3] = -9.621928279095551E-11
c[4] = -1.3984952656049176E-13 293 9.65E-07
c[5] = 2.722702487799705E-16
R2 = 1.0 323 6.51E-07
373 3.83E-07
Caution: minimum number of data, it is not given a reliable curve

fitting
tricholoroethylene 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑5𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 tricholoroethylene

P=100 kPa TK Pas
c[0] = -4.535756933253732E-5 188 2.26E-06
c[1] = 1.0411625211245255E-6 198 2.01E-06
c[2] = -8.417103562485085E-9 223 1.40E-06
c[3] = 3.207435189116408E-11 248 9.81E-07
c[4] = -5.899381170955896E-14
c[5] = 4.235999293526989E-17 273 7.10E-07
R2 = 0.999999985122112 293 5.76E-07
323 4.46E-07
373 3.43E-07
therminolD12 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑6𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa therminolD12

c[0] = 0.003656505934251059 TK Pas
c[1] = -5.931052164281876E-5 188 2.96E-04
c[2] = 3.9740280627509773E-7 223 1.21E-05
c[3] = -1.406391140255445E-9
253 3.23E-06
c[4] = 2.771119168866921E-12
c[5] = -2.881775188185996E-15 273 1.93E-06
c[6] = 1.2356590909473694E-18 293 1.29E-06
R2 = 0.9999984310265598 323 8.00E-07
373 4.50E-07
524
423 2.90E-07
473 2.00E-07
523 1.50E-07
therminolVLT 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa therminolVLT

c[0] = 0.01974436355490033 TK Pas
c[1] = -5.135647340116697E-4 163.15 3.10E-05
c[2] = 5.769374224336889E-6 173.15 1.62E-05
c[3] = -3.654442953889881E-8
c[4] = 1.427396798688836E-10 223.15 2.32E-06
c[5] = -3.520871171897029E-13 253.15 1.03E-06
c[6] = 5.357391053339772E-16 273.15 8.76E-07
c[7] = -4.599354638935805E-19 293.15 6.61E-07
c[8] = 1.706426123631801E-22
323.15 4.60E-07
R2 = 0.9999983015480144
373.15 2.77E-07
423.15 1.77E-07
473.15 1.18E-07
glycerine 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa glycerine

c[0] = -3.235967041975914 TK Pas
c[1] = 0.073125126401012 273 0.00106
c[2] = -6.087265216698797E-4 280 5.34E-04
c[3] = 2.411932747732771E-6
290 1.85E-04
c[4] = -4.624252159889307E-9
c[5] = 3.4642605018161598E-12 300 7.99E-05
R2 = 0.999999840267496 310 3.52E-05
320 2.10E-05
xceltherm_MK1 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa xceltherm_MK1

c[0] = -3.551838283353483 TK Pas
c[1] = 0.0660782511039661 273 5.71E-04
c[2] = -5.223568245930484E-4 288.6 4.96E-04
c[3] = 2.2773256165820594E-6
c[4] = -5.922275731055917E-9 299.7 3.47E-04
c[5] = 9.209456156026099E-12 310.8 2.63E-04
525
c[6] = -7.979618512654582E-15 321.9 2.12E-04
c[7] = 3.0582146124692673E-18 333 1.73E-04
c[8] = -1.0951200853428187E-22
R2 = 0.9995688341054612 344.1 1.45E-04
355.2 1.25E-04
366.3 1.08E-04
377.4 9.36E-05
388.6 8.22E-05
399.7 7.30E-05
410.8 6.54E-05
421.9 5.91E-05
433 5.37E-05
444.1 4.90E-05
455.2 4.49E-05
466.3 4.14E-05
477.4 3.83E-05
488.6 3.54E-05
499.7 3.30E-05
Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane
𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa TK  Pas
c[0] = 0.2670546672322028 200.15 0.0038
c[1] = -0.012612199866618972 223.15 0.003
c[2] = 2.1819514146226673E-4 248.15 0.0023
c[3] = -1.942134413979056E-6 273.15 0.0018
c[4] = 1.0088386887160388E-8
c[5] = -3.192903280917403E-11 298.15 0.0014
c[6] = 6.081159766939502E-14 323.15 0.0011
c[7] = -6.418368139937804E-17 348.15 8.00E-04
c[8] = 2.888263566503347E-20 373.15 7.00E-04
R2 = 0.9999997278524152
398.15 5.00E-04
423.15 4.00E-04
Oil 𝜂(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa oil

c[0] = 0.2670546672322028 TK Pas
c[1] = -0.012612199866618972 200.15 0.0038
c[2] = 2.1819514146226673E-4 223.15 0.003
c[3] = -1.942134413979056E-6
c[4] = 1.0088386887160388E-8 248.15 0.0023
c[5] = -3.192903280917403E-11 273.15 0.0018
c[6] = 6.081159766939502E-14 298.15 0.0014
c[7] = -6.418368139937804E-17 323.15 0.0011
c[8] = 2.888263566503347E-20
348.15 8.00E-04
R2 = 0.9999997278524152
373.15 7.00E-04
398.15 5.00E-04
423.15 4.00E-04
526
11.5.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity is defined by Fourier’s low of conduction as:
𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘(𝑇)
𝜕𝑥
Therefore the SI unit of thermal conductivity is W/(mK)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LOW PRESSURE GASES

Method of Chung et. Al.[121],[122]
𝑘(𝑇)𝑀 3.75𝜓
=
𝜂(𝑇)𝐶𝑣 (𝑇) 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇)/𝑅
Where
𝑘 Thermal conductivity W/(mK)
M molecular weight kg/kmol
𝜂 low pressure gas viscosity Ns/m2 Pas
𝐶𝑣 ⁡ heat capacity at constant volume kJ/(kmolK)
R universal gas constant 8.3145 kJ/(kmolK)
𝜓 = 1 + 𝛼{[0.215 + 0.28288𝛼 − 1.061𝛽 + 0.26665𝑍]/[0.6366 + 𝛽𝑍 + 1.061𝛼𝛽]}
𝐶𝑣 (𝑇)
𝛼= − 3/2
𝑅
𝛽 = 0.7862 − 0.7109𝜔 + 1.3168𝜔 2
𝑍 = 2.0 + 10.5𝑇𝑟2
Term 𝛽 is an emprical correlation and apply only for non-polar gases.
EXAMPLE: Use Chung Method to estimate the thermal conductivity of isopentane vapor at 100 kPa
and 373.15 K. The tabulated value is 0.022 W/(mK)
public class thermal_conductivity
{
{double Ts=T/e_k;
return Ov;
}
public static double omegav(double Ts)
{
return Ov;
}
//reduced dipole moment Chun at al
public static double mur(double Vc,double Tc,double mu)
{ //mu : is dipole moment in debyes
//Vc cm^3/mole
//Tc degree K
double m=131.3*mu/Math.sqrt(Vc*1e3*Tc);
return m;
}
public static double Fc(double Vc,double Tc,double mu,double omega)
{// omega pitser' acentycity factor
double mr=mur(Vc,Tc,mu);
double F=1.0-0.2756*omega+0.059035*mr*mr*mr*mr;
return F;
}
//Method of Chung et. al.
public static double visc(double M,double T,double Vc,double Tc,double mu,double w)
{ double e_k=Tc/1.2503;
return visc(M,T,Vc,Tc,mu,w,e_k);
}
public static double visc(double M,double T,double Vc,double Tc,double mu,double w,double e_k)
527
{ double Tr=T/Tc;
double Ts=1.2593*Tr;
double Ov=omegav(Ts);
double F=Fc(Vc,Tc,mu,w);
double eta=40.785e-7*F*Math.sqrt(M*T)/Math.pow(Vc*1e3,(2.0/3.0))/Ov;
return eta;
}
//Method of chang
public static double thermal_conductivity(String name,double T,double P,double Tc,double Pc,double Vc,double Zc,double M,double
mu,double w)
{ double R=8.31446261815324; // Universal gas constant J/(kmolK)
double visc=visc(M,T,Vc,Tc,mu,w);
double Tr=T/Tc;
Gas g=new Gas(name);
double Cv=g.Cv(T); //kJ/(kmolK);
double alpha=Cv/R-3.0/2.0;
double beta=0.7862-0.7109*w+1.3168*w*w;
double Z=2.0+10.5*Tr*Tr;
double fi=1.0+alpha*((0.215+0.28288*alpha-1.061*beta+0.26665*Z)/(0.6366+beta*Z+1.061*alpha*beta));
double k2=visc*Cv/(M*1.0e-3)*3.75*fi/(Cv/R);
return k2;
}
{//isopentane
double mu=0.29; //dipole momentdouble Tc=460.39;
double Tc=460.39; //degree K
double Vc=308.3e-3;// m^3/kmol
double Zc=0.272;
double w=0.229;
double P=100.0; //kPa
double eta=visc(M,T,Vc,Tc,mu,w);
System.out.println("eta ="+eta+"Pas");
String name="isoc5h12";
double k1=0.022;
double k= thermal_conductivity(name,T,P,Tc,Pc,Vc,Zc,M,mu,w);
System.out.println("k="+k+"W/mK");
double error=(k-k1)/k1*100.0;
System.out.println("error="+error+"%");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" thermal_conductivity
eta =8.718304039219677E-6Pas
k=0.022878825484233485W/mK
error=3.994661291970393%
Method of Stiel and Thodos[120]

In this approach a reference thermal conductivity 𝑘 0 (𝑇0 ) is used
1.22𝑥10−2 [exp(0.535𝜌𝑟 ) − 1]
𝑘 − 𝑘0 = 𝜌𝑟 < 0.5
Γ𝑍𝑐5
1.14𝑥10−2 [exp(0.67𝜌𝑟 ) − 1.069]
𝑘 − 𝑘0 = 0.5 ≤ 𝜌𝑟 < 2.0
Γ𝑍𝑐5
0
2.6𝑥10−3 [exp(1.1555𝜌𝑟 ) − 2.016]
𝑘 −𝑘 = 2.0 ≤ 𝜌𝑟 < 2.8
Γ𝑍𝑐5
Where 𝑍𝑐 is critical compressibility 𝜌𝑟 = 𝜌/𝜌𝑐 is reduced density
Thermal conductivities of some liquids utilised as heat transfer fluids are listed below as adta and
polynomial least square curve fitting coefficients
Water 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa water

c[0] = 11.229944896858548 TK k W/(mK)
528
c[1] = -0.12861656653185466 273.15 0.561
c[2] = 4.1470122966970986E-4 275 0.56459
c[3] = 8.022325466138565E-7
c[4] = -8.82687351121519E-9 280 0.57409
c[5] = 2.6895062231979395E-11 285 0.58352
c[6] = -4.7889333260608144E-14 290 0.59277
c[7] = 5.55299667486651E-17 295 0.60174
c[8] = -3.21361483887385E-20
R2 = 0.9999999667614299 300 0.61032
305 0.61845
310 0.62609
315 0.63319
320 0.63975
325 0.64575
330 0.65121
335 0.65615
340 0.66058
345 0.66453
350 0.66803
355 0.6711
360 0.67378
365 0.67608
370 0.67803
372.76 0.67897
Ethanol 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa Ethanol

c[0] = 1.0760566691313826 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = -0.011213876773231022 260 0.17508
c[2] = 5.1168526714428544E-5 265 0.17363
c[3] = -7.687011921684678E-8
c[4] = -1.1561943522927112E-10 270 0.17224
c[5] = 3.713139069106359E-13 275 0.17091
c[6] = 3.3529187255852976E-16 280 0.16961
c[7] = -1.7117423428994304E-18 285 0.16835
c[8] = 1.3310081197651189E-21
R2 = 0.9999999588224815 290 0.16712
295 0.16592
300 0.16474
305 0.16358
310 0.16243
315 0.1613
320 0.16017
325 0.15905
330 0.15794
335 0.15683
340 0.15572
345 0.15461
350 0.15349
351.05 0.15326
Methanol 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa Methanol

c[0] = -1.1676656921063362 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = 0.04237909284592859 180 0.26692
c[2] = -4.7696819194285265E-4 185 0.26257
c[3] = 2.725189360502254E-6
c[4] = -8.308081263375004E-9 190 0.25833
c[5] = 1.0841950428513975E-11 195 0.25425
c[6] = 6.728551557261495E-15 200 0.25033
c[7] = -3.642098433903119E-17 205 0.24657
c[8] = 3.064879214173367E-20
R2 = 0.9999999840080913 210 0.24298
215 0.23954
220 0.23626
225 0.23312
230 0.23013
235 0.22728
240 0.22456
529
245 0.22197
250 0.21949
255 0.21714
260 0.21489
265 0.21274
270 0.2107
275 0.20875
280 0.20689
285 0.20512
290 0.20342
295 0.20179
300 0.20023
305 0.19873
310 0.19729
315 0.1959
320 0.19455
325 0.19324
330 0.19198
335 0.19074
337.3 0.19018
Mercury 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa Mercury

c[0] = 40.40652157105432 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = -0.5862364200619486 273 8.18
c[2] = 0.004007675096782129 300 8.54
c[3] = -1.316525515167458E-5
350 9.18
c[4] = 1.8853441012468423E-8
c[5] = 5.842730080054613E-12 400 9.8
c[6] = -5.750321096006963E-14 450 10.4
c[7] = 7.214238680206064E-17 500 10.95
c[8] = -3.037447526199056E-20
550 11.45
R2 = 0.9999999999999988
600 11.95
tetrachloromethane 𝒌(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 tetrachloromethane

P=100 kPa TK k W/(mK)
c[0] = -0.8141158478233231 248 0.112
c[1] = 0.011706418712803857 273 0.109
c[2] = -4.8521156838611155E-5 293 0.107
c[3] = 5.314836814018988E-8 323 0.106
c[4] = 9.912751222541551E-11
c[5] = -1.902487938086665E-13 373 0.105
R2 = 1.0
530
tricholoroethylene 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 tricholoroethylene
kPa TK k W/(mK)
c[0] = -2.7835600553588056 188 0.138
c[1] = 0.08737307094119164 198 0.137
c[2] = -0.0010746658959795397 223 0.135
c[3] = 7.039275598099097E-6 248 0.133
c[4] = -2.6217012004493298E-8
c[5] = 5.3385933759648315E-11 273 0.13
c[6] = -4.6024274605252756E-14 293 0.128
c[7] = -1.2799107795263896E-17 323 0.125
c[8] = 3.565263495233575E-20 373 0.12
R2 = 0.9999999837055702
therminolD12 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa therminolD12

c[0] = 1.7785726184755815 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = -0.03442917140888797 188 0.124
c[2] = 3.017183037983274E-4 223 0.119
c[3] = -1.4466393887201425E-6
c[4] = 4.125410429788803E-9 253 0.116
c[5] = -7.139065259533781E-12 273 0.113
c[6] = 7.27705265830623E-15 293 0.11
c[7] = -3.962467634780938E-18 323 0.105
c[8] = 8.746409524467002E-22
373 0.096
R2 = 0.9999999133413087
423 0.087
473 0.076
523 0.065
therminolVLT 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa therminolVLT

c[0] = -3.3094565127749 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = 0.09323713485579183 163.15 0.129
c[2] = -0.0010746196365681155 173.15 0.128
c[3] = 6.8973085999092505E-6
c[4] = -2.701773230564594E-8 223.15 0.118
c[5] = 6.613510996986178E-11 253.15 0.112
c[6] = -9.878632735162683E-14 273.15 0.108
c[7] = 8.230579952675473E-17 293.15 0.104
c[8] = -2.927426916859929E-20
323.15 0.097
R2 = 0.9999999831738312
373.15 0.086
423.15 0.073
473.15 0.059
531
glycerine 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa glycerine
c[0] = 446.96203734260894 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = -7.507937677189395 273 0.282
c[2] = 0.05037181103909041 280 0.284
c[3] = -1.6862762409047797E-4
290 0.286
c[4] = 2.81686036890841E-7
c[5] = -1.878472017767546E-10 300 0.286
R2 = 0.9999845947578883 310 0.286
320 0.287
xceltherm_MK1 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa xceltherm_MK1

c[0] = -8.461978722910265 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = 0.14396004981152047 273 0.1371
c[2] = -9.940429024835088E-4 288.6 0.1367
c[3] = 3.5705151640896126E-6
c[4] = -6.640839806301446E-9 299.7 0.1357
c[5] = 4.1129742690572595E-12 310.8 0.1347
c[6] = 6.287145352105836E-15 321.9 0.1336
c[7] = -1.2488555902561936E-17 333 0.1324
c[8] = 6.307862356753185E-21
344.1 0.1312
R2 = 0.999999112050507
355.2 0.1298
366.3 0.1286
377.4 0.1272
388.6 0.1258
399.7 0.1244
410.8 0.1229
421.9 0.1213
433 0.1198
444.1 0.1182
455.2 0.1167
466.3 0.1149
477.4 0.1132
488.6 0.1115
499.7 0.1096
Polydimethylsiloxane 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 Polydimethylsiloxane

P=100 kPa TK k W/(mK)
c[0] = -24.37423722838234 200.15 0.137
c[1] = 0.6366551764891148 223.15 0.133
c[2] = -0.0071145694130173125 248.15 0.128
532
c[3] = 4.4674817550186125E-5 273.15 0.124
c[4] = -1.7231993282655374E-7 298.15 0.119
c[5] = 4.176604722370718E-10
c[6] = -6.203654402531216E-13 323.15 0.114
c[7] = 5.15350803245629E-16 348.15 0.11
c[8] = -1.8284968858948645E-19 373.15 0.105
R2 = 0.9999998553336145 398.15 0.1
423.15 0.096
Oil 𝑘(𝑇) = ∑8𝑖=0 𝑐[𝑖]𝑇 𝑖 P=100 kPa oil

c[0] = -24.37423722838234 TK k W/(mK)
c[1] = 0.6366551764891148 200.15 0.137
c[2] = -0.0071145694130173125 223.15 0.133
c[3] = 4.4674817550186125E-5
c[4] = -1.7231993282655374E-7 248.15 0.128
c[5] = 4.176604722370718E-10 273.15 0.124
c[6] = -6.203654402531216E-13 298.15 0.119
c[7] = 5.15350803245629E-16 323.15 0.114
c[8] = -1.8284968858948645E-19
348.15 0.11
R2 = 0.9999998553336145
373.15 0.105
398.15 0.1
423.15 0.096
11.5.3 SURFACE TENSION

The boundary between a liquid phase and a gas phase can be considered a third phase with properties distinct from those
of the liquid and gas. A qualitative picture of the microscopic surface layer shows that there are unequal forces acting
upon the molecules; i.e., at low gas densities, the surface molecules are attracted sidewise and toward the bulk liquid but
experience little attraction in the direction of the bulk gas. Thus the surface layer is in tension and tends to contract to the
smallest area compatible with the mass of material, container restraints, and external forces,e.g., gravity.
This tension can be presented in various quantitative ways; the most common is the surface tension 𝜎, defined as the
force exerted in the plane of the surface per unit length. Unit of surface tension is N/m. Surface tension is a property
between two phases of fluids: liquids and gases, therefore it is a proprety specially important in phase change heat
transfer.
Water droplet shaped as a sphere due to surface tension between water and air
533
Pitzer and Curl equation[119]:
2/3 1/3 1.86 + 1.18𝜔 3.74 + 0.91𝜔 2/3
𝜎 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑇𝑐 [ ] (1 − 𝑇𝑟 )11/9
19.05 0.291 − 0.08𝜔
EXAMPLE Check surface tension of ethyl mercaptan at 303 K. The experimental value is 22.60x10 -3
N/m
public class surface_tension
{
public static double sigma(double T,double Tc,double Pc,double w)
{ double Tr=T/Tc;
double x1=(1.86+1.18*w)/19.05;
double x2=(3.74+0.91*w)/(0.291-0.08*w);
double x3=1.0-Tr;
double sigma=1.0e-3*Math.pow((Pc*1.0e-2),(2.0/3.0))*Math.pow(Tc,(1.0/3.0))*x1*Math.pow(x2,(2.0/3.0))*Math.pow(x3,(11.0/9.0));
return sigma;
}
/*
{//water H2O
double w=0.344;
double T=100+273.15; //degree K
steamIAPWS_IF97 st=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
double sigma1=st.sigma(T);
double sigma2=sigma(T,Tc,Pc,w);
System.out.println("sigma1="+sigma1+"\nsigma2="+sigma2);
}
*/
{//ethyl metkaptan
double Tc=499; //degree K
double w=0.192;
double sigma1=22.68e-3;
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" surface_tension
sigma1=0.02268
sigma2=0.023486834242258378
EXAMPLE Check surface tension of water at 373.15 K. Use steam EOS to find exact value
{//water H2O
double Pc=22.064e3; //kPa critical pressure
double T=100+273.15; //degree K
double Ts=0.7*Tc;
double Ps=st.Ps(Ts);
double Pr=Ps/Pc;
double w=-Math.log10(Pr)-1;
System.out.println("w="+w+"Ts="+Ts+"Ps="+Ps);
double sigma1=st.sigma(T);
}
534
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" surface_tension
w=0.3443682785677622Ts=452.9672Ps=998.4262030460582
sigma1=0.058911868587664076
sigma2=0.08128871881092409
As you see from the result. Equation is sucsessful for ethyl mercaptan, but result is nor correct for water.
Water is a polar component and does not
Brock and Bird Equation[118]:

2/3 1/3
𝜎 = 𝑃𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟 )11/9
𝑇𝑐 𝑄(1
𝑇𝑏𝑟 𝑙𝑛(𝑃𝑐 /101.325)
𝑄 = 0.116 [1 + ] − 0.279
1 − 𝑇𝑏𝑟
public class surface_tension1

{
public static double sigma(double T,double Tc,double Pc,double Tb)
{ double Tr=T/Tc;
double Tbr=Tb/Tc;
double x1=(Tbr*Math.log(Pc/101.325))/(1.0-Tbr);
double x2=1.0+x1;
double x3=0.1196*x2;
double x4=x2-0.279;
System.out.println("x1="+x1+"x2="+x2+"x3="+x3+"x4="+x4);
double Q=0.1196*(1.0+(Tbr*Math.log(Pc/101.325))/(1.0-Tbr))-0.279;
double x5=1.0-Tr;
double sigma=1.0e-3*Math.pow((Pc*1.0e-2),(2.0/3.0))*Math.pow(Tc,(1.0/3.0))*Q*Math.pow(x5,(11.0/9.0));
return sigma;
}

{//ethyl metkaptan
double Tb=308.15;
double sigma2=sigma(T,Tc,Pc,Tb);
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" surface_tension1
x1=6.446123992910521x2=7.446123992910521x3=0.8905564295520982x4=7.167123992910521
sigma1=0.02268
sigma2=0.022360738672092047
Zuo-Stenby Eqs[117]
In this approach two reference fluid is calculated and linear interpolation formulation applies to find
actual chemicals surface tension value.
Two reference fluid is used. The first one is methane(CH 4), The second one is n-octane(C8H18).
𝑇
Equations are used as follows:⁡𝑇𝑟 =
𝑇𝑐
535
𝜎𝑥103
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 1/3 )
𝑇𝑐 (𝑃𝑐 𝑥10−2 )2/3
methane(CH4) 𝜎 (1) = 40.52𝑥10−3 (1 − 𝑇𝑟 )1.287
n-octane(C8H18) 𝜎 (2) = 52.095𝑥10−3 (1 − 𝑇𝑟 )1.21458
(1) 𝜔 − 𝜔 (1) (2) (1)
𝜎𝑟 = 𝜎𝑟 + (2) (1)
(𝜎𝑟 − 𝜎𝑟 )
𝜔 −𝜔
public class surface_tension2
{
public static double sigma(double T,double Tc,double Pc,double w)
{double Tr=T/Tc;
double x5=1.0-Tr;
// reference fluid: Methane CH4
double Tc1=190.56; //degree K
double Pc1=45.99e2;
double w1=0.011;
//reference fluid n-octane
double Tc2=568.70;
double Pc2=24.90e2;
double w2=0.399;
double x1=(1.0-Tr);
double sigma1=40.52*Math.pow(x1,1.287)*1.0e-3;
double sigma2=52.095*Math.pow(x1,1.21548)*1.0e-3;
double sigmar1=Math.log(1.0+sigma1*1.0e3/Math.pow(Tc1,(1.0/3.0))/Math.pow(Pc1*1.0e-2,(2.0/3.0)));
double sigmar2=Math.log(1.0+sigma2*1.0e3/Math.pow(Tc2,(1.0/3.0))/Math.pow(Pc2*1.0e-2,(2.0/3.0)));
double sigmar=sigmar1+(w-w1)/(w2-w1)*(sigmar2-sigmar1);
double sigma= (Math.exp(sigmar)-1.0)*Math.pow(Tc,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow(Pc*1.0e-2,(2.0/3.0))*1e-3;
return sigma;
}

{//ethyl metkaptan
double Tb=308.15;
double w=0.192;
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" surface_tension2
sigma1=0.02268
sigma2=0.022667516900779443
11.5.4 SPECIFIC HEAT

Enthalpy is a part of Navier-Stokes equations, but in the differential form, it usually reduced to specific
geat at constant pressure. Specific heat, Cp can be calculated from equation of states, or specially for
ideal gases and liquids can be given as a curve fitting function of temperature. Equation of states (EOS)
can usually be given as a function of temperature and specific volume(density). Most common forms of
the equation of states are:
Pressure form 𝑷(𝑻, 𝒗)𝒐𝒓⁡𝑷(𝑻, 𝝆)
Helmholtz free energy form: A(𝑇, 𝑣)𝑜𝑟⁡𝐴(𝑇, 𝜌)
Gibbs free energy form: G(𝑇, 𝑣)𝑜𝑟⁡𝐺(𝑇, 𝜌)
Some of the Pressure form equations:
The most famous and simplest one is the ideal gas EOS
536
𝑅
𝑅𝑇 ( )𝑇 𝑅
𝑀
𝑃(𝑇, 𝑣) = = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 or 𝑃(𝑇, 𝑣) = = 𝜌 ( )𝑇 where R is the universal gas constant
𝑣 𝑣 𝑀
(J/kmolK), M molecular weight (kg/kmol), v is specific volume (m3/kmol or m3/kg), 𝜌 is density (kmol/
m3 or kg/m3)
Cubic Equation of State has a general form of equation

𝑅𝑇 𝑎
𝑃= − (2.2.1)
𝑉−𝑏 𝑉 2 +𝑢𝑏𝑉+𝑤𝑏 2
The equation can also be written in the following form:

𝑍 3 − (1 + 𝐵 ∗ − 𝑢𝐵 ∗)𝑍 2 + (𝐴∗ + 𝑤𝐵 ∗2 − 𝑢𝐵 ∗ − 𝑢𝐵 ∗2 )𝑍 − 𝐴∗ 𝐵 ∗ − 𝐵 ∗2 − 𝑤𝐵 ∗2 − 𝑤𝐵 ∗3 = 0 (2.2.2)
∗ 𝑎𝑃 ∗ 𝑏𝑃 𝑃𝑉
where 𝐴 =
𝑅2𝑇2
(2.2.3) and 𝐵 = (2.2.4) 𝑍= (2.2.5)
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
Some of the most common equation of states are: van der Waals , Redlich-Kwong (RK) ,Soave (SRK) , ve Peng-
Robinson (PR). All these equations are the same form, but structures of the coefficients u, w, a, b are different
Tablo Coefficients of cubic equation of states

Denklem u w b a f
van der 0 0 𝑅𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 2
27 𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
Waals 8𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 64 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
0.08664𝑅𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 2.5
Redlich 1 0 𝑅 2 𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
Kwong 0.42748
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝑇 1/2
2
Soawe 1 0 0.08664𝑅𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 2
0.42748𝑅 𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 0.48 + 1.574𝜔 − 0.176𝜔2
[1 + 𝑓𝜔(1 − 𝑇𝑟0.5)]2
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
0.0780𝑅𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 2
Peng 2 -1 0.45724𝑅2𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 0.37464 + 1.54226𝜔
Robinson [1 + 𝑓𝜔(1 − 𝑇𝑟0.5 )]2 − 0.269992𝜔2
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
𝜔in Peng-Robinson and Soawe equation of states coefficient is called Pitzer’s accentric factor. This
factor is calculated as
𝜔 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑⁡𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑡⁡𝑇𝑟 = 0.7) − 1
To obtain values of⁡𝜔, the reduced vapor pressure (𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃⁄𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ) at 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇 ⁄𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 0.7⁡is required. For
example for water Tcrit=647.3 K T=0.7*647.3=453.11 K=179.96 C so for this temperature P v=10.01168
bar and Pcrit=221.2 bar
10.01168
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃⁄𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = = 0.045261
221.2
𝜔 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑⁡𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 (0.045261) − 1 = 1.344278 − 1 = 0.344278
Some of the Helmholtz form equations:
ISO 17584-2005 EOS for refrigerants
𝐴
∅= = ∅𝑖𝑑 + ∅𝑟
𝑅𝑇
“id” in the equation indicates ideal gas and r indicates real gas part of the equation of state.
∅𝑟 = ∑𝑘 𝑁𝑘 /𝜏 𝑡𝑘 𝛿 𝑑𝑘 𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝛼𝑘 (𝛿 − 𝜀𝑘 )𝑙𝑘 ]𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝛽𝑘 (𝜏 − 𝛾𝑘 )𝑚𝑘 ]
Ideal gas term of the equation :
ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑅𝑇𝜌 1 𝑇 1 𝑇 𝐶𝑝,𝑖𝑑
∅𝑖𝑑 = − − 1 + 𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝑅𝑇 ∫𝑇 𝐶𝑝,𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑇 − ∫𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑅𝑇 𝑅 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑇
Helmholtz EOS for water and steam
A(  , T ) = Aid (T ) + Ar (  , T ) = Aid (T ) + RT [ln(  ) + Q(  , )]
6
Ci
Aid (T ) =  + C7 ln(T ) + C8 ln T / 
i =1 
i −1
7
8 8

Q(  , ) = ( −  crit ) ( −  aj ) j − 2  Bij (  −  aj )i −1 + exp( − E ) Bij  i −9 
j =1  i =1 i =1 
Details of equation of states are not given here for futher details please refer to thermodynamic books.
537
Data on specific heat of gases can be found in two excellent books, JANAF Thermochemical Tables[1],
and Ihsan Barin Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances[2]. Nowadays JANAF tables can be
accessed through internet as well. JANAF table list through internet adress
http://kinetics.nist.gov/janaf is shown In figure 2.1.1. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ adress is
also an important source to get Cp data. JANAF tables can also be found as a text format[]. Another
good data source for Cp values is http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/handbook/ivtan/
Knowing the table values Cp(T) data can be created by using curve fitting methods. Some of the
common equations used can be summerized as follows:
Polynomial curve fitting equations:
𝑛
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑇 𝑖 ⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.12)
𝑖=0
This type of coefficient of equations are listed for approximately 600 species in “The properties of
Gases and Liquids”[130].
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇2 + 𝑎3 𝑇3 ⁡⁡𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾
ref formula name a0 a1 a2 a3
no
0 NH3 ammonia 27.3100 2.383E-02 1.707E-05 -1.185E-08
1 Ar argon 20.8000 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
2 C6H5Cl chlorobenzene -33.8900 5.631E-01 -4.522E-04 1.426E-07
3 NO nitricoxide 29.3500 -9.378E-04 9.747E-06 -4.187E-09
4 NO2 nitrogendioxide 24.2300 4.836E-02 -2.081E-05 2.930E-10
5 N2 nitrogene 31.1500 -1.357E-02 2.680E-05 -1.168E-08
6 N2O nitrousoxide 21.6200 7.281E-02 -5.778E-05 1.830E-08
7 O2 oxygen 28.1100 -3.680E-06 1.746E-05 -1.065E-08
8 O3 ozone 20.5400 8.009E-02 -6.243E-05 1.697E-08
9 H2 hydrogen 27.1400 9.274E-03 -1.381E-05 7.645E-09
10 H2O water 32.2400 1.924E-03 1.055E-05 -3.596E-09
11 CH4 methane 19.2500 5.213E-02 1.197E-05 -1.132E-08
12 CH4O methanol 21.1500 7.092E-02 2.587E-05 -2.852E-08
13 C2H6 ethane 5.4090 1.781E-01 -6.938E-05 8.713E-09
14 C3H8 propane -4.2240 3.063E-01 -1.586E-04 3.215E-08
15 C3H6O propionaldehyde 11.7200 2.614E-01 -1.300E-04 2.126E-08
16 C4H10 n-butane 9.4870 3.313E-01 -1.108E-04 -2.822E-09
17 C4H10 isobutane -1.3900 3.847E-01 -1.846E-04 2.895E-08
18 C5H12 n-pentane -3.6260 4.873E-01 -2.580E-04 5.305E-08
19 C6H6 benzene -33.9200 4.739E-01 -3.017E-04 7.130E-08
20 C6H14 n-hexane -4.4130 5.820E-01 -3.119E-04 6.494E-08
21 CCl2F2 dichlorodifloromethane 31.6000 1.782E-01 -1.509E-04 4.342E-08
22 C7H16 n-heptane -5.1460 6.762E-01 -3.651E-04 7.658E-08
23 C8H10 ethylbenzene -43.1000 7.072E-01 -4.811E-04 1.301E-07
24 C8H18 n-octane -6.0960 7.712E-01 -4.195E-04 8.855E-08
25 C9H20 n-nonane -8.3470 8.729E-01 -4.823E-04 1.031E-07
26 C10H8 naphtalene -68.8000 8.499E-01 -6.506E-04 1.981E-07
27 C11H10 1-methylnaphtalene -64.8200 9.387E-01 -6.942E-04 2.016E-07
28 C11H10 2-methylnaphtalene -56.5200 8.997E-01 -6.469E-04 1.840E-07
29 C12H12 1-ethylnaphtalene -63.8190 1.040E+00 -8.000E-04 2.000E-07
30 C13H14 1-propylnaphtalene -60.2350 1.116E+00 -8.000E-04 2.000E-07
31 C14H16 1-butylnaphtalene 15.0660 8.659E-01 4.000E-04 6.000E-08
32 C10H22 n-decane -7.9130 9.609E-01 -5.288E-04 1.131E-07
33 C11H24 n-undecane -8.3950 1.054E+00 -5.799E-04 1.237E-07
34 C12H26 n-dodecane -9.3280 1.149E+00 -6.347E-04 1.359E-07
35 C13H28 n-tridecane -10.4600 1.245E+00 -6.912E-04 1.490E-07
36 C14H30 n-tetradecane -10.9800 1.338E+00 -7.423E-04 1.598E-07
37 C15H32 n-pentadecane -11.9200 1.433E+00 -7.972E-04 1.720E-07
38 C16H34 n-hexadecane -13.0200 1.529E+00 -8.537E-04 1.850E-07
39 C17H36 n-heptadecane -13.9700 1.624E+00 -9.081E-04 1.972E-07
40 C18H38 n-octadecane -14.4700 1.717E+00 -9.592E-04 2.078E-07
538
41 C19H40 n-nonadecane -15.4900 1.812E+00 -1.015E-03 2.205E-07
42 C20H42 n-eicosane -22.3800 1.939E+00 -1.117E-03 2.528E-07
43 C3H6 propylene 3.7100 2.345E-01 -1.160E-04 2.205E-08
44 C11H16 penthylbenzene -57.4000 1.036E+00 -7.000E-04 2.090E-07
45 C12H18 hexylbenzene -0.9436 9.028E-01 -5.000E-04 9.000E-08
46 C13H20 heptylbenzene 1.5097 9.848E-01 -5.000E-04 1.000E-07
47 C14H22 octylbenzene 3.7589 1.068E+00 -6.000E-04 1.000E-07
48 C15H24 nonylbenzene -28.7370 1.293E+00 -8.000E-04 2.000E-07
49 C16H26 decylbenzene 9.1501 1.230E+00 -6.000E-04 1.000E-07
50 C17H28 undecylbenzene -31.6240 1.494E+00 -9.000E-04 2.000E-07
51 C18H30 dodecylbenzene 33.6640 1.307E+00 -6.000E-04 9.000E-08
52 CO carbonmonoxide 30.8700 -1.285E-02 2.789E-05 -1.272E-08
53 CO2 carbondioxide 19.8000 7.344E-02 -5.602E-05 1.715E-08
54 C8H18 2,3,3-trimethylpentane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
56 C8H18 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
57 C8H18 3-methyl-3-ethylpentane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
59 C6H12 cyclohexane -54.5400 6.113E-01 -2.523E-04 1.321E-08
60 C6H12 methylcyclopentane -50.1100 6.381E-01 -3.642E-04 8.014E-08
61 C6H12 1-hexene -1.7460 5.309E-01 -2.903E-04 6.054E-08
62 C6H12 2-hexene,cis -9.8100 5.309E-01 -2.717E-04 4.827E-08
63 C6H12 2-hexene,trans -32.9200 6.929E-01 -5.619E-04 2.005E-07
64 C6H12 3-hexene,cis -21.7300 5.811E-01 -3.362E-04 7.457E-08
65 C6H12 3-hexene,trans -4.3380 5.510E-01 -3.282E-04 8.047E-08
66 C6H12 2-methyl-2-pentene -14.7500 5.669E-01 -3.341E-04 7.963E-08
67 C6H12 3-methyl-2-pentene,cis -14.7500 5.669E-01 -3.341E-04 7.963E-08
68 C6H12 3-methyl-2-pentene,trans -14.7500 5.669E-01 -3.341E-04 7.963E-08
69 C6H12 4-methyl-2-pentene,cis -1.6750 5.376E-01 -3.044E-04 6.753E-08
70 C6H12 4-methyl-2-pentene,trans 12.6300 5.154E-01 -3.007E-04 7.327E-08
71 C6H12 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene 7.0250 5.585E-01 -3.696E-04 1.063E-07
72 C6H12 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene 2.2940 4.827E-01 -2.199E-04 3.042E-08
73 C6H12 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene -12.5600 5.485E-01 -2.915E-04 5.208E-08
74 C6H12O cyclohexanol -55.5300 7.214E-01 -4.086E-04 8.235E-08
76 C6H12O methylisobutylketone 3.8940 5.656E-01 -3.318E-04 8.231E-08
77 C6H12O2 n-butylacetate 13.6200 5.489E-01 -2.278E-04 7.910E-10
78 C6H12O2 isobutylacetate 7.3100 5.740E-01 -2.576E-04 1.101E-08
79 C6H12O2 ethylbutyrate 21.5100 4.928E-01 -1.938E-04 3.559E-09
82 C6H14 2-methylpentane -10.5700 6.184E-01 -3.573E-04 8.058E-08
83 C6H14 3-methylpentane -2.3860 5.690E-01 -2.870E-04 5.033E-08
84 C6H14 2,2-dimethylbutane -16.6300 6.293E-01 -3.481E-04 6.850E-08
85 C6H14 2,3-dimethylbutane -14.6100 6.150E-01 -3.376E-04 6.820E-08
86 C6H14O 1-hexanol 4.8110 5.891E-01 -3.010E-04 5.426E-08
87 C6H14O ethylbutylether 23.6300 5.367E-01 -2.528E-04 4.157E-08
88 C6H14O dipropylether 18.6200 5.335E-01 -2.285E-04 2.442E-08
89 C6H14O diisopropylether 7.5050 5.849E-01 -3.027E-04 5.845E-08
90 C6H15N dipropylamine 6.4600 6.293E-01 -3.390E-04 7.072E-08
92 C6H15N triethylamine -18.4300 7.155E-01 -4.392E-04 1.092E-07
96 C7H5N benzonitrile -26.0500 5.732E-01 -4.430E-04 1.349E-07
97 C7H6O benzaldehyde -12.1400 4.961E-01 -2.845E-04 5.167E-08
98 C7H6O2 benzoicacid -51.2900 6.293E-01 -4.237E-04 1.062E-07
99 C7H8 toluene -24.3500 5.125E-01 -2.765E-04 4.911E-08
101 C7H8O benzylalcohol -7.3980 5.481E-01 -3.357E-04 7.771E-08
102 C7H8O o-cresol -32.2800 7.055E-01 -5.924E-04 2.124E-07
103 C7H8O m-cresol -45.0100 7.264E-01 -6.029E-04 2.077E-07
104 C7H8O p-cresol -40.6300 7.055E-01 -5.757E-04 1.967E-07
107 C7H9N m-toluidine -15.9900 5.681E-01 -3.033E-04 4.643E-08
108 C7H14 cycloheptane -76.1900 7.867E-01 -4.204E-04 7.561E-08
109 C7H14 1,1- -57.8900 7.670E-01 -4.501E-04 1.010E-07
110 C7H14 dimethylcyclopentane
1,2- -55.6400 7.616E-01 -4.484E-01 1.014E-07
111 C7H14 dimethylcyclopentane-cis
1,2- -54.5200 7.591E-01 -4.480E-04 1.017E-07
112 C7H14 dimethylcyclopentane-
ethylcyclopentane -55.3100 7.511E-01 -4.396E-04 1.004E-07
trans
113 C7H14 methylcyclohexane -61.9200 7.842E-01 -4.438E-04 9.366E-08
539
114 C7H14 1-heptene -3.3030 6.297E-01 -3.512E-04 7.607E-08
119 C7H16 3-methylhexane -7.0460 6.837E-01 -3.734E-04 7.834E-08
120 C7H16 2,2-dimethylpentane -50.1000 8.956E-01 -6.360E-04 1.736E-07
124 C7H16 3-ethylpentane -7.0460 6.837E-01 -3.734E-04 7.834E-08
125 C7H16 2,2,3-trimethylbutane -22.9400 7.519E-01 -4.421E-04 1.005E-07
126 C7H16O 1-heptanol 49.0700 6.778E-01 -3.447E-04 6.046E-08
127 C8H4O3 phthalicanhydride -4.4550 6.540E-01 -4.283E-04 1.009E-07
128 C8H8 styrene -28.2500 6.159E-01 -4.023E-04 9.935E-08
129 C8H8O methylphenylketone -29.5800 6.410E-01 -4.071E-04 9.722E-08
130 C8H8O2 methylbenzoate -21.2100 5.501E-01 -1.799E-04 4.425E-08
131 C8H10 o-xylene -15.8500 5.962E-01 -3.443E-04 7.528E-08
132 C8H10 m-xylene -29.1700 6.297E-01 -3.747E-04 8.478E-08
133 C8H10 p-xylene -25.0900 6.042E-01 -3.374E-04 6.820E+00
136 C8H16 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane -72.1100 8.997E-01 -5.020E-04 1.030E-07
137 C8H16 1,2- -68.3700 8.972E-01 -5.137E-04 1.099E-07
138 C8H16 dimethylcyclohexane-cis
1,2- -68.4800 9.123E-01 -5.355E-04 1.181E-07
139 C8H16 dimethylcyclohexane-
1,3- -65.1600 8.838E-01 -4.932E-04 1.020E-07
trans
dimethylcyclohexane-cis
140 C8H16 1,3- -64.1500 8.826E-01 -5.016E-04 1.068E-07
1,4- -64.1500 8.826E-01 -5.016E-04 1.068E-07
trans
dimethylcyclohexane-cis
142 C8H16 1,4- -70.3600 9.131E-01 -5.309E-04 1.155E-07
ethylcyclohexane -63.8900 8.893E-01 -5.108E-04 1.103E-07
trans
149 C8H16 n-propylcyclopentane -55.9700 8.449E-01 -4.924E-04 1.117E-07
152 C8H16 1-octene -4.0990 7.239E-01 -4.036E-04 8.675E-08
153 C8H16 2-octene-trans -12.8200 7.532E-01 -4.442E-04 1.050E-07
157 C8H18 2-methylheptane -89.7000 1.242E+00 -1.176E-03 4.618E-07
158 C8H18 3-methylheptane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
159 C8H18 4-methylheptane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
160 C8H18 2,2-dimethylhexane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
166 C8H18 3-ethylhexane -9.2150 7.859E-01 -4.400E-04 9.697E-08
168 C8H18 2,2,4-trimethylpentane -7.4610 -7.779E-01 -4.287E-04 9.173E-08
170 C8H18O 1-octanol 6.1710 7.607E-01 -3.797E-04 6.263E-08
171 C8H18O 2-octanol 25.8800 7.641E-01 -4.224E-04 9.064E-08
174 C8H18O 2-ethyl-1-hexanol -14.9900 8.645E-01 -5.280E-04 1.285E-07
175 C8H18O dibutylether 6.0540 7.729E-01 -4.085E-04 8.085E-08
177 C8H19N dibutylamin 9.7640 8.081E-01 -4.329E-04 9.249E-08
182 C9H10 alpha-methylstyrene -24.3300 6.933E-01 -4.530E-04 1.181E-07
183 C9H10O2 ethylbenzoate 20.6700 6.887E-01 -3.608E-04 5.062E-08
184 C9H12 n-propylbenzene -31.2900 7.468E-01 -4.601E-04 1.081E-07
185 C9H12 isopropylbenzene -39.3600 7.842E-01 -5.078E-04 1.291E-07
186 C9H12 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene -29.0000 7.293E-01 -4.363E-04 9.998E-08
187 C9H12 1-methyl-4-ethylbenzene -27.3100 7.176E-01 -4.224E-04 9.542E-08
188 C9H12 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene -6.9420 6.335E-01 -3.326E-04 6.611E-08
192 C9H18 n-propylcyclohexane -62.5200 9.889E-01 -5.795E-04 1.291E-07
195 C9H18 1-nonene -3.7180 8.122E-01 -4.509E-04 9.705E-08
196 C9H18O dibutylketone 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
197 C9H20 2-methyloctane -10.1100 8.805E-01 -4.936E-04 1.083E-07
198 C9H20 2,2-dimethylheptane -20.8900 9.668E-01 -6.120E-04 1.570E-07
199 C9H20 2,2,3-trimethylhexane -45.6300 1.055E+00 -7.172E-04 1.987E-07
202 C9H20 3,3-diethylpentane -67.2700 1.126E+00 -7.988E-04 2.306E-07
540
203 C9H20 2,2,3,3- -54.5800 1.089E+00 -7.570E-04 2.142E-07
2,2,3,4- -54.5800 1.089E+00 -7.570E-04 2.142E-07
2,2,4,4- -67.4000 1.168E+00 -8.612E-04 2.574E-07
2,3,3,4- -54.9200 1.091E+00 -7.603E-04 2.158E-07
207 C9H20O tetramethylpentane
1-nonanol 1.2800 8.817E-01 -4.791E-04 9.801E-08
211 C10H14 n-butylbenzene -22.9900 7.934E-01 -4.396E-04 8.570E-08
213 C10H14 sec-butylbenzene -65.1500 9.893E-01 -7.214E-04 2.152E-07
214 C10H14 tert-butylbenzene -86.0000 1.102E+00 -8.746E-04 2.827E-07
216 C10H14 1-methyl-3- -48.7600 9.064E-01 -6.054E-04 1.627E-07
1,4-diethylbenzene -37.4200 8.671E-01 -5.560E-04 1.411E-07
219 C10H14 1,2,3,5- 3.9230 7.131E-01 -3.711E-04 6.840E-08
220 C10H14 tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5- 16.2500 6.519E-01 -2.879E-04 3.257E-08
222 C10H15N tetramethylbenzene
n-butylaniline -34.0700 9.144E-01 -5.560E-04 1.287E-07
223 C10H18 cis-decalin - 1.118E+00 -6.607E-04 1.437E-07
224 C10H18 trans-decalin 112.5000
-97.6700 1.045E+00 -5.476E-04 8.981E-08
227 C10H20 butylcyclohexane -62.9600 1.081E+00 -6.305E-04 1.400E-07
231 C10H20 1-decene -4.6640 9.077E-01 -5.058E-04 1.095E-07
233 C10H22 n-decane -7.9130 9.609E-01 -5.288E-04 1.131E-07
234 C10H22 3,3,5-trimethylheptane -70.3700 1.232E+00 -8.646E-04 2.455E-07
235 C10H22 2,2,3,3- -58.8300 1.231E+00 -8.834E-04 2.585E-07
236 C10H22 tetramethylhexane
2,2,5,5- -62.3400 1.245E+00 -8.956E-04 2.618E-07
237 C10H22O tetramethylhexane
1-decanol 14.5700 8.947E-01 -3.921E-04 3.451E-08
238 C11H14O2 butylbenzoate -17.3700 8.675E-01 -4.610E-04 7.235E-08
239 C11H22 n-hexylcyclopentane -58.3200 1.128E+00 -6.536E-04 1.473E-07
240 C11H22 1-undecene -5.5850 1.003E+00 -5.602E-04 1.216E-07
241 C11H24 n-undecane -8.3950 1.054E+00 -5.799E-04 1.237E-07
242 C12H10 diphenyl -97.0700 1.106E+00 -8.855E-04 2.790E-07
243 C12H10O diphenylether -60.7300 9.282E-01 -5.870E-04 1.359E-07
244 C12H24 n-heptylcyclopentane -59.2600 1.223E+00 -7.084E-04 1.596E-07
245 C12H24 1-dodecene -6.5440 1.098E+00 -6.155E-04 1.341E-07
246 C12H26 dodecane -9.3280 1.149E+00 -6.347E-04 1.359E-07
247 C12H26O dihexylether 33.5400 1.073E+00 -5.535E-04 1.678E-07
248 C12H26O dodecanol 9.2240 1.103E+00 -5.338E-04 7.779E-08
249 C12H27N tributylamine 7.9930 1.198E+00 -6.703E-04 1.449E-07
251 C13H26 n-octylcyclopentane -59.9500 1.317E+00 -7.612E-04 1.708E-07
252 C13H26 1-tridecene -7.1180 1.191E+00 -6.674E-04 1.451E-07
253 C13H28 1-tridecane -10.4600 1.245E+00 -6.912E-04 1.490E-07
254 C14H10 anthracane -58.9800 1.006E+00 -6.594E-04 1.606E-07
255 C14H10 phenanthrene -58.9800 1.006E+00 -6.594E-04 1.606E-07
256 C14H28 n-nonylcyclopentane -60.8100 1.412E+00 -8.156E-04 1.830E-07
257 C14H28 1-tetradecene -7.9670 1.286E+00 -7.210E-04 1.569E-07
258 C14H30 n-tetradecane -10.9800 1.338E+00 -7.423E-04 1.598E-07
259 C15H30 n-decyclopentane -61.9200 1.508E+00 -8.717E-04 1.959E-07
260 C15H30 1-pentadecene -9.2030 1.382E+00 -7.783E-04 1.703E-07
261 C15H32 n-pentadecane -1.1920 1.433E+00 -7.972E-04 1.720E-07
262 C16H22O4 dibutyl-o-phthalate 1.8800 1.254E+00 -6.121E-04 6.971E-08
263 C16H32 n-decyclohexane -69.0200 1.654E+00 -9.613E-04 2.143E-07
264 C16H32 1-hexadecene -9.7050 1.475E+00 -8.298E-04 1.810E-07
265 C16H34 hexadecane -13.0200 1.529E+00 -8.537E-04 1.850E-07
266 C17H34 n-dodecyclopentane -63.2600 1.695E+00 -9.768E-04 2.186E-07
267 C17H36O heptadecanol -7.7920 1.653E+00 -9.345E-04 2.044E-07
271 C18H36 1-octadecene -11.3300 1.664E+00 -9.374E-04 2.049E-07
272 C18H36 n-tridecyclopentane -64.2100 1.790E+00 -1.032E-03 2.309E-07
273 C18H38 octadecane -14.4700 1.717E+00 -9.592E-04 2.078E-07
274 C18H38O 1-octadecanol -8.7040 1.748E+00 -9.881E-04 2.157E-07
275 C19H38 1-cyclopentyltetradecane -64.9300 1.884E+00 -1.085E-03 2.426E-07
276 C19H40 n-nonadecane -15.4900 1.812E+00 -1.015E-03 2.205E-07
277 C20H40 1- -66.0900 1.980E+00 -1.140E-03 2.550E-07
278 C20H42O cyclopentylpentadecane
1-eicosanol -12.5800 1.950E+00 -1.118E-03 2.516E-07
279 C6F6 perfluorobenzene 36.2800 5.267E-01 -4.547E-04 1.456E-07
290 C6H4Cl2 o-dichlorobenzene -14.3000 5.506E-01 -4.513E-04 1.429E-07
291 C6H4F2 1,4-difluorobenzene -25.9600 5.722E-01 -4.677E-04 1.475E-07
541
292 C6H5Br bromobenzene -28.8100 5.351E-01 -4.080E-04 1.212E-07
293 C6H5F fluorobenzene -38.7300 5.669E-01 -4.434E-04 1.355E-07
294 C6H5I iodobenzene -29.2700 5.564E-01 -4.509E-04 1.443E-07
295 C6H6 benzene -33.9200 4.739E-01 -3.017E-04 7.130E-08
296 C6H6O phenol -35.8400 5.983E-01 -4.827E-04 1.527E-07
297 C6H7N aniline -40.5200 6.385E-01 -5.133E-04 1.633E-07
298 C6H7N 2-methylpyridine -36.2600 5.584E-01 -3.704E-04 9.663E-08
302 C6H10 cyclohexene -68.6500 7.252E-01 -5.414E-04 1.644E-07
303 C5H12O 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol 12.1500 5.397E-01 -3.160E-04 7.122E-08
306 C5H12O tert-butylmethylether 2.5340 5.136E-01 -2.596E-04 4.303E-08
311 C3H9N n-propylamine 6.6910 3.498E-01 -1.822E-04 3.586E-08
312 C3H9N isopropylamine -7.4860 4.175E-01 -2.826E-04 8.348E-08
313 C3H9N trimethylamine -8.2060 3.972E-01 -2.219E-04 4.622E-08
316 C4H4 vinylacetylene 6.7570 2.841E-01 -2.265E-04 7.461E-08
317 C4H4O furan -35.5300 4.321E-01 -3.455E-04 1.047E-07
318 C4H4N thiophene -30.6100 4.480E-01 -3.772E-04 1.253E-07
319 C4H5N allylcyanide 21.7000 2.572E-01 -1.192E-04 1.229E-08
321 C4H6 1-butyne 12.5500 2.744E-01 -1.545E-04 3.450E-08
322 C4H6 2-butyne 15.9300 2.381E-01 -1.070E-04 1.753E-08
323 C4H6 1,2-butadiene 11.2000 2.724E-01 -1.468E-04 3.089E-08
324 C4H6 1,3-butadiene -1.6870 3.419E-01 -2.340E-04 6.335E-08
325 C4H6O2 vinylacetate 15.1600 2.795E-01 -8.805E-05 -1.660E-08
326 C4H6O3 aceticanhydride -23.1300 5.087E-01 -3.580E-04 9.835E-08
328 C4H6O4 succinicacid 15.0700 4.689E-01 -3.143E-04 7.938E-08
329 C4H7N butylonitrile 15.2100 3.206E-01 -1.638E-04 2.982E-08
330 C4H7O2 methylacrylate 15.1600 2.796E-01 -8.805E-05 -1.660E-08
331 C4H8 1-butene -2.9940 3.532E-01 -1.990E-04 4.463E-08
332 C4H8 2-butene,cis 0.4396 2.953E-01 -1.108E-04 -6.160E-10
333 C4H8 2-butene,trans 18.3200 2.564E-01 -7.013E-05 -8.989E-09
334 C4H8 cyclobutane -50.2500 5.024E-01 -3.558E-04 1.047E-07
335 C4H8 isobutylene 16.0500 2.804E-01 -1.091E-04 9.098E-09
336 C4H8O n-butyraldehyde 14.0800 3.457E-01 -1.743E-04 2.887E-08
337 C4H8O isobutyraldehyde 24.4600 3.356E-01 -2.057E-04 6.368E-08
338 C4H8O methylethylketone 10.9400 3.559E-01 -1.900E-04 3.920E-08
339 C4H8O tetrahydrofuran 19.1000 5.162E-01 -4.132E-04 1.454E-07
340 C4H8O vinylethylether 17.2800 3.236E-01 -1.471E-04 2.150E-08
341 C4H8O2 n-butyricacid 11.7400 4.137E-01 -2.430E-04 5.531E-08
342 C4H8O2 isobutyricacid 9.8140 4.668E-01 -3.720E-04 1.350E-07
343 C4H8O2 1,4-dioxane -53.5700 5.987E-01 -4.085E-04 1.062E-07
344 C4H8O2 ethylacetate 7.2350 4.072E-01 -2.092E-04 2.855E-08
345 C4H8O2 methylpropionate 18.2000 3.140E-01 -9.353E-05 -1.828E-08
348 C4H9Cl 1-chlorobutane -2.6130 4.497E-01 -2.937E-04 8.018E-08
349 C4H9Cl 2-chlorobutane -3.4330 4.559E-01 -2.981E-04 8.256E-08
350 C4H9Cl tert-butylchloride -3.9310 4.652E-01 -2.886E-04 7.871E-08
351 C4H9N pyrrolidine -51.5300 5.338E-01 -3.240E-04 7.528E-08
352 C4H10 isobutane -1.3900 3.847E-01 -1.846E-04 2.895E-08
353 C4H10O n-butanol 3.2660 4.180E-01 -2.242E-04 4.685E-08
354 C4H10O 2-butanol 5.7530 4.245E-01 -2.328E-04 4.773E-08
355 C4H10O isobutanol -7.7080 4.689E-01 -2.884E-04 7.231E-08
356 C4H10O tert-butanol -46.8100 7.172E-01 -7.084E-04 2.920E-07
357 C4H10O diethylether 21.4200 3.359E-01 -1.035E-04 -9.357E-09
358 C4H10O methylpropylether 21.3100 3.390E-01 -1.127E-04 -2.855E-09
359 C4H10O methylisopropylether 13.5300 3.697E-01 -1.481E-04 1.205E-08
360 C4H10O2 1,2-dimethoxyethane 32.2300 3.567E-01 -1.336E-04 8.399E-09
361 C4H10O3 diethyleneglycol 73.0600 3.461E-01 -1.468E-04 1.846E-08
362 C4H10S diethylsulfide 13.5900 3.959E-01 -1.780E-04 2.649E-08
363 C4H10S2 diethyldisulfide 26.9000 4.601E-01 -2.710E-04 5.970E-08
364 C4H11N n-butylamine 5.0790 4.476E-01 -2.407E-04 7.599E-08
365 C4H11N isobutylamine 9.4910 4.430E-01 -2.110E-04 2.333E-08
366 C4H11N diethylamine 2.0390 4.430E-01 -2.183E-04 3.653E-08
542
370 C5H5N pyridine 39.7900 4.928E-01 -3.558E-04 1.004E-07
373 C5H8 cyclopentene -41.5100 4.631E-01 -2.579E-04 5.434E-08
374 C5H8 1,2-pentadiene 8.8260 3.880E-01 -2.280E-04 5.246E-08
375 C5H8 1,3-pentadiene,trans 30.6900 2.811E-01 -6.711E-05 -2.352E-08
376 C5H8 1,4-pentadiene 6.9960 3.952E-01 -2.374E-04 5.598E-08
377 C5H8 pentyne 18.0700 3.511E-01 -1.913E-04 4.098E-08
378 C5H8 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene -3.4120 4.585E-01 -3.337E-04 1.000E-07
379 C5H8 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene 14.6900 3.598E-01 -1.976E-04 4.262E-08
380 C5H8O cyclopentanone -40.6400 5.255E-01 -3.124E-04 7.130E-08
382 C5H8O2 ethylacrylate 16.8100 3.690E+00 -1.382E-04 -5.732E-09
383 C5H10 cyclopentane -53.6200 5.426E-01 -3.031E-04 6.485E-08
384 C5H10 1-pentene -0.1340 4.329E-01 -2.317E-04 4.681E-08
385 C5H10 2-pentene,cis -14.2900 4.601E-01 -2.541E-04 5.455E-08
386 C5H10 2-pentene,trans 1.9470 4.182E-01 -2.178E-04 4.405E-08
387 C5H10 2-methyl-1-butene 10.5700 3.997E-01 -1.946E-04 3.314E-08
388 C5H10 2-methyl-2-butene 11.8000 3.509E-01 -1.117E-04 -5.807E-09
389 C5H10 3-methyl-1-butene 21.7400 3.890E-01 -2.007E-04 4.011E-08
390 C5H10O valeraldehyde 14.2400 4.329E-01 -2.107E-04 3.162E-08
391 C5H10O methyl-n-propyl-ketone 1.1470 4.802E-01 -2.818E-04 6.661E-08
392 C5H10O methyl -2.9140 4.991E-01 -2.935E-04 6.665E-08
393 C5H10O diethyl-ketone 30.0100 3.939E-01 -1.907E-04 3.398E-08
396 C5H10O2 n-valeric-acid 13.3900 5.033E-01 -2.931E-04 6.619E-08
398 C5H10O2 isobutyl-formate 19.8500 4.034E-01 -1.436E-04 -7.402E-09
399 C5H10O2 n-propyl-acetate 15.4200 4.501E-01 -1.686E-04 -1.439E-08
400 C5H10O2 ethyl-propionate 19.8500 4.034E-01 -1.437E-04 -7.394E-09
403 C5H11N piperidine -53.0700 6.289E-01 -3.358E-04 6.427E-08
404 C5H12 n-pentane -3.6260 4.873E-01 -2.580E-04 5.305E-08
405 C5H12 2-methyl-butane -9.5250 5.066E-01 -2.729E-04 5.723E-08
406 C5H12 2,2-dimethylpropane -16.5900 5.552E-01 -3.306E-04 7.633E-08
407 C5H12O 1-pentanol 3.8690 5.045E-01 -2.639E-04 5.120E-08
408 C5H12O 2-methyl-1-butanol -9.4830 5.677E-01 -3.481E-04 8.637E-08
409 C5H12O 3-methyl-1-butanol -9.5420 5.681E-01 -3.485E-04 8.650E-08
410 C5H12O 2-methyl-2butanol -12.0900 6.096E-01 -4.204E-04 1.228E-07
411 C5H12O 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol 12.1500 5.397E-01 -3.160E-04 7.122E-08
412 C4H9N0 morpholine -42.8000 5.388E-01 -2.666E-04 4.199E-08
413 AlBr3 aliminiumtribromide 64.9400 6.098E-02 -7.306E-05 2.978E-08
414 C6H10O cyclohexanone -37.8100 5.539E-01 -1.953E-04 -1.534E-08
429 C7H16 2-methylhexane -39.3900 8.642E-01 -6.289E-04 1.836E-07
It should be note that taking Cp value constant (only first term of the polynomial) are also used
commonly in thermodynamics. Polynomial coefficients and table values of C p of most common gases
are usually given in most of the thermodynamic text books. We can work an example. If a polynomial
least square curve fitting equation for nitrogen data is required to be created
Figure 2.1.1 JANAF Tables at internet adress kinetics.nist.gov/janaf
543
Input data 2.1 Least square curve fitting input data , Nitrogen Cp(T), source : NIST Janaf Tables
T Cp T Cp T Cp T Cp T Cp
100 29.104 1100 33.241 2500 36.616 3900 37.508 5300 38.013
200 29.107 1200 33.723 2600 36.713 4000 37.55 5400 38.046
250 29.111 1300 34.147 2700 36.801 4100 37.59 5500 38.08
298.15 29.124 1400 34.518 2800 36.883 4200 37.629 5600 38.116
300 29.125 1500 34.843 2900 36.959 4300 37.666 5700 38.154
350 29.165 1600 35.128 3000 37.03 4400 37.702 5800 38.193
400 29.249 1700 35.378 3100 37.096 4500 37.738 5900 38.234
450 29.387 1800 35.6 3200 37.158 4600 37.773 6000 38.276
500 29.58 1900 35.796 3300 37.216 4700 37.808
600 30.11 2000 35.971 3400 37.271 4800 37.843
700 30.754 2100 36.126 3500 37.323 4900 37.878
800 31.433 2200 36.268 3600 37.373 5000 37.912
900 32.09 2300 36.395 3700 37.42 5100 37.947
1000 32.697 2400 36.511 3800 37.465 5200 37.981
Now by using a least suare curve fitting program we can create a curve fitting equation.
Program 2.1.1 Least square curve fitting program

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.Color;
class SCO11B4
544
{
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
545
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
}
}
//System.out.println(Matrix.toString(A));
//System.out.println(Matrix.toStringT(B));
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
Text.printT(X);
return X;
}

{
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

{
//aradegersayisi: x--o--o--x--o--o--x zincirinde x deneysel noktalar ise
// ara değer sayısı 2 dir
int n=xi.length;
546
double hata=hata(xi,yi,E);
//System.out.println("hata="+hata+"\nkatsayılar :\n"+Matrix.toStringT(E));
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
public static double yavg(double y[])
{
int n=y.length;
double total=0;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++) total+=y[i];
return total/n;
}
public static double R2(double y[],double f[])
{
double yavg=yavg(y);
int n=y.length;
double SStot=0;
double SSerr=0;
{SStot=(y[i]-yavg)*(y[i]-yavg);
SSerr=(y[i]-f[i])*(y[i]-f[i]);
}
return (1-SSerr/SStot);
}
public static double R2(double x[],double y[],double e[])

{ int n=y.length;
{f[k]=funcEKK(e,x[k]);}
return R2(y,f);
}

{
double x[];
double y[];
String s1=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("dosya adı (R134a_Cp.txt)");
//if (fc.showOpenDialog(null) == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {File file =
fc.getSelectedFile();s1=file.getName(); }
x=a[0];
y=a[1];
int n=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("polinom derecesi n:"));
double z[][]=funcEKK(x,y,n,10);
Text.printT(z);
System.out.println("E.K.K.\n"+Matrix.toStringT(z));
547
Plot pp=new Plot(a[0],a[1]);
pp.setPlabel("Cp kJ/(kmolK) for nitrogen 4th degree Least square CF");
pp.setXlabel("T degree C");
pp.setYlabel("Cp kJ/(kmolK)");
pp.addData(z[0],z[1]);
pp.setGrid(1,1);
pp.setColor(0,Color.BLUE);
pp.plot();
}
}
The program output:
Cp(T)= 27.19872924529033+0.006943211110342824*T-1.568881107785314E-
6*T2+1.211840254124337E-10*T3-7.162042075128584E-17*T4
Fitted data into the curve:
100 27.8775 750 31.5747 1800 35.3193 2850 37.0442 3900 37.5865 4950 37.7812
150 28.2053 800 31.8112 1850 35.4406 2900 37.0902 3950 37.5971 5000 37.796
200 28.5256 850 32.0413 1900 35.5574 2950 37.1337 4000 37.6069 5050 37.812
225 28.6829 900 32.2651 1950 35.6698 3000 37.1746 4050 37.6162 5100 37.8292
250 28.8384 950 32.4827 2000 35.778 3050 37.2131 4100 37.6249 5150 37.8479
274.1 28.9863 1000 32.6942 2050 35.8818 3100 37.2493 4150 37.6332 5200 37.868
298.2 29.1326 1050 32.8996 2100 35.9816 3150 37.2833 4200 37.6411 5250 37.8896
299.1 29.1382 1100 33.0991 2150 36.0773 3200 37.3151 4250 37.6489 5300 37.9129
300 29.1438 1150 33.2928 2200 36.1691 3250 37.3449 4300 37.6564 5350 37.9379
325 29.2937 1200 33.4807 2250 36.257 3300 37.3727 4350 37.6639 5400 37.9647
350 29.4419 1250 33.6629 2300 36.3412 3350 37.3987 4400 37.6714 5450 37.9935
375 29.5882 1300 33.8395 2350 36.4217 3400 37.4228 4450 37.679 5500 38.0242
400 29.7327 1350 34.0107 2400 36.4986 3450 37.4453 4500 37.6869 5550 38.057
425 29.8755 1400 34.1765 2450 36.572 3500 37.4662 4550 37.695 5600 38.092
450 30.0165 1450 34.3369 2500 36.642 3550 37.4856 4600 37.7035 5650 38.1293
475 30.1558 1500 34.4922 2550 36.7086 3600 37.5035 4650 37.7124 5700 38.1689
500 30.2933 1550 34.6423 2600 36.7721 3650 37.5202 4700 37.722 5750 38.211
550 30.5631 1600 34.7874 2650 36.8324 3700 37.5355 4750 37.7322 5800 38.2556
600 30.826 1650 34.9276 2700 36.8897 3750 37.5498 4800 37.7431 5850 38.3028
650 31.0822 1700 35.0629 2750 36.944 3800 37.563 4850 37.7548 5900 38.3528
700 31.3318 1750 35.1934 2800 36.9955 3850 37.5752 4900 37.7675 5950 38.4056
6000 38.4612
548
As it is seen from the least square cure fitting results, using a single equation is always cause errors, and
error grows even further close to the critical point of gases. In this context when modelling a more
accurate partially continious curve fitting method will be utilized in our modelling of ideal gas Cp
Cpi(T) = Ai + Bi*10-3*T+ Ci*105/T2+Di*10-6*T2 TLi >= T > THi KJ/kmol K (2.1.13)
By using this type of partially continuous equation gives us oppurtunity to adjust error range of the
equations. In order to find coefficients of equation Least square curve fitting method will be applied. Let
us define the method of Least sqauare It is assumed that Ti, Cpi i=0...(n-1) data is divided into L data
region and data for each set becomes T i,Cpi i=(n-1)/L*k...(n-1)/L*(k+1) k=0…(L-1). If a curve fitting
function
(𝑚)
𝑗=0 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑗 (𝑇) ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇𝐿𝑖 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇𝐻𝑖 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 = 0 … (𝐿 − 1) (2.1.14)
𝐶𝑝𝑘 (𝑇) = ∑𝑚
general linear function is defined with multiplication functions j(T) for each linear coefficient of
equation. For the equation 2.1.13 this coefficients will be: 0=1, 1=10-3*T, 2=105/T2, 3=10-6*T2
In order to apply least square curve fitting minimisation of the following function will be carried out.
𝑛−1
𝐿 ∗(𝑘+1) (𝑚) 2
(𝑚) (𝑚) 𝑗=0 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑗 (𝑇𝑖 )
𝐶𝑝𝑖 − ∑𝑚
𝐻(𝑎0𝑘 , . . , 𝑎𝑚𝑘 ) = ∑ 𝑤𝑘(𝑇𝑖 ) [ ] ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1 − 15)
(𝐿 − 1)
𝑛−1
𝑖= 𝐿 ∗𝑘
wk(T) is called the weight function. The value of the weight function can be assumed to be equal to unity
to simplify the process. The minimum of the function is the roots of its derivatives with respect to
coefficients of the equation..
(𝑚)
𝑗=0 𝑎𝑗 𝑗 (𝑇𝑖)
𝑛
(𝑚)
𝜕𝐻𝑘 (𝑎0𝑘 , . . , 𝑎𝑚𝑘 )
( 𝑚)
2 𝐶𝑝𝑖 − ∑𝑚
(𝑚) = ∑ 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 ) [ ] 𝑝(𝑇𝑖 ) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 = 0, … , 𝑚⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.16)
𝜕 𝑎𝑝 (𝐿 − 1) (𝐿 − 1)
𝑖=1
This equation is m+1 linear system of equation and can be solved by using any system of equation solving
methods, such as Gauss elimination process. For weight function w( xi ) =1, general least square equation
becomes:
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )0(𝑇𝑖 )0(𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )0 (𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )0(𝑇𝑖 )2 (𝑇𝑖 ) ⋯ ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )0(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑎
0
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 )0 (𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 )2 (𝑇𝑖 ) ⋯ ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )2(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑎1
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )2(𝑇𝑖 )0(𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )2 (𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )2(𝑇𝑖 )2 (𝑇𝑖 ) ⋯ ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )2(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑎2 =
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
𝑛 𝑛
[∑𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 )0 (𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 )2(𝑇𝑖 ) ⋯ ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 )] {𝑎𝑛 }
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )0 (𝑇𝑖 )𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 )
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )1 (𝑇𝑖 )𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 )
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )2 (𝑇𝑖 )𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 ) (2.1.17)
⋯
𝑛
{∑𝑖=1 𝑤(𝑇𝑖 )𝑛 (𝑇𝑖 )𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 )}
A curve fitting program is developed in Java language to carry out this procedure. The list of the program
is given below.
Program 2.1.2 Partially continuous curve fitting program
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
abstract class f_xr
{abstract double func(double x,int equation_ref);}
class fh extends f_xr

{
double func(double t,int i)
{
double T=t+273.15;
double xx=0.0;
if(i==0) xx=T;
549
else if(i==1) xx=1.0e-3/2.0*T*T;
else if(i==2) xx=-1.0e5/T;
else if(i==3) xx=1.0e-6/3.0*T*T*T;
return xx;
}
}
class fcp extends f_xr

{
double func(double t,int i)
{ // Cp(T) = xa[i]+xb[i]*1e-3*T+xc[i]*1.0e5/T^2+xd[i]*1e-6*T^2
double T=t;
double xx=0.0;
if(i==0) xx=1.0;
else if(i==1) xx=1.0e-3*T;
else if(i==2) xx=1.0e5/(T*T);
else if(i==3) xx=1.0e-6*T*T;
return xx;
}
}
class Gas_GEN_Data
{
//this class reads and store and proses ideal gas data
public double M; // kg/kmol
public double h0; // KJ/kmol at temperature a[0][0]=Tref
public double s0; // KJ/kmolK at temperature a[0][0]=Tref
public double hf; // KJ/kmol at 298 K
public double R=8.3145; // KJ/kgmolK
public double a[][];
public String GasName;
public String openName;
public String ekbilgi;
int fitoption;
f_xr f1;
f_xr f2;
public double cpl[][]; // ideal gas heat capacitiy

public double visl[][]; // saturated liquid viscosity
public double kl[][]; // saturated liquid thermal conductivity
//General partial continious least square method

public Gas_GEN_Data(int fitoptioni,String GasNamei,String openNamei,double ai[][],int ngroup,double Mi, double
h0i,double s0i,double hfi)
{
//fitoption : 0 Cp
//other h
fitoption=fitoptioni;
GasName=GasNamei;
a=ai;
ekbilgi=" ";
openName=openNamei;
int n=a.length;
int i,j;
if(fitoption==0) {f1=new fcp(); }
else {f1=new fh(); }
f2=new fcp();
cpl=EKKgeneral(f1,a[0],a[2],ngroup);
visl=EKKgeneral(f2,a[0],a[3],ngroup);
kl=EKKgeneral(f2,a[0],a[4],ngroup);
M=Mi;
h0=h0i;
s0=s0i;
hf=hfi;
}

550
{ //gauss eliminiation with partial pivoting
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gausselimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivoting
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//solving of gauss elimination
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double[][] EKKgeneral(f_xr f, double xi[],double yi[],int ngroup)

{
//ngroup : number of data in each group
//negri : degree of curve fitting
//groupnumber : number of group
int negri=3;
int n=negri;
double y[]=new double[xi.length];
{y[i]=yi[i];}
if(ngroup<negri) ngroup=negri;
int Nxi=xi.length; //total number of data
int groupnumber=Nxi/ngroup;
int ngroup1=ngroup+Nxi%ngroup;
//
int i,j,k;
int np1=4;
int np5=np1+2;
double A[][];
551
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[][];
X=new double[groupnumber][np5];
System.out.println("group number = "+ groupnumber);
double Y[]=new double[np1];
int l=0;
double max=0;
//
for(l=0;l<groupnumber-1;l++)
{
for(i=0;i<np1;i++)
{ B[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<np1;j++)
{
A[i][j]=0.0;
for(k=l*ngroup;k<=(l+1)*ngroup;k++) {A[i][j]+=f.func(xi[k],i)*f.func(xi[k],j);}
}
for(k=l*ngroup;k<=(l+1)*ngroup;k++) B[i]+= f.func(xi[k],i)*y[k];
}
Y=pivotlugauss(A,B);//pivotlugauss(A,B);
int ii;
for(ii=0;ii<Y.length;ii++) {X[l][ii]=Y[ii];}
X[l][ii]=xi[l*ngroup];
X[l][ii+1]=xi[(l+1)*ngroup];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
if(Math.abs(X[l][i]) > max) max = Math.abs(X[l][i]);
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
if((Math.abs(X[l][i]/max) > 0) && (Math.abs(X[l][i]/max) < 1.0e-100))X[l][i]=0;
}
l=groupnumber-1;
int k1=l*ngroup;
int k2=(l+1)*ngroup+Nxi%ngroup;
for(i=0;i<np1;i++)
{ B[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<np1;j++)
{
A[i][j]=0.0;
for(k=k1;k<k2;k++) {A[i][j]+=f.func(xi[k],i)*f.func(xi[k],j);}
}
for(k=k1;k<k2;k++) {B[i]+= f.func(xi[k],i)*y[k];}
}
Y=pivotlugauss(A,B);
int ii;
for(ii=0;ii<Y.length;ii++) {X[l][ii]=Y[ii];}
X[l][ii]=xi[k1];
X[l][ii+1]=xi[k2-1];
return X;
}
public static double funcEKKgeneral(f_xr f,double e[][],double x)

{
int n1=e.length;
int n2=e[0].length;
int n3=n2-2;
System.out.println("n1="+n1+"n2="+n2+"n3="+n3);
double ff=0;
double xlow,xhigh;
{
xlow=e[j][n3];
xhigh=e[j][n3+1];
552
System.out.println("xlow="+xlow+"xhigh="+xhigh);
if((x>=xlow) && (x<=xhigh))
{
ff=0;
for(int i=0;i<n3;i++)
{ff+=e[j][i]*f.func(x,i);System.out.println("ff="+ff+"i="+i);}
break;
}
}
return ff;
}
public static double[][] xyfit(f_xr f,double x[],double yi[],double e[][])

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
double yy=0;
double z[][]=new double[2][x.length];
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{ z[0][k]=x[k];
z[1][k]=funcEKKgeneral(f,e,x[k]);
}
return z;
}
public static double[][] dxyfit(f_xr f,double x[],double yi[],double e[][])

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
double yy=0;
double z[][]=new double[2][x.length];
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{ z[0][k]=x[k];
z[1][k]=yi[k]-funcEKKgeneral(f,e,x[k]);
}
return z;
}
public static double error(f_xr f,double x[],double yi[],double e[][])

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
double yy=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
yy=yi[k]-funcEKKgeneral(f,e,x[k]);
total+=yy*yy;
}
total=Math.sqrt(total/(n-1));
return total;
}
public static double[][] errorEKKPlot(f_xr f,double xi[],double yi[],int ngroup)
{
//ngroup : Number of data in each group
int n=xi.length;
int l;
double z[][];
double E[][];//=EKKgeneral(xi,yi,polinomkatnumber,ngroup);
double dx=0;
int k=0;
553
int i;
E=EKKgeneral(f,xi,yi,ngroup);
z=dxyfit(f,xi,yi,E);
Plot pp=new Plot(z[0],z[1]);
pp.setPlabel("Cp=a0+a1*1e-3*T+a2*1e5/T^2+a3*1e-5*T^2 Tl<=T<=Th");
pp.setXlabel("T degree K");
pp.setYlabel("Error Cp KJ/kmolK");
pp.plot();
return z;
}
public static double[][] funcEKKPlot(f_xr f,double xi[],double yi[],int ngroup)

{
int n=xi.length;
int l;
double z[][];
double E[][];
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
E=EKKgeneral(f,xi,yi,ngroup);
z=xyfit(f,xi,yi,E);
Plot pp=new Plot(z[0],z[1]);
pp.setPlabel("Cp=a0+a1*1e-3*T+a2*1e5/T^2+a3*1e-5*T^2 Tl<=T<=Th");
pp.setXlabel("T temperature degree K");
pp.setYlabel("Cp specific heat KJ/kmolK");
pp.addData(xi,yi,1);
pp.plot();
return z;
}
public static double[][] funcEKKgeneral(f_xr f,double xi[],double yi[],int ngroup,int subintervalnumber)

{
int n=xi.length;
int nn=(n-1)*(subintervalnumber+1)+1;
double E[][]=EKKgeneral(f,xi,yi,ngroup);
Text.print(E,"EfuncEKK");
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
{z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcEKKgeneral(f,E,z[0][k]);
for(int j=0;j<subintervalnumber;j++)
{dx=(xi[i+1]-xi[i])/((double)subintervalnumber+1.0);
k++;
z[0][k]=z[0][k-1]+dx;z[1][k]=funcEKKgeneral(f,E,z[0][k]);k++;}
}
z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcEKKgeneral(f,E,z[0][k]);
return z;
}
public double Cp_l(double t)

{ return funcEKKgeneral(f2,cpl,t);}
public double viscosity_l(double t)

{return funcEKKgeneral(f2,visl,t);}
public double k_l(double t)

{return funcEKKgeneral(f2,kl,t);}

{
String s1=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("name of the input file : ");
double c[][]=Text.readDoubleT(s1);
int n=c[0].length;
554
Text.print(Text.T(c));
double d[][]=EKKgeneral(new fcp(), c[0],c[1],n);
funcEKKPlot(new fcp(), c[0],c[1],n);
Text.print(d);
errorEKKPlot(new fcp(), c[0],c[1],n);
System.out.println(Matrix.toString(d));
}
Output 2.1-1 Least square curve fitting, Nitrogen Cp(T) one equation for the full range (n=1)
Output 2. 1-2 Least square curve fitting, Nitrogen Cp(T) one equation for the full range (n=2)
555
556
Program outputs clearly indicates how the error level of the equations can be improved with further
division of the curve fitting data ranges. In table 2.1 coefficients calculates for most common gases are
given.
Table 2. 1 Cp specific energy at constant pressure coefficients for partially continuous equation 2.23 for
some selected gases (KJ/kmol K)
O2(OXYGEN)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
22.2733042 20.09559 1.5767767 -7.443438 298 600
26.2330328 13.48713 -2.0281281 -4.647975 600 1000
35.7634821 0.5428001 -17.710825 0.3348063 1000 1400
34.5568094 1.5534385 -12.681988 0.097656 1400 1800
32.682339 2.7805744 -0.2328397 -0.124124 1800 2200
34.1893024 2.0032457 -16.591274 -0.012322 2200 2600
23.1341719 7.7683414 105.06076 -0.860499 2600 3000
35.3620341 2.1744887 -71.654038 -0.136367 3000 3400
37.7138695 1.3732901 -128.8807 -0.061344 3400 3800
49.4863253 -2.649491 -428.22144 0.3255739 3800 4200
57.8026664 -5.225491 -684.17715 0.5497138 4200 4600
67.3497053 -7.837178 -1057.8244 0.7497392 4600 5000
557
O(OXYGEN)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
21.671447 -2.000487 0.6392959 1.3201975 298.2 600
20.9035553 -0.139446 1.0331238 0.0475465 600 1000
20.4553758 0.3849957 1.9839752 -0.123782 1000 1400
21.6687811 -0.766509 -2.1607524 0.1875427 1400 1800
17.6656043 1.9100293 24.481016 -0.317612 1800 2200
24.9178388 -2.537163 -32.696431 0.4494757 2200 2600
21.487001 -0.625 -1.33E-05 0.1500001 2600 3000
17.0117402 1.3203316 70.107043 -0.087746 3000 3400
8.95294307 4.2042415 252.79664 -0.375537 3400 3800
20.0977517 0.1079969 7.5767905 0.0482227 3800 4200
-1.3420264 6.7095788 678.62469 -0.523824 4200 4600
724.70512 -195.5212 -26984.851 15.305527 4600 5000
CH4 (METHANE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
0.26362115 103.39063 6.665204 -33.10402 298 600
6.78991069 89.603901 2.2331944 -24.83552 600 1000
27.7451351 61.806127 -33.708994 -14.39854 1000 1400
80.8115508 12.886412 -220.78185 -1.66196 1400 2000
CO2 (CARBONDIOXIDE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
25.4671973 51.023411 -1.3120972 -23.31607 298.2 600
34.6006273 30.277362 -6.7786053 -9.892535 600 1000
48.1290242 11.835579 -28.908503 -2.765834 1000 1400
54.2079272 5.7117773 -46.594799 -1.032728 1400 1800
59.0590366 2.0250122 -71.9214 -0.240514 1800 2200
62.0435167 0.2785119 -98.089295 0.0484271 2200 2600
65.5225099 -1.394249 -142.79412 0.2749848 2600 3000
C2H6 (ETHANE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
7.22082458 169.49999 -0.310051 -54.76307 298.1 600
15.8323038 151.00556 -6.0042494 -43.46719 600 1000
C4H10(BUTHANE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
8.84111125 333.98478 0.1153296 -115.5945 298.1 600
6.01218614 339.97468 2.0345276 -119.2002 600 1000
-3.8865264 352.83922 19.725427 -123.9349 1000 1500
C6H6(BENZENE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
-18.481746 402.83801 -2.687926 -180.804 298.1 600
53.4042651 249.95242 -51.078552 -88.3468 600 1000
302.997008 -74.83644 -496.35487 31.372196 1000 1500
C3H8(PROPANE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
2.7092291 274.00712 -1.2065294 -104.1566 298 600
35.0742571 205.13062 -22.964953 -62.47967 600 1000
147.689338 58.572903 -223.8476 -8.450814 1000 1500
C5H12(PENTANE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
7.82987398 434.08356 -1.9963999 -168.1041 298 600
61.2821127 320.36074 -37.953456 -99.30518 600 1000
NO(NITROUX OXIDE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
558
26.0647325 6.3213237 1.472044 2.6988662 298 600
22.8517346 16.355181 1.876206 -5.412385 600 1000
30.8676094 5.6277872 -11.7589 -1.33654 1000 1400
35.035619 1.6318768 -25.363977 -0.254688 1400 1800
36.4013997 0.6632486 -33.453572 -0.061003 1800 2200
34.6513029 1.6332455 -16.591279 -0.212322 2200 2600
34.0190004 1.7499998 -5.73E-06 -0.2 2600 3000
NO2(NITROUSOXIDE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
35.7317582 22.766346 -4.715792 -6.218409 298 600
35.771235 22.757046 -4.7810842 -6.262163 600 1000
35.7679926 22.813891 -4.8874622 -6.305161 1000 1400
177.159804 -96.36465 -581.69215 21.69875 1400 1800
53.8006783 1.2561487 -0.4656812 0.0017521 1800 2200
55.3567682 0.3959388 -15.619017 0.1359161 2200 2600
53.8428231 1.2484724 -1.8087021 0.0017687 2600 3000
He(HELIUM)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
20.786 0 0 0 298 3000
CO(KARBONMONOXIDE)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
28.6560206 -2.085128 0.337893 8.1811747 298.2 600
20.3829755 18.160934 4.52649 -5.81348 600 1000
26.7303654 9.2194438 -4.8584718 -2.281008 1000 1400
33.941026 2.1828711 -27.618905 -0.341279 1400 1800
34.8280427 1.5459515 -32.522207 -0.214507 1800 2200
33.3217675 2.2909392 -15.619011 -0.314084 2200 2600
32.8390896 2.2832633 0.9043359 -0.275884 2600 3000
H2O(STEAM)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
28.6877265 12.039738 1.1463393 0.25555 298.2 600
27.3108165 14.029766 2.5637497 -0.329693 600 1000
19.4614944 25.197732 14.032779 -4.795708 1000 1400
26.780184 18.605935 -12.587814 -3.128211 1400 1800
37.0771036 10.778625 -65.742941 -1.451386 1800 2200
44.5695869 6.3876967 -130.29958 -0.727978 2200 2600
46.3095925 5.3240178 -141.88969 -0.5509 2600 3000
51.008483 3.1345329 -205.6806 -0.26442 3000 3400
41.4946818 6.6320807 2.4818852 -0.625887 3400 3800
59.8614036 0.0025212 -416.85494 0.0479064 3800 4200
68.5382723 -2.651393 -689.72852 0.2756027 4200 4600
50.0986401 2.6143779 -15.736572 -0.148221 4600 5000
H(HIDROGEN)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
20.786 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 298.2 5000
NH3(AMMONIA)
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
20.3177799 48.018943 1.8656171 -12.18994 298.2 600
22.1735304 44.053981 0.6126955 -9.769835 600 1000
26.5786168 38.208896 -6.8714374 -7.581379 1000 1400
36.5302097 28.798806 -40.206718 -5.069489 1400 1800
50.6669644 18.375459 -117.49906 -2.90565 1800 2200
72.7680843 4.9328427 -295.24014 -0.602956 2200 2600
108.872152 -13.48839 -707.63993 2.0437324 2600 3000
Ar(ARGON)
559
Ai Bi Ci Di TLi THi
20.786 0 0 0 298.2 5000
Another way for the interpolation process is to fit a different polynomial in between each two point. If a
third degree polinomial is considered:
𝑟𝑘 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )3 + 𝑏𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )2 + 𝑐(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )3 + 𝑦𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.18)
In the interpolation proses polinoms should be passing through all data points
𝑟𝑘 (𝑥𝑘+1 ) = 𝑦𝑘+1 ⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.19)
In the same time the first derivative of the polynomial should also be continious while passing from one
polynomial to the next one at the data point
𝑟′𝑘−1 (𝑥𝑘 ) = 𝑟′𝑘 (𝑥𝑘 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.20)
For the third degree polinomial second derivative of the polynomial should also be continious while
passing from one polynomial to the next one at the data point
𝑟"𝑘−1 (𝑥𝑘 ) = 𝑟"𝑘 (𝑥𝑘 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.21)
All these conditions are not enough to solve the coefficients of the polinomials. Two more conditions
are required. This two additional conditions (A and B of the following equation) can be given by user
𝑟"1 (𝑥1 ) = 𝐴 𝑟"𝑛−1(𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝐵 (2.1.22)
They are the second derivatives at the both hand of the series of polinomials. If A and B values are
taken equals to 0, it is called a natural cubic spline. Other end conditions such as the ones depends one
the first derivatives can also be set to solve the system of equations.
Defining ℎ𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.23)
System of equations become:
𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑘3 + 𝑏𝑘 ℎ2𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 ℎ𝑘 = 𝑦𝑘+1 − 𝑦𝑘 1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.24)
2
3𝑎𝑘−1 ℎ𝑘−1 + 2𝑏𝑘−1 ℎ𝑘−1 + 𝑐𝑘−1 −𝑐𝑘 = 0
⁡
6𝑎𝑘−1 ℎ𝑘−1 + 2𝑏𝑘−1 ⁡ + 2𝑏𝑘 = 0
3𝑏0 = 0
⁡
6𝑎𝑛−1 ℎ𝑛−1 + 2𝑏𝑛−1 ⁡ = 0
This set contains 3n-3 equations. This could a considerable load to the system of equation solving
programs. To make calculation load simpler a special third degree polinomial can be considered. If our
cubic polinomial is in the form of:
𝑠𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 ) + 𝑏𝑘 (𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥) + [(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )3𝑐𝑘+1 + (𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥 )3𝑐𝑘 ]⁡/(6ℎ𝑘 )⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.25)
then derivative equations becomes
𝑠′𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑘 − 𝑏𝑘 + [(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )2 𝑐𝑘+1 − (𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥 )2 𝑐𝑘 ]⁡/ℎ𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 (2.1.26)
𝑠"𝑘 (𝑥 ) = [(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 )𝑐𝑘+1 − (𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥 )𝑐𝑘 ]⁡/ℎ𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛
ak ve bk coefficients can be expressed as a function of ck
[6𝑦𝑘 − ℎ𝑘 𝑐𝑘 ]
𝑏𝑘 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.27)
6ℎ𝑘
[6𝑦𝑘+1 − ℎ𝑘2 𝑐𝑘+1 ]
𝑎𝑘 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.28)
6ℎ𝑘
In this case only ck terms left in the system of equations to be solved.
𝑦𝑘+1 − 𝑦𝑘 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑦𝑘−1
ℎ𝑘−1 𝑐𝑘−1 + 2(ℎ𝑘−1 − ℎ𝑘 )𝑐𝑘−1 + ℎ𝑘 𝑐𝑘+1 𝑐𝑘+1 = 6 [ − ] ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2.1.29)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
ℎ𝑘 ℎ𝑘−1
This system of equation has only n-2 terms to be solved. By making definition
1 k  n (2.1.31)
𝑦𝑘+1 −𝑦𝑘
𝑤𝑘 = ,
ℎ𝑘
System of equation becomes
560
1 ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ 𝑐0 𝐴
ℎ1 2(ℎ1 + ℎ2 ) ℎ2 ⁡⁡ ⁡ 𝑐1 6(𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )
⁡ ℎ2 2(ℎ2 + ℎ3) ⁡ 𝑐2 6(𝑤3 − 𝑤2 )
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ = ⋯ ⁡ (2.1.30)
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ … . 2(ℎ𝑛−3 + ℎ𝑛−2 ) ℎ𝑛−2 ⁡ 𝑐𝑛−2 6(𝑤𝑛−2 − 𝑤𝑛−3)
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ℎ𝑛−2 2(ℎ𝑛−2 + ℎ𝑛−1 ) ℎ𝑛−1 𝑐𝑛−1 6(𝑤𝑛−1 − 𝑤𝑛−2)
[ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ 1 ] { 𝑐𝑛 } { 𝐵 }
Where A and B are the second derivative end conditions. A and B should be defined by user. Another
important property of the above matrix is that it is a band matrix, therefore less amount of calculation is
required to solve it (by using band matrix algorithms such as Thomas algorithm). Now by using cubic
spline, the same Nitrogen Cp data will be used for the curve fitting.
Program 2.1.3 Cubic spline curve fitting program
//Cubic spline curve fitting
import java.io.*;
class NA49
{
{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
561
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
562
return z;
}
// =================
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}

{
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
563
{toplam=0;
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
y1=S[0][k]*xx1*xx1/2.0-S[1][k]*xx2*xx2/2.0+(xx1*xx1*xx1*xx1*S[2][k+1]-
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
xx2*xx2*xx2*xx2*S[2][k])/(24.0*hk);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}
{
564
int print=0;
double r2 = r1*r1;
double h = b - a;
int k = 1;
double dp,dy,p,yp;
{
k++;
if (yc<yd)
{
b = d;
yb = yd;
d = c;
yd = yc;
h = b - a;
c = a + r2 * h;
}
else
{
a = c;
ya = yc;
c = d;
yc = yd;
h = b - a;
d = a + r1 * h;
}//end of if
}//end of while
dp = Math.abs(b-a);
p = a;
yp = ya;
if (yb<ya)
{
p = b;
yp = yb;
}
if(print==1)
return p;
}

{
String s1=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("file name : ");
double c[][]=Text.readDoubleT(s1);
double z3[][]=funcSpline(c[0],c[1],20);
System.out.println("Cubic spline \n"+Matrix.toStringT(z3));
Text.print(Text.T(z3),"Curve fitting with cubic spline interpolation polinomials");
Plot pp=new Plot(c[0],c[1]);
pp.setPlabel("Curve fitting with cubic spline interpolation polinomials");
565
pp.addData(z3[0],z3[1]);
pp.plot();
}
}
As it is seen from the graphic, cubic spline will give us almost perfect fitting. The only problem with
this kind of fitting is that there are too many eqautions and coeficients for the curve fitting. But since
computer programs can keep the coefficients in memory, it will not cause any problem.
We would like to investigate also how good single equations given by the reseachers would behave with
respect to actual behaviors. Aly-Lee[41] equation, which is based on statistical thermodynamics has the
form:
𝑎2 /𝑇 𝑎4 /𝑇
𝐶𝑝(𝑇) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 ( ) + 𝑎3 ( )⁡⁡⁡(2.1.31)
sinh⁡(𝑎2 /𝑇) sinh⁡(𝑎4 /𝑇)
This equation is non-linear, so in order to curve-fit data into this equation non-linear equation fitting
method is required. The following program utilises Nelder-Mead Curve fitting Method.
Program 2.1.4 Non linear Nelder-Mead optimisation curve fitting program for Aly-Lee equation
import java.io.*;
class yy implements if_xj

{
double xi[]; // independent variable data set
double yi[]; //dependent variable data set
double a[]; //fit function coefficient set
int nn;
public yy(String filename,double ia[])
{
//read the data to curvefit
//get the data file and initial fit coefficient when class is defined
double[] Xi=new double[500];
double[] Yi=new double[500];
int n=ia.length;
a=new double[n];
seta(ia);
int i=-1;
try{
BufferedReader fin=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename));
566
try {
while(fin != null)
{
i++;
Xi[i]=Text.readDouble(fin);
Yi[i]=Text.readDouble(fin);
}
} catch(EOFException e_eof) {System.out.println("end of file"); }
}catch(IOException e_io) {System.out.println("dosya bulunamadı"); }
nn=i;
xi=new double[nn];
yi=new double[nn];
for(int j=0;j<nn;j++){xi[j]=Xi[j];yi[j]=Yi[j];}
a=ia;
}
public void seta(double ia[])

{
//assign new fit coefficient set
for(int ii=0;ii<nn;ii++)
a[ii]=ia[ii];
}
public double[] geta()
{
// return fit coefficient set
return a;
}
double Cp(double T,double ai[])

{a=ai;
double A1=ai[2]/T/Math.sinh(ai[2]/T);
double A2=a[3]/T/Math.cosh(ai[4]/T);
double cp=ai[0]+ai[1]*A1*A1+ai[3]*A2*A2;
return cp; //kJ/kgK
}
public double func(double ai[])

{
double ff=0;
double w;
double yy;
for(int i=0;i<nn;i++)
{w= Cp(xi[i],ai)-yi[i];
ff+=w*w;
}
return ff;
}
}
public class nelderi
{//2. Nelder ve Mead method(simpleks
method)_______________________________________________________________
public static double[] nelder(if_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[],int maxiteration,double tolerance,int
printlist)
{
double x[][]=new double[a.length+1][a.length];
{for(int j=0;j<x[0].length;j++)
{if(i==j){x[i][j]=a[j]+da[j];}
else {x[i][j]=a[j]; }
567
}
}
// Nelder mead multidimensional simplex minimisation method
// Nelder & Mead 1965 Computer J, v.7, 308-313.
// Giriş değişkenleri tanımlaması

// fnelder : abstract çok boyutlu fonksiyon f(x)
// x : for n boyutlu n+1 simlex noktasını içerir bağımsız değişken seti
// maxiteration : maximum iterasyon sayısı
// tolerance :
int NDIMS = x.length-1;
int NPTS = x.length;
int FUNC = NDIMS;
int ncalls = 0;
////// başlangıç simplexini oluştur //////////////////
double p[][]=new double[NPTS][NPTS]; // [row][col] = [whichvx][coord,FUNC]
double z[]=new double[NDIMS];
double best = 1E99;
//////////////// iilk fonksiyon değerlerini hesapla ////////////////
for (int i=0; i<NPTS; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j<NDIMS; j++)
{p[i][j] = x[i][j];}
p[i][NDIMS] = fnelder.func(p[i]);
}
int iter=0;
for (iter=1; iter<maxiteration; iter++)
{
/////////// lo, nhi, hi noktalarını tanımla //////////////
int ilo=0, ihi=0, inhi = -1; // -1 means missing
double flo = p[0][FUNC];
double fhi = flo;
double pavg,sterr;
{
if (p[i][FUNC] < flo)
{flo=p[i][FUNC]; ilo=i;}
if (p[i][FUNC] > fhi)
{fhi=p[i][FUNC]; ihi=i;}
}
double fnhi = flo;
inhi = ilo;
if ((i != ihi) && (p[i][FUNC] > fnhi))
{fnhi=p[i][FUNC]; inhi=i;}
////////// çıkış kriteri //////////////
if ((iter % 4*NDIMS) == 0)
{
//yi nin standart hata kriteri set değerinden (tolerance)
// küçük olmalı
// ortalama değeri hesapla (en büyük değer de dahil olmak üzere)
pavg=0;
for(int i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
pavg+=p[i][FUNC];
pavg/=NPTS;
double tot=0;
if(printlist!=0)
{ System.out.print(iter);
for (int j=0; j<=NDIMS; j++)
568
{ System.out.print(p[ilo][j]+" ");}
System.out.println("");
}
{ tot=(p[i][FUNC]-pavg)*(p[i][FUNC]-pavg);}
sterr=Math.sqrt(tot/NPTS);
//if(sterr < tolerance)
{ for (int j=0; j<NDIMS; j++)
{ z[j]=p[ilo][j];}
//break;
}
best = p[ilo][FUNC];
}
///// ave[] vektorünü en büyük değeri hariç tutarak hesapla //////
double ave[] = new double[NDIMS];

ave[j] = 0;
if (i != ihi)
ave[j] += p[i][j];
ave[j] /= (NPTS-1);
///////// yansıt ////////////////
double r[] = new double[NDIMS];

r[j] = 2*ave[j] - p[ihi][j];
double fr = fnelder.func(r);
if ((flo <= fr) && (fr < fnhi)) // in zone: accept

{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
if (fr < flo) //// genişlet, else kabul et

{
double e[] = new double[NDIMS];
e[j] = 3*ave[j] - 2*p[ihi][j];
double fe = fnelder.func(e);
if (fe < fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = e[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fe;
continue;
}
else
{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
569
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
}
///////////// daralt:
if (fr < fhi)

{
double c[] = new double[NDIMS];
c[j] = 1.5*ave[j] - 0.5*p[ihi][j];
double fc = fnelder.func(c);
if (fc <= fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = c[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fc;
continue;
}
else /////// daralt
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
p[i][FUNC] = fnelder.func(p[i]);
}
continue;
}
}
if (fr >= fhi) ///

{
double cc[] = new double[NDIMS];
cc[j] = 0.5*ave[j] + 0.5*p[ihi][j];
double fcc = fnelder.func(cc);
if (fcc < fhi)
{
p[ihi][j] = cc[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fcc;
continue;
}
else /////////
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
}
}
}
return z;
570
}
public static double[] nelder(if_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[],double tolerance)
{return nelder(fnelder,a,da,300,tolerance,0);}
public static double[] nelder(if_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[])

{return nelder(fnelder,a,da,500,1.0e-20,0);}

{
String in_name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" veri dosyasının ismini giriniz : ");
//String in_name="D1.txt";
double a[];
a=new double[5];
a[0] = 1.0;
a[1] = 1.0;
a[2] = 1.0;
a[3] = 1.0;
a[4] = 1.0;
double da[];
da=new double[5];
da[0] =0.3;
da[1] =0.3;
da[2] =0.3;
da[3] =0.3;
da[4] =0.3;
yy f=new yy(in_name,a);
int i=0;
double p[]=nelder(f,a,da,1000,1e-15,0);
String s1=" optimisation value : \n"+Matrix.toStringT(p)+"\n";
s1+="original function value = "+f.func(a)+"\n";
s1+="function value = "+f.func(p)+"\n";
s1+="standard division= "+Math.sqrt(f.func(p)/(f.nn-1));
System.out.println(s1);
Plot pp=new Plot(f.xi,f.yi);
double y[]=new double[f.xi.length];
for(i=0;i<f.xi.length;i++)
{y[i]=f.Cp(f.xi[i],f.a);}
pp.addData(f.xi,y);
pp.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\java\bin\javaw.exe" nelder
end of file
optimisation value :
27.950645606873834
10.078840538226359
-400.883987151156600
-193.009818119868000
645.817054212756800
original function value = 72086.49376191813

function value = 8.585551215087992
standard division= 0.3691593026264981
571
PPDS equation is also widely used to define Cp values for ideal gas specific heat data for gases[40].
2 2 3
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝐶𝑝(𝑇) = 𝑎1 + (𝑎2 − 𝑎1 ) ( ) [𝑎3 + 𝑎4 ( ) + 𝑎5 ( ) + 𝑎6 ( ) ]⁡(2.1.32)
𝑎0 + 𝑇 𝑎0 + 𝑇 𝑎0 + 𝑇 𝑎0 + 𝑇
This equation is also non-linear with respect to coefficients so the same Nelder-Mead nonlinear least
square program is used.
Program 2.1.5 Non linear Nelder-Mead optimisation curve fitting program for PPDS equation
import java.io.*;
{
int nn;
{
int n=ia.length;
a=new double[n];
seta(ia);
int i=-1;
try{
try {
while(fin != null)
{
i++;
}
nn=i;
xi=new double[nn];
yi=new double[nn];
a=ia;
}
572
{
a[ii]=ia[ii];
}
{
return a;
}
{a=ai;
double R=8.3145;
double A1=T/(ai[0]+T);
double A2=ai[0]/(ai[0]+T);
double cp=R*(ai[1]+(ai[2]-ai[1])*A1*A1*(1.0-A2*(ai[3]+ai[4]*A1+ai[5]*A1*A1+ai[6]*A1*A1*A1)));
return cp; //kJ/kgK
}

{
double ff=0;
double w;
double yy;
ff+=w*w;
}
return ff;
}
}
public class nelder1i
{
{
double a[];
a=new double[7];
a[0] = 1.0;
a[1] = 1.0;
a[2] = 1.0;
a[3] = 1.0;
a[4] = 1.0;
a[5] = 1.0;
a[6] = 1.0;
double da[];
da=new double[7];
da[0] =0.3;
da[1] =0.3;
da[2] =0.3;
da[3] =0.3;
da[4] =0.3;
da[5] =0.3;
da[6] =0.3;
int i=0;
double p[]=nelderi.nelder(f,a,da,1000,1e-15,0);
573
pp.addData(f.xi,y);
pp.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\java\bin\javaw.exe" nelder1
end of file
optimisation value :
218.014481532370040
4.734899316748212
4.813940589168753
345.654306606462340
-534.657797593246000
239.168194745319400
26.384727444067180
original function value = 47629.457639999986

function value = 10.34871648952423
standard division= 0.40529660879849366
Specific heat values of liquids can be obtained as curve fitting values as well. The values for some of the
heat transfer liquids are given in here
Water P=100 kPa 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 TK Cp kJ/kgK

c[0] = 270.5776803286873 273.15 4.22
c[1] = -3.510258807321355
c[2] = 0.01498354254279384 278.15 4.205
c[3] = -7.589055981721059E-6 283.15 4.1952
c[4] = -1.0150786406519273E-7 288.15 4.1885
c[5] = 1.3719023509450224E-10 293.15 4.1841
574
c[6] = 5.659017501899996E-13 298.15 4.1813
c[7] = -1.6574147190101998E-15 303.15 4.1798
c[8] = 1.247400559628774E-18
R2 = 0.999987245996238 308.15 4.1793
313.15 4.1794
318.15 4.1801
323.15 4.1813
328.15 4.183
333.15 4.185
338.15 4.1873
343.15 4.1901
348.15 4.1932
353.15 4.1968
358.15 4.2007
363.15 4.2052
368.15 4.2102
372.76 4.2152
Ethanol P=100kPa 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Ethanol

c[0] = 99.97500702573771 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -1.4790642217335723
c[2] = 0.008507238670942352 260 2.124
c[3] = -2.277794099110996E-5 265 2.1767
c[4] = 2.9173950044190898E-8 270 2.2325
c[5] = -4.30075812225333E-11 275 2.2907
c[6] = 1.727344802645507E-13
c[7] = -3.6180817253065646E-16 280 2.3506
c[8] = 2.605870896016471E-19 285 2.4115
R2 = 0.9999999948019586 290 2.4731
295 2.5348
300 2.5965
305 2.6578
310 2.7184
315 2.7784
320 2.8374
325 2.8955
330 2.9526
335 3.0087
340 3.0637
345 3.1177
350 3.1707
351.05 3.1818
Methanol 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Methanol

c[0] = -107.09543749764357 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = 2.601611452749273
c[2] = -0.023549716436274053 180 2.2079
c[3] = 8.59460826457016E-5 190 2.2124
c[4] = 6.538343462420786E-8 200 2.2141
c[5] = -1.6997167075625877E-9 210 2.2225
c[6] = 6.130872797665774E-12
220 2.2376
c[7] = -9.786566704292899E-15
c[8] = 6.092210693963097E-18 230 2.2578
R2 = 0.9999997465309409 240 2.2826
250 2.312
260 2.3466
270 2.387
280 2.4336
290 2.4866
300 2.546
310 2.6119
320 2.6839
330 2.7621
337.3 2.8229
575
Mercury 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Mercury
c[0] = 0.2033272761593221 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -5.920844922772481E-4
273 0.1404
c[2] = 2.0330837741077026E-6
c[3] = -2.772439767853268E-9 300 0.1393
c[4] = 2.586268783476067E-12 350 0.1377
c[5] = -2.0306289721643128E-14 400 0.1365
c[6] = 7.156293968815732E-17
450 0.1357
c[7] = -9.800486533233482E-20
c[8] = 4.7800532315135916E-23 500 0.1353
R2 = 0.9999999999999997 550 0.1352
600 0.1355
Tetrachloromethane 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟓𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 tetrachloromethane

c[0] = 5.012297747700416 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -0.05053869667575192
248 0.833
c[2] = 2.0046965626768594E-4
c[3] = -2.0002902590766625E-7 273 0.841
c[4] = -4.446399307337629E-10 293 0.85
c[5] = 8.07585972589885E-13 323 0.862
R2 = 1.0
373 0.896
Tricholoroethylene 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟓𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 tricholoroethylene

c[0] = 2.021413497778984 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -0.0216728733150517
188 0.879
c[2] = 1.5419846154678853E-4
c[3] = -5.218540177452986E-7 198 0.887
c[4] = 8.675697775141513E-10 223 0.9
c[5] = -5.675330725866384E-13 248 0.921
R2 = 0.9999999055288044 273 0.938
293 0.95
323 0.971
373 1.005
therminolD12 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 therminolD12

c[0] = 60.526927558517734 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -1.4926682191903955
188 1.635
c[2] = 0.016013080520282986
c[3] = -9.553446964431934E-5 223 1.805
c[4] = 3.4806695017489665E-7 253 1.941
576
c[5] = -7.937286137062844E-10 273 2.025
c[6] = 1.107162854924502E-12 293 2.108
c[7] = -8.642729926908821E-16
c[8] = 2.8924494422517614E-19 323 2.235
R2 = 0.9999999999999782 373 2.445
423 2.645
473 2.857
523 3.045
therminolVLT 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 therminolVLT

c[0] = -0.02438801684043873 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = 0.029830746122743928
163.15 1.397
c[2] = -3.8372497177788565E-4
c[3] = 3.1590538390345377E-6 173.15 1.441
c[4] = -1.5534921909351174E-8 223.15 1.659
c[5] = 4.683611618989939E-11 253.15 1.787
c[6] = -8.486188979967341E-14
273.15 1.871
c[7] = 8.472860840476584E-17
c[8] = -3.5745056585159034E-20 293.15 1.955
R2 = 1.0 323.15 2.08
373.15 2.287
423.15 2.497
473.15 2.735
Glycerine 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟓𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 glycerine

c[0] = 5461.782629499105 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -90.65285425337981
273 2.261
c[2] = 0.6011914499449433
c[3] = -0.0019906504885026286 280 2.298
c[4] = 3.2911488782269877E-6 290 2.367
c[5] = -2.1734451391880267E-9 300 2.427
R2 = 0.999999733746978
310 2.49
320 2.564
xceltherm_MK1 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 xceltherm_MK1

c[0] = 655.3892408685903 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = -11.887391675305821
273 1.523
c[2] = 0.09210892285990327
c[3] = -3.9508786804483384E-4 288.6 1.532
c[4] = 1.0162289049825188E-6 299.7 1.565
c[5] = -1.5770767978041933E-9 310.8 1.599
c[6] = 1.3908434773222344E-12
321.9 1.632
c[7] = -5.792395008000518E-16
577
c[8] = 5.424750831845585E-20 333 1.662
R2 = 0.999996629189612 344.1 1.695
355.2 1.724
366.3 1.758
377.4 1.787
388.6 1.821
399.7 1.85
410.8 1.879
421.9 1.913
433 1.942
444.1 1.971
455.2 2.001
466.3 2.03
477.4 2.059
488.6 2.088
499.7 2.122
Polydimethylsiloxane 𝑪𝒑(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Polydimethylsiloxane

c[0] = -247.42609839724008 TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = 6.137524512999184
200.15 1.27
c[2] = -0.06514258699078336
c[3] = 3.87517827429489E-4 223.15 1.39
c[4] = -1.4109055471195397E-6 248.15 1.51
c[5] = 3.2161765885520272E-9 273.15 1.65
c[6] = -4.476013677272247E-12
298.15 1.78
c[7] = 3.470065528728324E-15
c[8] = -1.1439083662355205E-18 323.15 1.91
R2 = 0.999999991375347 348.15 2.04
373.15 2.17
398.15 2.3
423.15 2.41
Oil oil
c[0] = -247.42609839724008
TK Cp kJ/kgK
c[1] = 6.137524512999184
c[2] = -0.06514258699078336 200.15 1.27
c[3] = 3.87517827429489E-4 223.15 1.39
c[4] = -1.4109055471195397E-6 248.15 1.51
c[5] = 3.2161765885520272E-9 273.15 1.65
c[6] = -4.476013677272247E-12
298.15 1.78
c[7] = 3.470065528728324E-15
c[8] = -1.1439083662355205E-18 323.15 1.91
R2 = 0.999999991375347 348.15 2.04
373.15 2.17
398.15 2.3
423.15 2.41
11.5.5 DENSITY
578
For density of low pressure gases ideal gas law might be sufficent, In higher pressures utilisation of a
real equation of state is recommended. Some of the liquid properties are given as data and curvefitting
values below:
water 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 water

TK  kg/m^3
c[0] = -14094.004223625658
c[1] = 187.0634705255266 273.15 999.8
c[2] = -0.39800684599059927 274.15 999.9
c[3] = -0.0055928045422936066 275.15 999.94
c[4] = 4.623590488099427E-5 276.15 999.97
c[5] = -1.6140046519422862E-7
277.15 999.97
c[6] = 3.033066555401628E-10
c[7] = -3.0054514672565815E-13 280 999.91
c[8] = 1.2359140372220347E-16 285 999.52
R2 = 0.9999999958646062 290 998.8
295 997.81
300 996.56
305 995.08
310 993.38
315 991.5
320 989.43
325 987.19
330 984.79
335 982.23
340 979.54
345 976.7
350 973.73
355 970.63
360 967.4
365 964.06
370 960.59
372.76 958.63
ethanol 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊

c[0] = 2382.5398728005543
Ethanol
c[1] = -21.84826796586477
c[2] = 0.12736747261133124 TK  kg/m^4
c[3] = -3.677438006916865E-4 260.00000000 816.94
c[4] = 5.19515543627176E-7 265.00000000 812.84
c[5] = -7.604622858666759E-10
270.00000000 808.74
c[6] = 3.0377998300334107E-12
c[7] = -6.8764195718127415E-15 275.00000000 804.65
c[8] = 5.350076455570246E-18 280.00000000 800.56
R2 = 0.9999999994513425 285.00000000 796.44
290.00000000 792.3
295.00000000 788.12
300.00000000 783.9
305.00000000 779.64
310.00000000 775.31
315.00000000 770.92
320.00000000 766.46
325.00000000 761.93
330.00000000 757.3
335.00000000 752.59
340.00000000 747.78
345.00000000 742.87
350.00000000 737.85
351.05000000 736.78
methanol 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Methanol

c[0] = -465.58693946551927 TK  kg/m3
c[1] = 39.87079474066188
c[2] = -0.45187767639373677 180 900.32
c[3] = 0.00267900018416731 185 895.35
579
c[4] = -8.94123682243866E-6 190 890.35
c[5] = 1.5266095017496084E-8 195 885.34
c[6] = -5.867069011453614E-12
c[7] = -1.8912737879574196E-14 200 880.34
c[8] = 2.081451057688526E-17 205 875.36
R2 = 0.9999999984730404 210 870.41
215 865.48
220 860.57
225 855.68
230 850.82
235 845.98
240 841.16
245 836.37
250 831.59
255 826.84
260 822.11
265 817.39
270 812.69
275 807.99
280 803.31
285 798.64
290 793.96
295 789.28
300 784.59
305 779.88
310 775.16
315 770.4
320 765.62
325 760.79
330 755.91
335 750.98
337.3 748.69
mercury 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Mercury

c[0] = 26031.804378214994 TK  kg/m^4
c[1] = -141.0945358709674
273 13595
c[2] = 0.25687356179268567
c[3] = 0.0039388639437045025 293 13545
c[4] = -2.9573184624687727E-5 300 13529
c[5] = 9.450367638069545E-8 323 13472
c[6] = -1.6189039758620223E-10
350 13407
c[7] = 1.454878787678996E-13
c[8] = -5.401993183180348E-17 400 13287
R2 = 1.0 450 13167
500 13048
600 12809
tetrachloromethane 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 tetrachloromethane

c[0] = 2449.4084261663975 TK  kg/m^4
c[1] = -5.766194142666515
248 1680
c[2] = 0.011354652942705339
c[3] = 2.6900743052415214E-5 273 1633
c[4] = -1.129721483600801E-7 293 1594
c[5] = -1.8931581051282716E-10 323 1534
c[6] = 5.016207311086058E-13
373 1434
c[7] = 1.3621144381614608E-15
c[8] = -2.6846930034050322E-18
580
tricholoroethylene 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 tricholoroethylene
c[0] = -58182.21780542969 TK  kg/m^4
c[1] = 1978.2696166811854
188 1730
c[2] = -27.947254389218195
c[3] = 0.2217342755341111 198 1710
c[4] = -0.0010836359339685944 223 1660
c[5] = 3.346121576288167E-6 248 1610
c[6] = -6.385871126693301E-9
273 1550
c[7] = 6.896441261968005E-12
c[8] = -3.2305633061161147E-15 293 1507
R2 = 0.999999992006872 323 1440
373 1340
therminolD12 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 therminolD12

[0] = -3448.1930906324665 TK  kg/m^4
c[1] = 106.83938833281174
188 835
c[2] = -1.1171731625331536
c[3] = 0.0064574943605130546 223 811
c[4] = -2.268707999927618E-5 253 790
c[5] = 4.954377378383254E-8 273 776
c[6] = -6.556516787544722E-11
293 762
c[7] = 4.7956167000505446E-14
c[8] = -1.4791998030145217E-17 323 740
R2 = 0.9999999999999961 373 702
423 662
473 615
523 562
therminolVLT 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 therminolVLT

c[0] = -6789.504166034223
581
c[1] = 233.9757618886139 TK  kg/m^4
c[2] = -3.0380035438302166 163.15 857
c[3] = 0.02200953726212739
c[4] = -9.766244093027687E-5 173.15 849
c[5] = 2.71898136910363E-7 223.15 808
c[6] = -4.640909049431486E-10 253.15 783
c[7] = 4.443172763189479E-13 273.15 766
c[8] = -1.8282010943776378E-16
293.15 748
R2 = 0.9999999999982397
323.15 722
373.15 676
423.15 626
473.15 567
glycerine 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 glycerine

c[0] = -73551.93848032346 TK  kg/m3
c[1] = 1215.2099695702009
273 1276
c[2] = -7.853115698146029
c[3] = 0.025250910050717265 280 1271.9
c[4] = -4.039810475614355E-5 290 1265.8
c[5] = 2.5711657127401364E-8 300 1259.9
R2 = 0.9999999954822341
310 1253.9
320 1247.2
xceltherm_MK1 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 xceltherm_MK1

c[0] = -160055.06641301597 TK  kg/m3
c[1] = 2786.2892013610285
273 1070.1
c[2] = -20.02883169011768
c[3] = 0.0761213562906084 288.6 1068.5
c[4] = -1.5698402018355333E-4 299.7 1058.9
c[5] = 1.4312195253196847E-7 310.8 1049.3
c[6] = 4.247407894003096E-11
321.9 1041.3
c[7] = -1.9144441231721183E-13
c[8] = 1.1027966866757059E-16 333 1031.7
R2 = 0.9999999916052851 344.1 1022.1
355.2 1014.1
366.3 1004.5
377.4 994.8
388.6 985.2
399.7 977.2
410.8 967.6
421.9 958
433 948.4
444.1 938.8
455.2 929.2
466.3 919.5
477.4 909.9
488.6 898.7
499.7 889.1
Polydimethylsiloxane 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 Polydimethylsiloxane

582
c[0] = 1897.5801512251794 TK  kg/m3
c[1] = -21.68460230756459 200.15 914.3
c[2] = 0.2276692944216558
c[3] = -0.0014044555926167376 223.15 897.1
c[4] = 5.392027484612206E-6 248.15 878.3
c[5] = -1.3221006573398557E-8 273.15 859.2
c[6] = 2.0239455061673124E-11 298.15 839.8
c[7] = -1.769911295132396E-14
323.15 820.1
c[8] = 6.7684461655701335E-18
R2 = 0.999999999989719 348.15 800
373.15 779.5
398.15 758.4
423.15 736.6
oil 𝝆(𝑻) = ∑𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝒄[𝒊]𝑻𝒊 oil

c[0] = 1897.5801512251794 TK  kg/m^4
c[1] = -21.68460230756459
200.15 914.3
c[2] = 0.2276692944216558
c[3] = -0.0014044555926167376 223.15 897.1
c[4] = 5.392027484612206E-6 248.15 878.3
c[5] = -1.3221006573398557E-8 273.15 859.2
c[6] = 2.0239455061673124E-11
298.15 839.8
c[7] = -1.769911295132396E-14
c[8] = 6.7684461655701335E-18 323.15 820.1
R2 = 0.999999999989719 348.15 800
373.15 779.5
398.15 758.4
423.15 736.6
11.5.6 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT

Thermal expansion coefficient is a thermodynamic property defined as
1 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌
Thermal expansion coefficient= 𝛽 = ( ) = ( ) ( )
𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝑃𝜕𝑃 𝜌 𝑇
The unit is 1/K. Naturally the value should be obtained form equation of states. For perfect gas: 𝑣 =
𝑅𝑇/𝑃
𝜕𝑣 𝑅
( ) =
𝜕𝑇 𝑃 𝑃
1 𝜕𝑣 𝑃 𝑅 1
𝛽= ( ) =( ) =
𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝑃 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 𝑇
For the remaining values equation of state should be utilised to find the value. In order to calculate 𝛽 in
liquid region, your EOS should cover data of liquid region.
583
11.5.7 PRANDTL NUMBER
𝐶𝑝 𝜇
Prandtl number is defined as: 𝑃𝑟 = It is not a new property but depends on the other properties we
𝑘
already defined, therefore we are not defined how to calculate it, but due to fact at it shows almost in all
heat convection formulations, it is usually listed as a seperate entity to avoid extra calculations.
Ludwig Prandtl
11.5.8 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

𝑘
Thermal diffusivity is defined as: 𝛼 = . Like Prandtl number, it is not a new property but depends o
𝜌𝐶𝑝
the other properties we already defined. And like Prandtl number it is usually list as a seperate identity
due to make easier heat trasnfer calculations.
11.5.9 HEAT OF VAPORISATION

Heat of vaporisation is also a thermodynamic property of phase change. It is difference of saturation
entalpy of gas and liquid phases. If gas/liquid has a single molecule
ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑇𝑠 ) = ℎ𝑔 (𝑇𝑠 ) − ℎ𝑓 (𝑇𝑠 ) where 𝑇𝑠 is saturation pressure, ℎ𝑔 enthalpy of saturated vapor at saturation
temperature(or pressure, itt is the same thing for pure substances), and ℎ𝑓 enthalpy of saturated liqıid at
saturation temperature. If it is a mixture, saturation temperature of saturated liquid and saturated vapor
will not be same (due to the difference of saturation temperature of each entity in mixture and molecular
interactions). Saturation temperature of the vapor is called dew point temperature and saturation
temperature of the liquid is called the buble point. Therefore enthalpy of veporation for a mixture can be
given as: ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑃𝑠 ) = ℎ𝑔 (𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑤 ) − ℎ𝑓 (𝑇𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 )
In some equations of state saturation temperature relations are given seperately. In some it is merged as
a part of EOS. Enthalpy of evaporation then can be calculated from Classius clapeyron eqaution.
When thermodynamic properties are considered, phase change region is always considered as additional
important region. The same equations are developed so far can be adopted to phase change region.
Consider the equation
𝑑ℎ = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 . In the phase change of pure substances pressure remains constant for a given
temperature. So the equation becomes: 𝑑ℎ = 𝑇𝑑𝑠. This equation can be written as
(ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) = 𝑇(𝑠𝑔 − 𝑠𝑓 ) In this equation hg entalphy of saturated vapour and h f is the enthalpy of
saturated liquid. Similarly, sg entropy of saturated vapour and sf is the entropy of saturated liquid. If
equation
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑃
(𝜕𝑉 ) = (𝜕𝑇 )
𝑇 𝑣
is applied to this region
𝑠𝑔−𝑠𝑓 𝜕𝑃
(𝑣 ) = (𝜕𝑇 )
𝑔 −𝑣𝑓 𝑇 𝑣
584
ℎ𝑔−ℎ𝑓 𝜕𝑃
(𝑇(𝑣 ) = (𝜕𝑇 ) This equation is called Classius –Clapeyron equation.
𝑔 −𝑣𝑓 ) 𝑇 𝑣
11.5.10 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS AND

SECONDARY COOLANTS
Air is one of the most use heat transnfer fluid, therefore all the properties discussed above sections are
given as one complete table for air. In order to calculate this table NIST equation of state[] is used. The
details of the equation of state is :
Formulation of Equation of State for dry air
Helmholtz energy equation for air is given as[134]
𝑎(𝜌, 𝑇)
𝛼(𝛿, 𝜏) = = 𝛼 0(𝛿, 𝜏) + 𝛼 𝑟 (𝛿, 𝜏)⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅𝑇
Where 𝛼 0 is the ideal-gas contribution to the Helmholtz energy and 𝛼 𝑟 is the residial contribution to the helmholtz energy. 𝛿 = 𝜌/𝜌𝑗 is the
𝑇𝑗
reduced density, 𝜏 = is reciprocal reduced temperature. 𝑇𝑗 is maxcondentherm which is the maximum temperature existed before mixture
𝑇
of gases become supercritical, or state point of maximum temperature along the saturation line. The same definition apply also for 𝜌𝑗 . The
values are: Tj=132.6312±0.004 K (uncertainty K=2) and 𝜌𝑗 =10.4477±0.05 kmol/m3 (uncertainty K=2). Ideal gas part of the reduced
Helmholtz energy equation :
5
𝛼 0(𝛿, 𝜏) = 𝑙𝑛𝛿 + ∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝜏 𝑖−4 + 𝑁6𝜏1.5 + 𝑁7 ln(𝜏) + 𝑁8 ln[1 − exp⁡(−𝑁11 𝜏)] + 𝑁9 ln[1 − exp⁡(−𝑁12𝜏)]+𝑁10 ln[2/3 − exp⁡(−𝑁13 𝜏)]⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑖=1
The coefficients of the ideal gas part of EOS is given in table 1.
Table 2.1 coefficients of the ideal gas p art of Helmholtz EOS
Table 2.1 Coefficients of ideal gas part of the Helmholtz EOS
i Ni
1 6.0571940000E-08
2 -2.1027476900E-05
3 -1.5886071600E-04
4 -1.3841928076E+01
5 1.7275266575E+01
6 -1.9536342000E-04
7 2.4908880320E+00
8 7.9130950900E-01
9 2.1223676800E-01
10 -1.9793890400E-01
11 2.5363650000E+01
12 1.6907410000E+01
13 8.7312790000E+01
The residual part of the helmholtz energy contribution to the equation of state given as:
10 19
𝛼 𝑟 (𝛿, 𝜏) = ∑ 𝑁𝑘 𝛿 𝑖𝑘 𝜏 𝑗𝑘 + ∑ 𝑁𝑘 𝛿 𝑖𝑘 𝜏 𝑗𝑘 exp(−𝛿 𝑙𝑘 )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡

𝑘=1 𝑘=11
Table 2.2 Coefficients of residual part of the Helmholtz EOS
k Nk ik jk lk
1 1.18160747229E-01 1 0 0
2 7.13116392079E-01 1 0.33 0
3 -1.61824192067E+00 1 1.01 0
4 7.14140178971E-02 2 0 0
5 -8.65421396646E-02 3 0 0
6 1.34211176704E-01 3 0.15 0
7 1.12626704218E-02 4 0 0
8 -4.20533228842E-02 4 0.2 0
9 3.49008431982E-02 4 0.35 0
10 1.64957183186E-04 6 1.35 0
11 -1.01365037912E-01 1 1.6 1
12 -1.73813690970E-01 3 0.8 1
13 -4.72103183731E-02 5 0.95 1
14 -1.22523554253E-02 6 1.25 1
15 -2.01466296097E+01 1 3.6 2
16 -3.16055879821E-02 3 6 2
17 2.33594806142E-04 11 3.25 2
18 1.48287891978E-02 1 3.5 3
19 -9.38782884667E-03 3 15 3
585
Thermodynamic properties can be calculated by using derivaties of the EOS
Compressibility factor- Pressure 𝑃 𝜕𝛼 𝑟
𝑍= = 1+𝛿( ) ⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝜕𝛿 𝜏
Internal energy kJ/kmol 𝑢 𝜕𝛼 0 𝜕𝛼 𝑟

= 𝜏 [( ) +( ) ]⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅𝑇 𝜕𝜏 𝛿 𝜕𝜏 𝛿
Enthalpy kJ/kmol ℎ 𝜕𝛼 0 𝜕𝛼 𝑟 𝜕𝛼 𝑟
= 𝜏 [( ) +( ) ]+𝛿( ) + 1⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅𝑇 𝜕𝜏 𝛿 𝜕𝜏 𝛿 𝜕𝛿 𝜏
Entropy kJ/kmolK 𝑠 𝜕𝛼 0 𝜕𝛼 𝑟
= 𝜏 [( ) +( ) ] − 𝛼 0 − 𝛼 𝑟 ⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅 𝜕𝜏 𝛿 𝜕𝜏 𝛿
Specific heat at constat volume, 𝐶𝑣 𝜕 2𝛼 0 𝜕 2𝛼 𝑟
isovolumetric specific heat = −𝜏 2 [( 2 ) + ( 2 ) ]⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅 𝜕𝜏 𝛿 𝜕𝜏 𝛿
kJ/kmolK
2
Specific heat at constant 𝜕𝛼 𝑟 𝜕 2𝛼 𝑟
pressure, isochoric specific heat [1 + 𝛿 ( ) − 𝛿𝜏 ( ) ]
𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑣 𝜕𝛿 𝜏 𝜕𝛿𝜕𝜏 𝛿
kJ/kmolK = + ⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅 𝑅 [1 + 2𝛿 (𝜕𝛼 ) + 𝛿 2 (𝜕 𝛼 𝑟 ) ]
𝑟 2
𝜕𝛿 𝜏 𝜕𝛿 2 𝛿
Speed of sound m/s 𝑤 2𝑀 𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝛼 𝑟 𝜕 2𝛼 𝑟
= [1 + 2𝛿 ( ) + 𝛿 2 ( 2 ) ]⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑣 𝜕𝛿 𝜏 𝜕𝛿 𝛿
Universal gas constant is taken as R=8.31451±0.00007 (uncertainity K=2). Molar mass of air is taken as: M=28.9586 kg/kmol
Saturation region equations of the mixture are also existed. Model assumed that air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen an air with the fraction
of the following mole fraction composition
Component Mole Fraction
N2 0.7812
O2 0.2096
Ar 0.0092
𝑇
𝜃 = [1 − ]⁡⁡⁡
𝑇𝑗
8
Bubble and dew point pressures kPA 𝑃 𝑇𝑗
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = ( ) ∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝜃 𝑖/2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑃𝑗 𝑇
𝑖=1
Bubble point density kmol/m3 𝜌 𝑇
( ) = 1 + 𝑁1𝜃 0.65 + 𝑁2𝜃 0.85 + 𝑁3𝜃 0.95 + 𝑁4𝜃1.1 + 𝑁5 𝑙𝑛 ( ) (2.13)
𝜌𝑗 𝑇𝑗
Dew point density kmol/m3 𝜌
ln( ) = 𝑁1𝜃 0.41 + 𝑁2𝜃 + 𝑁3𝜃 2.8 + 𝑁4𝜃 6.5⁡⁡
𝜌𝑗
Freezing liquid pressure kPa 𝑃 𝑇 1.78963
= 1 − 35493.5 [( ) − 1]⁡⁡
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠
Where 𝑃𝑗 =3785.02± kPa (uncertainty K=2) and Ts=59.75 K Ps=5.265 kPa
Table 2.3 Coefficients of saturation properties
P buble point P dew point buble point dew point
Ni Ni Ni Ni
1 0.22607240 -0.15672660 44.34130000 -2.04660000
2 -7.08049900 -5.53963500 -240.07300000 -4.75200000
3 5.70028300 0.00000000 285.13900000 -13.25900000
4 -12.44017000 0.00000000 -88.33660000 -47.65200000
5 17.81926000 0.75672120 -0.89218100 0.00000000
6 -10.81364000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
7 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
8 0.00000000 -3.51432200 0.00000000 0.00000000
2 Formulations of other thermophysical and thermodynamic properties

In order to calculate thermopysical properties (thermal conductivity and viscosity) of dry air Kadoya et al[135] equations are used. This
equations has the following form:
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
0 (𝑇𝑟 ) = 𝐴0 𝑇𝑟 + 𝐴1 𝑇𝑟
0.5
+ 𝐴2 + 3 + 42 + 53 + 64
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟
∆ (𝜌𝑟 ) = ∑4𝑖=1 𝐵𝑖 𝜌𝑟𝑖 3.2
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜌𝑟 ) = 𝐻[ 0 𝑇𝑟 ) + 𝜌𝑟 )] 3.3
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝑘0(𝑇𝑟 ) = 𝐶0 𝑇𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝑇𝑟0.5 + 𝐶2 + 3 + 42 + 53 +
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟4
∆k(𝜌𝑟 ) = ∑4𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖 𝜌𝑟𝑖 3.5
k(𝑇𝑟 , 𝜌𝑟 ) = [𝑘0(𝑇𝑟 ) + ∆k(𝜌𝑟 )] 3.6
Where 𝜌𝑟 = 𝜌/𝜌∗ 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇/𝑇 ∗ 3.7
Coefficients of the equations are given in Table
Table Coefficients of equations
586
𝑇 ∗ = 132.5⁡K 𝜌∗ = 314.3⁡kg/m3 = 25.9778⁡(10−3𝑊 H=6.1609 (10-6 Pas)
i Ai Bi /(𝑚𝐾) Ci Di
0 0.128517 0.465601 0.239503 0.402287
1 2.60661 1.26469 0.00649768 0.356603
2 -1 -0.511425 1 -0.163159
3 -0.709661 0.2746 -1.92615 0.138059
4 0.662534 2.00383 -0.0201725
5 -0.197846 -1.07553
6 0.00770147 0.229414
𝐶𝑝 𝜇
Prandtl number: 𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘
1 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜌
Thermal expansion coefficient= 𝛽 = ( ) = ( ) ( )
𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝑃 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝑃 𝑇
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝛼 𝑟 𝜕 2𝛼 𝑟
( ) = 𝑅𝜌 [1 + 𝛿 ( ) − 𝛿𝜏 ( ) ]⁡
𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝛿 𝜏 𝜕𝛿𝜕𝜏 𝛿
𝑟 2 𝑟
𝜕𝑃 𝑅𝑇 𝜕𝛼 𝜕 𝛼
( ) = [1 + 2𝛿 ( ) + 𝛿 2 ( 2 ) ]⁡
𝜕𝜌 𝑇 𝜌 𝜕𝛿 𝜏 𝜕𝛿 𝛿
𝜕𝜌 1
( ) =
𝜕𝑃 𝑇 (𝜕𝑃 )
𝜕𝜌 𝑇
1
Isothermal compressibility: = 𝜕𝑃
𝜌( )
𝜕𝜌 𝑇
public class air_NIST_test

{ air_NIST air=new air_NIST();
for(double T=110;T<3001;T+=10)
{
double ro=air.rom(T,P);
double Cp=air.Cp_Trom(T,ro);
double vis=air.vis(T,P);
double k=air.k(T,P);
double Pr=air.Pr_Tro(T,ro);
double beta=air.beta(T,ro);
System.out.println(T+" "+P+" "+ro+" "+Cp+" "+vis+" "+k+" "+Pr+" "+beta);
} }}
For program code air-NIST please check www.turhancoban.com (SCO1.jar)
Properties of dry air at P=100 kPa
T degree K  kg/m^3 Cp kJ/(kgK)  Pas k Pr  1/K

110 3.216524 1.02904805 7.7843E-06 W/(mK)
0.010376 0.923677 0.083515
120 2.937777 1.02219022 8.4450E-06 0.011333 0.883391 0.02955
130 2.704749 1.01763992 9.0927E-06 0.012266 0.854432 0.018919
140 2.506732 1.01448673 9.7294E-06 0.013176 0.832938 0.014242
150 2.336213 1.01222362 1.0356E-05 0.014068 0.816393 0.011558
160 2.187733 1.01055235 1.0971E-05 0.014947 0.803204 0.0098
170 2.057216 1.00929 1.1577E-05 0.015814 0.792364 0.008553
180 1.941548 1.00832067 1.2171E-05 0.016671 0.783226 0.00762
190 1.838305 1.00756906 1.2756E-05 0.017518 0.775362 0.006892
200 1.745567 1.00698547 1.3330E-05 0.018356 0.768488 0.006307
210 1.661798 1.00653675 1.3894E-05 0.019185 0.762403 0.005825
220 1.585747 1.00620079 1.4449E-05 0.020005 0.756966 0.00542
230 1.516388 1.00596297 1.4994E-05 0.020816 0.752075 0.005075
240 1.452869 1.00581383 1.5529E-05 0.021617 0.747649 0.004776
250 1.394481 1.00574752 1.6056E-05 0.022409 0.743631 0.004515
260 1.340622 1.00576068 1.6575E-05 0.023191 0.739971 0.004284
270 1.290782 1.0058517 1.7085E-05 0.023965 0.736633 0.004078
280 1.244528 1.00602017 1.7587E-05 0.024729 0.733584 0.003893
290 1.201483 1.00626646 1.8081E-05 0.025485 0.7308 0.003725
300 1.161325 1.0065914 1.8569E-05 0.026232 0.728256 0.003573
310 1.12377 1.00699611 1.9049E-05 0.02697 0.725936 0.003434
320 1.088574 1.00748177 1.9522E-05 0.027701 0.723822 0.003307
330 1.055521 1.00804954 1.9989E-05 0.028423 0.721901 0.003189
340 1.024419 1.0087004 2.0450E-05 0.029137 0.720159 0.00308
587
350 0.995102 1.00943515 2.0905E-05 0.029844 0.718585 0.002979
360 0.967418 1.01025428 2.1354E-05 0.030544 0.717169 0.002885
370 0.941236 1.011158 2.1797E-05 0.031237 0.715902 0.002797
380 0.916436 1.01214617 2.2235E-05 0.031923 0.714775 0.002715
390 0.892911 1.01321833 2.2668E-05 0.032603 0.71378 0.002637
400 0.870565 1.01437366 2.3096E-05 0.033276 0.71291 0.002565
410 0.849312 1.01561101 2.3519E-05 0.033943 0.712158 0.002496
420 0.829073 1.01692891 2.3937E-05 0.034605 0.711516 0.002431
430 0.809778 1.01832559 2.4351E-05 0.035261 0.71098 0.00237
440 0.791361 1.01979899 2.4761E-05 0.035911 0.710543 0.002312
450 0.773764 1.02134679 2.5166E-05 0.036557 0.710198 0.002257
460 0.756933 1.02296646 2.5567E-05 0.037197 0.709941 0.002204
470 0.74082 1.02465525 2.5965E-05 0.037833 0.709767 0.002154
480 0.725379 1.02641023 2.6358E-05 0.038464 0.709669 0.002107
490 0.710569 1.02822834 2.6748E-05 0.03909 0.709644 0.002061
500 0.696352 1.03010641 2.7135E-05 0.039712 0.709686 0.002018
510 0.682694 1.03204114 2.7518E-05 0.040331 0.709791 0.001976
520 0.669561 1.03402921 2.7897E-05 0.040945 0.709955 0.001936
530 0.656924 1.03606723 2.8274E-05 0.041555 0.710172 0.001898
540 0.644756 1.03815179 2.8647E-05 0.042162 0.71044 0.001861
550 0.633031 1.04027949 2.9017E-05 0.042765 0.710754 0.001826
560 0.621725 1.04244695 2.9384E-05 0.043365 0.711109 0.001792
570 0.610816 1.04465081 2.9748E-05 0.043961 0.711504 0.001759
580 0.600283 1.04688777 3.0109E-05 0.044555 0.711934 0.001728
590 0.590108 1.04915459 3.0468E-05 0.045145 0.712395 0.001698
600 0.580272 1.05144811 3.0824E-05 0.045732 0.712885 0.001669
610 0.570759 1.05376525 3.1177E-05 0.046317 0.713401 0.00164
620 0.561552 1.05610301 3.1528E-05 0.046899 0.713939 0.001613
630 0.552639 1.05845851 3.1876E-05 0.047478 0.714498 0.001587
640 0.544004 1.06082896 3.2222E-05 0.048054 0.715074 0.001562
650 0.535634 1.06321169 3.2565E-05 0.048628 0.715664 0.001537
660 0.527519 1.06560412 3.2906E-05 0.0492 0.716268 0.001513
670 0.519645 1.0680038 3.3245E-05 0.049769 0.716881 0.00149
680 0.512004 1.07040839 3.3582E-05 0.050336 0.717503 0.001468
690 0.504584 1.07281567 3.3916E-05 0.050901 0.718132 0.001446
700 0.497376 1.07522353 3.4249E-05 0.051464 0.718765 0.001425
710 0.490371 1.07762996 3.4579E-05 0.052025 0.719401 0.001404
720 0.483561 1.08003309 3.4907E-05 0.052584 0.720038 0.001385
730 0.476938 1.08243114 3.5234E-05 0.053141 0.720674 0.001365
740 0.470493 1.08482245 3.5558E-05 0.053696 0.72131 0.001347
750 0.46422 1.08720544 3.5880E-05 0.054249 0.721942 0.001328
760 0.458113 1.08957867 3.6201E-05 0.0548 0.72257 0.001311
770 0.452164 1.09194076 3.6520E-05 0.05535 0.723193 0.001293
780 0.446368 1.09429047 3.6837E-05 0.055899 0.723809 0.001277
790 0.440718 1.0966266 3.7152E-05 0.056445 0.724419 0.00126
800 0.43521 1.09894809 3.7466E-05 0.056991 0.72502 0.001244
810 0.429838 1.10125392 3.7778E-05 0.057534 0.725613 0.001229
820 0.424597 1.1035432 3.8088E-05 0.058076 0.726195 0.001214
830 0.419482 1.10581506 3.8397E-05 0.058617 0.726768 0.001199
840 0.414489 1.10806876 3.8704E-05 0.059157 0.72733 0.001185
850 0.409613 1.11030359 3.9010E-05 0.059695 0.727881 0.001171
860 0.404851 1.11251893 3.9314E-05 0.060232 0.728419 0.001157
870 0.400199 1.11471422 3.9616E-05 0.060767 0.728946 0.001143
880 0.395652 1.11688896 3.9917E-05 0.061302 0.72946 0.00113
890 0.391207 1.1190427 4.0217E-05 0.061835 0.729961 0.001118
900 0.386861 1.12117505 4.0515E-05 0.062367 0.730448 0.001105
910 0.38261 1.12328566 4.0812E-05 0.062898 0.730922 0.001093
920 0.378452 1.12537426 4.1108E-05 0.063428 0.731383 0.001081
930 0.374384 1.12744059 4.1402E-05 0.063957 0.73183 0.001069
940 0.370402 1.12948445 4.1695E-05 0.064484 0.732262 0.001058
950 0.366503 1.13150568 4.1986E-05 0.065011 0.732681 0.001047
960 0.362686 1.13350415 4.2276E-05 0.065537 0.733085 0.001036
588
970 0.358948 1.13547976 4.2565E-05 0.066062 0.733475 0.001025
980 0.355286 1.13743246 4.2853E-05 0.066586 0.733851 0.001014
990 0.351698 1.13936222 4.3140E-05 0.067109 0.734212 0.001004
1000 0.348182 1.14126904 4.3425E-05 0.067631 0.73456 9.94E-04
1010 0.344735 1.14315294 4.3709E-05 0.068152 0.734893 9.84E-04
1020 0.341356 1.14501397 4.3992E-05 0.068672 0.735212 9.75E-04
1030 0.338042 1.14685222 4.4274E-05 0.069192 0.735516 9.65E-04
1040 0.334793 1.14866776 4.4555E-05 0.069711 0.735807 9.56E-04
1050 0.331605 1.15046071 4.4835E-05 0.070229 0.736084 9.47E-04
1060 0.328477 1.1522312 4.5113E-05 0.070746 0.736347 9.38E-04
1070 0.325408 1.15397939 4.5391E-05 0.071262 0.736596 9.29E-04
1080 0.322395 1.15570542 4.5667E-05 0.071778 0.736832 9.20E-04
1090 0.319438 1.15740947 4.5942E-05 0.072293 0.737055 9.12E-04
1100 0.316535 1.15909173 4.6217E-05 0.072808 0.737264 9.04E-04
1110 0.313684 1.16075241 4.6490E-05 0.073321 0.73746 8.95E-04
1120 0.310884 1.16239169 4.6762E-05 0.073834 0.737643 8.87E-04
1130 0.308133 1.16400981 4.7034E-05 0.074347 0.737813 8.80E-04
1140 0.305431 1.16560699 4.7304E-05 0.074858 0.737971 8.72E-04
1150 0.302775 1.16718346 4.7573E-05 0.07537 0.738116 8.64E-04
1160 0.300166 1.16873946 4.7842E-05 0.07588 0.73825 8.57E-04
1170 0.297601 1.17027524 4.8109E-05 0.07639 0.738371 8.49E-04
1180 0.295079 1.17179103 4.8376E-05 0.076899 0.73848 8.42E-04
1190 0.2926 1.1732871 4.8642E-05 0.077408 0.738578 8.35E-04
1200 0.290162 1.17476371 4.8906E-05 0.077916 0.738664 8.28E-04
1210 0.287765 1.17622111 4.9170E-05 0.078424 0.738739 8.21E-04
1220 0.285406 1.17765956 4.9433E-05 0.078931 0.738803 8.15E-04
1230 0.283087 1.17907934 4.9695E-05 0.079438 0.738856 8.08E-04
1240 0.280804 1.1804807 4.9957E-05 0.079944 0.738899 8.02E-04
1250 0.278558 1.18186391 5.0217E-05 0.08045 0.738931 7.95E-04
1260 0.276348 1.18322924 5.0477E-05 0.080955 0.738952 7.89E-04
1270 0.274172 1.18457695 5.0736E-05 0.08146 0.738964 7.83E-04
1280 0.272031 1.18590732 5.0994E-05 0.081964 0.738966 7.76E-04
1290 0.269922 1.18722061 5.1251E-05 0.082468 0.738959 7.70E-04
1300 0.267847 1.18851708 5.1507E-05 0.082971 0.738941 7.65E-04
1310 0.265802 1.189797 5.1763E-05 0.083474 0.738915 7.59E-04
1320 0.263789 1.19106063 5.2018E-05 0.083976 0.73888 7.53E-04
1330 0.261806 1.19230823 5.2272E-05 0.084478 0.738835 7.47E-04
1340 0.259853 1.19354007 5.2525E-05 0.08498 0.738782 7.42E-04
1350 0.257928 1.19475639 5.2778E-05 0.085481 0.738721 7.36E-04
1360 0.256032 1.19595746 5.3030E-05 0.085982 0.738651 7.31E-04
1370 0.254164 1.19714353 5.3281E-05 0.086482 0.738573 7.26E-04
1380 0.252322 1.19831484 5.3531E-05 0.086983 0.738487 7.20E-04
1390 0.250507 1.19947165 5.3781E-05 0.087482 0.738394 7.15E-04
1400 0.248718 1.20061421 5.4030E-05 0.087982 0.738293 7.10E-04
1410 0.246955 1.20174274 5.4278E-05 0.08848 0.738184 7.05E-04
1420 0.245216 1.2028575 5.4526E-05 0.088979 0.738068 7.00E-04
1430 0.243502 1.20395871 5.4773E-05 0.089477 0.737946 6.95E-04
1440 0.241811 1.20504662 5.5019E-05 0.089975 0.737816 6.90E-04
1450 0.240144 1.20612144 5.5264E-05 0.090473 0.737679 6.86E-04
1460 0.238499 1.20718341 5.5509E-05 0.09097 0.737536 6.81E-04
1470 0.236877 1.20823276 5.5754E-05 0.091467 0.737387 6.76E-04
1480 0.235277 1.20926969 5.5997E-05 0.091964 0.737231 6.72E-04
1490 0.233698 1.21029443 5.6240E-05 0.09246 0.737069 6.67E-04
1500 0.23214 1.21130719 5.6482E-05 0.092956 0.736902 6.63E-04
1510 0.230603 1.21230819 5.6724E-05 0.093452 0.736728 6.58E-04
1520 0.229087 1.21329762 5.6965E-05 0.093947 0.736549 6.54E-04
1530 0.22759 1.21427568 5.7206E-05 0.094442 0.736364 6.50E-04
1540 0.226112 1.21524259 5.7446E-05 0.094937 0.736174 6.46E-04
1550 0.224653 1.21619854 5.7685E-05 0.095431 0.735979 6.41E-04
1560 0.223214 1.21714371 5.7924E-05 0.095926 0.735778 6.37E-04
1570 0.221792 1.2180783 5.8162E-05 0.09642 0.735573 6.33E-04
1580 0.220389 1.2190025 5.8399E-05 0.096913 0.735363 6.29E-04
589
1590 0.219003 1.21991649 5.8636E-05 0.097407 0.735148 6.25E-04
1600 0.217634 1.22082044 5.8872E-05 0.0979 0.734928 6.21E-04
1610 0.216283 1.22171454 5.9108E-05 0.098393 0.734704 6.18E-04
1620 0.214948 1.22259896 5.9343E-05 0.098886 0.734476 6.14E-04
1630 0.21363 1.22347386 5.9578E-05 0.099378 0.734243 6.10E-04
1640 0.212327 1.22433942 5.9812E-05 0.09987 0.734006 6.06E-04
1650 0.211041 1.22519579 6.0046E-05 0.100362 0.733765 6.03E-04
1660 0.20977 1.22604315 6.0279E-05 0.100854 0.733521 5.99E-04
1670 0.208514 1.22688163 6.0511E-05 0.101346 0.733272 5.96E-04
1680 0.207273 1.22771141 6.0743E-05 0.101837 0.73302 5.92E-04
1690 0.206047 1.22853263 6.0975E-05 0.102328 0.732764 5.88E-04
1700 0.204835 1.22934545 6.1205E-05 0.102819 0.732505 5.85E-04
1710 0.203637 1.23014999 6.1436E-05 0.10331 0.732242 5.82E-04
1720 0.202453 1.23094642 6.1666E-05 0.1038 0.731976 5.78E-04
1730 0.201283 1.23173486 6.1895E-05 0.10429 0.731707 5.75E-04
1740 0.200127 1.23251545 6.2124E-05 0.10478 0.731435 5.72E-04
1750 0.198983 1.23328834 6.2352E-05 0.10527 0.731159 5.68E-04
1760 0.197853 1.23405365 6.2580E-05 0.10576 0.730881 5.65E-04
1770 0.196735 1.2348115 6.2808E-05 0.106249 0.7306 5.62E-04
1780 0.19563 1.23556204 6.3035E-05 0.106738 0.730316 5.59E-04
1790 0.194538 1.23630537 6.3261E-05 0.107227 0.730029 5.56E-04
1800 0.193457 1.23704162 6.3487E-05 0.107716 0.72974 5.53E-04
1810 0.192388 1.23777092 6.3712E-05 0.108205 0.729448 5.50E-04
1820 0.191332 1.23849337 6.3937E-05 0.108693 0.729154 5.47E-04
1830 0.190286 1.23920909 6.4162E-05 0.109182 0.728857 5.44E-04
1840 0.189252 1.23991819 6.4386E-05 0.10967 0.728558 5.41E-04
1850 0.188229 1.24062078 6.4610E-05 0.110158 0.728257 5.38E-04
1860 0.187218 1.24131698 6.4833E-05 0.110646 0.727953 5.35E-04
1870 0.186217 1.24200687 6.5056E-05 0.111133 0.727648 5.32E-04
1880 0.185226 1.24269057 6.5278E-05 0.111621 0.72734 5.29E-04
1890 0.184246 1.24336818 6.5500E-05 0.112108 0.72703 5.26E-04
1900 0.183277 1.24403979 6.5721E-05 0.112595 0.726719 5.24E-04
1910 0.182317 1.2447055 6.5942E-05 0.113082 0.726405 5.21E-04
1920 0.181368 1.24536541 6.6163E-05 0.113569 0.72609 5.18E-04
1930 0.180428 1.2460196 6.6383E-05 0.114056 0.725773 5.16E-04
1940 0.179499 1.24666818 6.6602E-05 0.114542 0.725455 5.13E-04
1950 0.178578 1.24731122 6.6822E-05 0.115029 0.725134 5.10E-04
1960 0.177667 1.24794882 6.7041E-05 0.115515 0.724813 5.08E-04
1970 0.176766 1.24858105 6.7259E-05 0.116001 0.724489 5.05E-04
1980 0.175873 1.24920801 6.7477E-05 0.116487 0.724164 5.03E-04
1990 0.174989 1.24982977 6.7695E-05 0.116973 0.723838 5.00E-04
2000 0.174115 1.25044642 6.7912E-05 0.117458 0.72351 4.98E-04
2010 0.173248 1.25105802 6.8129E-05 0.117944 0.723181 4.95E-04
2020 0.172391 1.25166467 6.8345E-05 0.118429 0.722851 4.93E-04
2030 0.171542 1.25226643 6.8561E-05 0.118914 0.722519 4.90E-04
2040 0.170701 1.25286338 6.8777E-05 0.1194 0.722187 4.88E-04
2050 0.169869 1.25345559 6.8992E-05 0.119885 0.721853 4.85E-04
2060 0.169044 1.25404312 6.9207E-05 0.120369 0.721518 4.83E-04
2070 0.168228 1.25462606 6.9421E-05 0.120854 0.721182 4.81E-04
2080 0.167419 1.25520446 6.9635E-05 0.121339 0.720845 4.78E-04
2090 0.166618 1.25577839 6.9849E-05 0.121823 0.720506 4.76E-04
2100 0.165825 1.25634792 7.0062E-05 0.122308 0.720167 4.74E-04
2110 0.165039 1.25691311 7.0275E-05 0.122792 0.719827 4.72E-04
2120 0.164261 1.25747403 7.0488E-05 0.123276 0.719487 4.69E-04
2130 0.16349 1.25803073 7.0700E-05 0.12376 0.719145 4.67E-04
2140 0.162726 1.25858327 7.0912E-05 0.124244 0.718802 4.65E-04
2150 0.161969 1.25913172 7.1123E-05 0.124728 0.718459 4.63E-04
2160 0.161219 1.25967612 7.1334E-05 0.125211 0.718115 4.61E-04
2170 0.160476 1.26021655 7.1545E-05 0.125695 0.71777 4.59E-04
2180 0.15974 1.26075304 7.1756E-05 0.126178 0.717425 4.57E-04
2190 0.159011 1.26128566 7.1966E-05 0.126662 0.717079 4.55E-04
2200 0.158288 1.26181446 7.2175E-05 0.127145 0.716732 4.52E-04
590
2210 0.157572 1.26233948 7.2385E-05 0.127628 0.716385 4.50E-04
2220 0.156863 1.26286079 7.2594E-05 0.128111 0.716037 4.48E-04
2230 0.156159 1.26337843 7.2802E-05 0.128594 0.715688 4.46E-04
2240 0.155462 1.26389245 7.3011E-05 0.129077 0.715339 4.44E-04
2250 0.154771 1.2644029 7.3219E-05 0.129559 0.71499 4.42E-04
2260 0.154087 1.26490982 7.3426E-05 0.130042 0.71464 4.40E-04
2270 0.153408 1.26541326 7.3634E-05 0.130524 0.71429 4.39E-04
2280 0.152735 1.26591327 7.3841E-05 0.131007 0.713939 4.37E-04
2290 0.152068 1.26640989 7.4047E-05 0.131489 0.713588 4.35E-04
2300 0.151407 1.26690317 7.4254E-05 0.131971 0.713236 4.33E-04
2310 0.150752 1.26739314 7.4460E-05 0.132454 0.712884 4.31E-04
2320 0.150102 1.26787985 7.4665E-05 0.132936 0.712532 4.29E-04
2330 0.149458 1.26836334 7.4871E-05 0.133417 0.71218 4.27E-04
2340 0.14882 1.26884365 7.5076E-05 0.133899 0.711827 4.25E-04
2350 0.148186 1.26932081 7.5281E-05 0.134381 0.711474 4.24E-04
2360 0.147559 1.26979488 7.5485E-05 0.134863 0.711121 4.22E-04
2370 0.146936 1.27026588 7.5689E-05 0.135344 0.710767 4.20E-04
2380 0.146319 1.27073386 7.5893E-05 0.135826 0.710413 4.18E-04
2390 0.145707 1.27119885 7.6097E-05 0.136307 0.71006 4.17E-04
2400 0.1451 1.27166088 7.6300E-05 0.136789 0.709706 4.15E-04
2410 0.144498 1.27212 7.6503E-05 0.13727 0.709351 4.13E-04
2420 0.143901 1.27257623 7.6705E-05 0.137751 0.708997 4.11E-04
2430 0.143309 1.27302962 7.6907E-05 0.138232 0.708643 4.10E-04
2440 0.142721 1.27348018 7.7109E-05 0.138713 0.708288 4.08E-04
2450 0.142139 1.27392797 7.7311E-05 0.139194 0.707934 4.06E-04
2460 0.141561 1.274373 7.7513E-05 0.139675 0.707579 4.05E-04
2470 0.140988 1.27481532 7.7714E-05 0.140156 0.707224 4.03E-04
2480 0.14042 1.27525495 7.7915E-05 0.140636 0.706869 4.02E-04
2490 0.139856 1.27569192 7.8115E-05 0.141117 0.706515 4.00E-04
2500 0.139296 1.27612626 7.8315E-05 0.141597 0.70616 3.98E-04
2510 0.138742 1.27655801 7.8515E-05 0.142078 0.705805 3.97E-04
2520 0.138191 1.27698719 7.8715E-05 0.142558 0.70545 3.95E-04
2530 0.137645 1.27741383 7.8914E-05 0.143039 0.705096 3.94E-04
2540 0.137103 1.27783797 7.9113E-05 0.143519 0.704741 3.92E-04
2550 0.136566 1.27825961 7.9312E-05 0.143999 0.704386 3.91E-04
2560 0.136032 1.2786788 7.9511E-05 0.144479 0.704032 3.89E-04
2570 0.135503 1.27909556 7.9709E-05 0.144959 0.703677 3.88E-04
2580 0.134978 1.27950992 7.9907E-05 0.145439 0.703323 3.86E-04
2590 0.134457 1.27992191 8.0105E-05 0.145919 0.702969 3.85E-04
2600 0.13394 1.28033154 8.0302E-05 0.146399 0.702615 3.83E-04
2610 0.133427 1.28073884 8.0500E-05 0.146879 0.702261 3.82E-04
2620 0.132917 1.28114384 8.0696E-05 0.147358 0.701907 3.80E-04
2630 0.132412 1.28154657 8.0893E-05 0.147838 0.701553 3.79E-04
2640 0.131911 1.28194704 8.1090E-05 0.148318 0.701199 3.77E-04
2650 0.131413 1.28234528 8.1286E-05 0.148797 0.700846 3.76E-04
2660 0.130919 1.28274131 8.1482E-05 0.149277 0.700493 3.74E-04
2670 0.130429 1.28313516 8.1677E-05 0.149756 0.700139 3.73E-04
2680 0.129942 1.28352685 8.1873E-05 0.150235 0.699787 3.72E-04
2690 0.129459 1.2839164 8.2068E-05 0.150714 0.699434 3.70E-04
2700 0.12898 1.28430383 8.2262E-05 0.151194 0.699081 3.69E-04
2710 0.128504 1.28468917 8.2457E-05 0.151673 0.698729 3.68E-04
2720 0.128031 1.28507243 8.2651E-05 0.152152 0.698377 3.66E-04
2730 0.127562 1.28545363 8.2846E-05 0.152631 0.698025 3.65E-04
2740 0.127097 1.28583281 8.3039E-05 0.15311 0.697674 3.64E-04
2750 0.126635 1.28620997 8.3233E-05 0.153589 0.697323 3.62E-04
2760 0.126176 1.28658513 8.3426E-05 0.154068 0.696972 3.61E-04
2770 0.125721 1.28695833 8.3619E-05 0.154546 0.696621 3.60E-04
2780 0.125268 1.28732957 8.3812E-05 0.155025 0.69627 3.58E-04
2790 0.124819 1.28769887 8.4005E-05 0.155504 0.69592 3.57E-04
2800 0.124374 1.28806626 8.4197E-05 0.155982 0.69557 3.56E-04
2810 0.123931 1.28843175 8.4389E-05 0.156461 0.69522 3.55E-04
2820 0.123492 1.28879536 8.4581E-05 0.156939 0.694871 3.53E-04
591
2830 0.123055 1.28915711 8.4773E-05 0.157418 0.694522 3.52E-04
2840 0.122622 1.28951701 8.4964E-05 0.157896 0.694173 3.51E-04
2850 0.122192 1.2898751 8.5156E-05 0.158375 0.693825 3.50E-04
2860 0.121765 1.29023137 8.5347E-05 0.158853 0.693477 3.48E-04
2870 0.121341 1.29058585 8.5537E-05 0.159331 0.693129 3.47E-04
2880 0.120919 1.29093856 8.5728E-05 0.159809 0.692782 3.46E-04
2890 0.120501 1.2912895 8.5918E-05 0.160288 0.692435 3.45E-04
2900 0.120086 1.29163871 8.6108E-05 0.160766 0.692088 3.44E-04
2910 0.119673 1.2919862 8.6298E-05 0.161244 0.691742 3.42E-04
2920 0.119263 1.29233197 8.6487E-05 0.161722 0.691396 3.41E-04
2930 0.118856 1.29267605 8.6677E-05 0.1622 0.69105 3.40E-04
2940 0.118452 1.29301846 8.6866E-05 0.162678 0.690705 3.39E-04
2950 0.11805 1.2933592 8.7055E-05 0.163155 0.69036 3.38E-04
2960 0.117652 1.2936983 8.7243E-05 0.163633 0.690015 3.37E-04
2970 0.117256 1.29403576 8.7432E-05 0.164111 0.689671 3.36E-04
2980 0.116862 1.29437161 8.7620E-05 0.164589 0.689327 3.34E-04
2990 0.116471 1.29470586 8.7808E-05 0.165066 0.688984 3.33E-04
3000 0.116083 1.29503852 8.7996E-05 0.165544 0.688641 3.32E-04
We can create the same table also for the other common heat transfer fluid: water, In order to create this
data International association fro the properties of steam and Water (IAPSW) 97 equation of state[138]
is used. Details of the equation of state used for the calculations is as follows:
IAPWS-IF97 & IAPWS 95 STEAM(WATER) EQUATION OF STATES
Steam is one of the most important and most used working fluid in thermodynamic systems. In previous section An equation of state for
steam is given. In recent years maximum operating temperatures and pressures of rankine cycle power plants has increased. International
Association for the Properties of Water and Steam(IAPWS) is developed a new set of equation of states which are more accurate and
covers larger range of data. This new set of equations are developed in 1997[138]. Steam properties are given by 5 sets of equation of
states, as shown in the Figure 2.6.1
Figure 2.6.1 Equation of state regions for steam

The first equation, which covers basically liquid region has the following gibbs free energy form:
34
g1 ( p, T )
=  ( , ) =  ni (71 −  ) I i ( − 1222) J i
RT i =1
Where  = p / p*  = T * / T p*=16.62 MPa and T*=1386 K R=0461526 kJ/(kgK)

Table coefficients of eqn.
i Ii Ji ni i Ii Ji ni
1 0 -2 0.14632971213167 18 2 3 -4.4141845331E-06
2 0 -1 -0.84548187169114 19 2 17 -7.2694996298E-16
3 0 0 -3.75636036720400 20 3 -4 -3.1679644845E-05
4 0 1 3.38551691683850 21 3 0 -2.8270797985E-06
5 0 2 -0.95791963387872 22 3 6 -8.5205128120E-10
6 0 3 0.15772038513228 23 4 -5 -2.2425281908E-06
7 0 4 -0.01661641719950 24 4 -2 -6.5171222896E-07
592
8 0 5 0.00081214629984 25 4 10 -1.4341729938E-13
9 1 -9 0.00028319080124 26 5 -8 -4.0516996860E-07
10 1 -7 -0.00060706301566 27 8 -11 -1.2734301742E-09
11 1 -1 -0.01899006821842 28 8 -6 -1.7424871231E-10
12 1 0 -0.03252974877051 29 21 -29 -6.8762131296E-19
13 1 1 -0.02184171717541 30 23 -31 1.4478307829E-20
14 1 3 -0.00005283835797 31 29 -38 2.6335781663E-23
15 2 -3 -0.00047184321073 32 30 -39 -1.1947622640E-23
16 2 0 -0.00030001780793 33 31 -40 1.8228094581E-24
17 2 1 0.00004766139391 34 32 -41 -9.3537087292E-26
Thermodynamic relations can be calculated from these thermodynamic relations

 g 
Specific volume: v =  
 p T
 g 
Specific enthalpy: h = g − T  
 p  P
 g   g 
Specific internal energy: u = g − T   − p 
 T  P  p T
 g 
Specific entropy: s= 
 T  P
 h 
Specific isobaric heat capacity: Cp =  
 T  P
 u 
Specific isochoric heat capacity: Cv =  
 T  v
The second equation equation, which covers vapor region has the following gibbs free energy form:
g 2 ( p, T )
=  ( , ) =  0 ( , ) +  r ( , )
RT
Where  = p / p*  = T* /T R=0461526 kJ/(kgK),  0 ( , ) is the ideal gas part of EOS, and  r ( , ) is the real gas
part of the EOS. İdeal gas part equation:
9
 0 ( , ) = ln  +  ni0 J i
(
i =1
Where p*=1MPa and T*=540 K
i Ji ni0 i Ji ni0
1 0 -9.692768650E+00 6 -2 1.4240819171E+00
2 1 1.008665597E+01 7 -1 -4.3839511319E+00
3 -5 -5.608791128E-03 8 2 -2.8408632461E-01
4 -4 7.145273808E-02 9 3 2.1268463753E-02
5 -3 -4.071049822E-01
dimensionless residual part of the basic equation g2( p,T ) is as follows:

43
 r ( , ) =  ni I ( − 0.5) J
i i
i =1
1 1 0 7 0 -5.9059564324270E-18
2 1 1 -1.7834862292358E-02 24 7 11 -1.2621808899101E-06
3 1 2 -4.5996013696365E-02 25 7 25 -3.8946842435739E-02
4 1 3 -5.7581259083432E-02 26 8 8 1.1256211360459E-11
5 1 6 -5.0325278727930E-02 27 8 36 -8.2311340897998E+00
6 2 1 -3.3032641670203E-05 28 9 13 1.9809712802088E-08
7 2 2 -1.8948987516315E-04 29 10 4 1.0406965210174E-19
593
8 2 4 -3.9392777243355E-03 30 10 10 -1.0234747095929E-13
9 2 7 -4.3797295650573E-02 31 10 14 -1.0018179379511E-09
10 2 36 -2.6674547914087E-05 32 16 29 -8.0882908646985E-11
11 3 0 2.0481737692309E-08 33 16 50 1.0693031879409E-01
12 3 1 4.3870667284435E-07 34 18 57 -3.3662250574171E-01
13 3 3 -3.2277677238570E-05 35 20 20 8.9185845355421E-25
14 3 6 -1.5033924542148E-03 36 20 35 3.0629316876232E-13
15 3 35 -4.0668253562649E-02 37 20 48 -4.2002467698208E-06
16 4 1 -7.8847309559367E-10 38 21 21 -5.9056029685639E-26
17 4 2 1.2790717852285E-08 39 22 53 3.7826947613457E-06
18 4 3 4.8225372718507E-07 40 23 39 -1.2768608934681E-15
19 5 7 2.2922076337661E-06 41 24 26 7.3087610595061E-29
20 6 3 -1.6714766451061E-11 42 24 40 5.5414715350778E-17
21 6 16 -2.1171472321355E-03 43 24 58 -9.4369707241210E-07
22 6 35 -2.3895741934104E+01
Region 3 equation is given as Helmholts free energy form:

f3 ( , T ) 40
=  ( , ) = n1 ln  +  ni I i J i
RT i =2
Where  =  / *  = T* /T , T*=Tc=647.096 and R=0461526 kJ/(kgK)

1 0 0 1.065807002851E+00 21 3 4 -2.0189915023570E+00
2 0 0 -1.573284529024E+01 22 3 16 -8.2147637173963E-03
3 0 1 2.094439697431E+01 23 3 26 -4.7596035734923E-01
4 0 2 -7.686770787872E+00 24 4 0 4.3984074473500E-02
5 0 7 2.618594778795E+00 25 4 2 -4.4476435428739E-01
6 0 10 -2.808078114862E+00 26 4 4 9.0572070719733E-01
7 0 12 1.205336969652E+00 27 4 26 7.0522450087967E-01
8 0 23 -8.456681281250E-03 28 5 1 1.0770512626332E-01
9 1 2 -1.265431547771E+00 29 5 3 -3.2913623258954E-01
10 1 6 -1.152440780668E+00 30 5 26 -5.0871062041158E-01
11 1 15 8.852104398432E-01 31 6 0 -2.2175400873096E-02
12 1 17 -6.420776518161E-01 32 6 2 9.4260751665092E-02
13 2 0 3.849346018667E-01 33 6 26 1.6436278447961E-01
14 2 2 -8.521470882421E-01 34 7 2 -1.3503372241348E-02
15 2 6 4.897228154188E+00 35 8 26 -1.4834345352472E-02
16 2 7 -3.050261725697E+00 36 9 2 5.7922953628084E-04
17 2 22 3.942053687915E-02 37 9 26 3.2308904703711E-03
18 2 26 1.255840842431E-01 38 10 0 8.0964802996215E-05
19 3 0 -2.799932969871E-01 39 10 1 -1.6557679795037E-04
20 3 2 1.389979956946E+00 40 11 26 -4.4923899061815E-05
It should be noted that this set of equation is function of density and temperature, and basic equation is helmholts equation so, let us list
definition of other thermodynamic properties
 f 
Pressure: p =  2  
  T
 f   f 
Specific enthalpy: h = f −T  +   
 T  P   T
 f 
Specific internal energy: u = f −T 
 T  P
 f 
Specific entropy: s =  
 T  
 h 
Specific isobaric heat capacity: C p =  
 T  P
594
 u 
Specific isochoric heat capacity: Cv =  
 T  v
Region 4 of the equation defines saturation region. The basic equation is given as a polynomial
  + n   + n  + n  + n  + n  + n  + n  + n = 0
2 2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4 5 6
2
7 8 (2.6.18)
Where
 = ( ps / p * )
0.25
T n9
 = s* +
T (
Ts / T * − n10 )
From this equation both saturation pressure and saturation temperature eqaution can be derived.
4
Ps  2C 
= 0.5 
 − B + ( B − 4 AC ) 
* 2
P
Where p*=1 MPa
A =  + n  + n2
2
1
B = n  + n  + n5
3
2
4
C = n  + n  + n8
6
2
7
i ni i ni
1 1.1670521453E+03 6 1.4915108614E+01
2 -7.2421316703E+05 7 -4.8232657362E+03
3 -1.7073846940E+01 8 4.0511340542E+05
4 1.2020824702E+04 9 -2.3855557568E-01
5 -3.2325550322E+06 10 6.5017534845E+02
It is also possible to drive saturation temperature eqaution from the basic polynomial as:
=

Ts n10 + D − (n10 + D ) − 4(n9 + n10 D
2

0.5
T* 2
Where T*=1 K
2G
D=
(
− F − F 2 − 4 EG )
0.5
E =  2 + n3  + n6
F = n1 2 + n4  + n7
G = n2  2 + n5  + n8
And the final region for steam is region 5, again given as gibbs free eqaution type EOS
g 5 ( p, T )
=  ( , ) =  0 ( , ) +  r ( , )
RT
Where  = p / p*  = T* /T R=0461526 kJ/(kgK),  0 ( , ) is the ideal gas part of EOS, and  r ( , ) is the real gas
part of the EOS. İdeal gas part equation:
9
 0 ( , ) = ln  +  ni0 J i
i =1
i J i0 ni0 i J i0 ni0
1 0 -13.1799836742 4 -2 0.3690153498
2 1 6.8540841634 5 -1 -3.1161318214
3 -3 -0.0248051489 6 2 -0.3296162654
The real gas part of the equation
595
43
 r ( , ) =  ni I  J i i
(2.6.25)
i =1
1 1 1 1.5736404855E-03 4 2 3 2.2440037409E-06
2 1 2 9.0153761674E-04 5 2 9 -4.1163275453E-06
3 1 3 -5.0270077678E-03 6 3 7 3.7919454823E-08
public class water_test

{ steamIAPWS_IF97 st=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
for(double T=273.15001;T<373.15;T+=1)
{
double ro=st.ro_PT(P,T);
double Cp=st.Cp_PT(P,T);
double vis=st.viscosity_PT(P,T);
double k=st.k_PT(P,T);
double Pr=st.Pr_roT(ro,T);
double beta=st.kappa1(P,T);
double sigma=st.sigma(T);
System.out.println(T+" "+P+" "+ro+" "+Cp+" "+vis+" "+k+" "+Pr+" "+beta+" "+sigma);
}
}
}
For program code steamIAPWS_IF97 please check www.turhancoban.com (SCO1.jar)
Properties of water at P=100 kPa

T degree K  kg/m3 Cp kJ/kgK  Pas k W/(mK) Pr  1/K  N/m
273.15 999.8436 4.219436922 1.791753E-03 0.562031 13.45156 -6.77E-05 0.075648
274.15 999.9023 4.216018206 1.731019E-03 0.564145 12.93641 -4.97E-05 0.075508
275.15 999.9433 4.212885296 1.673514E-03 0.566231 12.45131 -3.24E-05 0.075367
276.15 999.9673 4.210012125 1.619008E-03 0.56829 11.99395 -1.56E-05 0.075226
277.15 999.9748 4.207375111 1.567292E-03 0.570322 11.56221 5.85E-07 0.075084
278.15 999.9663 4.204952928 1.518173E-03 0.572327 11.15419 1.63E-05 0.074942
279.15 999.9423 4.202726295 1.471478E-03 0.574307 10.76814 3.15E-05 0.074799
280.15 999.9034 4.200677782 1.427045E-03 0.576261 10.4025 4.63E-05 0.074655
281.15 999.8499 4.198791641 1.384726E-03 0.57819 10.05582 6.06E-05 0.074511
282.15 999.7823 4.197053644 1.344387E-03 0.580095 9.726799 7.46E-05 0.074366
283.15 999.7009 4.195450946 1.305902E-03 0.581975 9.414234 8.81E-05 0.074221
284.15 999.6062 4.193971948 1.269157E-03 0.583832 9.11703 1.01E-04 0.074075
285.15 999.4984 4.192606185 1.234046E-03 0.585665 8.83418 1.14E-04 0.073929
286.15 999.378 4.191344218 1.200470E-03 0.587475 8.564763 1.27E-04 0.073782
287.15 999.2453 4.190177536 1.168339E-03 0.589262 8.307928 1.39E-04 0.073634
288.15 999.1005 4.189098467 1.137570E-03 0.591027 8.062894 1.51E-04 0.073486
289.15 998.9439 4.188100101 1.108083E-03 0.59277 7.828938 1.63E-04 0.073337
290.15 998.7759 4.187176216 1.079808E-03 0.594492 7.605395 1.74E-04 0.073188
291.15 998.5967 4.186321214 1.052676E-03 0.596191 7.391649 1.85E-04 0.073038
292.15 998.4064 4.185530056 1.026625E-03 0.59787 7.187129 1.96E-04 0.072887
293.15 998.2055 4.184798214 1.001597E-03 0.599528 6.991307 2.07E-04 0.072736
294.15 997.994 4.184121621 9.775378E-04 0.601164 6.80369 2.17E-04 0.072584
295.15 997.7723 4.183496622 9.543966E-04 0.602781 6.623824 2.27E-04 0.072432
296.15 997.5405 4.182919938 9.321260E-04 0.604377 6.451283 2.37E-04 0.072279
297.15 997.2988 4.182388628 9.106817E-04 0.605953 6.285673 2.47E-04 0.072126
298.15 997.0474 4.181900057 8.900223E-04 0.60751 6.126624 2.57E-04 0.071972
299.15 996.7866 4.181451862 8.701091E-04 0.609047 5.973794 2.66E-04 0.071818
300.15 996.5164 4.181041931 8.509055E-04 0.610564 5.826859 2.76E-04 0.071663
301.15 996.237 4.180668371 8.323775E-04 0.612063 5.685521 2.85E-04 0.071507
302.15 995.9487 4.180329493 8.144929E-04 0.613542 5.549496 2.94E-04 0.071351
303.15 995.6515 4.180023786 7.972215E-04 0.615002 5.418523 3.03E-04 0.071194
304.15 995.3456 4.179749902 7.805351E-04 0.616444 5.292353 3.12E-04 0.071037
305.15 995.0312 4.179506639 7.644068E-04 0.617868 5.170754 3.20E-04 0.070879
306.15 994.7083 4.179292922 7.488115E-04 0.619273 5.053509 3.29E-04 0.070721
596
307.15 994.3772 4.179107798 7.337254E-04 0.62066 4.940412 3.37E-04 0.070562
308.15 994.0379 4.178950414 7.191262E-04 0.622029 4.831271 3.45E-04 0.070402
309.15 993.6907 4.178820015 7.049926E-04 0.623381 4.725903 3.53E-04 0.070242
310.15 993.3355 4.178715926 6.913046E-04 0.624714 4.624138 3.62E-04 0.070081
311.15 992.9725 4.178637549 6.780435E-04 0.626031 4.525814 3.69E-04 0.06992
312.15 992.6019 4.178584352 6.651911E-04 0.627329 4.430779 3.77E-04 0.069759
313.15 992.2237 4.178555861 6.527307E-04 0.628611 4.338887 3.85E-04 0.069596
314.15 991.838 4.178551658 6.406461E-04 0.629875 4.250005 3.93E-04 0.069434
315.15 991.445 4.17857137 6.289221E-04 0.631123 4.164001 4.00E-04 0.06927
316.15 991.0447 4.178614666 6.175443E-04 0.632353 4.080756 4.08E-04 0.069106
317.15 990.6372 4.178681251 6.064989E-04 0.633567 4.000153 4.15E-04 0.068942
318.15 990.2227 4.178770865 5.957730E-04 0.634765 3.922083 4.22E-04 0.068777
319.15 989.8012 4.178883275 5.853541E-04 0.635945 3.846441 4.29E-04 0.068611
320.15 989.3728 4.179018275 5.752304E-04 0.63711 3.773131 4.36E-04 0.068445
321.15 988.9375 4.179175681 5.653908E-04 0.638258 3.702058 4.44E-04 0.068279
322.15 988.4955 4.17935533 5.558246E-04 0.63939 3.633133 4.51E-04 0.068112
323.15 988.0469 4.179557073 5.465216E-04 0.640506 3.566272 4.57E-04 0.067944
324.15 987.5917 4.179780781 5.374722E-04 0.641606 3.501395 4.64E-04 0.067776
325.15 987.13 4.180026336 5.286671E-04 0.64269 3.438425 4.71E-04 0.067607
326.15 986.6618 4.180293633 5.200974E-04 0.643759 3.37729 4.78E-04 0.067438
327.15 986.1873 4.180582575 5.117549E-04 0.644812 3.31792 4.84E-04 0.067268
328.15 985.7064 4.180893078 5.036314E-04 0.645849 3.26025 4.91E-04 0.067098
329.15 985.2194 4.181225064 4.957193E-04 0.646871 3.204216 4.98E-04 0.066927
330.15 984.7261 4.181578462 4.880112E-04 0.647877 3.149758 5.04E-04 0.066755
331.15 984.2268 4.181953207 4.805002E-04 0.648869 3.09682 5.10E-04 0.066584
332.15 983.7214 4.18234924 4.731796E-04 0.649845 3.045345 5.17E-04 0.066411
333.15 983.21 4.182766509 4.660428E-04 0.650806 2.995283 5.23E-04 0.066238
334.15 982.6927 4.183204962 4.590838E-04 0.651752 2.946583 5.29E-04 0.066065
335.15 982.1695 4.183664556 4.522967E-04 0.652683 2.899197 5.36E-04 0.065891
336.15 981.6405 4.184145247 4.456759E-04 0.6536 2.85308 5.42E-04 0.065716
337.15 981.1058 4.184646998 4.392158E-04 0.654502 2.808188 5.48E-04 0.065541
338.15 980.5653 4.185169773 4.329114E-04 0.655389 2.764479 5.54E-04 0.065366
339.15 980.0191 4.185713539 4.267577E-04 0.656261 2.721913 5.60E-04 0.06519
340.15 979.4673 4.186278267 4.207498E-04 0.657119 2.680451 5.66E-04 0.065013
341.15 978.91 4.18686393 4.148832E-04 0.657963 2.640058 5.72E-04 0.064836
342.15 978.3471 4.187470503 4.091535E-04 0.658792 2.600697 5.78E-04 0.064659
343.15 977.7787 4.188097963 4.035564E-04 0.659607 2.562335 5.84E-04 0.064481
344.15 977.2049 4.188746293 3.980879E-04 0.660408 2.524939 5.90E-04 0.064302
345.15 976.6257 4.189415475 3.927441E-04 0.661194 2.488478 5.96E-04 0.064123
346.15 976.0411 4.190105494 3.875212E-04 0.661967 2.452923 6.02E-04 0.063944
347.15 975.4512 4.190816339 3.824155E-04 0.662726 2.418245 6.07E-04 0.063764
348.15 974.8561 4.191548002 3.774236E-04 0.663471 2.384415 6.13E-04 0.063583
349.15 974.2557 4.192300476 3.725422E-04 0.664202 2.351408 6.19E-04 0.063402
350.15 973.65 4.193073759 3.677679E-04 0.664919 2.319197 6.25E-04 0.06322
351.15 973.0393 4.19386785 3.630978E-04 0.665622 2.28776 6.30E-04 0.063038
352.15 972.4233 4.194682752 3.585287E-04 0.666312 2.257071 6.36E-04 0.062856
353.15 971.8023 4.195518472 3.540577E-04 0.666989 2.227108 6.42E-04 0.062673
354.15 971.1762 4.196375019 3.496822E-04 0.667651 2.19785 6.47E-04 0.062489
355.15 970.5451 4.197252407 3.453994E-04 0.668301 2.169276 6.53E-04 0.062305
356.15 969.9089 4.198150653 3.412067E-04 0.668937 2.141364 6.58E-04 0.062121
357.15 969.2678 4.199069776 3.371015E-04 0.669559 2.114096 6.64E-04 0.061936
358.15 968.6217 4.200009802 3.330816E-04 0.670169 2.087453 6.70E-04 0.06175
359.15 967.9707 4.200970759 3.291444E-04 0.670765 2.061417 6.75E-04 0.061565
360.15 967.3148 4.201952679 3.252879E-04 0.671348 2.03597 6.81E-04 0.061378
361.15 966.6541 4.2029556 3.215097E-04 0.671918 2.011095 6.86E-04 0.061191
362.15 965.9885 4.203979561 3.178079E-04 0.672475 1.986777 6.92E-04 0.061004
363.15 965.318 4.20502461 3.141803E-04 0.673019 1.963 6.97E-04 0.060816
364.15 964.6428 4.206090797 3.106249E-04 0.67355 1.939747 7.02E-04 0.060628
365.15 963.9628 4.207178176 3.071400E-04 0.674068 1.917006 7.08E-04 0.060439
366.15 963.2781 4.208286807 3.037236E-04 0.674573 1.894761 7.13E-04 0.06025
367.15 962.5886 4.209416756 3.003739E-04 0.675066 1.873 7.19E-04 0.06006
368.15 961.8944 4.210568092 2.970892E-04 0.675546 1.851709 7.24E-04 0.05987
597
369.15 961.1956 4.21174089 2.938679E-04 0.676013 1.830875 7.30E-04 0.059679
370.15 960.492 4.212935232 2.907083E-04 0.676468 1.810486 7.35E-04 0.059488
371.15 959.7839 4.214151203 2.876089E-04 0.67691 1.79053 7.40E-04 0.059296
372.15 959.071 4.215388895 2.845682E-04 0.67734 1.770996 7.46E-04 0.059104
Properties of water-steam at saturated state.
T P f g hfg Cpf Cpg f g kf kg Prf Prg  

degree K kPa kg/m3 kg/m4 kJ/(kg) kJ/(kgK) kJ/(kgK) Pas Pas W/(mK) W/(mK) N/m 1/K
273.15 0.6112 4.00E-04 999.79 2500.9 4.2199 1.8882 0.001792 8.95E-06 0.562 0.0165 13.456 1.0241 0.07565 -6.81E-05
275 0.6985 3.99E-04 999.89 2496.5 4.2138 1.8894 0.0016821 9.00E-06 0.5659 0.0166 12.526 1.0227 0.07539 -3.53E-05
276 0.7501 3.99E-04 999.92 2494.2 4.2109 1.8901 0.0016272 9.03E-06 0.5679 0.0167 12.065 1.0219 0.07525 -1.84E-05
277 0.805 3.99E-04 999.93 2491.8 4.2082 1.8908 0.001575 9.06E-06 0.57 0.0168 11.629 1.0212 0.07511 -2.13E-06
278 0.8635 3.98E-04 999.92 2489.4 4.2057 1.8916 0.0015255 9.09E-06 0.572 0.0168 11.217 1.0205 0.07496 1.37E-05
279 0.9257 3.98E-04 999.9 2487 4.2035 1.8923 0.0014785 9.12E-06 0.574 0.0169 10.828 1.0198 0.07482 2.90E-05
280 0.9918 3.98E-04 999.86 2484.7 4.2014 1.8931 0.0014337 9.14E-06 0.5759 0.017 10.459 1.0192 0.07468 4.38E-05
281 1.0621 3.98E-04 999.81 2482.3 4.1995 1.8939 0.0013911 9.17E-06 0.5778 0.0171 10.118 1.0186 0.07453 5.82E-05
282 1.1367 3.97E-04 999.75 2479.9 4.1977 1.8947 0.0013504 9.20E-06 0.5798 0.0171 9.7776 1.018 0.07439 7.23E-05
283 1.2159 3.97E-04 999.67 2477.6 4.1961 1.8956 0.0013117 9.23E-06 0.5816 0.0172 9.4625 1.0175 0.07424 8.59E-05
284 1.2999 3.97E-04 999.57 2475.2 4.1946 1.8965 0.0012746 9.26E-06 0.5835 0.0173 9.1629 1.0169 0.0741 9.91E-05
285 1.389 3.96E-04 999.47 2472.8 4.1932 1.8974 0.0012393 9.29E-06 0.5853 0.0173 8.8779 1.0164 0.07395 1.12E-04
286 1.4834 3.96E-04 999.35 2470.5 4.1919 1.8983 0.0012055 9.32E-06 0.5872 0.0174 8.6064 1.0159 0.0738 1.25E-04
287 1.5834 3.96E-04 999.22 2468.1 4.1907 1.8993 0.0011731 9.35E-06 0.5889 0.0175 8.3476 1.0155 0.07366 1.37E-04
288 1.6893 3.96E-04 999.08 2465.7 4.1896 1.9003 0.0011422 9.39E-06 0.5907 0.0176 8.1007 1.0151 0.07351 1.49E-04
289 1.8014 3.95E-04 998.92 2463.4 4.1886 1.9013 0.0011125 9.42E-06 0.5925 0.0176 7.865 1.0146 0.07336 1.61E-04
290 1.9199 3.95E-04 998.76 2461 4.1876 1.9023 0.001084 9.45E-06 0.5942 0.0177 7.6399 1.0143 0.07321 1.72E-04
291 2.0453 3.95E-04 998.58 2458.6 4.1868 1.9034 0.0010567 9.48E-06 0.5959 0.0178 7.4246 1.0139 0.07306 1.83E-04
292 2.1777 3.94E-04 998.39 2456.3 4.186 1.9045 0.0010305 9.51E-06 0.5976 0.0179 7.2231 1.0136 0.07291 1.94E-04
293 2.3176 3.94E-04 998.19 2453.9 4.1852 1.9056 0.0010053 9.54E-06 0.5992 0.0179 7.0215 1.0132 0.07276 2.05E-04
294 2.4653 3.94E-04 997.98 2451.5 4.1845 1.9067 9.81E-04 9.57E-06 0.6009 0.018 6.8326 1.0129 0.07261 2.15E-04
295 2.6211 3.94E-04 997.76 2449.2 4.1839 1.9079 9.58E-04 9.60E-06 0.6025 0.0181 6.6515 1.0127 0.07246 2.26E-04
296 2.7855 3.93E-04 997.53 2446.8 4.1833 1.909 9.35E-04 9.63E-06 0.6041 0.0182 6.4779 1.0124 0.0723 2.36E-04
297 2.9588 3.93E-04 997.29 2444.4 4.1828 1.9102 9.14E-04 9.66E-06 0.6057 0.0182 6.3112 1.0121 0.07215 2.46E-04
298 3.1415 3.93E-04 997.04 2442.1 4.1823 1.9114 8.93E-04 9.70E-06 0.6072 0.0183 6.1511 1.0119 0.072 2.55E-04
299 3.334 3.92E-04 996.78 2439.7 4.1818 1.9127 8.73E-04 9.73E-06 0.6088 0.0184 5.9973 1.0117 0.07184 2.65E-04
300 3.5366 3.92E-04 996.51 2437.3 4.1814 1.9139 8.54E-04 9.76E-06 0.6103 0.0185 5.8495 1.0115 0.07169 2.74E-04
301 3.7499 3.92E-04 996.24 2434.9 4.181 1.9152 8.35E-04 9.79E-06 0.6118 0.0185 5.7073 1.0113 0.07153 2.83E-04
302 3.9743 3.92E-04 995.95 2432.6 4.1806 1.9165 8.17E-04 9.82E-06 0.6133 0.0186 5.5704 1.0112 0.07137 2.93E-04
303 4.2103 3.91E-04 995.65 2430.2 4.1803 1.9178 8.00E-04 9.86E-06 0.6147 0.0187 5.4387 1.011 0.07122 3.01E-04
304 4.4583 3.91E-04 995.35 2427.8 4.18 1.9192 7.83E-04 9.89E-06 0.6162 0.0188 5.314 1.0109 0.07106 3.10E-04
305 4.719 3.91E-04 995.04 2425.4 4.1798 1.9205 7.67E-04 9.92E-06 0.6176 0.0188 5.1894 1.0108 0.0709 3.19E-04
306 4.9928 3.91E-04 994.72 2423.1 4.1796 1.9219 7.51E-04 9.95E-06 0.619 0.0189 5.0715 1.0107 0.07074 3.27E-04
307 5.2803 3.90E-04 994.39 2420.7 4.1794 1.9233 7.36E-04 9.98E-06 0.6204 0.019 4.9578 1.0106 0.07059 3.36E-04
308 5.5821 3.90E-04 994.05 2418.3 4.1792 1.9247 7.21E-04 1.00E-05 0.6218 0.0191 4.848 1.0105 0.07043 3.44E-04
309 5.8987 3.90E-04 993.7 2415.9 4.1791 1.9261 7.07E-04 1.00E-05 0.6231 0.0192 4.7421 1.0104 0.07027 3.52E-04
310 6.2307 3.89E-04 993.35 2413.5 4.179 1.9276 6.93E-04 1.01E-05 0.6245 0.0192 4.6398 1.0103 0.07011 3.60E-04
311 6.5787 3.89E-04 992.99 2411.1 4.1789 1.929 6.80E-04 1.01E-05 0.6258 0.0193 4.5409 1.0103 0.06994 3.68E-04
312 6.9435 3.89E-04 992.62 2408.8 4.1788 1.9305 6.67E-04 1.01E-05 0.6271 0.0194 4.4454 1.0102 0.06978 3.76E-04
313 7.3256 3.89E-04 992.24 2406.4 4.1788 1.932 6.55E-04 1.02E-05 0.6284 0.0195 4.353 1.0102 0.06962 3.84E-04
314 7.7257 3.88E-04 991.86 2404 4.1788 1.9335 6.42E-04 1.02E-05 0.6296 0.0195 4.2636 1.0102 0.06946 3.91E-04
315 8.1445 3.88E-04 991.46 2401.6 4.1788 1.9351 6.31E-04 1.02E-05 0.6309 0.0196 4.1772 1.0102 0.06929 3.99E-04
316 8.5828 3.88E-04 991.07 2399.2 4.1788 1.9366 6.19E-04 1.03E-05 0.6321 0.0197 4.0935 1.0102 0.06913 4.06E-04
317 9.0412 3.88E-04 990.66 2396.8 4.1789 1.9382 6.08E-04 1.03E-05 0.6333 0.0198 4.0125 1.0102 0.06897 4.14E-04
318 9.5206 3.87E-04 990.25 2394.4 4.179 1.9398 5.97E-04 1.03E-05 0.6345 0.0199 3.934 1.0102 0.0688 4.21E-04
319 10.022 3.87E-04 989.83 2392 4.1791 1.9414 5.87E-04 1.04E-05 0.6357 0.0199 3.858 1.0102 0.06864 4.28E-04
320 10.545 3.87E-04 989.4 2389.6 4.1792 1.943 5.77E-04 1.04E-05 0.6369 0.02 3.7855 1.0102 0.06847 4.35E-04
321 11.092 3.86E-04 988.96 2387.2 4.1794 1.9446 5.67E-04 1.04E-05 0.638 0.0201 3.7129 1.0103 0.0683 4.42E-04
322 11.663 3.86E-04 988.52 2384.7 4.1795 1.9463 5.57E-04 1.05E-05 0.6392 0.0202 3.6447 1.0103 0.06814 4.49E-04
323 12.26 3.86E-04 988.08 2382.3 4.1797 1.948 5.48E-04 1.05E-05 0.6403 0.0203 3.5765 1.0104 0.06797 4.56E-04
324 12.882 3.86E-04 987.62 2379.9 4.1799 1.9497 5.39E-04 1.05E-05 0.6414 0.0203 3.5123 1.0104 0.0678 4.63E-04
325 13.531 3.85E-04 987.16 2377.5 4.1802 1.9514 5.30E-04 1.06E-05 0.6425 0.0204 3.448 1.0105 0.06763 4.70E-04
326 14.208 3.85E-04 986.7 2375.1 4.1804 1.9532 5.21E-04 1.06E-05 0.6436 0.0205 3.3866 1.0105 0.06746 4.77E-04
598
327 14.913 3.85E-04 986.22 2372.7 4.1807 1.9549 5.13E-04 1.06E-05 0.6446 0.0206 3.327 1.0106 0.06729 4.83E-04
328 15.648 3.85E-04 985.74 2370.2 4.181 1.9567 5.05E-04 1.07E-05 0.6457 0.0207 3.269 1.0107 0.06712 4.90E-04
329 16.415 3.84E-04 985.26 2367.8 4.1814 1.9586 4.97E-04 1.07E-05 0.6467 0.0208 3.2128 1.0108 0.06695 4.97E-04
330 17.212 3.84E-04 984.76 2365.4 4.1817 1.9604 4.89E-04 1.07E-05 0.6477 0.0208 3.1581 1.0109 0.06678 5.03E-04
331 18.043 3.84E-04 984.27 2362.9 4.1821 1.9623 4.82E-04 1.08E-05 0.6487 0.0209 3.1049 1.011 0.06661 5.09E-04
332 18.908 3.84E-04 983.76 2360.5 4.1825 1.9642 4.74E-04 1.08E-05 0.6497 0.021 3.0532 1.0111 0.06644 5.16E-04
333 19.808 3.83E-04 983.25 2358.1 4.1829 1.9661 4.67E-04 1.08E-05 0.6506 0.0211 3.0029 1.0113 0.06626 5.22E-04
334 20.744 3.83E-04 982.74 2355.6 4.1833 1.968 4.60E-04 1.09E-05 0.6516 0.0212 2.954 1.0114 0.06609 5.29E-04
335 21.717 3.83E-04 982.21 2353.2 4.1838 1.97 4.53E-04 1.09E-05 0.6525 0.0213 2.9064 1.0115 0.06592 5.35E-04
336 22.729 3.83E-04 981.69 2350.7 4.1842 1.972 4.47E-04 1.10E-05 0.6534 0.0213 2.8601 1.0117 0.06574 5.41E-04
337 23.781 3.82E-04 981.15 2348.3 4.1847 1.974 4.40E-04 1.10E-05 0.6543 0.0214 2.815 1.0118 0.06557 5.47E-04
338 24.874 3.82E-04 980.61 2345.8 4.1853 1.9761 4.34E-04 1.10E-05 0.6552 0.0215 2.7711 1.012 0.06539 5.53E-04
339 26.009 3.82E-04 980.07 2343.3 4.1858 1.9782 4.28E-04 1.11E-05 0.6561 0.0216 2.7284 1.0122 0.06522 5.59E-04
340 27.187 3.82E-04 979.52 2340.9 4.1864 1.9803 4.22E-04 1.11E-05 0.657 0.0217 2.6867 1.0123 0.06504 5.65E-04
341 28.411 3.81E-04 978.96 2338.4 4.1869 1.9825 4.16E-04 1.11E-05 0.6578 0.0218 2.6462 1.0125 0.06486 5.71E-04
342 29.681 3.81E-04 978.4 2335.9 4.1875 1.9847 4.10E-04 1.12E-05 0.6586 0.0219 2.6067 1.0127 0.06469 5.77E-04
343 30.999 3.81E-04 977.83 2333.5 4.1882 1.9869 4.04E-04 1.12E-05 0.6594 0.0219 2.5681 1.0129 0.06451 5.83E-04
344 32.366 3.81E-04 977.26 2331 4.1888 1.9892 3.99E-04 1.12E-05 0.6603 0.022 2.5306 1.0131 0.06433 5.89E-04
345 33.783 3.80E-04 976.68 2328.5 4.1895 1.9915 3.94E-04 1.13E-05 0.661 0.0221 2.494 1.0134 0.06415 5.95E-04
346 35.253 3.80E-04 976.1 2326 4.1901 1.9939 3.88E-04 1.13E-05 0.6618 0.0222 2.4583 1.0136 0.06397 6.01E-04
347 36.776 3.80E-04 975.51 2323.5 4.1908 1.9962 3.83E-04 1.13E-05 0.6626 0.0223 2.4235 1.0138 0.06379 6.07E-04
348 38.354 3.80E-04 974.92 2321 4.1916 1.9987 3.78E-04 1.14E-05 0.6633 0.0224 2.3895 1.0141 0.06361 6.12E-04
349 39.989 3.79E-04 974.32 2318.5 4.1923 2.0012 3.73E-04 1.14E-05 0.6641 0.0225 2.3564 1.0144 0.06343 6.18E-04
350 41.682 3.79E-04 973.72 2316 4.1931 2.0037 3.68E-04 1.14E-05 0.6648 0.0226 2.3241 1.0146 0.06325 6.24E-04
351 43.435 3.79E-04 973.11 2313.5 4.1939 2.0062 3.64E-04 1.15E-05 0.6655 0.0227 2.2925 1.0149 0.06307 6.30E-04
352 45.25 3.79E-04 972.49 2311 4.1947 2.0089 3.59E-04 1.15E-05 0.6662 0.0228 2.2617 1.0152 0.06288 6.35E-04
353 47.127 3.78E-04 971.87 2308.4 4.1955 2.0115 3.55E-04 1.15E-05 0.6669 0.0228 2.2316 1.0155 0.0627 6.41E-04
354 49.07 3.78E-04 971.25 2305.9 4.1964 2.0142 3.50E-04 1.16E-05 0.6675 0.0229 2.2023 1.0159 0.06252 6.46E-04
355 51.08 3.78E-04 970.62 2303.4 4.1972 2.017 3.46E-04 1.16E-05 0.6682 0.023 2.1736 1.0162 0.06233 6.52E-04
356 53.158 3.78E-04 969.98 2300.9 4.1981 2.0198 3.42E-04 1.16E-05 0.6688 0.0231 2.1456 1.0166 0.06215 6.58E-04
357 55.307 3.77E-04 969.34 2298.3 4.199 2.0227 3.38E-04 1.17E-05 0.6694 0.0232 2.1182 1.0169 0.06196 6.63E-04
358 57.528 3.77E-04 968.7 2295.8 4.2 2.0256 3.34E-04 1.17E-05 0.6701 0.0233 2.0915 1.0173 0.06178 6.69E-04
359 59.823 3.77E-04 968.05 2293.2 4.2009 2.0286 3.30E-04 1.17E-05 0.6707 0.0234 2.0653 1.0177 0.06159 6.74E-04
360 62.194 3.77E-04 967.4 2290.7 4.2019 2.0316 3.26E-04 1.18E-05 0.6712 0.0235 2.0398 1.0181 0.06141 6.80E-04
361 64.643 3.77E-04 966.74 2288.1 4.2029 2.0347 3.22E-04 1.18E-05 0.6718 0.0236 2.0148 1.0185 0.06122 6.85E-04
362 67.172 3.76E-04 966.07 2285.5 4.2039 2.0378 3.18E-04 1.18E-05 0.6724 0.0237 1.9904 1.0189 0.06103 6.91E-04
363 69.783 3.76E-04 965.41 2282.9 4.2049 2.0411 3.15E-04 1.19E-05 0.6729 0.0238 1.9666 1.0194 0.06084 6.96E-04
364 72.479 3.76E-04 964.73 2280.4 4.206 2.0443 3.11E-04 1.19E-05 0.6735 0.0239 1.9432 1.0199 0.06066 7.02E-04
365 75.26 3.76E-04 964.05 2277.8 4.2071 2.0477 3.08E-04 1.19E-05 0.674 0.024 1.9204 1.0203 0.06047 7.07E-04
366 78.13 3.75E-04 963.37 2275.2 4.2082 2.0511 3.04E-04 1.20E-05 0.6745 0.0241 1.8981 1.0208 0.06028 7.13E-04
367 81.09 3.75E-04 962.68 2272.6 4.2093 2.0546 3.01E-04 1.20E-05 0.675 0.0242 1.8763 1.0214 0.06009 7.18E-04
368 84.143 3.75E-04 961.99 2270 4.2104 2.0581 2.98E-04 1.21E-05 0.6755 0.0243 1.8549 1.0219 0.0599 7.23E-04
369 87.291 3.75E-04 961.29 2267.4 4.2116 2.0617 2.94E-04 1.21E-05 0.6759 0.0244 1.834 1.0224 0.05971 7.29E-04
370 90.536 3.74E-04 960.59 2264.8 4.2128 2.0654 2.91E-04 1.21E-05 0.6764 0.0245 1.8135 1.023 0.05952 7.34E-04
371 93.88 3.74E-04 959.89 2262.1 4.214 2.0692 2.88E-04 1.22E-05 0.6768 0.0246 1.7935 1.0236 0.05933 7.39E-04
372 97.326 3.74E-04 959.18 2259.5 4.2152 2.073 2.85E-04 1.22E-05 0.6773 0.0247 1.7739 1.0242 0.05913 7.45E-04
373 100.88 3.74E-04 958.46 2256.9 4.2165 2.0769 2.82E-04 1.22E-05 0.6777 0.0248 1.7547 1.0248 0.05894 7.50E-04
374 104.53 3.74E-04 957.74 2254.2 4.2177 2.0809 2.79E-04 1.23E-05 0.6781 0.0249 1.7359 1.0255 0.05875 7.56E-04
375 108.3 3.73E-04 957.02 2251.6 4.219 2.0849 2.76E-04 1.23E-05 0.6785 0.025 1.7175 1.0262 0.05855 7.61E-04
376 112.18 3.73E-04 956.29 2248.9 4.2203 2.0891 2.73E-04 1.23E-05 0.6789 0.0251 1.6995 1.0269 0.05836 7.66E-04
377 116.17 3.73E-04 955.56 2246.3 4.2217 2.0933 2.71E-04 1.24E-05 0.6793 0.0252 1.6819 1.0276 0.05817 7.72E-04
378 120.28 3.73E-04 954.82 2243.6 4.223 2.0976 2.68E-04 1.24E-05 0.6796 0.0253 1.6646 1.0283 0.05797 7.77E-04
379 124.5 3.72E-04 954.08 2240.9 4.2244 2.102 2.65E-04 1.24E-05 0.68 0.0254 1.6477 1.0291 0.05778 7.82E-04
380 128.85 3.72E-04 953.33 2238.2 4.2258 2.1065 2.63E-04 1.25E-05 0.6803 0.0255 1.6311 1.0298 0.05758 7.88E-04
381 133.32 3.72E-04 952.58 2235.5 4.2272 2.1111 2.60E-04 1.25E-05 0.6806 0.0256 1.6148 1.0306 0.05738 7.93E-04
382 137.92 3.72E-04 951.82 2232.8 4.2287 2.1157 2.57E-04 1.25E-05 0.6809 0.0257 1.5989 1.0315 0.05719 7.98E-04
383 142.66 3.72E-04 951.06 2230.1 4.2301 2.1205 2.55E-04 1.26E-05 0.6812 0.0258 1.5833 1.0323 0.05699 8.04E-04
384 147.52 3.71E-04 950.3 2227.4 4.2316 2.1253 2.53E-04 1.26E-05 0.6815 0.0259 1.568 1.0332 0.05679 8.09E-04
385 152.52 3.71E-04 949.53 2224.7 4.2331 2.1302 2.50E-04 1.26E-05 0.6818 0.026 1.553 1.0341 0.0566 8.14E-04
386 157.65 3.71E-04 948.76 2221.9 4.2347 2.1353 2.48E-04 1.27E-05 0.6821 0.0262 1.5383 1.035 0.0564 8.20E-04
387 162.93 3.71E-04 947.98 2219.2 4.2362 2.1404 2.45E-04 1.27E-05 0.6823 0.0263 1.5239 1.0359 0.0562 8.25E-04
388 168.35 3.71E-04 947.2 2216.4 4.2378 2.1456 2.43E-04 1.27E-05 0.6826 0.0264 1.5098 1.0369 0.056 8.30E-04
599
389 173.92 3.70E-04 946.41 2213.7 4.2394 2.1509 2.41E-04 1.28E-05 0.6828 0.0265 1.496 1.0379 0.0558 8.36E-04
390 179.64 3.70E-04 945.62 2210.9 4.2411 2.1563 2.39E-04 1.28E-05 0.683 0.0266 1.4824 1.0389 0.0556 8.41E-04
391 185.51 3.70E-04 944.83 2208.1 4.2427 2.1618 2.37E-04 1.29E-05 0.6832 0.0267 1.4691 1.0399 0.0554 8.46E-04
392 191.54 3.70E-04 944.03 2205.4 4.2444 2.1674 2.34E-04 1.29E-05 0.6834 0.0268 1.456 1.041 0.0552 8.52E-04
393 197.72 3.70E-04 943.23 2202.6 4.2461 2.1731 2.32E-04 1.29E-05 0.6836 0.0269 1.4432 1.0421 0.055 8.57E-04
394 204.07 3.69E-04 942.42 2199.8 4.2478 2.1789 2.30E-04 1.30E-05 0.6838 0.0271 1.4307 1.0432 0.0548 8.63E-04
395 210.59 3.69E-04 941.61 2197 4.2496 2.1849 2.28E-04 1.30E-05 0.6839 0.0272 1.4183 1.0444 0.05459 8.68E-04
396 217.27 3.69E-04 940.79 2194.1 4.2514 2.1909 2.26E-04 1.30E-05 0.6841 0.0273 1.4062 1.0456 0.05439 8.73E-04
397 224.12 3.69E-04 939.97 2191.3 4.2532 2.197 2.24E-04 1.31E-05 0.6842 0.0274 1.3944 1.0468 0.05419 8.79E-04
398 231.15 3.69E-04 939.15 2188.5 4.255 2.2032 2.22E-04 1.31E-05 0.6843 0.0275 1.3827 1.048 0.05399 8.84E-04
399 238.36 3.68E-04 938.32 2185.6 4.2569 2.2096 2.20E-04 1.31E-05 0.6844 0.0276 1.3713 1.0492 0.05378 8.90E-04
400 245.75 3.68E-04 937.48 2182.8 4.2587 2.216 2.19E-04 1.32E-05 0.6845 0.0278 1.3601 1.0505 0.05358 8.95E-04
401 253.33 3.68E-04 936.65 2179.9 4.2607 2.2226 2.17E-04 1.32E-05 0.6846 0.0279 1.3491 1.0518 0.05337 9.01E-04
402 261.09 3.68E-04 935.8 2177 4.2626 2.2292 2.15E-04 1.32E-05 0.6847 0.028 1.3383 1.0531 0.05317 9.06E-04
403 269.05 3.68E-04 934.96 2174.1 4.2646 2.236 2.13E-04 1.33E-05 0.6848 0.0281 1.3277 1.0545 0.05296 9.12E-04
404 277.2 3.67E-04 934.11 2171.2 4.2665 2.2429 2.11E-04 1.33E-05 0.6848 0.0283 1.3173 1.0559 0.05276 9.17E-04
405 285.55 3.67E-04 933.25 2168.3 4.2686 2.2499 2.10E-04 1.33E-05 0.6849 0.0284 1.3071 1.0573 0.05255 9.23E-04
406 294.11 3.67E-04 932.4 2165.4 4.2706 2.257 2.08E-04 1.34E-05 0.6849 0.0285 1.2971 1.0587 0.05234 9.28E-04
407 302.87 3.67E-04 931.53 2162.5 4.2727 2.2642 2.06E-04 1.34E-05 0.685 0.0286 1.2873 1.0602 0.05214 9.34E-04
408 311.84 3.67E-04 930.67 2159.5 4.2748 2.2715 2.05E-04 1.34E-05 0.685 0.0288 1.2776 1.0617 0.05193 9.39E-04
409 321.02 3.67E-04 929.79 2156.6 4.2769 2.2789 2.03E-04 1.35E-05 0.685 0.0289 1.2682 1.0632 0.05172 9.45E-04
410 330.42 3.66E-04 928.92 2153.6 4.2791 2.2865 2.02E-04 1.35E-05 0.685 0.029 1.2589 1.0647 0.05151 9.50E-04
411 340.05 3.66E-04 928.04 2150.7 4.2812 2.2941 2.00E-04 1.35E-05 0.6849 0.0291 1.2497 1.0663 0.05131 9.56E-04
412 349.89 3.66E-04 927.15 2147.7 4.2835 2.3019 1.98E-04 1.36E-05 0.6849 0.0293 1.2407 1.0678 0.0511 9.62E-04
413 359.97 3.66E-04 926.27 2144.7 4.2857 2.3097 1.97E-04 1.36E-05 0.6849 0.0294 1.2319 1.0694 0.05089 9.67E-04
414 370.28 3.66E-04 925.37 2141.7 4.288 2.3177 1.95E-04 1.36E-05 0.6848 0.0295 1.2233 1.0711 0.05068 9.73E-04
415 380.82 3.66E-04 924.48 2138.7 4.2903 2.3258 1.94E-04 1.37E-05 0.6848 0.0297 1.2148 1.0727 0.05047 9.79E-04
416 391.61 3.65E-04 923.57 2135.6 4.2926 2.334 1.92E-04 1.37E-05 0.6847 0.0298 1.2064 1.0744 0.05026 9.85E-04
417 402.64 3.65E-04 922.67 2132.6 4.295 2.3423 1.91E-04 1.38E-05 0.6846 0.0299 1.1982 1.0761 0.05005 9.90E-04
418 413.92 3.65E-04 921.76 2129.6 4.2974 2.3507 1.90E-04 1.38E-05 0.6845 0.0301 1.1902 1.0779 0.04983 9.96E-04
419 425.45 3.65E-04 920.85 2126.5 4.2998 2.3593 1.88E-04 1.38E-05 0.6844 0.0302 1.1823 1.0796 0.04962 0.001002
420 437.24 3.65E-04 919.93 2123.4 4.3023 2.3679 1.87E-04 1.39E-05 0.6843 0.0303 1.1745 1.0813 0.04941 0.001008
421 449.29 3.65E-04 919 2120.3 4.3048 2.3767 1.85E-04 1.39E-05 0.6842 0.0305 1.1669 0 0.0492 0.001014
422 461.61 3.64E-04 918.08 2117.2 4.3073 2.3855 1.84E-04 1.39E-05 0.684 0.0306 1.1594 1.0849 0.04899 0.00102
423 474.19 3.64E-04 917.15 2114.1 4.3099 2.3945 1.83E-04 1.40E-05 0.6839 0.0308 1.1521 1.0867 0.04877 0.001026
424 487.05 3.64E-04 916.21 2111 4.3125 2.4036 1.82E-04 1.40E-05 0.6837 0.0309 1.1448 1.0886 0.04856 0.001031
425 500.18 3.64E-04 915.27 2107.9 4.3151 2.4128 1.80E-04 1.40E-05 0.6836 0.031 1.1377 1.0904 0.04835 0.001037
426 513.6 3.64E-04 914.33 2104.7 4.3178 2.4221 1.79E-04 1.41E-05 0.6834 0.0312 1.1308 1.0923 0.04813 0.001043
427 527.3 3.64E-04 913.38 2101.6 4.3205 2.4315 1.78E-04 1.41E-05 0.6832 0.0313 1.1239 1.0942 0.04792 0.00105
428 541.3 3.63E-04 912.43 2098.4 4.3232 2.441 1.76E-04 1.41E-05 0.683 0.0315 1.1172 1.0961 0.0477 0.001056
429 555.59 3.63E-04 911.47 2095.2 4.326 2.4507 1.75E-04 1.42E-05 0.6828 0.0316 1.1106 1.0981 0.04749 0.001062
430 570.18 3.63E-04 910.51 2092 4.3288 2.4604 1.74E-04 1.42E-05 0.6826 0.0318 1.1041 1.1 0.04727 0.001068
431 585.07 3.63E-04 909.54 2088.8 4.3317 2.4702 1.73E-04 1.42E-05 0.6823 0.0319 1.0977 1.102 0.04706 0.001074
432 600.27 3.63E-04 908.57 2085.6 4.3346 2.4802 1.72E-04 1.43E-05 0.6821 0.032 1.0914 1.104 0.04684 0.00108
433 615.78 3.63E-04 907.6 2082.3 4.3375 2.4903 1.71E-04 1.43E-05 0.6818 0.0322 1.0853 1.106 0.04662 0.001087
434 631.62 3.63E-04 906.62 2079.1 4.3405 2.5004 1.69E-04 1.43E-05 0.6816 0.0323 1.0792 1.108 0.04641 0.001093
435 647.77 3.62E-04 905.63 2075.8 4.3435 2.5107 1.68E-04 1.44E-05 0.6813 0.0325 1.0733 1.11 0.04619 0.001099
436 664.25 3.62E-04 904.65 2072.5 4.3465 2.5211 1.67E-04 1.44E-05 0.681 0.0326 1.0674 1.1121 0.04597 0.001106
437 681.07 3.62E-04 903.65 2069.3 4.3496 2.5316 1.66E-04 1.44E-05 0.6807 0.0328 1.0617 1.1141 0.04575 0.001112
438 698.22 3.62E-04 902.66 2065.9 4.3527 2.5422 1.65E-04 1.45E-05 0.6804 0.033 1.0561 1.1162 0.04554 0.001118
439 715.71 3.62E-04 901.66 2062.6 4.3559 2.5529 1.64E-04 1.45E-05 0.6801 0.0331 1.0506 1.1183 0.04532 0.001125
440 733.55 3.62E-04 900.65 2059.3 4.3591 2.5637 1.63E-04 1.45E-05 0.6798 0.0333 1.0451 1.1204 0.0451 0.001131
441 751.74 3.62E-04 899.64 2055.9 4.3624 2.5746 1.62E-04 1.46E-05 0.6795 0.0334 1.0398 1.1225 0.04488 0.001138
442 770.28 3.61E-04 898.63 2052.6 4.3657 2.5857 1.61E-04 1.46E-05 0.6791 0.0336 1.0345 1.1249 0.04466 0.001145
443 789.19 3.61E-04 897.61 2049.2 4.369 2.5968 1.60E-04 1.46E-05 0.6788 0.0337 1.0294 1.1268 0.04444 0.001151
444 808.46 3.61E-04 896.58 2045.8 4.3724 2.6081 1.59E-04 1.47E-05 0.6784 0.0339 1.0243 1.129 0.04422 0.001158
445 828.1 3.61E-04 895.56 2042.4 4.3758 2.6195 1.58E-04 1.47E-05 0.678 0.0341 1.0194 1.1312 0.044 0.001165
446 848.12 3.61E-04 894.52 2039 4.3793 2.6309 1.57E-04 1.47E-05 0.6776 0.0342 1.0145 1.1334 0.04378 0.001172
447 868.51 3.61E-04 893.49 2035.5 4.3828 2.6425 1.56E-04 1.48E-05 0.6772 0.0344 1.0097 1.1356 0.04356 0.001178
448 889.3 3.61E-04 892.44 2032.1 4.3864 2.6543 1.55E-04 1.48E-05 0.6768 0.0345 1.005 1.1378 0.04334 0.001185
449 910.47 3.61E-04 891.4 2028.6 4.39 2.6661 1.54E-04 1.48E-05 0.6764 0.0347 1.0004 1.14 0.04311 0.001192
450 932.04 3.60E-04 890.35 2025.1 4.3937 2.678 1.53E-04 1.49E-05 0.676 0.0349 0.9958 1.1423 0.04289 0.001199
600
451 954.01 3.60E-04 889.29 2021.6 4.3974 2.6901 1.52E-04 1.49E-05 0.6756 0.035 0.9914 1.1445 0.04267 0.001206
452 976.39 3.60E-04 888.23 2018.1 4.4012 2.7023 1.51E-04 1.49E-05 0.6751 0.0352 0.987 1.1468 0.04245 0.001213
453 999.18 3.60E-04 887.17 2014.6 4.405 2.7145 1.51E-04 1.50E-05 0.6747 0.0354 0.9827 0 0.04222 0.001221
454 1022.4 3.60E-04 886.1 2011 4.4088 2.727 1.50E-04 1.50E-05 0.6742 0.0356 0.9785 1.1514 0.042 0.001228
455 1046 3.60E-04 885.02 2007.4 4.4128 2.7395 1.49E-04 1.50E-05 0.6737 0.0357 0.9744 1.1537 0.04178 0.001235
456 1070.1 3.60E-04 883.94 2003.9 4.4167 2.7521 1.48E-04 1.51E-05 0.6732 0.0359 0.9703 1.1561 0.04155 0.001242
457 1094.6 3.60E-04 882.86 2000.3 4.4208 2.7649 1.47E-04 1.51E-05 0.6727 0.0361 0.9664 1.1584 0.04133 0.00125
458 1119.5 3.60E-04 881.77 1996.6 4.4249 2.7778 1.46E-04 1.52E-05 0.6722 0.0363 0.9624 1.1608 0.0411 0.001257
459 1144.9 3.59E-04 880.68 1993 4.429 2.7909 1.45E-04 1.52E-05 0.6717 0.0364 0.9586 1.1632 0.04088 0.001265
460 1170.7 3.59E-04 879.58 1989.4 4.4332 2.804 1.45E-04 1.52E-05 0.6712 0.0366 0.9549 1.1656 0.04066 0.001272
461 1197 3.59E-04 878.47 1985.7 4.4374 2.8173 1.44E-04 1.53E-05 0.6707 0.0368 0.9512 1.168 0.04043 0.00128
462 1223.7 3.59E-04 877.36 1982 4.4418 2.8308 1.43E-04 1.53E-05 0.6701 0.037 0.9475 1.1704 0.0402 0.001288
463 1250.9 3.59E-04 876.25 1978.3 4.4461 2.8443 1.42E-04 1.53E-05 0.6696 0.0372 0.944 1.1729 0.03998 0.001296
464 1278.6 3.59E-04 875.13 1974.6 4.4505 2.858 1.41E-04 1.54E-05 0.669 0.0373 0.9405 1.1754 0.03975 0.001303
465 1306.7 3.59E-04 874.01 1970.8 4.455 2.8718 1.41E-04 1.54E-05 0.6684 0.0375 0.9371 1.1778 0.03953 0.001311
466 1335.4 3.59E-04 872.88 1967.1 4.4596 2.8858 1.40E-04 1.54E-05 0.6678 0.0377 0.9338 1.1804 0.0393 0.001319
467 1364.5 3.59E-04 871.75 1963.3 4.4642 2.8999 1.39E-04 1.55E-05 0.6673 0.0379 0.9305 1.1829 0.03907 0.001327
468 1394.1 3.59E-04 870.61 1959.5 4.4689 2.9142 1.38E-04 1.55E-05 0.6666 0.0381 0.9273 1.1854 0.03885 0.001336
469 1424.2 3.58E-04 869.47 1955.7 4.4736 2.9286 1.38E-04 1.55E-05 0.666 0.0383 0.9241 1.188 0.03862 0.001344
470 1454.8 3.58E-04 868.32 1951.9 4.4784 2.9432 1.37E-04 1.56E-05 0.6654 0.0385 0.921 1.1906 0.03839 0.001352
471 1486 3.58E-04 867.17 1948 4.4833 2.9579 1.36E-04 1.56E-05 0.6648 0.0387 0.918 1.1932 0.03816 0.001361
472 1517.6 3.58E-04 866.01 1944.1 4.4882 2.9727 1.35E-04 1.56E-05 0.6641 0.0388 0.9151 1.1958 0.03794 0.001369
473 1549.8 3.58E-04 864.84 1940.3 4.4933 2.9878 1.35E-04 1.57E-05 0.6635 0.039 0.9122 1.1985 0.03771 0.001378
474 1582.5 3.58E-04 863.67 1936.3 4.4983 3.0029 1.34E-04 1.57E-05 0.6628 0.0392 0.9093 1.2012 0.03748 0.001386
475 1615.7 3.58E-04 862.5 1932.4 4.5035 3.0183 1.33E-04 1.57E-05 0.6621 0.0394 0.9066 1.2039 0.03725 0.001395
476 1649.5 3.58E-04 861.32 1928.5 4.5087 3.0338 1.33E-04 1.58E-05 0.6615 0.0396 0.9039 1.2066 0.03702 0.001404
477 1683.9 3.58E-04 860.13 1924.5 4.514 3.0494 1.32E-04 1.58E-05 0.6608 0.0398 0.9012 1.2093 0.03679 0.001413
478 1718.7 3.58E-04 858.94 1920.5 4.5194 3.0653 1.31E-04 1.58E-05 0.6601 0.04 0.8986 1.2125 0.03656 0.001421
479 1754.2 3.58E-04 857.75 1916.5 4.5248 3.0813 1.31E-04 1.59E-05 0.6593 0.0402 0.8961 1.2149 0.03634 0.001431
480 1790.2 3.58E-04 856.55 1912.5 4.5303 3.0975 1.30E-04 1.59E-05 0.6586 0.0404 0.8936 1.2177 0.03611 0.00144
481 1826.8 3.58E-04 855.34 1908.4 4.5359 3.1139 1.29E-04 1.59E-05 0.6579 0.0407 0.8912 1.2206 0.03588 0.001449
482 1863.9 3.58E-04 854.13 1904.3 4.5416 3.1304 1.29E-04 1.60E-05 0.6571 0.0409 0.8888 1.2238 0.03565 0.001458
483 1901.7 3.57E-04 852.91 1900.2 4.5474 3.1471 1.28E-04 1.60E-05 0.6564 0.0411 0.8865 1.2263 0.03542 0.001468
484 1940 3.57E-04 851.69 1896.1 4.5532 3.164 1.27E-04 1.60E-05 0.6556 0.0413 0.8843 1.2293 0.03518 0.001477
485 1978.9 3.57E-04 850.46 1892 4.5591 3.1811 1.27E-04 1.61E-05 0.6549 0.0415 0.8821 1.2322 0.03495 0.001487
486 2018.5 3.57E-04 849.22 1887.8 4.5651 3.1984 1.26E-04 1.61E-05 0.6541 0.0417 0.8799 1.2352 0.03472 0.001497
487 2058.6 3.57E-04 847.98 1883.6 4.5712 3.2159 1.25E-04 1.61E-05 0.6533 0.0419 0.8778 1.2382 0.03449 0.001507
488 2099.4 3.57E-04 846.74 1879.4 4.5774 3.2336 1.25E-04 1.62E-05 0.6525 0.0421 0.8758 1.2413 0.03426 0.001517
489 2140.8 3.57E-04 845.48 1875.2 4.5837 3.2515 1.24E-04 1.62E-05 0.6517 0.0424 0.8738 1.2443 0.03403 0.001527
490 2182.8 3.57E-04 844.23 1871 4.5901 3.2696 1.24E-04 1.62E-05 0.6508 0.0426 0.8719 1.2475 0.0338 0.001537
491 2225.4 3.57E-04 842.96 1866.7 4.5965 3.2879 1.23E-04 1.63E-05 0.65 0.0428 0.87 1.2506 0.03357 0.001547
492 2268.7 3.57E-04 841.69 1862.4 4.6031 3.3064 1.22E-04 1.63E-05 0.6492 0.043 0.8682 1.2538 0.03333 0.001558
493 2312.6 3.57E-04 840.42 1858.1 4.6097 3.3252 1.22E-04 1.63E-05 0.6483 0.0432 0.8664 1.257 0.0331 0.001568
494 2357.2 3.57E-04 839.14 1853.7 4.6164 3.3441 1.21E-04 1.64E-05 0.6474 0.0435 0.8647 1.2602 0.03287 0.001579
495 2402.5 3.57E-04 837.85 1849.3 4.6233 3.3633 1.21E-04 1.64E-05 0.6466 0.0437 0.8631 1.2635 0.03264 0.00159
496 2448.4 3.57E-04 836.55 1845 4.6302 3.3827 1.20E-04 1.65E-05 0.6457 0.0439 0.8615 1.2668 0.0324 0.0016
497 2495 3.57E-04 835.25 1840.5 4.6373 3.4023 1.20E-04 1.65E-05 0.6448 0.0442 0.8599 1.2701 0.03217 0.001612
498 2542.3 3.57E-04 833.95 1836.1 4.6444 3.4222 1.19E-04 1.65E-05 0.6439 0.0444 0.8584 1.2735 0.03194 0.001623
499 2590.2 3.57E-04 832.64 1831.6 4.6517 3.4423 1.18E-04 1.66E-05 0.643 0.0446 0.8569 1.2769 0.03171 0.001634
500 2638.9 3.57E-04 831.32 1827.1 4.659 3.4626 1.18E-04 1.66E-05 0.6421 0.0449 0.8555 1.2804 0.03147 0.001646
501 2688.3 3.57E-04 829.99 1822.6 4.6665 3.4832 1.17E-04 1.66E-05 0.6411 0.0451 0.8542 1.2838 0.03124 0.001657
502 2738.3 3.57E-04 828.66 1818.1 4.6741 3.504 1.17E-04 1.67E-05 0.6402 0.0454 0.8529 1.2874 0.03101 0.001669
503 2789.1 3.57E-04 827.32 1813.5 4.6818 3.5251 1.16E-04 1.67E-05 0.6392 0.0456 0.8516 1.2909 0.03077 0.001681
504 2840.6 3.57E-04 825.98 1808.9 4.6896 3.5465 1.16E-04 1.67E-05 0.6383 0.0458 0.8504 1.2945 0.03054 0.001693
505 2892.9 3.57E-04 824.63 1804.3 4.6975 3.5681 1.15E-04 1.68E-05 0.6373 0.0461 0.8492 1.2982 0.0303 0.001705
506 2945.8 3.57E-04 823.27 1799.6 4.7056 3.5899 1.15E-04 1.68E-05 0.6363 0.0463 0.8481 1.3018 0.03007 0.001717
507 2999.5 3.57E-04 821.91 1794.9 4.7137 3.6121 1.14E-04 1.68E-05 0.6353 0.0466 0.8471 1.3056 0.02984 0.00173
508 3054 3.57E-04 820.54 1790.2 4.722 3.6345 1.14E-04 1.69E-05 0.6343 0.0468 0.8461 1.3093 0.0296 0.001743
509 3109.2 3.57E-04 819.16 1785.5 4.7305 3.6572 1.13E-04 1.69E-05 0.6333 0.0471 0.8451 1.3131 0.02937 0.001756
510 3165.2 3.57E-04 817.77 1780.7 4.739 3.6802 1.13E-04 1.69E-05 0.6323 0.0474 0.8442 1.317 0.02913 0.001769
511 3222 3.57E-04 816.38 1775.9 4.7477 3.7035 1.12E-04 1.70E-05 0.6312 0.0476 0.8434 1.3209 0.0289 0.001782
512 3279.5 3.57E-04 814.98 1771.1 4.7565 3.727 1.12E-04 1.70E-05 0.6302 0.0479 0.8425 1.3248 0.02866 0.001795
601
513 3337.8 3.57E-04 813.58 1766.3 4.7655 3.7509 1.11E-04 1.71E-05 0.6291 0.0481 0.8418 1.3288 0.02843 0.001809
514 3397 3.57E-04 812.16 1761.4 4.7746 3.7751 1.11E-04 1.71E-05 0.6281 0.0484 0.8411 1.3328 0.02819 0.001823
515 3456.9 3.57E-04 810.74 1756.5 4.7838 3.7996 1.10E-04 1.71E-05 0.627 0.0487 0.8404 1.3369 0.02796 0.001837
516 3517.6 3.57E-04 809.32 1751.5 4.7932 3.8244 1.10E-04 1.72E-05 0.6259 0.049 0.8398 1.3409 0.02772 0.001851
517 3579.1 3.57E-04 807.88 1746.6 4.8028 3.8496 1.09E-04 1.72E-05 0.6248 0.0492 0.8393 1.3452 0.02749 0.001865
518 3641.5 3.57E-04 806.44 1741.6 4.8125 3.8751 1.09E-04 1.72E-05 0.6237 0.0495 0.8387 1.3494 0.02725 0.00188
519 3704.7 3.57E-04 804.99 1736.5 4.8223 3.9009 1.08E-04 1.73E-05 0.6226 0.0498 0.8383 1.3537 0.02702 0.001894
520 3768.7 3.57E-04 803.53 1731.5 4.8323 3.9271 1.08E-04 1.73E-05 0.6214 0.0501 0.8379 1.358 0.02678 0.001909
521 3833.6 3.57E-04 802.07 1726.4 4.8425 3.9536 1.07E-04 1.73E-05 0.6203 0.0503 0.8375 1.3624 0.02655 0.001925
522 3899.3 3.57E-04 800.59 1721.3 4.8529 3.9805 1.07E-04 1.74E-05 0.6191 0.0506 0.8372 1.3668 0.02631 0.00194
523 3965.9 3.57E-04 799.11 1716.1 4.8634 4.0078 1.06E-04 1.74E-05 0.618 0.0509 0.837 1.3711 0.02608 0.001956
524 4033.3 3.57E-04 797.62 1710.9 4.8741 4.0354 1.06E-04 1.75E-05 0.6168 0.0512 0.8368 1.3759 0.02584 0.001972
525 4101.6 3.57E-04 796.13 1705.7 4.8849 4.0635 1.05E-04 1.75E-05 0.6156 0.0515 0.8366 1.3805 0.02561 0.001988
526 4170.9 3.57E-04 794.62 1700.4 4.896 4.0919 1.05E-04 1.75E-05 0.6144 0.0518 0.8365 1.3852 0.02537 0.002004
527 4241 3.57E-04 793.11 1695.1 4.9072 4.1208 1.05E-04 1.76E-05 0.6132 0.0521 0.8365 1.3899 0.02514 0.002021
528 4311.9 3.57E-04 791.59 1689.8 4.9187 4.1501 1.04E-04 1.76E-05 0.612 0.0524 0.8365 1.3947 0.0249 0.002038
529 4383.8 3.57E-04 790.06 1684.4 4.9303 4.1798 1.04E-04 1.76E-05 0.6108 0.0527 0.8365 1.3996 0.02467 0.002055
530 4456.7 3.57E-04 788.52 1679.1 4.9421 4.2099 1.03E-04 1.77E-05 0.6096 0.053 0.8366 1.4045 0.02443 0.002073
531 4530.4 3.57E-04 786.97 1673.6 4.9541 4.2406 1.03E-04 1.77E-05 0.6083 0.0533 0.8368 1.4095 0.0242 0.002091
532 4605.1 3.57E-04 785.42 1668.2 4.9664 4.2717 1.02E-04 1.78E-05 0.607 0.0536 0.837 1.4146 0.02396 0.002109
533 4680.6 3.58E-04 783.86 1662.6 4.9788 4.3032 1.02E-04 1.78E-05 0.6058 0.054 0.8373 1.4198 0.02372 0.002127
534 4757.2 3.58E-04 782.28 1657.1 4.9915 4.3353 1.01E-04 1.78E-05 0.6045 0.0543 0.8377 1.425 0.02349 0.002146
535 4834.7 3.58E-04 780.7 1651.5 5.0044 4.3679 1.01E-04 1.79E-05 0.6032 0.0546 0.838 1.4303 0.02325 0.002165
536 4913.1 3.58E-04 779.11 1645.9 5.0176 4.401 1.01E-04 1.79E-05 0.6019 0.0549 0.8385 1.4357 0.02302 0.002184
537 4992.6 3.58E-04 777.51 1640.3 5.0309 4.4347 1.00E-04 1.80E-05 0.6006 0.0553 0.839 1.4412 0.02278 0.002204
538 5073 3.58E-04 775.9 1634.6 5.0445 4.4689 9.97E-05 1.80E-05 0.5993 0.0556 0.8396 1.4468 0.02255 0.002224
539 5154.4 3.58E-04 774.28 1628.8 5.0584 4.5037 9.93E-05 1.80E-05 0.5979 0.0559 0.8402 1.4525 0.02231 0.002245
540 5236.7 3.58E-04 772.65 1623.1 5.0725 4.5391 9.89E-05 1.81E-05 0.5966 0.0563 0.8409 1.4583 0.02208 0.002266
541 5320.1 3.58E-04 771.01 1617.2 5.0869 4.5751 9.85E-05 1.81E-05 0.5952 0.0566 0.8416 1.4641 0.02184 0.002287
542 5404.5 3.58E-04 769.36 1611.4 5.1016 4.6118 9.81E-05 1.82E-05 0.5938 0.057 0.8424 1.4701 0.02161 0.002308
543 5489.9 3.58E-04 767.71 1605.5 5.1165 4.6491 9.76E-05 1.82E-05 0.5925 0.0573 0.8433 1.4762 0.02137 0.00233
544 5576.4 3.59E-04 766.04 1599.5 5.1317 4.6871 9.72E-05 1.82E-05 0.5911 0.0577 0.8442 1.4824 0.02114 0.002353
545 5663.9 3.59E-04 764.36 1593.6 5.1473 4.7257 9.68E-05 1.83E-05 0.5896 0.058 0.8452 1.4887 0.0209 0.002376
546 5752.4 3.59E-04 762.67 1587.5 5.1631 4.7651 9.64E-05 1.83E-05 0.5882 0.0584 0.8463 1.4951 0.02067 0.002399
547 5841.9 3.59E-04 760.97 1581.5 5.1792 4.8053 9.60E-05 1.84E-05 0.5868 0.0588 0.8474 1.5017 0.02043 0.002423
548 5932.6 3.59E-04 759.26 1575.4 5.1957 4.8462 9.56E-05 1.84E-05 0.5854 0.0591 0.8486 1.5084 0.0202 0.002447
549 6024.3 3.59E-04 757.54 1569.2 5.2125 4.8879 9.52E-05 1.85E-05 0.5839 0.0595 0.8499 1.5152 0.01996 0.002472
550 6117.1 3.59E-04 755.81 1563 5.2296 4.9304 9.48E-05 1.85E-05 0.5824 0.0599 0.8512 1.5221 0.01973 0.002497
551 6210.9 3.59E-04 754.06 1556.8 5.2471 4.9738 9.44E-05 1.85E-05 0.581 0.0603 0.8526 1.5292 0.0195 0.002523
552 6305.9 3.60E-04 752.31 1550.5 5.2649 5.0181 9.40E-05 1.86E-05 0.5795 0.0607 0.8541 1.5365 0.01926 0.002549
553 6402 3.60E-04 750.54 1544.1 5.2831 5.0632 9.36E-05 1.86E-05 0.578 0.0611 0.8557 1.5438 0.01903 0.002576
554 6499.1 3.60E-04 748.76 1537.7 5.3017 5.1093 9.32E-05 1.87E-05 0.5764 0.0615 0.8573 1.5502 0.01879 0.002604
555 6597.4 3.60E-04 746.97 1531.3 5.3207 5.1564 9.28E-05 1.87E-05 0.5749 0.0619 0.859 1.5591 0.01856 0.002632
556 6696.9 3.60E-04 745.17 1524.8 5.3401 5.2045 9.24E-05 1.88E-05 0.5734 0.0623 0.8608 1.5657 0.01833 0.00266
557 6797.5 3.60E-04 743.35 1518.2 5.3599 5.2536 9.20E-05 1.88E-05 0.5718 0.0627 0.8627 1.575 0.01809 0.00269
558 6899.2 3.61E-04 741.53 1511.6 5.3801 5.3038 9.16E-05 1.88E-05 0.5703 0.0631 0.8646 1.5833 0.01786 0.00272
559 7002.1 3.61E-04 739.69 1505 5.4008 5.3551 9.13E-05 1.89E-05 0.5687 0.0636 0.8667 1.5917 0.01763 0.00275
560 7106.1 3.61E-04 737.83 1498.3 5.422 5.4075 9.09E-05 1.89E-05 0.5671 0.064 0.8688 1.6003 0.0174 0.002782
561 7211.4 3.61E-04 735.97 1491.5 5.4436 5.4611 9.05E-05 1.90E-05 0.5655 0.0644 0.871 1.6091 0.01716 0.002814
562 7317.8 3.61E-04 734.09 1484.7 5.4657 5.5159 9.01E-05 1.90E-05 0.5639 0.0649 0.8734 1.6164 0.01693 0.002847
563 7425.4 3.61E-04 732.19 1477.9 5.4884 5.572 8.97E-05 1.91E-05 0.5622 0.0653 0.8758 1.6266 0.0167 0.002881
564 7534.2 3.62E-04 730.29 1471 5.5115 5.6294 8.93E-05 1.91E-05 0.5606 0.0658 0.8783 1.6367 0.01647 0.002915
565 7644.3 3.62E-04 728.36 1464 5.5352 5.6882 8.89E-05 1.92E-05 0.5589 0.0662 0.8809 1.6463 0.01624 0.00295
566 7755.5 3.62E-04 726.43 1456.9 5.5595 5.7483 8.86E-05 1.92E-05 0.5573 0.0667 0.8836 1.6562 0.016 0.002987
567 7868 3.62E-04 724.48 1449.8 5.5844 5.8098 8.82E-05 1.93E-05 0.5556 0.0672 0.8864 1.6663 0.01577 0.003024
568 7981.8 3.62E-04 722.51 1442.7 5.6099 5.8729 8.78E-05 1.93E-05 0.5539 0.0677 0.8893 1.6766 0.01554 0.003062
569 8096.8 3.63E-04 720.53 1435.5 5.636 5.9375 8.74E-05 1.94E-05 0.5522 0.0682 0.8923 1.6872 0.01531 0.003101
570 8213.1 3.63E-04 718.53 1428.2 5.6627 6.0037 8.70E-05 1.94E-05 0.5504 0.0687 0.8955 1.698 0.01508 0.003141
571 8330.6 3.63E-04 716.52 1420.8 5.6901 6.0715 8.67E-05 1.95E-05 0.5487 0.0692 0.8988 1.7091 0.01485 0.003182
572 8449.4 3.63E-04 714.49 1413.4 5.7183 6.141 8.63E-05 1.95E-05 0.547 0.0697 0.9021 1.7205 0.01462 0.003224
573 8569.6 3.64E-04 712.45 1405.9 5.7471 6.2122 8.59E-05 1.96E-05 0.5452 0.0702 0.9057 1.7322 0.01439 0.003268
574 8691 3.64E-04 710.38 1398.4 5.7767 6.2853 8.55E-05 1.96E-05 0.5434 0.0707 0.9093 1.7441 0.01417 0.003312
602
575 8813.8 3.64E-04 708.3 1390.8 5.8071 6.3603 8.52E-05 1.97E-05 0.5416 0.0713 0.9131 1.7563 0.01394 0.003358
576 8937.9 3.64E-04 706.21 1383.1 5.8383 6.4372 8.48E-05 1.97E-05 0.5398 0.0718 0.917 1.7689 0.01371 0.003405
577 9063.3 3.65E-04 704.09 1375.3 5.8704 6.5162 8.44E-05 1.98E-05 0.538 0.0724 0.9211 1.7817 0.01348 0.003454
578 9190.1 3.65E-04 701.96 1367.5 5.9033 6.5972 8.40E-05 1.98E-05 0.5361 0.0729 0.9253 1.7949 0.01325 0.003504
579 9318.2 3.65E-04 699.81 1359.6 5.9372 6.6805 8.37E-05 1.99E-05 0.5343 0.0735 0.9296 1.8084 0.01303 0.003555
580 9447.7 3.66E-04 697.63 1351.6 5.972 6.766 8.33E-05 2.00E-05 0.5324 0.0741 0.9341 1.8223 0.0128 0.003608
581 9578.6 3.66E-04 695.44 1343.5 6.0078 6.8539 8.29E-05 2.00E-05 0.5305 0.0747 0.9388 1.8365 0.01257 0.003662
582 9710.9 3.66E-04 693.23 1335.4 6.0446 6.9442 8.25E-05 2.01E-05 0.5286 0.0753 0.9437 1.8511 0.01235 0.003718
583 9844.6 3.67E-04 691 1327.2 6.0825 7.0371 8.21E-05 2.01E-05 0.5267 0.0759 0.9487 1.8661 0.01212 0.003776
584 9979.7 3.67E-04 688.75 1318.9 6.1216 7.1327 8.18E-05 2.02E-05 0.5247 0.0765 0.9539 1.8815 0.0119 0.003836
585 10116 3.67E-04 686.48 1310.5 6.1618 7.2311 8.14E-05 2.02E-05 0.5228 0.0772 0.9594 1.8973 0.01167 0.003897
586 10254 3.68E-04 684.18 1302 6.2032 7.3325 8.10E-05 2.03E-05 0.5208 0.0778 0.965 1.9136 0.01145 0.003961
587 10394 3.68E-04 681.86 1293.4 6.246 7.4369 8.06E-05 2.04E-05 0.5188 0.0785 0.9708 1.9304 0.01123 0.004026
588 10535 3.68E-04 679.52 1284.8 6.2901 7.5446 8.03E-05 2.04E-05 0.5168 0.0791 0.9768 1.9476 0.011 0.004094
589 10677 3.69E-04 677.16 1276 6.3356 7.6557 7.99E-05 2.05E-05 0.5148 0.0798 0.9831 1.9654 0.01078 0.004164
590 10821 3.69E-04 674.77 1267.1 6.3826 7.7703 7.95E-05 2.06E-05 0.5128 0.0805 0.9896 1.9837 0.01056 0.004237
591 10966 3.69E-04 672.36 1258.2 6.4312 7.8888 7.91E-05 2.06E-05 0.5107 0.0813 0.9964 2.0026 0.01034 0.004312
592 11113 3.70E-04 669.92 1249.2 6.4815 8.0113 7.87E-05 2.07E-05 0.5087 0.082 1.0034 2.0221 0.01012 0.00439
593 11261 3.70E-04 667.46 1240 6.5335 8.1381 7.84E-05 2.08E-05 0.5066 0.0827 1.0107 2.0422 0.0099 0.004471
594 11411 3.71E-04 664.96 1230.7 6.5873 8.2694 7.80E-05 2.08E-05 0.5045 0.0835 1.0183 2.0631 0.00968 0.004554
595 11563 3.71E-04 662.45 1221.4 6.6431 8.4054 7.76E-05 2.09E-05 0.5024 0.0843 1.0262 2.0798 0.00946 0.004641
596 11716 3.72E-04 659.9 1211.9 6.701 8.5466 7.72E-05 2.10E-05 0.5002 0.0851 1.0344 2.1071 0.00924 0.004732
597 11871 3.72E-04 657.32 1202.3 6.7611 8.6931 7.68E-05 2.10E-05 0.4981 0.0859 1.0429 2.1303 0.00902 0.004826
598 12027 3.72E-04 654.72 1192.6 6.8235 8.8455 7.64E-05 2.11E-05 0.4959 0.0867 1.0519 2.1544 0.00881 0.004924
599 12185 3.73E-04 652.08 1182.7 6.8885 9.004 7.61E-05 2.12E-05 0.4937 0.0876 1.0612 2.1738 0.00859 0.005026
600 12344 3.73E-04 649.41 1172.8 6.9561 9.1692 7.57E-05 2.13E-05 0.4915 0.0885 1.0709 2.2055 0.00838 0.005133
601 12505 3.74E-04 646.71 1162.7 7.0266 9.3414 7.53E-05 2.14E-05 0.4893 0.0893 1.0811 2.2327 0.00816 0.005245
602 12668 3.74E-04 643.97 1152.4 7.1001 9.5212 7.49E-05 2.14E-05 0.487 0.0903 1.0917 2.2611 0.00795 0.005362
603 12833 3.75E-04 641.2 1142.1 7.177 9.7091 7.45E-05 2.15E-05 0.4847 0.0912 1.1029 2.2907 0.00773 0.005485
604 12999 3.76E-04 638.39 1131.6 7.2574 9.9058 7.41E-05 2.16E-05 0.4824 0.0922 1.1146 2.3217 0.00752 0.005614
605 13167 3.76E-04 635.54 1120.9 7.3416 10.112 7.37E-05 2.17E-05 0.4801 0.0932 1.1268 2.3542 0.00731 0.00575
606 13336 3.77E-04 632.66 1110.1 7.4299 10.328 7.33E-05 2.18E-05 0.4778 0.0942 1.1397 2.3882 0.0071 0.005892
607 13508 3.77E-04 629.73 1099.1 7.5227 10.555 7.29E-05 2.19E-05 0.4754 0.0952 1.1533 2.4239 0.00689 0.006043
608 13681 3.78E-04 626.75 1087.9 7.6203 10.793 7.25E-05 2.20E-05 0.473 0.0963 1.1676 2.4614 0.00668 0.006202
609 13855 3.79E-04 623.74 1076.6 7.7232 11.044 7.21E-05 2.21E-05 0.4706 0.0974 1.1827 2.5008 0.00648 0.00637
610 14032 3.79E-04 620.67 1065.1 7.8317 11.309 7.17E-05 2.22E-05 0.4682 0.0985 1.1986 2.5422 0.00627 0.006548
611 14210 3.80E-04 617.56 1053.4 7.9464 11.587 7.12E-05 2.23E-05 0.4658 0.0997 1.2155 2.5859 0.00606 0.006737
612 14391 3.81E-04 614.39 1041.5 8.0679 11.882 7.08E-05 2.24E-05 0.4633 0.1009 1.2333 2.632 0.00586 0.006938
613 14573 3.81E-04 611.17 1029.5 8.1966 12.193 7.04E-05 2.25E-05 0.4608 0.1022 1.2523 2.6805 0.00566 0.007152
614 14757 3.82E-04 607.89 1017.1 8.3333 12.522 7.00E-05 2.26E-05 0.4582 0.1035 1.2724 2.7318 0.00545 0.00738
615 14942 3.83E-04 604.55 1004.6 8.4786 12.871 6.95E-05 2.27E-05 0.4557 0.1048 1.2938 2.7859 0.00525 0.007623
616 15130 3.84E-04 601.15 991.85 8.6334 13.24 6.91E-05 2.28E-05 0.4531 0.1062 1.3167 2.8431 0.00505 0.007883
617 15320 3.84E-04 597.69 978.85 8.7985 13.632 6.87E-05 2.29E-05 0.4505 0.1076 1.341 2.9036 0.00485 0.008161
618 15511 3.85E-04 594.15 965.58 8.9748 14.047 6.82E-05 2.30E-05 0.4478 0.109 1.367 2.9675 0.00466 0.008458
619 15705 3.86E-04 590.54 952.05 9.1633 14.489 6.78E-05 2.32E-05 0.4451 0.1106 1.3948 3.0351 0.00446 0.008777
620 15900 3.87E-04 586.85 938.24 9.3652 14.958 6.73E-05 2.33E-05 0.4424 0.1122 1.4245 3.1067 0.00427 0.009118
621 16098 3.88E-04 583.08 924.13 9.5815 15.457 6.68E-05 2.34E-05 0.4396 0.1138 1.4564 3.1824 0.00407 0.009484
622 16297 3.89E-04 579.23 909.72 9.8137 15.988 6.64E-05 2.36E-05 0.4368 0.1155 1.4906 3.2625 0.00388 0.009877
623 16499 3.90E-04 575.29 894.97 10.063 16.554 6.59E-05 2.37E-05 0.434 0.1173 1.5272 3.3472 0.00369 0.010299
624 16702 3.91E-04 571.22 879.87 10.363 17.254 6.54E-05 2.39E-05 0.4311 0.1191 1.5715 3.4569 0.00351 0.010814
625 16908 3.92E-04 567.06 864.38 10.672 17.971 6.49E-05 2.40E-05 0.4282 0.1211 1.6168 3.5663 0.00332 0.011345
626 17116 3.93E-04 562.79 848.47 11.009 18.754 6.44E-05 2.42E-05 0.4253 0.1231 1.6664 3.6857 0.00313 0.01193
627 17326 3.94E-04 558.39 832.13 11.381 19.614 6.38E-05 2.44E-05 0.4222 0.1252 1.7208 3.8166 0.00295 0.012577
628 17538 3.96E-04 553.85 815.31 11.792 20.563 6.33E-05 2.45E-05 0.4192 0.1274 1.781 3.9606 0.00277 0.013298
629 17752 3.97E-04 549.17 797.98 12.25 21.615 6.28E-05 2.47E-05 0.4161 0.1298 1.8479 4.1198 0.00259 0.014105
630 17969 3.98E-04 544.33 780.09 12.763 22.789 6.22E-05 2.49E-05 0.4129 0.1322 1.9227 4.297 0.00242 0.015014
631 18188 4.00E-04 539.31 761.6 13.34 24.106 6.16E-05 2.51E-05 0.4096 0.1348 2.0069 4.4954 0.00224 0.016046
632 18409 4.01E-04 534.1 742.44 13.998 25.595 6.10E-05 2.54E-05 0.4063 0.1376 2.1024 4.7192 0.00207 0.017225
633 18633 4.03E-04 528.67 722.55 14.751 27.294 6.04E-05 2.56E-05 0.4029 0.1405 2.2118 4.9735 0.0019 0.018586
634 18859 4.05E-04 523.01 701.83 15.625 29.25 5.98E-05 2.59E-05 0.3994 0.1436 2.3383 5.2656 0.00174 0.020173
635 19087 4.06E-04 517.07 680.2 16.65 31.527 5.91E-05 2.61E-05 0.3958 0.147 2.4863 5.6044 0.00157 0.022046
636 19318 4.08E-04 510.83 657.52 17.87 34.212 5.84E-05 2.64E-05 0.3921 0.1505 2.6621 6.0028 0.00141 0.024288
603
637 19551 4.10E-04 504.23 633.63 19.345 37.427 5.77E-05 2.67E-05 0.3883 0.1544 2.8741 6.4781 0.00126 0.027015
638 19787 4.13E-04 497.22 608.34 21.165 41.349 5.69E-05 2.71E-05 0.3843 0.1586 3.135 7.0559 0.0011 0.0304
639 20025 4.15E-04 489.71 581.4 23.467 46.242 5.61E-05 2.74E-05 0.3801 0.1632 3.4639 7.7738 9.54E-04 0.034705
640 20266 4.18E-04 481.61 552.43 26.468 52.521 5.52E-05 2.79E-05 0.3757 0.1683 3.8913 8.6912 8.09E-04 0.04035
641 20510 4.21E-04 472.76 520.96 30.538 60.876 5.43E-05 2.83E-05 0.371 0.1741 4.469 9.9064 6.69E-04 0.048048
642 20756 4.24E-04 462.95 486.27 36.357 72.548 5.33E-05 2.89E-05 0.3659 0.1806 5.2917 11.595 5.35E-04 0.059115
643 21006 4.28E-04 451.84 447.2 45.32 90.007 5.21E-05 2.95E-05 0.3602 0.1882 6.5535 14.107 4.07E-04 0.076249
644 21258 4.33E-04 438.82 401.77 60.776 118.98 5.07E-05 3.03E-05 0.3537 0.1973 8.7188 18.249 2.86E-04 0.105929
645 21514 4.39E-04 422.7 345.92 93.093 176.45 4.91E-05 3.13E-05 0.3456 0.209 13.221 26.398 1.76E-04 0.168199
646 21774 4.47E-04 400.26 268.67 195.3 344.02 4.68E-05 3.28E-05 0.3343 0.226 27.356 49.915 7.79E-05 0.365237
647 22038 4.68E-04 349.56 93.648 3291.9 4401.3 4.19E-05 3.68E-05 0.3056 0.2664 451.22 608.73 3.66E-06 6.237477
/*
a[0]=P;
a[1]=T;
a[2]=v;
a[3]=h;
a[4]=u;
a[5]=s;
a[6]=x;
a[7]=Cp;
a[8]=Cv;
a[9]=alpha_Tx(T,x);
a[10]=kappa_Tx(T,x);
a[11]=viscosity_Tx(T,x);
a[12]=k_Tx(T,x);
a[13]=sigma(T);
a[14]=Pr_Tx(T,x);
a[15]=1.0/a[2];
a[16]=sound_Tx(T,x); */
public class water_test1
double T=273.15;
double a1[]=st.property("tx",T,0.0);
double a2[]=st.property("tx",T,1.0);
double P=a1[0];
double rof=1.0/a1[2];
double rog=1.0/a2[3];
double hf=a1[3];
double hg=a2[3];
double hfg=hg-hf;
double Cpl=a1[7];
double Cpg=a2[7];
double etaf=a1[11];
double etag=a2[11];
double kf=a1[12];
double kg=a2[12];
double Prf=a1[14];
double Prg=a2[14];
double sigma=a1[13];
double beta=a1[9];
System.out.println(T+" "+P+" "+rog+" "+rof+" "+hfg+" "+Cpl+" "+Cpg+" "+etaf+" "+etag+" "+kf+" "+kg+" "+Prf+" "+Prg+"
"+sigma+" "+beta);
for(T=275;T<647.3;T+=1)
{
a1=st.property("tx",T,0.0);
a2=st.property("tx",T,1.0);
P=a1[0];
rof=1.0/a1[2];
rog=1.0/a2[3];
hf=a1[3];
hg=a2[3];
hfg=hg-hf;
Cpl=a1[7];
Cpg=a2[7];
etaf=a1[11];
etag=a2[11];
kf=a1[12];
kg=a2[12];
Prf=a1[14];
Prg=a2[14];
sigma=a1[13];
beta=a1[9];
604
System.out.println(T+" "+P+" "+rog+" "+rof+" "+hfg+" "+Cpl+" "+Cpg+" "+etaf+" "+etag+" "+kf+" "+kg+" "+Prf+" "+Prg+"
"+sigma+" "+beta);
}
}
}
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY COOLANTS & HEAT TRANSFER

FLUIDS
As a practical heat transfer fluid a secondary coolant or heat transfer fluid is utilized. In some of the
refrigeration applications, it is required that transfer medium should performed in low temperature
ranges (sub zero temperatures). The most common heat transfer fluid is water and air. For low
temperature applications most common heat transfer fluids are brines (mixture of sodiumchloride NaCl
and water or potasiumchloride and water), ethylene gylicol-water and propylene gylicol-water. Since
they are binary mixtures, their properties depends on the mixture rate. In addition to that several
synthetic oils are used as heat transfer fluids both on heat applications and cold applications. Curve
fitting functions are used to express properties of binary mixtures. For example freezing points of a
binary mixture is expressed as:
T f ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 + a6 x 6 + a7 x 7 + a8 x8 + a9 x 9 +
a10 a a a
+ + 2 11 + 3 12 + 4 13 + a15 log( x + 0.01)
x + 0.01 x + 0.01 x + 0.01 x + 0.01
In such a binary mixture, properties of density will be given with a curve fitting function again as:
 (T , x) = a0 + a1 x + a2T + a3 x 2 + a4T 2 + a5 xT + a6T 3 + a7 xT 2 + a8T 4 + a9 xT 3 +
+ a10T 5 + a11 xT 4 + a12T 6 + a13 xT 5 + a14T 7
C p (T , x) = a0 + a1 x + a2T + a3 x 2 + a4T + a5 xT + a6T 3 + a7 xT 2 + a8T 4 + a9 xT 3 +
+ a10T 5 + a11 xT 4 + a12T 6 + a13 xT 5 + a14T 7
For the enthalpy and entropy general thermodynamic relation is used
T
h(T , x) =  C p (T , x)dT where Tref=0 degree C
Tref
T
C p (T , x)
s(T , x) = 
Tref
T
dT
Some of the basic properties for such binary mixtures are given below as table and graphic forms
Table 2.14.1 Salt -water mixture

Cp Freezing Density at 16 C Densities at different temperatures
CaCl 15 C temperature NaCl water
% J/kgK degree C -20 C -10 0C 10 C
mixture
0 4184 0 0 999 ,
5 3866 -2.4 52.2 1044 1042 1041
6 3824 -2.9 63 1049 1051 1050
7 3757 -3.4 74.2 1059 1060 1059
8 3699 -4.1 85.5 1068 1070 1068
9 3636 -4.7 96.9 1078 1079 1077
10 3577 -5.4 108.6 1087 1088 1086
11 3523 -6.2 120.5 1095 1097 1095
12 3464 -7.1 132.5 1104 1107 1104
13 3414 -8 144.8 1113 1116 1114
14 3364 -9.2 157.1 1123 1126 1123
15 3318 -10.3 169.8 1132 1140 1136 1133
16 3259 -11.6 182.6 1141 1150 1145 1142
17 3209 -13 195.7 1152 1160 1155 1152
18 3163 -14.5 209 1161 1170 1165 1162
19 3121 -16.2 222.7 1171 1179 1175 1172
605
20 3084 -18 236 1180 1189 1185 1182
21 3050 -19.9 249.6 1189
22 2996 -22.1 264.3 1201 1214 1210 1206 1202
23 2958 -24.4 278.7 1211
24 2916 -26.8 293.5 1223 1235 1231 1227 1223
25 2882 -29.4 308.2 1232
26 2853 -32.1 323.1 1242
27 2816 -35.1 338.5 1253
28 2782 -38.8 354 1264
29 2753 -45.2 369.9 1275
29.87 2741 -55 378.8 1289
30 2732 -46 358.4 1294
32 2678 -28.6 418.1 1316
34 2636 -15.4 452 1339
VISCOSITY OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE

SPECIFIC HEAT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE

DENSITY OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE
606
Table Salt (NaCl) –water mixture
Spec. heat
properties Freezing Density at 16 C Density in various temperatures
NaCl 15 C point NaCl water
% by J/kgK degree C -10 C 0C 10 C 20 C
mass 0 4184 0 0 1000
5 3925 -2.9 51.7 1035 1038.1 1036.5 1034
6 3879 -3.6 62.5 1043 1045.8 1043.9 1041.2
7 3836 -4.3 73.4 1049 1053.7 1051.4 1048.5
8 3795 -5 84.6 1057 1061.2 1058.9 1055.8
9 3753 -5.8 95.9 1065 1069 1066.4 1063.2
10 3715 -6.6 107.2 1072 1076.8 1074 1070.6
11 3678 -7.3 118.8 1080 1084.8 1081.6 1078.1
12 3640 -8.2 130.3 1086 1092.4 1089.6 1085.6
13 3607 -9.1 142.2 1094 1100.3 1097 1093.2
14 3573 -10.1 154.3 1102 1108.2 1104.7 1100.8
15 3544 -10.9 166.5 1110 1119.4 1116.2 1112.5 1108.5
16 3515 -11.9 178.9 1118 1127.6 1124.2 1120.4 1116.2
17 3485 -13 191.4 1126 1135.8 1132.2 1128.3 1124
18 3456 -14.1 204.1 1134 1144.1 1140.3 1136.2 1131.8
19 3427 -15.3 217 1142 1153.4 1148.5 1144.3 1139.7
20 3402 -16.5 230 1150 1160.7 1156.7 1154.1 1147.7
21 3376 -17.8 243.2 1158 1169.1 1165 1160.5 1155.8
22 3356 -19.1 256.6 1166 1177.6 1173.3 1168.7 1163.9
23 3330 -20.6 270 1174 1186.1 1181.7 1177 1172
24 3310 -15.7 283.7 1182 1194.7 1190.1 1185.3 1180.3
25 3289 -8.8 297.5 1190
25.2 0
SODIUM CHLORIDE(SALT)-WATER MIXTURE SPECIFIC HEAT SODIUM CHLORIDE(SALT)-WATER MIXTURE DENSITY
607
SODIUM CHLORIDE(SALT)-WATER MIXTURE THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
SODIUM CHLORIDE(SALT)-WATER MIXTURE VISCOSITY
Table 2.14.3 Ethylene Gylicol -water mixture properties
ETHYLENE GYLICOL FREEZING AND ETHYLENE GYLICOL FREEZING AND

BOILING POINTS BOILING POINTS
% by % by % by
mass mass % by mass % by mass mass volumetric T freezing Tboiling
0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100
5 4.4 -1.4 100.6 5 4.8 -1.6 100
10 8.9 -3.2 101.1 10 9.6 -3.3 100
15 13.6 -5.4 101.7 15 14.5 -5.1 100
20 18.1 -7.8 102.2 20 19.4 -7.1 100.6
21 19.2 -8.4 102.2 21 20.4 -7.6 100.6
22 20.1 -8.9 102.2 22 21.4 -8 100.6
23 21 -9.5 102.8 23 22.4 -8.6 100.6
24 22 -10.2 102.8 24 23.4 -9.1 100.6
25 22.9 -10.7 103.3 25 24.4 -9.6 101.1
26 23.9 -11.4 103.3 26 25.3 -10.2 101.1
27 24.8 -12 103.3 27 26.4 -10.8 101.1
28 25.8 -12.7 103.9 28 27.4 -11.4 101.7
29 26.7 -13.3 103.9 29 28.4 -12 101.7
30 27.7 -14.1 104.4 30 29.4 -12.7 102.2
31 28.7 -14.8 104.4 31 30.4 -13.4 102.2
32 29.6 -15.4 104.4 32 31.4 -14.1 102.2
33 30.6 -16.2 104.4 33 32.4 -14.8 102.2
34 31.6 -17 104.4 34 33.5 -15.6 102.2
35 32.6 -17.9 105 35 34.4 -16.4 102.8
36 33.5 -18.6 105 36 35.5 -17.3 102.8
37 34.5 -19.4 105 37 36.5 -18.2 102.8
38 35.5 -20.3 105 38 37.5 -19.1 103.3
39 36.5 -21.3 105 39 38.5 -20.1 103.3
40 37.5 -22.3 105.6 40 39.6 -21.1 103.9
41 38.5 -23.2 105.6 41 40.6 -22.1 103.9
42 39.5 -24.3 105.6 42 41.6 -23.2 103.9
43 40.5 -25.3 106.1 43 42.6 -24.3 103.9
44 41.5 -26.4 106.1 44 43.7 -25.5 103.9
45 42.5 -27.5 106.7 45 44.7 -26.7 104.4
46 43.5 -28.8 106.7 46 45.7 -27.9 104.4
47 44.5 -29.8 106.7 47 46.8 -29.3 104.4
48 45.5 -31.1 106.7 48 47.8 -30.6 105
49 46.6 -32.6 106.7 49 48.9 -32.1 105
50 47.6 -33.8 107.2 50 49.9 -33.5 105.6
51 48.6 -35.1 107.2 51 50.9 -35 105.6
52 49.6 -36.4 107.2 52 51.9 -36.6 105.6
53 50.6 -37.9 107.8 53 53 -38.2 106.1
54 51.6 -39.3 107.8 54 54 -39.8 106.1
55 52.7 -41.1 108.3 55 55 -41.6 106.1
56 53.7 -42.6 108.3 56 56 -43.3 106.1
57 54.7 -44.2 108.9 57 57 -45.2 106.7
58 55.7 -45.6 108.9 58 58 -47.1 106.7
59 56.8 -47.1 109.4 59 59 -49 106.7
60 57.8 -48.3 110 60 60 -51.1 107.2
65 62.8 * 112.8 65 65 * 108.3
70 68.3 * 116.7 70 70 * 110
75 73.6 * 120 75 75 * 113.9
608
80 78.9 -46.8 123.9
85 84.3 -36.9 133.9
90 89.7 -29.8 140.6
95 95 -19.4 158.3
WATER ETHYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME) DENSITY WATER ETHYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME)) SPECIFIC
HEAT
WATER ETHYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME)

WATER ETHYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME) THERMAL VISCOSITY
CONDUCTIVITY
WATER PROPYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME)

WATER PROPYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME) DENSITY SPECIFIC HEAT
609
WATER PROPYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME)
VISCOSITY
WATER PROPYLENE GYLICOL MIXTURE(% VOLUME) THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Table polydimetilsiloaksan heat transfer fluid properties
Flame temperature: 46.7 C
Boiling point : 175 C
Freezing point : -111.1 C
Temperature range : -73.3 to 260 degree C
Temperature Vapor pressure density Specific heat Thermal conductivity
°C kPa viscosity kg/m3
mPa·s capacitycapacity
kJ/(kg·K) W/(m·K)
-73 0 12.4 924.6 1.41 0.1294
-70 0 11.2 922.1 1.418 0.1288
-60 0 8.26 913.5 1.443 0.1269
-50 0 6.24 905 1.469 0.1251
-40 0 4.83 896.4 1.495 0.1231
-30 0 3.81 887.9 1.52 0.1212
-20 0 3.07 879.3 1.546 0.1192
-10 0.01 2.51 870.7 1.572 0.1171
0 0.03 2.09 862 1.597 0.115
10 0.08 1.76 853.3 1.623 0.1129
20 0.16 1.49 844.5 1.649 0.1108
30 0.32 1.29 835.5 1.674 0.1086
40 0.61 1.12 826.5 1.7 0.1064
50 1.09 0.98 817.3 1.726 0.1042
60 1.85 0.86 807.9 1.751 0.1019
70 3.02 0.77 798.4 1.777 0.0996
80 4.76 0.69 788.7 1.803 0.0973
90 7.25 0.62 778.8 1.828 0.0949
100 10.73 0.56 768.7 1.854 0.0925
110 15.45 0.51 758.3 1.88 0.0901
120 21.75 0.47 747.7 1.905 0.0877
130 29.95 0.43 736.8 1.931 0.0852
140 40.45 0.4 725.6 1.957 0.0827
150 53.67 0.37 714.1 1.982 0.0802
160 70.06 0.34 702.3 2.008 0.0777
170 90.1 0.32 690.2 2.033 0.0751
180 114.29 0.3 677.7 2.059 0.0725
190 143.17 0.28 664.8 2.085 0.0699
200 177.27 0.26 651.6 2.11 0.0673
210 217.14 0.25 638 2.136 0.0646
220 263.36 0.24 623.9 2.162 0.062
230 316.47 0.22 609.5 2.187 0.0593
240 377.03 0.21 594.5 2.213 0.0566
250 445.61 0.2 579.1 2.239 0.0538
260 522.74 0.19 563.3 2.264 0.0511
Properties of d-limonen heat transfer fluid

Flame temperature : 46.1 C
Boiling point : 154.4 C
Freezing point : -96.7 C
Thermal
Temperature Specific heat Viscosity Density conductivity
degree C kJ/(kg K) mPas kg/m^3 W/(m K)
610
-73 1.27 3.8 914.3 0.137
-50 1.39 3 897.1 0.133
-25 1.51 2.3 878.3 0.128
0 1.65 1.8 859.2 0.124
25 1.78 1.4 839.8 0.119
50 1.91 1.1 820.1 0.114
75 2.04 0.8 800 0.11
100 2.17 0.7 779.5 0.105
125 2.3 0.5 758.4 0.1
150 2.41 0.4 736.6 0.096
Table 2.14.5 Properties of Duratherm XLT-50 heat transfer oil

Temperature range : -46 to 177 C
Temperature Density Viscosity Specific heat Thermal Pressure
conduc.
degree C (kg/m3) (Centipoise) (W/m.K) (kJ/kgK) (kPa)
-46 871 87.42 0.14 1.926 0
-40 868 59.49 0.138 1.926 0
-34 865 32.2 0.138 1.938 0
-29 863 13.91 0.138 1.95 0
-23 860 4.46 0.137 1.962 0
-18 857 3.87 0.137 1.974 0
-12 854 3.41 0.137 1.986 0
-7 852 3.03 0.136 1.998 0
-1 849 2.72 0.136 2.01 0
4 846 2.45 0.135 2.022 0
10 844 2.24 0.135 2.034 0
16 841 2.04 0.135 2.046 0
21 838 1.88 0.134 2.058 0
27 835 1.74 0.134 2.069 0
32 833 1.62 0.134 2.081 0
38 830 1.51 0.133 2.093 0.14
43 827 1.41 0.133 2.11 0.67
49 824 1.33 0.132 2.127 1.21
54 820 1.25 0.132 2.144 1.74
60 817 1.18 0.131 2.16 2.28
66 814 1.12 0.131 2.177 2.41
71 811 1.05 0.13 2.194 3.61
77 808 1 0.13 2.211 4.81
82 805 0.96 0.129 2.227 6.01
88 801 0.91 0.129 2.244 7.21
93 798 0.87 0.128 2.261 8.41
99 795 0.83 0.128 2.278 11.35
104 784 0.79 0.127 2.294 14.29
110 773 0.75 0.127 2.311 17.22
116 761 0.72 0.126 2.328 20.16
121 750 0.68 0.125 2.345 23.1
127 739 0.65 0.125 2.361 26.41
132 728 0.62 0.124 2.378 29.72
138 716 0.59 0.124 2.395 33.03
143 705 0.56 0.123 2.412 36.34
149 694 0.53 0.123 2.428 39.64
154 683 0.51 0.123 2.445 44.48
160 672 0.49 0.119 2.462 49.33
166 661 0.48 0.119 2.474 54.17
171 651 0.45 0.119 2.487 59.01
176 641 0.43 0.116 2.5 63.85
In order to convert the data to computer programs general least square curve fitting programs are used
Program Surface least square curve fitting program

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
// surface curve fitting

//f(x,y)=a0+a1*x+a2*T+a3*x^2+a4*T^2+a5*xT+a6*T^3+a7*xT^2+a8*T^2
// +a9*xT^3+a10*T^5+a11*xT^4+a12*T^6+a13xT^5+a14*T^7
abstract class f_xir
{
abstract double func(double x[],int equation_ref);
}
class fa extends f_xir

{
double func(double x[],int i)
611
{//a general surface curve fitting model
double xx=0.0;
//density function
if(i==0) {xx=1.0; }
else if (i==1) {xx=x[0]; }
else if (i==2) {xx=x[1]; }
else if (i==3) {xx=x[0]*x[0]; }
else if (i==4) {xx=x[1]*x[1]; }
else if (i==5) {xx=x[0]*x[1]; }
else if (i==6) {xx=x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==7) {xx=x[0]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==8) {xx=x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==9) {xx=x[0]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==10){xx=x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==11){xx=x[0]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==12){xx=x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==13){xx=x[0]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
else if (i==14){xx=x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1]*x[1];}
return xx;
}
}
class NA46
{
// General least square curve fitting with multivariable
public static double[][] Transpose(double [][] left)
{ //transpose matrix (if A=a(i,j) Transpose(A)=a(j,i)
int i,j;
int n=left.length;
double b[][];
b=new double[m][n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{for(j=0;j<m;j++) {b[j][i]=left[i][j];} }
return b;
}
public static double[] gausswithpartialpivot(double a[][],double b[])

{ //Gauss elimination with partial pivoting
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//backward substitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
612
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double[] GeneralLeastSquare(double c[][],int n)

{
int n1=c.length;
int n2=c[0].length-1;
System.out.println("n1="+n1+"n2="+n2);
double xi[][]=new double[n1][n2];
double yi[]=new double[n1];
for(int i=0;i<n1;i++){for(int j=0;j<n2;j++){xi[i][j]=c[i][j];};yi[i]=c[i][n2];}
return GeneralLeastSquare(xi,yi,n);
}
public static double[] GeneralLeastSquare(double xi[][],double yi[],int n)

{ // n dimensional surface general least square curve fitting
fa f=new fa();
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ B[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<np1;j++)
{
A[i][j]=0.0;
for(k=0;k<l;k++) A[i][j]+=f.func(xi[k],i)*f.func(xi[k],j);
}
for(k=0;k<l;k++) B[i]+= f.func(xi[k],i)*yi[k];
}
X=gausswithpartialpivot(A,B);
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
Text.printT(X);
return X;
}
public static double funcGeneralLeastSquare(double e[],double x[])

{
// multidimensional function calculation
fa f=new fa();
int n=e.length;
double ff=0;
if(n!=0.0)
{
{ff+=e[i]*f.func(x,i);}
}
return ff;
}
public static double[] funcGeneralLeastSquare(double e[],double xi[][])

{
// multidimensional function calculation
fa f=new fa();
int n=e.length;
double ff[]=new double[xi.length];
for(int k=0;k<xi.length;k++)
{
if(n!=0.0)
{
613
{ff[k]+=e[i]*f.func(xi[k],i);}
}
}
return ff;
}
public static double[][] cikti(double c[][],int polinomkatsayisi,int aradegersayisi)

{ int n1=c.length;
for(int i=0;i<n1;i++){for(int j=0;j<n2;j++){xi[i][j]=c[i][j];};yi[i]=c[i][n2];
}
return cikti(xi,yi,polinomkatsayisi,aradegersayisi);
}
public static double[][] cikti(double xi[][],double yi[],int polinomkatsayisi,int aradegersayisi)

{
int n=xi.length;
int nk=xi[0].length;
double E[]=GeneralLeastSquare(xi,yi,polinomkatsayisi);
double x[][]=new double[nn][nk];
double c[][]=new double[nn][nk+1];
double yy[]=new double[nn];
double dx[]=new double[nk];
int k=0;
int i,j,w;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
{ for(w=0;w<nk;w++){x[k][w]=xi[i][w];dx[w]=(xi[i+1][w]-xi[i][w])/((double)aradegersayisi+1.0);};k++;
for(j=0;j<aradegersayisi;j++)
{ for(w=0;w<nk;w++){x[k][w]=x[k-1][w]+dx[w];};k++;}
}
for(w=0;w<nk;w++){x[k][w]=xi[i][w];}
yy=funcGeneralLeastSquare(E,x);
{for(w=0;w<nk;w++) c[i][w]=x[i][w];
c[i][nk]=yy[i];
}
return c;
}
public static double funcGeneralLeastSquare(double e[],double x,double y)

{
// multidimensionaş surface fitting
xx[0]=x;
xx[1]=y;
return funcGeneralLeastSquare(e,xx);
}
public static double hata(double c[][],double e[])

{int n1=c.length;
for(int i=0;i<n1;i++){for(int j=0;j<n2;j++){xi[i][j]=c[i][j];};yi[i]=c[i][n2];
}
return hata(xi,yi,e);
}
public static double hata(double x[][],double y[],double e[])

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
total+=(y[k]-funcGeneralLeastSquare(e,x[k]))*(y[k]-funcGeneralLeastSquare(e,x[k]));
}
return total;
614
}

{
String s1=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("file name : ");
int n=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("polinom derecesi (n)"));
double c[][]=Text.readDouble(s1);
Text.print(c,"a");
double b[]=GeneralLeastSquare(c,n);
Text.print(b,"b");
double xi[][]=cikti(c,n,1);
String s="";
System.out.println("n_xi = "+xi.length+"n_xi[0] = "+xi[0].length);
{ for(int j=0;j<xi[0].length;j++)
{s+=xi[i][j]+" ";}
s+="\n";
}
//System.out.println("output \n"+Matrix.toString(xi));
//System.out.println("error \n"+Matrix.toString(hata(c,b)));
}
}
A sample data for the curve fitting program:
Temp %volume ethylene gylicol density

Degree 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
C
-35 1089.9 1104.6 1118.6 1132.1
-30 1089 1103.5 1117.4 1130.7
-25 1088 1102.4 1116 1129.2 1141.9
-20 1072 1086.9 1101.1 1114.6 1127.6 1140.1
-15 1070.9 1085.6 1099.6 1113 1125.8 1138.1
-10 1054.3 1069.6 1084.2 1098.1 1111.3 1123.9 1136.1
-5 1036.9 1053.1 1068.3 1082.7 1096.4 1109.5 1121.9 1133.9
0 1018.7 1035.7 1051.8 1066.8 1081.1 1094.6 1107.5 1119.8 1131.6
5 1017.6 1034.4 1050.3 1065.2 1079.3 1092.7 1105.4 1117.6 1129.2
10 1016.3 1032.9 1048.8 1063.5 1077.5 1090.7 1103.2 1115.2 1126.7
15 1014.9 1031.4 1047.1 1061.7 1075.5 1088.5 1100.9 1112.7 1124
20 1013.3 1029.7 1045.3 1059.7 1073.4 1086.3 1098.5 1110.1 1121.2
25 1011.7 1027.9 1043.3 1057.6 1071.1 1083.9 1095.9 1107.4 1118.3
30 1009.9 1026 1041.3 1055.4 1068.8 1081.4 1093.2 1104.6 1115.3
35 1008 1024 1039.1 1053.1 1066.3 1078.7 1090.4 1101.6 1112.2
40 1006 1021.8 1036.8 1050.6 1063.7 1076 1087.5 1098.5 1108.9
45 1003.9 1019.6 1034.4 1048.1 1060.9 1073.1 1084.5 1095.3 1105.5
50 1001.6 1017.2 1031.8 1045.4 1058.1 1070.1 1081.3 1091.9 1102
55 999.23 1014.6 1029.2 1042.5 1055.1 1066.9 1078 1088.5 1098.4
60 996.72 1012 1026.4 1039.6 1052 1063.7 1074.6 1084.9 1094.6
65 994.1 1009.2 1023.5 1036.6 1048.8 1060.3 1071.1 1081.2 1090.7
70 991.35 1006.4 1020.4 1033.4 1045.5 1056.8 1067.4 1077.4 1086.7
75 988.49 1003.3 1017.3 1030.1 1042 1053.2 1063.6 1073.4 1082.6
80 985.5 1000.2 1014 1026.7 1038.5 1049.5 1059.7 1069.4 1078.4
85 982.39 996.96 1010.6 1023.1 1034.8 1045.6 1055.7 1065.2 1074
90 979.15 993.59 1007.1 1019.4 1031 1041.7 1051.6 1060.9 1069.5
95 975.8 990.1 1003.5 1015.7 1027 1037.6 1047.3 1056.4 1064.9
100 972.32 986.48 999.69 1011.7 1023 1033.3 1042.9 1051.9 1060.2
105 968.73 982.75 995.81 1007.7 1018.8 1029 1038.4 1047.2 1055.4
110 965.01 978.89 991.81 1003.6 1014.5 1024.5 1033.8 1042.4 1050.4
115 961.17 974.91 987.68 999.29 1010 1019.9 1029.1 1037.5 1045.3
120 957.21 970.81 983.43 994.9 1005.5 1015.2 1024.2 1032.5 1040.1
125 953.12 966.59 979.07 990.38 1000.8 1010.4 1019.2 1027.3 1034.7
615
When program runs the resulting curve fitting coefficients are:
By using this curve fittings a program for the fluid properties, secondarycoolantEN.java and user
interface program secondarycoolantTableEN are prepared. Program codes are given in Appendix 6.4
Another liquid properties pogram is developed by using cubic splines. This set is only one dimensional
curve fitting (temperature dependent only). Program lists liquid_CS_Data, liquid_CS_EN,
liquid_CS_Model_EN and a GUI program liquid_CS_Table_EN. A sample program and a GUI output
is shown below:
public class liquid_CS_test

{
{ liquid_CS_EN l=new liquid_CS_EN("mercury");
String s1[]={"","value","unit"};
double T=60.0+273.15;//degree K
Text.print(l.toString(T),s1,"Properties of liquid");
}}
616
Program List of: secondatyCoolantEN
secondarycoolantEN Basic Equation of state(based on curve fitting of data)
secondarycoolantTableEN Graphical user interface for secondarycoolantEN
secondarycoolantModelEN GUI support program(creates table format of output data)
Fluids defined in secondaryCoolantEN

Water
NaCl brine Salt+water
CaCl brine CaCl salt+water
Ethylene Gylicol-water Antifreeze
Propylene Gylicol-water Antifreeze
polydimethylsilohexane
617
12. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OVER A BODY
12.1 BLASSIUS FLAT PLATE PROBLEM AND WEDGE FLOW PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Blassius flat plate problem is one of the basic problem that shapes heat convection as we know today.
Problem is given in all heat transfer text book, but details of the problem is mostly avoided. We would
like to investigate problem here including necasary numeric methods to solve it.
Conservation of mass:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of momentum
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜈 =𝑢 +𝑣 where 𝜈 is kinematic viscosity, u and v x and y direction velocities
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
The boundary conditions are
𝑢 = 0⁡𝑣 = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 = 0
𝑢 → 𝑢∞ ⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 → ∞
𝑢 = 𝑢∞ ⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = 0
The shape of velocity profile suggest that it might be similar , different only with a stretching factor on
the y coordinate so Let us assume a velocity profile such as
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑦. 𝑤(𝑥)) where
𝜂 = 𝑦. 𝑤(𝑥) so
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝜂)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂
= = = 𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂
= = = 𝑔′(𝜂)𝑤(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂
𝜕𝑦 2
=
𝜕𝑦 2
=
𝜕𝑦
( 𝜕𝑦
) = 𝜕𝜂 ( 𝜕𝑦
) 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑔"(𝜂)𝑤 2 (𝑥)
Substituting these into the momentum equation
𝜈𝑔"(𝜂)𝑤 2 (𝑥) ⁡ = 𝑔(𝜂)𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑔′(𝜂)𝑤(𝑥)
Conservation of mass
𝜕𝑣
𝑔 ′ (𝜂)𝑦𝑤 ′ (𝑥) + =0
𝜕𝑦
Now, by substituting these equations into each other and solving them:
𝜈𝑔"(𝜂)𝑤 2 (𝑥) − 𝑔(𝜂)𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝑣=
𝑔′(𝜂)𝑤(𝑥)
618
𝜕𝑣
= −𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜈𝑔"(𝜂)𝑤 2 (𝑥) − 𝑔(𝜂)𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
( ) = −𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝑔′(𝜂)𝑤(𝑥)
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥) 𝜕
𝜈𝑤(𝑥) ( ′ ) − (𝑔(𝜂)𝑦) = −𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝑤(𝑥) 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥) 𝜕𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂
𝜈𝑤(𝑥) ( ′ ) − ( 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝜂)) = −𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝑤(𝑥) 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥) ′
𝜈𝑤(𝑥) ( ′ ) − (𝑔 (𝜂)𝑤(𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑔(𝜂)) = −𝑔′(𝜂)𝑦𝑤′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝑤(𝑥)
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥)𝑔′ (𝜂)𝑤(𝑥)𝑦 𝑤 ′ (𝑥)
𝜈𝑤(𝑥) ( ′ ) − − 𝑔(𝜂) + 𝑔 ′ (𝜂)𝑦𝑤 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝑤(𝑥) 𝑤(𝑥)
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥)
𝜈𝑤(𝑥) ( ′ ) − 𝑔(𝜂) = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝑤(𝑥)
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂 𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂)
( ′ )= ( ′ ) = ( ) 𝑤(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝜕𝜂 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜂 𝑔 ′ (𝜂)
𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥)
𝜈𝑤 2 (𝑥) ( ′ ) − 𝑔(𝜂) = 0
𝜕𝜂 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝑤(𝑥)
1 𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥)
( ′ )=
𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝜈𝑤 3 (𝑥)
In this form, the differential equation is separated so it can be solved as two different set of equation
with the common arbitrary constant (eigenvalue).
1 𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑤 ′ (𝑥)
( ′ )= = −𝑘
𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂 𝑔 (𝜂) 𝜈𝑤 3 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑤(𝑥)
= −𝑘𝜈𝑑𝑥
𝑤 3 (𝑥)
1
− 2 = −𝑘𝜈𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑤 (𝑥)
At 𝑦 → ∞⁡⁡⁡𝑢 → 𝑢∞ ; but x=0 a boundary condition is that 𝑢 = 𝑢∞ even at y=0. Thus g(0) must be
infinite. It follows that C=0. Then
1 𝑦
𝑤(𝑥) = 𝜂 = 𝑦. 𝑤(𝑥) = So from this results, it is clear that velocity profile
√2𝑘𝜈𝑥 √2𝑘𝜈𝑥
𝑦
𝑢 =𝑓( )
√𝑥
The left hand side of the equation:
1 𝜕 𝑔"(𝜂)
( ) = −𝑘
𝑔(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂 𝑔 ′ (𝜂)
𝑔"(𝜂)
𝜕 ( ′ ) = −𝑘𝑔(𝜂)𝜕𝜂
𝑔 (𝜂)
𝑔"(𝜂)
( ′ ) = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑔(𝜂)𝜕𝜂 + 𝐶
𝑔 (𝜂)
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑔
Boundary conditions 𝜂 = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑣 = 0⁡⁡𝑔 = 0⁡⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 = 0 =0= = 𝑔" and thus C=0
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝜂2
𝑔"(𝜂)
= −𝑘 ∫ 𝑔(𝜂)𝜕𝜂
𝑔 ′ (𝜂)
Let us now define a non-dimensional velocity in terms of a derivative of a function of⁡𝜂, derivative
being for the purpose of eliminating the integral of the above equation. Let
619
𝑢 𝑔(𝜂)
𝑓 ′ (𝜂) = =
𝑢∞ 𝑢∞
Then
𝑔(𝜂) = 𝑢∞ 𝑓 ′ (𝜂)
𝑔′(𝜂) = 𝑢∞ 𝑓 " (𝜂)
𝑔"(𝜂) = 𝑢∞ 𝑓′′′(𝜂)
and
𝑔"(𝜂) 𝑓′′′(𝜂)
= "
𝑔 ′ (𝜂) 𝑓 (𝜂)
Substituting,
𝑓′′′(𝜂)
= −𝑘 ∫ 𝑢∞ 𝑓 ′ (𝜂)𝜕𝜂 = −𝑘𝑢∞ 𝑓(𝜂)
𝑓′′(𝜂)
1
k is an arbitrary constant but 𝑘𝑢∞ must be nondimensional, let 𝑘𝑢∞ = Thus,
2
1
𝑓 ′′′⁡ (𝜂) + 𝑓(𝜂) − 𝑓′′(𝜂) = 0
2
𝑦 ′ (𝜂) 𝑢 𝑔(𝜂)
Where 𝜂 = and ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓 = =
√𝜈𝑥/𝑢∞ 𝑢∞ 𝑢∞
u=0 at y=0
v=0 at y=0
𝑦 → ∞⁡⁡⁡𝑢 → 𝑢∞
Then 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0 𝑓 ′ (∞) = 1
Since 𝑓′′(0) = 0 𝑓′′′(0) = 0 (provided that v(0)=0)
Then from the differential equation .𝑓(0)𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0 It is not possible that all the derivatives are zero, in
fact 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0 would correspond to zero shear stress at the wall, so we conclude that
𝑓(0) = 0
The same set of equations can also be developed by using stream function Ψ(𝑥, 𝑦). Stream function is
basically a single function to replace velocities u and v. It is defined as:
∂Ψ(𝑥,𝑦) ∂Ψ(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Due to the definition, conservation of mass is always satisfied. The relation between Ψ(𝑥, 𝑦)and f is as
follows: Ψ(𝜂) = √𝜈𝑥𝑢∞ 𝑓(𝜂)
Now that we have a single variable differential similarity equation for the momentum equation, a
similarity solution for energy equation should also be developed.
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇
For 𝜃 = The energy equation for the boundary layer:
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞
𝜕 2𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝛼 2
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
620
With the boundary conditions:
𝜃 = 0⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 = 0
𝜃 = 1⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑦 → ∞
𝜃 = 1⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = 0
𝑦
Assume 𝜃 = 𝜃(𝜂) where 𝜂 =
√𝜈𝑥/𝑢∞
Energy equation becomes:
𝜕 2 𝜃 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝜃
+ 𝑓 =0
𝜕𝜂2 2 𝜕𝜂
𝐶𝑝 𝜇 𝐶𝑝 𝜌𝜈
Where Pr, Prantl number 𝑃𝑟 = =
𝑘 𝑘
𝜃(0) = 0
𝜃(∞) = 1
Equation can be solved directly as a set of differential equations. Equation set change as follows:
1
𝑓 ′′′⁡ (𝜂) + 𝑓(𝜂) − 𝑓 ′′(𝜂) = 0
2
𝑃𝑟
𝜃 ′′ (𝜂) + 𝑓(𝜂)𝜃 ′ (𝜂) = 0
2
Conversion of the equation:
𝑥[0] = 𝜂 𝑥[1] = 𝑓(𝜂) 𝑥[2] = 𝑓′(𝜂) 𝑥[3] = 𝑓′′(𝜂) 𝑥[4] = 𝜃(𝜂) 𝑥[5] = 𝜃′(𝜂)
Differential equation set becomes:
𝑑𝑥[1]
= 𝑥[2]
𝑑𝑥[0]
𝑑𝑥[2]
= 𝑥[3]
𝑑𝑥[0]
𝑑𝑥[3]
= −0.5𝑥[1]𝑥[3]
𝑑𝑥[0]
𝑑𝑥[4]
= 𝑥[5]
𝑑𝑥[0]
𝑑𝑥[5] 𝑃𝑟
=− 𝑥[1]𝑥[5]
𝑑𝑥[0] 2
𝑥[4] = 0⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥[0] = 0
𝑥[4] = 1⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥[0] = ∞
𝑥[2] = 0⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥[0] = 0
𝑥[2] = 1⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥[0] = ∞
𝑥[1] = 0⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥[0] = 0
As it is seen from boundary conditions, two given conditions are not initial conditions. One way of
solving boundary conditions is using non-linear system of equation solving methods. In order to solve
differential equation set 6th order Runge-Kutta Method is used. In order to solve boundary value
nonlinear system of equation Nelder & Mead optimization method is used.
𝑑𝑦
Runge-Kutta method as in most general form can be given as: For differential form = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝜙(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , ℎ)
𝑛
𝜙(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , ℎ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑘𝑖
𝑖=1
In this equation a is constant values depends on polynamial degree of Runge-Kutta equation and coefficients k , can
be defined as:
𝑘1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑘2 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐2 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎21 𝑘1 ℎ)
𝑘3 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐3 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎31 𝑘1 ℎ + 𝑎32 𝑘2 ℎ)
621
…
𝑘3 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐𝑛 ℎ, 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎𝑛,1 𝑘1 ℎ + 𝑎𝑛,2 𝑘2 ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛,𝑛−1 𝑘𝑛−1 ℎ)
In more generalized form, these equations can be written as:
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑐𝑖 ℎ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖 = 1 … 𝑠
𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ ∑𝑖−1 𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑠
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑘𝑖
𝑗=1
where s is the degree of coefficients of equations. In numerical analysis books, coefficients are usually shown as
Buthcher tableu which puts the coefficients of the method in a table as follows:
c1 a11 a12 a13 ... a1s
c2 a21 a22 a23 ... a2 s
c3 a31 a32 a33 ... a3 s
: : : : ... :
cs as1 as 2 as 3 ... as 4
b1 b2 b3 ... bs
As it is seen from the equation the definition is very general. Depends on polynamial degree of Runge-Kutta
equation accuracy will improve. Runge-Kutta with sixth degree polynomial solution RK6 is given as:
yi+1 = yi + (1/90)*( 7k1 + 32k3 +12k4+32k5+7k6)h
k1=f(xi,yi)
k2=f(xi+0.25h , yi+0.25k1h)
k3=f(xi+0.25h , yi+0.125k1h+0.125k2h)
k4=f(xi+0.5h , yi – 0.5k2h+k3h)
k5=f(xi+0.75h , yi + (3/16)k1h+(9/16)k4h)
k6=f(xi+h , yi - (3/7)k1h+(2/7)k2h+(12/7)k3h - (12/7)k4h+(8/7)k5h)

0 0 0 0 0 0
1/ 4 1/ 4 0 0 0 0
1/ 4 1/ 8 1/ 8 0 0 0
2/4 1/ 4 −1/ 4 1 0 0
3/ 4 3 / 16 0 0 9 / 16 0
1 − 3/ 7 2/7 12 / 7 − 12 / 7 8/ 7
1 / 90 7 / 90 32 / 90 12 / 90 7 / 90
Nelder & Mead optimization method is as follows:
The simplex method developed by Nelder and Mead method is a multidimensional search method .
Simplex is an n dimensional geometric entity. It contains (n+1) points in n dimensional space. The
method uses the concept of a simplex, which is a special polytop of N + 1 vertices in N dimensions.
Examples of simplices include a line segment on a line, a triangle on a plane, a tetrahedron in three-
dimensional space and so forth. Required processes for the simplex amobea’s movements are shown in
the figure
622
Process can be given as follows
𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 ) < 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑟 = 𝑥0 + 𝛼(𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛+1 )
• 1. Order according to the values at the vertices:
𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) … ≤ 𝑓(𝑥𝑛+1 )
• 2. Calculate xo, the center of gravity of all points except xn + 1.
• 3. Reflection
Compute reflected point 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑥0 + 𝛼(𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛+1 )
If the reflected point is better than the second worst, but not better than the best, i.e.:
𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 ) < 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ),
then obtain a new simplex by replacing the worst point x n + 1 with the reflected point xr, and go
to step 1.
• 4. Expansion
If the reflected point is the best point so far, 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 ) < 𝑓(𝑥1 )
then compute the expanded point
𝑥𝑒 = 𝑥0 + 𝛾(𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛+1 )
If the expanded point is better than the reflected point, 𝑓(𝑥𝑒 ) < 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 )
then obtain a new simplex by replacing the worst point x n + 1 with the expanded point xe, and go
to step 1.
Else obtain a new simplex by replacing the worst point x n + 1 with the reflected point xr, and go
to step 1.
Else (i.e. reflected point is worse than second worst) continue at step 5.
• 5. Contraction
Here, it is certain that 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 ) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
Compute contracted point 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑥𝑛+1 + 𝜌(𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛+1 )
If the contracted point is better than the worst point, i.e. 𝑓(𝑥𝑐 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥𝑛+1 )
then obtain a new simplex by replacing the worst point xn + 1 with the contracted point xc, and go
to step 1. Else go to step 6.
• 6. Reduction
For all but the best point, replace the point with 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝜎(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥1 )⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡𝑎𝑙𝑙⁡𝑖{2, … , 𝑛 + 1}
go to step 1.
Note: 𝛼, 𝛾, 𝜌⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝜎 are respectively the reflection, the expansion, the contraction and the shrink
coefficient. Standard values are 𝛼 = 1, 𝛾 = 2, 𝜌 = 0.5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝜎 = 0.5
For the reflection, since 𝑥𝑛+1 is the vertex with the higher associated value among the vertices, we can
expect to find a lower value at the reflection of 𝑥𝑛+1in the opposite face formed by all vertices point x i
except xn + 1.
For the expansion, if the reflection point xr is the new minimum along the vertices we can expect to
find interesting values along the direction from x o to xr.
623
Concerning the contraction: If f(xr) > f(xn) we can expect that a better value will be inside the simplex
formed by all the vertices xi.
The initial simplex is important, indeed, a too small initial simplex can lead to a local search,
consequently the NM can get more easily stuck. So this simplex should depend on the nature of the
problem. Instead of given n+1 point same process can be done by giving one point and a change vector by
defining
𝑥𝑖−1 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝜆𝑑𝑥𝑗 where if i=j 𝜆 = 1⁡⁡𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒⁡𝑖𝑓⁡𝑖 ≠ 𝑗⁡𝜆 = 0⁡⁡
For example:
𝑎 𝑑𝑎
If 𝑃 = {𝑏 } and 𝑑𝑥 = {𝑑𝑏}
𝑐 𝑑𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥0 = {𝑏} 𝑥1 = { 𝑏 } 𝑥2 = {𝑏 + 𝑑𝑏} 𝑥3 = { 𝑏 }
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑐
Non-Linear system of equations can also be solved by using optimization methods through an
adaptation function.
To solve function fi(xj)=0
n _ equation
g(x j ) =  f (x ) *f (x )
i =0
i j i j
The derivative of this equation is the root of non-linear system of equation again became fi(xj)=0, therefore
optimum of g(xj) is the same problem as solution of fi(xj)=0.
Another program utilized in this set is generalized least square linear curve fitting. Assuming having
a linear function f(aj,x) where aj are m linear coefficient and x are independent variable and  j (x) are m
sub-funtions linearly multiplied with the coefficients
m
f (a j , x) =  a (jm ) j ( x)
j =0
It should be noted that linearity is only for the coefficients,  j (x) functions does not have to be linear. It is
desired to fit data xi, fi, i=0..n into the equation so that the difference between data and fitted function
dependent values for all points will be minimum. In order to establish this, the following function H will
be minimized with respect to aj
2
) =  w( xi )  f i −  a (j m ) j ( xi ) 
n m
(m) (m)
H (a ,...., a
 
0 m
i =1 j =0
Where w(xi) values in the equation are called weight function. In order to minimiz the function root of the
derivative of the function can be calculated.
H (a0( m ) ,...., am( m ) )
= 2 w( xi )  f i −  a (j m ) j ( xi ) k ( xi ) = 0 k = 0,....., m
n m
ak (m)
i =1  j =0 

 j =0
i j i k i 

j
 
 m w( x ) ( x ) ( x )  a ( m ) =  n w( x ) ( x ) f 

i =1
i k i i

k = 0,....., m
For weight function to be taken equal to unity , w( xi ) =1, equation in the open form can be written in the
following form.
624
 n n n n
  n 
   0 ( xi )   ( x ) ( x )   ( x ) ( x )   ( x )   0 ( xi ) f ( xi ) 
2
0 i 1 i 0 i 2 i .... 0 i m ( xi ) 
 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
  i =1 
 n n n n
  a0   n 
  0 ( xi )1 ( xi )    ( x ) ( x )      1 i 
2
( xi ) 1 i 2 i .... 1 ( xi ) m ( xi 
) ( x ) f ( xi )
1
a
     n
 
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
 n
1
 n n n
 a2 =  
  0 ( xi )2 ( xi )   ( x ) ( x )   2 ( xi )m ( xi )      2 ( xi ) f ( xi ) 
2
1 i 2 i 2 ( xi ) ....
  
.... 
 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 i = 1
 .... .... .... .... ....   am   .... 

 n n n n   n 
 0 ( xi )m ( xi )   (x ) f (x ) 

 i =1
  ( x )
i =1
1 i m ( xi )   ( x )
i =1
2 i m ( xi ) .... 
i =1
m2 ( xi ) 



 i =1 m i i

This equation is an m+1 linear system of equation. It can easily be solved by using a system of equation
solving method.
Now that basic mathematical calculation methods are established, The equation can be solved by using
differential equation boundary value solving method.
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.io.*;
class fb extends f_xr
{
public double func(double x,int i)
{
double xx=1.0;
if(i==0) xx=1.0;
else if(i==1) xx=x;
else if(i==2) xx=x*x;
else if(i==3) xx=x*x*x;
else if(i==4) xx=x*x*x*x;
else if(i==5) xx=x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==6) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==7) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==8) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==9) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
return xx;
}
}
class f2 extends f_xj
{//adaptation function
fi_xi ff1;
public f2(fi_xi ffi) {ff1=ffi;}

{
double ff=0.0;
double fa[]=ff1.func(x);
for(int i=0;i<fa.length;i++) ff+=fa[i]*fa[i];
return ff;
}
}
class fa extends fi_xi

{ // Nonlinear system of equation
double y[];
fm2 b3;
double w;
double a[][];
public fa(double Pr,double yi[],double wi)
{ b3=new fm2(Pr);
y=new double[yi.length];
for(int i=0;i<y.length;i++) y[i]=yi[i];
w=wi;
}
public double[] func(double x[])

{
// shooting method
y[2]=x[0];
y[4]=x[1];
625
a=RK6(b3,0.0,w,y,10000);
double ff[]=new double[2];
ff[0]=a[2][10000]-1.0;
ff[1]=a[4][10000]-1.0;
return ff;
}
//differenetial equation solution
public static double[][] RK6(f_xi fp,double x0,double xn,double f0[],int N)
{
//6th order Runge Kutta Method
//fp : given set of derivative functions dfj/dxi(fj,x)
// xo : initial value of the independent variable
// xn : final value of the independent variable
// f0 : initial value of the dependent variable
// N : number of dependent variable to be calculated
// fi : dependent variable
double h=(xn-x0)/N;
int M=f0.length;
double fi[][];
fi=new double[M][N+1];
double xi[]=new double[M+1];
double k[]=new double[6];
int i,j;
double x;
for(j=0;j<M;j++)
{
fi[j][0]=f0[j];
xi[j+1]=f0[j];
}
for(x=x0,i=0;i<N;x+=h,i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
xi[0]=x;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
k[0]=h*fp.func(xi,j-1);
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/2;
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/4.0+k[1]/4.0;
xi[0]=x+h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]-k[1]+2.0*k[2];
xi[0]=x+2.0/3.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+7.0/27.0*k[0]+10.0/27.0*k[1]+1.0/27.0*k[3];
xi[0]=x+1.0/5.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+28.0/625.0*k[0]-1.0/5.0*k[1]+546.0/625.0*k[2]+54.0/625.0*k[3]-378/625.0*k[4];
fi[j-1][i+1]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/24.0+5.0*k[3]/48.0+27.0*k[4]/56.0+125.0*k[5]/336.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
double a[][]=new double[M+1][N+1];
for(x=x0,i=0;i<=N;x+=h,i++)
{
a[0][i]=x;
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
a[j][i]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
return a;
}
}
//Blassius flat plate differential equation

{ double Pr;
fm2(double Pri) {Pr=Pri;}
// multivariable function
double func(double x[],int x_ref)
{
//Blasius flat plate diferential equation
626
//f'''+0.5*ff'' = 0
//f'''=-0.5*x[1]*x[3] f''=x[3] f'=x[2] f=x[1]]
double a=0;
if(x_ref==4) a= -0.5*Pr*x[1]*x[5];
if(x_ref==3) a= x[5];
if(x_ref==2) a= -0.5*x[1]*x[3];
if(x_ref==1) a= x[3];
if(x_ref==0) a= x[2];;
return a;
}
}
public class blassius_flat_plate1

{
public static double[] inputdata(String s)
{
String s1=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(s);
StringTokenizer token=new StringTokenizer(s1);
int n=token.countTokens()-1;
int m=n+1;
double a[]=new double[m];
int j=0;
while(token.hasMoreTokens())
{
Double ax=new Double(token.nextToken());
a[j++]=ax.doubleValue();
}
return a;
}
public static String toString(double x[])
{ String s="";
int n=x.length;
{s+=x[k]+" ";}
return s;
}
public static double[] nelder(f_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[],int maxiteration,double tolerance,int printlist)
{
int i,j;
double p[][]=new double[a.length+1][a.length+1];
{for(j=0;j<x[0].length;j++)
{if(i==j){x[i][j]=a[j]+da[j];p[i][j]=x[i][j];}
else {x[i][j]=a[j];p[i][j]=x[i][j]; }
}
p[i][j] = fnelder.func(p[i]);
}
// Inlet variable definitions

// fnelder : abstract multivariable function f(x)
// x : independent variable set of n+1 simplex elements
// maxiteration : maximum iteration number
// tolerance :
int FUNC = NDIMS;
int ncalls = 0;
////// construct the starting simplex //////////////////
//double p[][]=new double[NPTS][NPTS]; // [row][col] = [whichvx][coord,FUNC]
double best = 1E99;
//////////////// calculate the first function values for the simplex ////////////////
int iter=0;

{
/////////// define lo, nhi, hi (low high next_to_high //////////////
double fhi = flo;
double pavg,sterr;
for (i=1; i<NPTS; i++)
{
627
}
double fnhi = flo;
inhi = ilo;
////////// exit criteria //////////////
{
// calculate the avarage (including maximum value)
pavg=0;
for(i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
pavg+=p[i][FUNC];
pavg/=NPTS;
double tot=0;
if(printlist!=0)
for (j=0; j<=NDIMS; j++)
}
for(i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
{ for (j=0; j<NDIMS; j++)
{ z[j]=p[ilo][j];}
//break;
}
}
///// calculate avarage without maximum value //////

for (j=0; j<NDIMS; j++)
ave[j] = 0;
if (i != ihi)
ave[j] += p[i][j];
ave[j] /= (NPTS-1);
///////// reflect ////////////////

r[j] = 2*ave[j] - p[ihi][j];

{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
if (fr < flo) //// expand

{
e[j] = 3*ave[j] - 2*p[ihi][j];
if (fe < fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = e[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fe;
continue;
}
else
628
{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
}
///////////// shrink:
if (fr < fhi)

{
c[j] = 1.5*ave[j] - 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fc <= fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = c[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fc;
continue;
}
else /////// daralt
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
continue;
}
}
if (fr >= fhi) ///

{
cc[j] = 0.5*ave[j] + 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fcc < fhi)
{
p[ihi][j] = cc[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fcc;
continue;
}
else /////////
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
}
}
}
return z;
}
public static double[] nelder(f_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[],double tolerance)
public static double[] nelder(f_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[])

public static double[] nelder(f_xj fnelder,double a[])

{
double [] da=new double[a.length];
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) da[i]=0.1*a[i];
return nelder(fnelder,a,da);
}
// Polynomial least square
629
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
public static double[] PolynomialLSQ(double xi[],double yi[],int n)

{ //Polynomial least square
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
}
}
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
return X;
}
public static double funcPolynomialLSQ(double e[],double x)

630
{
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}
public static double error(double x[],double y[],double e[])

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
total+=(y[k]-funcPolynomialLSQ(e,x[k]))*(y[k]-funcPolynomialLSQ(e,x[k]));
}
return total;
}
public static double[][] funcPolynomialLSQ(double xi[],double yi[],int polinomkatsayisi,int aradegersayisi)

{
// ara değer sayisi 2 dir
int n=xi.length;
double E[]=PolynomialLSQ(xi,yi,polinomkatsayisi);
System.out.println("katsayilar :\n"+Matrix.toStringT(E));
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
{z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcPolynomialLSQ(E,z[0][k]);k++;
z[0][k]=z[0][k-1]+dx;z[1][k]=funcPolynomialLSQ(E,z[0][k]);k++;}
}
z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcPolynomialLSQ(E,z[0][k]);
return z;
}
//general least square curve fitting
public static double[] GeneralLeastSquare(double xi[],double yi[],int n)

{
fb f=new fb();
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ B[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<np1;j++)
{
A[i][j]=0.0;
}
}
//System.out.println("A = \n"+Matrix.toString(A));
//System.out.println("B = \n"+Matrix.toStringT(B));
//X=B/A;
631
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
Text.printT(X);
return X;
}
public static double funcGeneralLeastSquare(double e[],double x)

{
fb f=new fb();
int n=e.length;
double ff=0;
if(n!=0.0)
{
}
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}
public static double[][] funcGeneralLeastSquare(double xi[],double yi[],int polinomkatsayisi,int aradegersayisi)
{ // aradegersayisi: x--o--o--x--o--o--x zincirinde x deneysel noktalar ise
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
{z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcGeneralLeastSquare(E,z[0][k]);k++;
z[0][k]=z[0][k-1]+dx;z[1][k]=funcGeneralLeastSquare(E,z[0][k]);k++;}
}
z[0][k]=xi[i];z[1][k]=funcGeneralLeastSquare(E,z[0][k]);
return z;
}
public static void main(String arg[]) throws IOException
{
double y[]={0,0,0.1,0,0.1};
double x[]={0.33,0.0173};//inputdata(s);
fa ff;
f2 f;
double r1[];
double
Pr[]={0.001,0.002,0.003,0.004,0.005,0.006,0.007,0.008,0.009,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.
9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0,10.0,11,12,13,14,15.0,30.0,40.0,50,60,70,80,90,100,110.0,120.0,130.0
,140,150,160,170,180,190,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000};
double
w[]={200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,100.0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,
25,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3 ,5.3,5.3};
double xi[]=new double[Pr.length];
double yi[]=new double[Pr.length];
double Xi[]=new double[Pr.length];
double Yi[]=new double[Pr.length];
//Plot pp=new Plot();
//Plot pp1=new Plot();
632
{ff=new fa(Pr[i],y,w[i]);
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi[i]=Pr[i];
yi[i]=r1[1];
Xi[i]=Math.log(Pr[i]);
Yi[i]=Math.log(r1[1]);
System.out.println("i="+i+"Pr="+xi[i]+"w="+w[i]+"logPr="+Xi[i]+"Nux/Rex^0.5="+Yi[i]);
}
double a[][]={Xi,Yi};
Text.printT(a);
double b[]=GeneralLeastSquare(Xi,Yi,6);
double gPr1[]=new double[Pr.length];
double egPr1[]=new double[Pr.length];
for(int i=0;i<Pr.length;i++)
{gPr1[i]=b[0]*Math.pow(Pr[i],0.25)+b[1]*Math.pow(Pr[i],0.5)+b[2]*Math.pow(Pr[i],0.75)+b[3]*Pr[i]+b[4]*Math.pow(Pr[i],1.25)+b[5]*
Math.pow(Pr[i],1.5)+b[6]*Math.pow(Pr[i],1.75);
egPr1[i]=(gPr1[i]-yi[i])/yi[i]*100;
}
Text.printT(b);
double d[][]={xi,yi};
Text.printT(d,"d");
//pp.plot();
//pp1.plot();
Plot pp5=new Plot(xi,yi);
pp5.addData(xi,gPr1);
pp5.setColor(1,0,0,255);
pp5.setPlotType(1,23);
pp5.plot();
Plot pp6=new Plot(xi,egPr1);
pp6.plot();
}
}
Program investigates a wide range of Prandtl numbers and as a results:

𝜕𝑇
𝑞′′𝑠 = ℎ𝑥 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) = −𝑘 |
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇
𝜃=
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝜕𝜃 1 𝜕𝑇
| =− |
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜃
| = −(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) |
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
𝜕𝜃
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) |
𝑞′′𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃(𝜂) 𝜕𝜂
ℎ𝑥 = =𝑘 =𝑘 | =𝑘 |⁡𝜂=0 ⁡⁡⁡
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑦
𝜂=
√𝜈𝑥/𝑢∞
𝜕𝜂 1 1 1 √𝑢∞𝑥/𝜈 √𝑅𝑒𝑥
= = = = =
𝜕𝑦 √𝜈𝑥/𝑢∞ √𝜈𝑥/𝑢∞ 𝑥 √𝜈/(𝑢∞ 𝑥) 𝑥 𝑥
√𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝜕𝜃(𝜂)
ℎ𝑥 = 𝑘 |⁡
𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜂=0
𝒉𝒙 𝒙 𝜕𝜃(𝜂)
𝑵𝒖𝒙 = = √𝑅𝑒𝑥 |⁡
𝒌 𝜕𝑦 𝜂=0
633
Nu is called Nusselt’s number
Wilhelm Nusselt
Partial continuous curve fitting values are as follows:

ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.44544717𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.4691455 10−3 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 10−2
𝑘
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.3466675𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.4015967 10−2 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.5
𝑘
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.33206065𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.3367932 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
𝑘
Energy equation can also be directly integrated as follows :
𝜕 2 𝜃 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝜃
+ 𝑓 =0
𝜕𝜂2 2 𝜕𝜂
𝜕𝜃′ 𝑃𝑟
+ 𝑓𝜃′ = 0
𝜕𝜂 2
𝜕𝜃′ 𝑃𝑟
= − 𝑓𝑑𝜂
𝜃′ 2
𝜂
′)
𝑃𝑟
ln(𝜃 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂 + 𝐶
2
0
𝜂
𝑃𝑟
𝜃′(𝜂) = 𝐶1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ∫ 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂)
2
0
𝜂 𝜂
𝑃𝑟
𝜃(𝜂) = 𝐶1 ∫ [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ∫ 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂)] 𝑑𝜂 + 𝐶2
2
0 0
By applying the boundary condition 𝜃(𝜂) = 0⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝜂 = 0 𝐶2 = 0
For the boundary condition 𝜃(𝜂) = 1⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝜂 → ∞
1
𝐶1 =
∞ 𝑃𝑟 𝜂
∫0 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂)] 𝑑𝜂
Therefore
𝜂 𝑃𝑟 𝜂
∫0 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂 )] 𝑑𝜂
𝜃(𝜂) =
∞ 𝑃𝑟 𝜂
∫0 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂 )] 𝑑𝜂
Remember that
634
ℎ𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝜃(𝜂)
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = √𝑅𝑒𝑥 |⁡
𝑘 𝜕𝑦 𝜂=0
and from the above equation
𝑃𝑟 𝜂
𝑒𝑥𝑝(− ∫0 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂)
2
𝜃′(𝜂) = ∞ 𝑃𝑟 𝜂
∫0 [𝑒𝑥𝑝(− 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂)]𝑑𝜂
1
𝜃 ′⁡(0) = = 𝐶1
∞ 𝑃𝑟 𝜂
∫0 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑𝜂 )] 𝑑𝜂
The integration can still be solved by this equation an approximation of curve fit polynomial substitution will be
used to find the integral. Of course momentum boundary layer still should be solved by using numerical
differential equation solution methods.In order to solve integration the following polynomial equation is applied
𝑓(𝜂) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝜂 + 𝑎2 𝜂2 + 𝑎3 𝜂3 + 𝑎4 𝜂4 + 𝑎5 𝜂5 + 𝑎6 𝜂6 + 𝑎7 𝜂7 + 𝑎8 𝜂8 + 𝑎9 𝜂9 + 𝑎10 𝜂10
𝜂
𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4 𝑎4 5 𝑎5 6 𝑎6 7 𝑎7 8 𝑎8 9 𝑎9 10 𝑎10 11
∫ 𝑓(𝜂)𝑑 𝜂 = 𝑎0 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂 + 𝜂
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
Outside integral is solved by using Gauss-Legendre Numerical integration method. A problem known from
antique times, is to create a rectangle with the same area with a polynomial. It is called a quadrature
problem.
a rectangle with the same area with a polynomial
If point x1 and x2 intersecting the polynomial and rectangle is known, area calculation of the
polynomial can be interchange with the area calculation of the rectangle. Or in more general means
instead of integration process of summation can be substituted. As a general definition:
n
I w (−1,1)   f ( x) w( x)dx   ck f ( xk )
1
−1
k =1
Can be written. In this equation w(x) is the weight factor. In the first of a such formulation, Gauss-
Legendre integral formulation, weight factor can be taken as 1.
n
I w (−1,1)   f ( x)dx   ck f ( xk )
1
−1
k =1
The general solution of this problem can be defined with the Legendre polynomials. Legendre
polynomials has a general definition as:
(k + 1) Pk +1 ( x) = (2k + 1) xPk ( x) − kPk −1 ( x), k  1 and P0(x)=1 ,P1(x)=x
The first 6 Legendre polynomials are giving in graphic form.
635
The roots of Legendre Polynomials are the roots of the Gauss-Legendre integration Formula. For
example if P2(x) value is calculated from the above general form:
P2(x)=(3x2-1)/2. The root of this is equal to x1, 2 = 1 / 3 . After finding the roots coeficients can be
calculated as
2
c1 x12 j + c2 x22 j + .... + cn xn2 j = , 0  j  n or
2 j +1
2(1 − xk2 )
ck =
[nPn −1 ( xk )]2
Consider that Gauss-Legendre integration limits are -1 and 1
Region x=[-1,1] can be converted to z=[a,b] by changing the variables
b−a b+a
z = x +   = x+
 2   2 
b−a b+a
 =   = 
 2   2 
In this case, integration Formula will became :
n
f ( z )dx    ck f ( xk +  )
b
I w ( a, b)  a
k =1
Now the program using this approach to calculate Blassius flat plate problem is given below:
//======================================================
// Blassius flat plate problem
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
//Blasius flat plate problem
import java.io.*;

{
{double a=0;
if(x_ref==2) a= -0.5*x[1]*x[3];
if(x_ref==1) a= x[3];
if(x_ref==0) a= x[2];
return a;
}
}
class f1x extends f_x
636
{ double Pr;
double a[];
double a1[][];
public f1x(double Pri,double w)
{ Pr=Pri;
fm1 b2=new fm1();
double y1[]=new double[3];
y1[0]=0.0; //y0 first guess for f''
y1[1]=0.0;
y1[2]=0.3;
//solution of the differential system :
double xi1[]=new double[40];
double fi1[]=new double[40];
//shooting method for y[2]
{
a1=RK6(b2,0.0,w,y1,10000);
xi1[i]=a1[2][10000];
fi1[i]=y1[2];
y1[2]+=0.02; //change the boundary value
}
//curve fit to find actual boundary value
double S1[][]=cubic_spline(xi1,fi1,0,0);
y1[2]=funcSpline(S1,1.0);
//System.out.println("y1[2]= "+y1[2]);
a1=RK6(b2,0.0,w,y1,10000);
// energy equation as integral equation solution
double xx[]=a1[0];
double yy[]=a1[1];
a=PolynomialLSQ(xx,yy,10);
}
{ double x2=x*x,x3=x2*x,x4=x2*x2,x5=x4*x,x6=x5*x,x7=x6*x,x8=x7*x,x9=x8*x,x10=x9*x,x11=x10*x;
double
y1=a[0]*x+a[1]*x2/2.0+a[2]*x3/3.0+a[3]*x4/4.0+a[4]*x5/5.0+a[5]*x6/6.0+a[6]*x7/7.0+a[7]*x8/8.0+a[8]*x9/9.0+a[9]*x10/10.0+a[10]*x1
1/11.0;
double y=Math.exp(-Pr/2.0*y1);
//return funcPolynomialLSQ(a,x);
return y;
}
{
double h=(xn-x0)/N;
int M=f0.length;
double fi[][];
int i,j;
double x;
for(j=0;j<M;j++)
{
fi[j][0]=f0[j];
xi[j+1]=f0[j];
}
{
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
xi[0]=x;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/2;
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/4.0+k[1]/4.0;
xi[0]=x+h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]-k[1]+2.0*k[2];
637
xi[0]=x+2.0/3.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+7.0/27.0*k[0]+10.0/27.0*k[1]+1.0/27.0*k[3];
xi[0]=x+1.0/5.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+28.0/625.0*k[0]-1.0/5.0*k[1]+546.0/625.0*k[2]+54.0/625.0*k[3]-378/625.0*k[4];
fi[j-1][i+1]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/24.0+5.0*k[3]/48.0+27.0*k[4]/56.0+125.0*k[5]/336.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
{
a[0][i]=x;
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
a[j][i]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
return a;
}
{
//
int n=a.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
638
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}
public static double[][] funcSpline(double xi[],double yi[],int aradegersayisi)

{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
639
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
}
}
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
return X;
}

{
int n=e.length;
640
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
}
{ double Pr;
{
//Blasius flat plate diferential equation
//f'''+0.5*ff'' = 0
//f'''=-0.5*x[1]*x[3] f''=x[3] f'=x[2] f=x[1]]
double a=0;
if(x_ref==4) a= -0.5*Pr*x[1]*x[5];
if(x_ref==3) a= x[5];
if(x_ref==2) a= -0.5*x[1]*x[3];
if(x_ref==1) a= x[3];
if(x_ref==0) a= x[2];;
return a;
}
}
class diferansiyel1B3
{
{
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
641
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
public static double integral(f_x f_xnt,double x1,double x2,int n)

{
// for [x1,x2] band
double z=0;
{ z+=a[1][i]*f_xnt.func(a[0][i]);}
return z;
}
{ double
Pr[]={0.001,0.002,0.003,0.004,0.005,0.006,0.007,0.008,0.009,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.
9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0,10.0,11,12,13,14,15.0,30.0,40.0,50,60,70,80,90,100,110.0,120.0,130.0
,140,150,160,170,180,190,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000};
double
w[]={200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,100.0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,
25,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3};
double Xi[]=new double[Pr.length];
double Yi[]=new double[Pr.length];
{
f1x ff=new f1x(Pr[i],w[i]);
Xi[i]=Pr[i];
Yi[i]=1.0/integral(ff,0,w[i],100);
System.out.println("Pr = "+Xi[i]+"teta'="+Yi[i]);
}
double z[][]={Xi,Yi};
Text.printT(z,"Blassius flat palete NuxRex^-0.5 integral method");
double Pr1=1.0;
f1x ff=new f1x(Pr1,6.8);
Text.printT(ff.a,"coefficient of curve fitting f(eta)");
}}
Curve fitting coefficients 𝑓(𝜂)⁡for as follows

a0 -1.4214607426133100E-05
a1 -2.7490470731684500E-05
a2 1.6425932953124300E-01
a3 3.6067764550437600E-03
a4 -4.1973033042777800E-03
a5 2.3935684285465600E-03
a6 -1.1730013965284500E-03
a7 2.9023032420905100E-04
a8 -3.7647193571235300E-05
a9 2.5045430633530600E-06
a10 -6.8014637715603100E-08
642
Resulting 𝜃′(𝜂)values are giving in the following table
Pr Nux/Rex^0.5
0.001 1.729413262306600E-02
0.002 2.415544166595620E-02
0.003 2.930890400324250E-02
0.004 3.358120336476310E-02
0.005 3.729221792552660E-02
0.006 4.060584965389220E-02
0.007 4.361937115572090E-02
0.008 4.639608880595110E-02
0.009 4.897991598433690E-02
0.01 5.149458266428290E-02
0.02 7.040630431060980E-02
0.03 8.414370225346290E-02
0.04 9.526381880762620E-02
0.05 1.047452799486890E-01
0.06 1.130837306523290E-01
0.07 1.205699518112150E-01
0.08 1.273911396645470E-01
0.09 1.336758511642230E-01
0.1 1.397049456770640E-01
0.2 1.835650337268280E-01
0.3 2.140695063892500E-01
0.4 2.381456439762600E-01
0.5 2.583263894319400E-01
0.6 2.758548026899100E-01
0.7 2.914431591789320E-01
0.8 3.055415336430820E-01
0.9 3.184543073705920E-01
1 3.312954754476690E-01
1.1 3.425243531610520E-01
1.2 3.530677925048750E-01
1.3 3.630204591015030E-01
1.4 3.724578178515520E-01
1.5 3.814410953788210E-01
1.6 3.900207199841780E-01
1.7 3.982387708167000E-01
1.8 4.061307623149510E-01
1.9 4.144877482111790E-01
2 4.218486966103280E-01
3 4.844673987151180E-01
4 5.341031722208660E-01
5 5.759124157275020E-01
6 6.123969275242920E-01
7 6.449824545098310E-01
8 6.745675885350030E-01
9 7.017594347981730E-01
10 7.273604360913650E-01
11 7.509684948102970E-01
12 7.731770279049560E-01
13 7.941765123191470E-01
14 8.141190622552570E-01
15 8.331283108236750E-01
30 1.050198952039010E+00
40 1.155975784381680E+00
50 1.245256993110980E+00
60 1.323271776036590E+00
70 1.393014856049930E+00
80 1.456380317117830E+00
90 1.514651201226540E+00
100 1.568741602664960E+00
110 1.619328478420450E+00
120 1.666928800405430E+00
130 1.716730579095950E+00
140 1.759627853164530E+00
150 1.800524439991490E+00
160 1.839638248832950E+00
170 1.877151533095050E+00
180 1.913218451133240E+00
190 1.947970697495480E+00
200 1.981521771720000E+00
300 2.267844938698240E+00
400 2.495681758564390E+00
500 2.688011500291470E+00
600 2.856078449312840E+00
700 3.006326418245540E+00
800 3.142832760682760E+00
900 3.268360331085450E+00
1000 3.384877975113260E+00
Partial continuous curve fitting values are as follows:
643
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.445584275𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.47294717 10−3 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 10−2
𝑘
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.35271867𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.40922589 10−2 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.5
𝑘
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.33253715𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.33694685 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
𝑘
As it is seen from the results equations are slightly differs from the previous set, but not that much. Let us look at
equation errors and fitted lines as plots as well.
In most of the region plot errors are less than 1 %

As comparison solutions listed in books ( a heat and mass transfer by Eckert and Drake) listed the following
equations
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.5𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.5 0.005 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.05
𝑘
ℎ𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.3333333 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟
𝑘
644
This form of equation has an error less than 5% in most of the regions. As the last thing let us print out tables for
,f,f’,f”, and ’ for Pr=1.0. In programs total of 10000 data points are used for accurate differential
equation solution. In order to keep following table in manageable size one in every 50 data is printed
out.
i  f f' f''  ’
0 0 0 0 0.3317675 0 0.33176751
50 0.034 1.80E-04 0.01128009 0.3317672 0.0112801 0.331767191
100 0.068 7.44E-04 0.02256015 0.3317648 0.0225601 0.331764796
150 0.102 0.0016915 0.03384006 0.3317582 0.0338401 0.331758161
200 0.136 0.0030223 0.04511965 0.3317451 0.0451197 0.331745124
250 0.17 0.0047366 0.05639867 0.3317235 0.0563987 0.331723523
300 0.204 0.0068344 0.06767678 0.3316912 0.0676768 0.331691196
350 0.238 0.0093156 0.0789536 0.331646 0.0789536 0.331645987
400 0.272 0.0121802 0.09022865 0.3315857 0.0902286 0.331585737
450 0.306 0.0154281 0.10150138 0.3315083 0.1015014 0.331508296
500 0.34 0.0190593 0.11277117 0.3314115 0.1127712 0.331411515
550 0.374 0.0230735 0.12403733 0.3312933 0.1240373 0.331293254
600 0.408 0.0274708 0.13529911 0.3311514 0.1352991 0.331151379
650 0.442 0.0322509 0.14655565 0.3309838 0.1465557 0.330983766
700 0.476 0.0374135 0.15780606 0.3307883 0.1578061 0.330788303
750 0.51 0.0429586 0.16904934 0.3305629 0.1690493 0.330562888
800 0.544 0.0488859 0.18028446 0.3303054 0.1802845 0.330305437
850 0.578 0.055195 0.19151029 0.3300139 0.1915103 0.330013881
900 0.612 0.0618856 0.20272563 0.3296862 0.2027256 0.329686173
950 0.646 0.0689573 0.21392922 0.3293203 0.2139292 0.329320285
1000 0.68 0.0764098 0.22511974 0.3289142 0.2251197 0.328914216
1050 0.714 0.0842425 0.23629578 0.328466 0.2362958 0.32846599
1100 0.748 0.0924549 0.24745588 0.3279737 0.2474559 0.327973662
1150 0.782 0.1010465 0.25859852 0.3274353 0.2585985 0.32743532
1200 0.816 0.1100167 0.26972209 0.3268491 0.2697221 0.326849089
1250 0.85 0.1193647 0.28082494 0.3262131 0.2808249 0.326213132
1300 0.884 0.1290899 0.29190534 0.3255257 0.2919053 0.325525652
1350 0.918 0.1391914 0.30296153 0.3247849 0.3029615 0.324784903
1400 0.952 0.1496685 0.31399166 0.3239892 0.3139917 0.323989183
1450 0.986 0.1605201 0.32499383 0.3231368 0.3249938 0.323136845
1500 1.02 0.1717453 0.3359661 0.3222263 0.3359661 0.322226296
1550 1.054 0.1833431 0.34690646 0.321256 0.3469065 0.321256005
1600 1.088 0.1953123 0.35781286 0.3202245 0.3578129 0.320224502
1650 1.122 0.2076517 0.36868318 0.3191304 0.3686832 0.319130384
1700 1.156 0.2203601 0.37951529 0.3179723 0.3795153 0.317972318
1750 1.19 0.2334362 0.39030699 0.316749 0.390307 0.316749044
1800 1.224 0.2468786 0.40105604 0.3154594 0.401056 0.315459381
1850 1.258 0.2606856 0.41176016 0.3141022 0.4117602 0.314102227
1900 1.292 0.2748559 0.42241705 0.3126766 0.422417 0.312676564
1950 1.326 0.2893878 0.43302436 0.3111815 0.4330244 0.311181463
2000 1.36 0.3042794 0.44357971 0.3096161 0.4435797 0.309616085
2050 1.394 0.3195291 0.45408071 0.3079797 0.4540807 0.307979684
2100 1.428 0.3351349 0.46452493 0.3062716 0.4645249 0.306271613
2150 1.462 0.3510949 0.47490992 0.3044913 0.4749099 0.304491323
2200 1.496 0.3674069 0.48523322 0.3026384 0.4852332 0.302638371
2250 1.53 0.384069 0.49549235 0.3007124 0.4954924 0.300712416
645
2300 1.564 0.4010788 0.50568483 0.2987132 0.5056848 0.298713226
2350 1.598 0.4184341 0.51580817 0.2966407 0.5158082 0.296640682
2400 1.632 0.4361324 0.52585987 0.2944948 0.5258599 0.294494775
2450 1.666 0.4541713 0.53583744 0.2922756 0.5358374 0.29227561
2500 1.7 0.4725482 0.54573838 0.2899834 0.5457384 0.28998341
2550 1.734 0.4912604 0.55556023 0.2876185 0.5555602 0.287618513
2600 1.768 0.5103054 0.56530052 0.2851814 0.5653005 0.285181378
2650 1.802 0.5296801 0.5749568 0.2826726 0.5749568 0.282672582
2700 1.836 0.5493818 0.58452664 0.2800928 0.5845266 0.280092822
2750 1.87 0.5694075 0.59400764 0.2774429 0.5940076 0.277442917
2800 1.904 0.5897541 0.60339745 0.2747238 0.6033974 0.274723804
2850 1.938 0.6104184 0.61269371 0.2719365 0.6126937 0.271936543
2900 1.972 0.6313973 0.62189412 0.2690823 0.6218941 0.269082309
2950 2.006 0.6526874 0.63099645 0.2661624 0.6309964 0.266162401
3000 2.04 0.6742855 0.63999846 0.2631782 0.6399985 0.263178232
3050 2.074 0.6961879 0.648898 0.2601313 0.648898 0.26013133
3100 2.108 0.7183913 0.65769297 0.2570233 0.657693 0.257023339
3150 2.142 0.740892 0.66638132 0.253856 0.6663813 0.253856013
3200 2.176 0.7636864 0.67496105 0.2506312 0.674961 0.250631216
3250 2.21 0.7867707 0.68343025 0.2473509 0.6834302 0.247350918
3300 2.244 0.8101412 0.69178705 0.2440172 0.6917871 0.24401719
3350 2.278 0.833794 0.70002968 0.2406322 0.7000297 0.240632204
3400 2.312 0.8577252 0.70815644 0.2371982 0.7081564 0.237198226
3450 2.346 0.8819308 0.71616569 0.2337176 0.7161657 0.233717615
3500 2.38 0.9064069 0.72405588 0.2301928 0.7240559 0.230192815
3550 2.414 0.9311493 0.73182556 0.2266264 0.7318256 0.226626353
3600 2.448 0.9561539 0.73947334 0.2230208 0.7394733 0.223020831
3650 2.482 0.9814166 0.74699795 0.2193789 0.746998 0.219378925
3700 2.516 1.0069331 0.75439819 0.2157034 0.7543982 0.215703377
3750 2.55 1.0326993 0.76167296 0.211997 0.761673 0.211996987
3800 2.584 1.0587107 0.76882126 0.2082626 0.7688213 0.208262613
3850 2.618 1.0849632 0.77584218 0.2045032 0.7758422 0.204503158
3900 2.652 1.1114524 0.78273491 0.2007216 0.7827349 0.200721569
3950 2.686 1.1381738 0.78949876 0.1969208 0.7894988 0.196920829
4000 2.72 1.1651231 0.79613312 0.1931039 0.7961331 0.19310395
4050 2.754 1.192296 0.80263748 0.189274 0.8026375 0.189273965
4100 2.788 1.2196879 0.80901146 0.1854339 0.8090115 0.185433924
4150 2.822 1.2472944 0.81525475 0.1815869 0.8152547 0.181586888
4200 2.856 1.2751111 0.82136717 0.1777359 0.8213672 0.177735917
4250 2.89 1.3031335 0.82734864 0.1738841 0.8273486 0.173884069
4300 2.924 1.3313573 0.83319917 0.1700344 0.8331992 0.170034391
4350 2.958 1.3597778 0.83891888 0.1661899 0.8389189 0.166189911
4400 2.992 1.3883907 0.84450801 0.1623536 0.844508 0.162353633
4450 3.026 1.4171916 0.84996687 0.1585285 0.8499669 0.158528532
4500 3.06 1.446176 0.8552959 0.1547175 0.8552959 0.154717542
4550 3.094 1.4753395 0.86049562 0.1509236 0.8604956 0.150923558
4600 3.128 1.5046778 0.86556665 0.1471494 0.8655666 0.147149424
4650 3.162 1.5341864 0.87050971 0.1433979 0.8705097 0.143397926
4700 3.196 1.563861 0.87532562 0.1396718 0.8753256 0.139671794
4750 3.23 1.5936974 0.88001528 0.1359737 0.8800153 0.135973688
4800 3.264 1.6236912 0.88457969 0.1323062 0.8845797 0.132306197
4850 3.298 1.6538382 0.88901993 0.1286718 0.8890199 0.128671835
4900 3.332 1.6841342 0.89333716 0.125073 0.8933372 0.125073034
4950 3.366 1.7145751 0.89753263 0.1215121 0.8975326 0.121512142
5000 3.4 1.7451566 0.90160766 0.1179914 0.9016077 0.117991415
5050 3.434 1.7758748 0.90556367 0.114513 0.9055637 0.114513018
5100 3.468 1.8067257 0.90940211 0.111079 0.9094021 0.11107902
5150 3.502 1.8377052 0.91312452 0.1076914 0.9131245 0.107691388
5200 3.536 1.8688094 0.91673253 0.104352 0.9167325 0.10435199
5250 3.57 1.9000344 0.92022779 0.1010626 0.9202278 0.101062588
5300 3.604 1.9313766 0.92361203 0.0978248 0.923612 0.097824838
5350 3.638 1.962832 0.92688703 0.0946403 0.926887 0.094640286
5400 3.672 1.9943971 0.93005463 0.0915104 0.9300546 0.091510371
5450 3.706 2.0260682 0.9331167 0.0884364 0.9331167 0.088436421
5500 3.74 2.0578417 0.93607517 0.0854197 0.9360752 0.085419653
5550 3.774 2.0897142 0.938932 0.0824612 0.938932 0.082461171
5600 3.808 2.1216822 0.94168918 0.079562 0.9416892 0.079561971
5650 3.842 2.1537424 0.94434875 0.0767229 0.9443487 0.076722936
5700 3.876 2.1858915 0.94691276 0.0739448 0.9469128 0.073944839
5750 3.91 2.2181263 0.9493833 0.0712283 0.9493833 0.071228345
5800 3.944 2.2504436 0.95176247 0.068574 0.9517625 0.068574011
5850 3.978 2.2828404 0.9540524 0.0659823 0.9540524 0.065982286
5900 4.012 2.3153136 0.95625521 0.0634535 0.9562552 0.063453518
5950 4.046 2.3478604 0.95837305 0.0609879 0.958373 0.060987949
6000 4.08 2.3804778 0.96040807 0.0585857 0.9604081 0.058585724
6050 4.114 2.4131631 0.96236243 0.0562469 0.9623624 0.05624689
6100 4.148 2.4459136 0.96423829 0.0539714 0.9642383 0.053971399
6150 4.182 2.4787267 0.96603778 0.0517591 0.9660378 0.051759112
6200 4.216 2.5115998 0.96776307 0.0496098 0.9677631 0.049609799
6250 4.25 2.5445303 0.96941628 0.0475231 0.9694163 0.04752315
6300 4.284 2.577516 0.97099954 0.0454988 0.9709995 0.045498768
6350 4.318 2.6105544 0.97251497 0.0435362 0.972515 0.043536181
6400 4.352 2.6436432 0.97396464 0.0416348 0.9739646 0.041634841
646
6450 4.386 2.6767804 0.97535064 0.0397941 0.9753506 0.039794131
6500 4.42 2.7099636 0.97667502 0.0380134 0.976675 0.038013366
6550 4.454 2.7431909 0.9779398 0.0362918 0.9779398 0.036291797
6600 4.488 2.7764603 0.97914698 0.0346286 0.979147 0.034628616
6650 4.522 2.8097699 0.98029853 0.033023 0.9802985 0.033022963
6700 4.556 2.8431177 0.9813964 0.0314739 0.9813964 0.031473922
6750 4.59 2.8765021 0.98244249 0.0299805 0.9824425 0.029980534
6800 4.624 2.9099212 0.98343869 0.0285418 0.9834387 0.028541793
6850 4.658 2.9433734 0.98438682 0.0271567 0.9843868 0.027156656
6900 4.692 2.9768571 0.98528871 0.025824 0.9852887 0.025824043
6950 4.726 3.0103707 0.98614611 0.0245428 0.9861461 0.024542842
7000 4.76 3.0439128 0.98696076 0.0233119 0.9869608 0.023311914
7050 4.794 3.077482 0.98773434 0.0221301 0.9877343 0.022130095
7100 4.828 3.1110768 0.98846851 0.0209962 0.9884685 0.0209962
7150 4.862 3.1446959 0.98916488 0.019909 0.9891649 0.019909025
7200 4.896 3.1783382 0.98982501 0.0188674 0.989825 0.018867354
7250 4.93 3.2120023 0.99045044 0.01787 0.9904504 0.017869958
7300 4.964 3.2456872 0.99104265 0.0169156 0.9910426 0.016915601
7350 4.998 3.2793917 0.99160308 0.016003 0.9916031 0.016003044
7400 5.032 3.3131147 0.99213314 0.015131 0.9921331 0.015131042
7450 5.066 3.3468554 0.99263418 0.0142984 0.9926342 0.014298354
7500 5.1 3.3806126 0.99310752 0.0135037 0.9931075 0.01350374
7550 5.134 3.4143854 0.99355443 0.012746 0.9935544 0.012745968
7600 5.168 3.4481731 0.99397616 0.0120238 0.9939762 0.012023812
7650 5.202 3.4819747 0.99437388 0.0113361 0.9943739 0.011336057
7700 5.236 3.5157895 0.99474875 0.0106815 0.9947488 0.0106815
7750 5.27 3.5496166 0.99510189 0.010059 0.9951019 0.010058953
7800 5.304 3.5834555 0.99543435 0.0094672 0.9954344 0.009467243
7850 5.338 3.6173053 0.99574718 0.0089052 0.9957472 0.008905215
7900 5.372 3.6511654 0.99604135 0.0083717 0.9960413 0.008371732
7950 5.406 3.6850353 0.99631782 0.0078657 0.9963178 0.007865679
8000 5.44 3.7189143 0.99657752 0.007386 0.9965775 0.007385961
8050 5.474 3.7528019 0.99682131 0.0069315 0.9968213 0.006931507
8100 5.508 3.7866975 0.99705004 0.0065013 0.99705 0.006501268
8150 5.542 3.8206007 0.99726451 0.0060942 0.9972645 0.006094222
8200 5.576 3.8545109 0.99746551 0.0057094 0.9974655 0.005709368
8250 5.61 3.8884278 0.99765376 0.0053457 0.9976538 0.005345736
8300 5.644 3.9223509 0.99782997 0.0050024 0.99783 0.005002378
8350 5.678 3.9562797 0.99799482 0.0046784 0.9979948 0.004678375
8400 5.712 3.9902141 0.99814895 0.0043728 0.9981489 0.004372834
8450 5.746 4.0241535 0.99829298 0.0040849 0.998293 0.004084891
8500 5.78 4.0580976 0.99842748 0.0038137 0.9984275 0.003813707
8550 5.814 4.0920462 0.99855303 0.0035585 0.998553 0.003558472
8600 5.848 4.1259989 0.99867014 0.0033184 0.9986701 0.003318403
8650 5.882 4.1599554 0.99877932 0.0030927 0.9987793 0.003092744
8700 5.916 4.1939155 0.99888104 0.0028808 0.998881 0.002880767
8750 5.95 4.227879 0.99897578 0.0026818 0.9989758 0.00268177
8800 5.984 4.2618456 0.99906394 0.0024951 0.9990639 0.002495079
8850 6.018 4.2958151 0.99914594 0.00232 0.9991459 0.002320043
8900 6.052 4.3297873 0.99922217 0.002156 0.9992222 0.002156042
8950 6.086 4.363762 0.999293 0.0020025 0.999293 0.002002477
9000 6.12 4.3977391 0.99935876 0.0018588 0.9993588 0.001858775
9050 6.154 4.4317182 0.99941978 0.0017244 0.9994198 0.00172439
9100 6.188 4.4656994 0.99947638 0.0015988 0.9994764 0.001598796
9150 6.222 4.4996825 0.99952884 0.0014815 0.9995288 0.001481494
9200 6.256 4.5336673 0.99957744 0.001372 0.9995774 0.001372005
9250 6.29 4.5676536 0.99962244 0.0012699 0.9996224 0.001269874
9300 6.324 4.6016414 0.99966407 0.0011747 0.9996641 0.001174667
9350 6.358 4.6356307 0.99970258 0.001086 0.9997026 0.00108597
9400 6.392 4.6696211 0.99973816 0.0010034 0.9997382 0.00100339
9450 6.426 4.7036127 0.99977103 9.27E-04 0.999771 9.27E-04
9500 6.46 4.7376055 0.99980138 8.55E-04 0.9998014 8.55E-04
9550 6.494 4.7715992 0.99982938 7.89E-04 0.9998294 7.89E-04
9600 6.528 4.8055938 0.9998552 7.27E-04 0.9998552 7.27E-04
9650 6.562 4.8395892 0.99987899 6.70E-04 0.999879 6.70E-04
9700 6.596 4.8735855 0.99990091 6.17E-04 0.9999009 6.17E-04
9750 6.63 4.9075824 0.99992108 5.68E-04 0.9999211 5.68E-04
9800 6.664 4.9415801 0.99993964 5.22E-04 0.9999396 5.22E-04
9850 6.698 4.9755783 0.9999567 4.80E-04 0.9999567 4.80E-04
9900 6.732 5.0095771 0.99997238 4.41E-04 0.9999724 4.41E-04
9950 6.766 5.0435764 0.99998678 4.05E-04 0.9999868 4.05E-04
10000 6.8 5.0775761 1 3.71E-04 1 3.71E-04
Wedge flow and Falkner and Skan similarity solution

In 1930 Falkner & Skan [91] discovered a whole family of situations for which the same transformation
is possible, and in 1939 Golstein[92] investigated in detail the actual transformations and solutions.
647
If a potential flow of constant property fluid at a surface of a wedge is given as:
𝑢𝑠 = 𝐶𝑥 𝑚 In this equation exponent m is connected with the opening angle 𝛽𝜋 of the wedge by relation
2𝑚
𝛽=
𝑚+1
Continuity equation can be eliminated by introducing of stream function 𝜑 satisfying the conditions
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝑢= ⁡⁡𝑣 = −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
A similarity parameter (𝑥, 𝑦) is introduced as a new variable.
𝑚+1 𝑦 𝑚+1 𝑢𝑠 𝑚+1 𝐶
(𝑥, 𝑦) = √ √𝑅𝑒𝑥 = √ 𝑦√ =√ √ 𝑥 (𝑚−1)/2 𝑦
2 𝑥 2 ⁡x 2 
And the new similarity function f which is function of this new  only
𝑚+1 𝜑 𝑚+1 𝜑 𝑚+1 1
f() = √ √𝑅𝑒𝑥 = √ =√ 𝑥 (𝑚+1)/2 𝜑
2 𝑢𝑠 𝑥 2 √⁡𝑢𝑠 x 2 √𝐶
the velocity component u can now be written as
𝜕𝜑 2𝐶 𝑑𝑓 𝑚+1 𝐶 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓
𝑢= =√ 𝑥 (𝑚+1)/2 √ √ 𝑥 (𝑚+1)/2 = 𝐶𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑢𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝑚+1 𝑑 2  𝑑 𝑑
the velocity component v can now be written as
𝜕𝜑 2𝐶 𝑚+1 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑓
𝑢=− = −√ 𝑥 (𝑚−1)/2 ( 𝑓+ )
𝜕𝑥 𝑚+1 2 2 𝑑
Bernoulli equation
1 𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑢𝑠
= −𝑢𝑠 = −𝑚𝐶 2 𝑥 2𝑚−1
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Equation converts to
𝑑3𝑓 𝑑2𝑓 𝑑𝑓 2
+𝑓 − 𝛽 [( ) − 1] = 0
𝑑3 𝑑2 𝑑
Bounday conditions
𝑑𝑓
=0 =0 𝑓=0
𝑑
𝑑𝑓
=∞ =1
𝑑
For heat transfer constant surface temperature
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑2𝑇
u +𝑣 =𝛼
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝛾
𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐶1 𝑥 where 𝑇𝑤 is Wall surface temperature and 𝑇𝑠 is the stream temperature. 𝛾 = 0 means
constant wall temperature.
𝑇−𝑇𝑠
𝜃= assuming that 𝜃 is function of  only
𝑇𝑤−𝑇𝑠
𝑑2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑓
+ 𝑃𝑟𝑓 − (2 − 𝛽)𝑃𝑟𝛾 𝜃=0
𝑑2 𝑑 𝑑
Boundary conditions
=0 𝜃 = 1
=∞ 𝜃 = 0
Convertion of the equations:
648
𝑑𝑓 𝑑2𝑓 𝑑𝜃
X[0]= X[1]=f X[2]=f'= X[3]=f"= X[4]=θ X[5]=θ'=
𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑
Differential equation set becomes:
𝑑𝑋[1] 𝑑𝑋[2] 𝑑𝑋[3] 𝑑𝑋[4]
=X[2] =X[3] =-X[1]*X[3]+𝛽 ∗ (X[2]*X[2]-1) = ⁡X[5]
𝑑X[0] 𝑑X[0] 𝑑X[0] 𝑑X[0]
𝑑𝑋[5]
= −𝑃𝑟 ∗ 𝑋[1] ∗ 𝑋[5] + (2 − 𝛽) ∗ 𝑃𝑟 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑋[2] ∗ 𝑋[4]
𝑑X[0]
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.io.*;
{
public double func(double x,int i)
{ double y=Math.pow(x,0.25);
double xx=1.0;
if(i==0) xx=1;
else if(i==1) xx=x;
else if(i==2) xx=x*x;
else if(i==3) xx=x*x*x;
else if(i==4) xx=x*x*x*x;
else if(i==5) xx=x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==6) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==7) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==8) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==9) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(i==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
return xx;
}
}
fi_xi ff1;

{
double ff=0.0;
return ff;
}}

double y[];
fm2 b3;
double w;
double a[][];
public fa(double Pr,double beta,double gamma,double yi[],double wi)
{ b3=new fm2(Pr,beta,gamma);
for(int i=0;i<y.length;i++) y[i]=yi[i];
w=wi;
}

{
// shooting method
y[2]=x[0];
y[4]=x[1];
a=RK6(b3,0.0,w,y,10000);
ff[0]=a[2][10000]-1.0;
ff[1]=a[4][10000]-1.0;
return ff;
}
{
649
double h=(xn-x0)/N;
int M=f0.length;
double fi[][];
int i,j;
double x;
for(j=0;j<M;j++)
{
fi[j][0]=f0[j];
xi[j+1]=f0[j];
}
{
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
xi[0]=x;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/2;
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/4.0+k[1]/4.0;
xi[0]=x+h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]-k[1]+2.0*k[2];
xi[0]=x+2.0/3.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+7.0/27.0*k[0]+10.0/27.0*k[1]+1.0/27.0*k[3];
xi[0]=x+1.0/5.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+28.0/625.0*k[0]-1.0/5.0*k[1]+546.0/625.0*k[2]+54.0/625.0*k[3]-378/625.0*k[4];
fi[j-1][i+1]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/24.0+5.0*k[3]/48.0+27.0*k[4]/56.0+125.0*k[5]/336.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
{
a[0][i]=x;
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
a[j][i]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
return a;
}
}

{ double Pr;
double beta,gamma;
fm2(double Pri,double betai,double gammai) {Pr=Pri;beta=betai;gamma=gammai;}
{
//Falkner - Skan diferential equation
//f'''+0.5*ff''-beta*(f'^2-1) = 0
//teta"+Pr*f*teta'-(2-beta)Pr*gamma*teta=0
double a=0;
if(x_ref==0) a= x[2];
else if(x_ref==1) a= x[3];
else if(x_ref==2) a= -x[1]*x[3]+beta*(x[2]*x[2]-1.0);
else if(x_ref==3) a= x[5];
else if(x_ref==4) a= -Pr*x[1]*x[5]+(2.0-beta)*Pr*gamma*x[2]*x[4];
return a;
}
}
650
public class falkner_skan2
{
{
int m=n+1;
int j=0;
{
}
return a;
}
{ String s="";
int n=x.length;
{s+=x[k]+" ";}
return s;
}
{
int i,j;
}
}

// tolerance :
int FUNC = NDIMS;
int ncalls = 0;
double best = 1E99;
int iter=0;

{
double fhi = flo;
double pavg,sterr;
{
}
double fnhi = flo;
inhi = ilo;
////////// exit criteria //////////////
{
651
pavg=0;
for(i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
pavg+=p[i][FUNC];
pavg/=NPTS;
double tot=0;
if(printlist!=0)
}
for(i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
{ z[j]=p[ilo][j];}
//break;
}
}

ave[j] = 0;
if (i != ihi)
ave[j] += p[i][j];
ave[j] /= (NPTS-1);
///////// reflect ////////////////

r[j] = 2*ave[j] - p[ihi][j];

{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}

{
e[j] = 3*ave[j] - 2*p[ihi][j];
if (fe < fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = e[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fe;
continue;
}
else
{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
}
///////////// shrink:
if (fr < fhi)

{
652
c[j] = 1.5*ave[j] - 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fc <= fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = c[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fc;
continue;
}
else /////// daralt
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
continue;
}
}
if (fr >= fhi) ///

{
cc[j] = 0.5*ave[j] + 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fcc < fhi)
{
p[ihi][j] = cc[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fcc;
continue;
}
else /////////
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
}
}
}
return z;
}


{
}
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
p=k;
653
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
}
}
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
return X;
}

{
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
654
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}

{
fb f=new fb();
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ B[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<np1;j++)
{
A[i][j]=0.0;
}
}
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
Text.printT(X);
return X;
}

{
655
fb f=new fb();
int n=e.length;
double ff=0;
if(n!=0.0)
{
}
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}
{ // aradegersayisi: x--o--o--x--o--o--x zincirinde x deneysel noktalar ise
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
{
double y[]={0,0,0.1,0,0.1};
double x[]={0.33,0.0173};//inputdata(s);
fa ff;
f2 f;
double r1[];
double beta=0.1;
double gamma=0.0;
double Pr1[]={0.001,0.002,0.003,0.004,0.005,0.006,0.007,0.008,0.009,0.01};
double w1[]={200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,200,100.0};
double Pr2[]={0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5};
double w2[]={100.0,100.0,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,50,50,50,50,50};
double Pr3[]={0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0,10.0,11,12,13,14,15.0,30.0,40.0,50};
double w3[]={50,50,50,50,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7};
double Pr4[]={50,60,70,80,90,100,110.0,120.0,130.0,140,150,160,170,180,190,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000};
double w4[]={5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3,5.3};
double xi1[]=new double[Pr1.length];
double yi1[]=new double[Pr1.length];
double Xi1[]=new double[Pr1.length];
double Yi1[]=new double[Pr1.length];
656
double b1[];
double b2[];
double b3[];
double b4[];
for(int i=0;i<Pr1.length;i++)
{ff=new fa(Pr1[i],beta,gamma,y,w1[i]*beta);
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi1[i]=Pr1[i];
yi1[i]=r1[1];
Xi1[i]=Math.log(Pr1[i]);
Yi1[i]=Math.log(r1[1]);
System.out.println("i="+i+"Pr="+xi1[i]+" Nux/Rex^0.5="+yi1[i]);
}
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi2[i]=Pr2[i];
yi2[i]=r1[1];
System.out.println("i = "+i+" Pr= "+xi2[i]+" Nux/Rex^0.5="+yi2[i]);
}
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi3[i]=Pr3[i];
yi3[i]=r1[1];
System.out.println("i = "+i+"Pr = "+xi3[i]+" Nux/Rex^0.5="+yi3[i]);
}
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi4[i]=Pr4[i];
yi4[i]=r1[1];
System.out.println("i = "+i+" Pr="+xi4[i]+" Nux/Rex^0.5="+yi4[i]);
}
b1=GeneralLeastSquare(Xi1,Yi1,1);
System.out.println("0.001<Pr<0.01 a="+Math.exp(b1[0])+" b="+b1[1]);
System.out.println("0.01<Pr<0.5 a="+Math.exp(b2[0])+" b="+b2[1]);
System.out.println("0.5<Pr<50 a="+Math.exp(b3[0])+" b="+b3[1]);
System.out.println("50<Pr<1000 a="+Math.exp(b4[0])+" b="+b4[1]);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" falkner_skan2
i=0Pr=0.001 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.052838585958506955
i=1Pr=0.002 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.05568439004805982
i=2Pr=0.003 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.058528451086160366
i=3Pr=0.004 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.06136255984188095
i=4Pr=0.005 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.06417932292947877
i=5Pr=0.006 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.0669721969228364
i=6Pr=0.007 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.0697354959029941
i=7Pr=0.008 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.07246437637025133
i=8Pr=0.009 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.07515480379431305
i=9Pr=0.01 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.11205588920743956
i = 0 Pr= 0.01 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.11205588920743956
i = 1 Pr= 0.02 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.12395151866250631
i = 2 Pr= 0.03 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.13553863140044367
i = 3 Pr= 0.04 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.14671316479801308
i = 4 Pr= 0.05 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.15741124821744934
i = 5 Pr= 0.06 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.16760215238090806
i = 6 Pr= 0.07 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.1772802936278064
i = 7 Pr= 0.08 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.18645770511575543
i = 8 Pr= 0.09 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.19515771000451182
657
i = 9 Pr= 0.1 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.20341002695454757
i = 10 Pr= 0.2 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.2841350963165023
i = 11 Pr= 0.3 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.32059954900699383
i = 12 Pr= 0.4 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3530598178408308
i = 13 Pr= 0.5 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3819538367853976
i = 0Pr = 0.5 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3819538367853976
i = 1Pr = 0.6 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.4078354022748689
i = 2Pr = 0.7 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.43122731650764307
i = 3Pr = 0.8 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.45257066060822737
i = 4Pr = 0.9 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5226234080781739
i = 5Pr = 1.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5351747910351455
i = 6Pr = 1.1 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5474862124668214
i = 7Pr = 1.2 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5595561046378349
i = 8Pr = 1.3 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5713842346231784
i = 9Pr = 1.4 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5829715406219594
i = 10Pr = 1.5 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5943199765440061
i = 11Pr = 1.6 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.605432366337465
i = 12Pr = 1.7 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.6163122690177371
i = 13Pr = 1.8 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.07843526057971
i = 14Pr = 1.9 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.0827301489808536
i = 15Pr = 2.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.087017850234281
i = 16Pr = 3.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.1294826213403983
i = 17Pr = 4.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.1711499568140122
i = 18Pr = 5.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.211963030834299
i = 19Pr = 6.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.2518790389776722
i = 20Pr = 7.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.2908679003183552
i = 21Pr = 8.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.3289108735798996
i = 22Pr = 9.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.6894698550922782
i = 23Pr = 10.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.7171634489663514
i = 24Pr = 11.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.744566745589914
i = 25Pr = 12.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.7716743069707244
i = 26Pr = 13.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.7984816070930691
i = 27Pr = 14.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.8249849823816064
i = 28Pr = 15.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.851181581603489
i = 29Pr = 30.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.2073023003762247
i = 30Pr = 40.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.409227460829409
i = 31Pr = 50.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.5876756067443543
i = 0 Pr=50.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.866196403058497
i = 1 Pr=60.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.0245877351786525
i = 2 Pr=70.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.1718665682913283
i = 3 Pr=80.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.3091378766342614
i = 4 Pr=90.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.437487478797009
i = 5 Pr=100.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.55792449115799
i = 6 Pr=110.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.6713556427982894
i = 7 Pr=120.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.7785789246436887
i = 8 Pr=130.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.8802879432061186
i = 9 Pr=140.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.977081466292545
i = 10 Pr=150.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.06947486723898
i = 11 Pr=160.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.157911638100899
i = 12 Pr=170.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.242774052422481
i = 13 Pr=180.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.324392594357212
i = 14 Pr=190.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.403054068457771
i = 15 Pr=200.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.479008456728227
i = 16 Pr=300.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=5.127398066520598
i = 17 Pr=400.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=5.643467206121851
i = 18 Pr=500.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=6.079180893347311
i = 19 Pr=600.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=6.459981724270481
i = 20 Pr=700.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=6.800451316074847
i = 21 Pr=800.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=7.109816763950922
i = 22 Pr=900.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=7.394330723521469
i = 23 Pr=1000.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=7.658449093385441
0.001<Pr<0.01 a=0.23533274210000105 b=0.23167892227279793
0.01<Pr<0.5 a=0.46410108309973847 b=0.34259990608566376
0.5<Pr<50 a=0.5649974547131759 b=0.43945107376090803
50<Pr<1000 a=0.7763291971873808 b=0.3310579556701941
For 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟏 opening angle =0.314159 radian = 18 degree⁡𝜸 = 𝟎 (isothermal plate)

𝑁𝑢 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 𝟎.𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟑 0.001 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.01
𝑁𝑢 = 0.46410108309973847⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.34259990608566376 0.01 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.5
𝑁𝑢 = 0.5649974547131759⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.43945107376090803 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 50
𝑁𝑢 = 0.7763291971873808⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.3310579556701941 50 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
658
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" falkner_skan2
i=0Pr=0.001 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3335480441892363
i=1Pr=0.002 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.333762732229488
i=2Pr=0.003 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3339773973373252
i=3Pr=0.004 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3341920393961866
i=4Pr=0.005 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3344066582896734
i=5Pr=0.006 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.33462125390162084
i=6Pr=0.007 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3348358261160087
i=7Pr=0.008 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.33505037481704425
i=8Pr=0.009 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3352648998890954
i=9Pr=0.01 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.33547940121673925
i = 0 Pr= 0.01 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.253421061894859
i = 1 Pr= 0.02 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.2568358547768611
i = 2 Pr= 0.03 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.2602435827426917
i = 3 Pr= 0.04 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.26364347566404794
i = 4 Pr= 0.05 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.2670347895158677
i = 5 Pr= 0.06 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.27041680663249856
i = 6 Pr= 0.07 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.27378883589400793
i = 7 Pr= 0.08 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.2771502128452698
i = 8 Pr= 0.09 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.28050029975043916
i = 9 Pr= 0.1 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.28383848558575353
i = 10 Pr= 0.2 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.316450169918763
i = 11 Pr= 0.3 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.34738929942134955
i = 12 Pr= 0.4 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.376435621274995
i = 13 Pr= 0.5 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.40353923080931065
i = 0Pr = 0.5 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.3967777602996435
i = 1Pr = 0.6 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.4245252151748051
i = 2Pr = 0.7 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.4495786853586725
i = 3Pr = 0.8 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.4724305505302953
i = 4Pr = 0.9 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5357643115864267
i = 5Pr = 1.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5495806291641702
i = 6Pr = 1.1 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5631114536497109
i = 7Pr = 1.2 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5763553971849682
i = 8Pr = 1.3 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.5893128347762455
i = 9Pr = 1.4 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.6019856624409455
i = 10Pr = 1.5 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.6143770703546839
i = 11Pr = 1.6 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.6264913330571373
i = 12Pr = 1.7 Nux/Rex^0.5=0.6383336178903841
i = 13Pr = 1.8 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.080860506314767
i = 14Pr = 1.9 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.085287745456006
i = 15Pr = 2.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.089707490793113
i = 16Pr = 3.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.1334742878878064
i = 17Pr = 4.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.1764058811902651
i = 18Pr = 5.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.2184405505728213
i = 19Pr = 6.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.2595320622144668
i = 20Pr = 7.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.2996482023212421
i = 21Pr = 8.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.338769212589115
i = 22Pr = 9.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.6935839761605147
i = 23Pr = 10.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.7217037719289932
i = 24Pr = 11.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.749525714515282
i = 25Pr = 12.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.777044154610579
i = 26Pr = 13.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.804254401475994
i = 27Pr = 14.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.8311526701643182
i = 28Pr = 15.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=1.8577360281534534
i = 29Pr = 30.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.218713821164285
i = 30Pr = 40.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.4230524425125015
i = 31Pr = 50.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.603460669031582
i = 0 Pr=50.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=2.8746451804241273
i = 1 Pr=60.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.0341867308060273
i = 2 Pr=70.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.182477947059634
i = 3 Pr=80.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.3206487477818905
i = 4 Pr=90.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.4498065393990984
i = 5 Pr=100.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.5709781453825187
i = 6 Pr=110.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.6850843511054094
i = 7 Pr=120.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.7929340944342878
i = 8 Pr=130.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.89522942779183
i = 9 Pr=140.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=3.9925756225433635
i = 10 Pr=150.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.0854930792072555
i = 11 Pr=160.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.174429208393844
i = 12 Pr=170.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.259769374018717
i = 13 Pr=180.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.341846531713771
i = 14 Pr=190.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.420949492777605
i = 15 Pr=200.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=4.497329894013379
i = 16 Pr=300.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=5.14935646315043
659
i = 17 Pr=400.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=5.668325369270466
i = 18 Pr=500.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=6.1064900529916315
i = 19 Pr=600.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=6.489434384478669
i = 20 Pr=700.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=6.831821245536183
i = 21 Pr=800.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=7.1429292829709565
i = 22 Pr=900.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=7.429046147303017
i = 23 Pr=1000.0 Nux/Rex^0.5=7.694652708450487
0.001<Pr<0.01 a=0.33909842208904095 b=0.002522323431681117
0.01<Pr<0.5 a=0.3970088423802754 b=0.12179317628513694
0.5<Pr<50 a=0.5808370023452061 b=0.4303534940489292
50<Pr<1000 a=0.7772410241736414 b=0.3315896030668632
For 𝛽 = 0.25 opening angle =0785398 radian = 45 degree⁡𝛾 = 0 (isothermal plate)

𝑁𝑢 = 0.33909842208904095⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.002522323431681117 0.001 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.01
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3970088423802754Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.12179317628513694 0.01 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.5
𝑁𝑢 = 0.5808370023452061⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.4303534940489292 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 50
𝑁𝑢 = 0.7772410241736414⁡⁡Re0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.3315896030668632 50 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
12.2 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS AND EXAMPLES FOR OVER A FLAT
PLATE
𝐶𝑝 𝜇
𝑃𝑟 = Prandtl number
𝑘
Local values
𝜌𝑢∞𝑥 ℎ𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑥 = Reynols number 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = Nusselt number
𝜇 𝑘
Avarege values
𝜌𝑢∞𝐿 ℎ𝐿
𝑅𝑒𝐿 = 𝑁𝑢𝐿 =
𝜇 𝑘
Where 𝜌 is density, 𝜇 is dynamic viscosity, k is thermal conductivity and 𝐶𝑝 is specific heat at constant
temperature. It should be note that viscosity and themal conductivity is function of temperature and
pressure. 𝑅𝑒𝑥 is given as 𝑅𝑒 in the following equations if local conditions exist and similarly instead of .
𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑅𝑒 is given to simplify equations.
Laminar flow (Re<5x105) and constant plate temperature (isothermal plate)

Coban-1 eqn (similarity solution by Runge Kutta method and Nelder-Mead optimisation)
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.44547101𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.46914552 10−3 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 10−2
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.346667574𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.40159677 10−2 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.5
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332060655𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.33679327 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
Coban-2 eqn (similarity solution by Runge Kutta method and and least square curve fitting and Gauss
integration)
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.45584275𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.47294717 10−3 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 10−2
660
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.35271867𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.40922589 10−2 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.5
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.33253715𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.33694685 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
a heat and mass transfer by Eckert and Drake (similarity solution)
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.5𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.5 0.005 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 0.05
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.3333333 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟
Local Friction coefficient
𝜏
𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 0.664𝑅𝑒 −0.5
𝜌⁡𝑢∞/2
Boundary layer thickness
𝛿 = 5𝑥𝑅𝑒 −1/2
Churchill and Ozoe experimental correlation:
0.332𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟0.3333333
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 1/4 𝑃𝑒𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 ≥ 100
0.0468 2/3
[1+( Pr ) ]
Average values for the plate :

𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 2𝑁𝑢𝑥
Turbulent flow (Re>5x105) and constant plate temperature (isothermal plate)

Local Friction coefficient
𝜏
𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 0.0592𝑅𝑒 −1/5 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 108
𝜌⁡𝑢∞/2
Boundary layer thickness
𝛿 = 0.37𝑥𝑅𝑒 −1/5 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 108
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.0296𝑅𝑒 4/5 𝑃𝑟 1/3 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 60
Average values for the plate (mix boundary layer laminar+turbulent):
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = (0.037𝑅𝑒 4/5 − 871)𝑃𝑟 1/3
Example problems:
PROBLEM: Air at a pressure of 101.325 kPa and a temperature of 300 C flows with a velocity of 10
m/s over a flat plate 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling rate per unit width of the plate needed to maintain
it at a surface temperature of 27 C.
In excel format thermophysical properties calculated as polynomial of degree 10

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + 𝑎3 𝑇 3 + 𝑎4 𝑇 4 + 𝑎5 𝑇5 + 𝑎6 𝑇6 + 𝑎7 𝑇 7 + 𝑎8 𝑇 8 + 𝑎9𝑇 9 + 𝑎10 𝑇10
Heat transfer over a flat plate working fluid : air
M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmol
R 2.8705334E+02 J/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3
a0 1.89668613E+00 -7.00796942E-01 -5.96297846E-01 1.47352515E+00
a1 -2.23937197E-02 8.85836561E-02 1.00247973E-01 -1.73708682E-02
a2 2.40885259E-04 -1.20909367E-04 7.32722776E-05 1.80473009E-04
a3 -1.45254290E-06 1.73074497E-07 -1.02111800E-06 -1.07436904E-06
a4 5.43552393E-09 -1.45011707E-10 4.21691040E-09 3.99304707E-09
a5 -1.32310554E-11 -4.33936641E-14 -1.04115589E-11 -9.67956666E-12
a6 2.13239465E-14 3.14868466E-16 1.67088379E-14 1.55567247E-14
a7 -2.25744420E-17 -4.41548734E-19 -1.75371889E-17 -1.64359568E-17
a8 1.50864395E-20 3.25615211E-22 1.16134919E-20 1.09674418E-20
a9 -5.76865768E-24 -1.28963912E-25 -4.40290627E-24 -4.18869082E-24
a10 9.61540784E-28 2.16661936E-29 7.28284943E-28 6.97523663E-28
result:for T 8.0838928E-01 1.0195815E+00 2.4582335E-05 3.5890189E-02 6.9836485E-01
result: for Tw 1.1760226E+00 1.0059478E+00 1.8544579E-05 2.6395395E-02 7.0673940E-01
661
degree C degree K
T 1.6350000E+02 4.3665000E+02 air temperature
Ts 2.7000000E+01 3.0015000E+02 surface temperature
Tinf 3.0000000E+02 5.7315000E+02
P 1.0132500E+00 bar
ro 8.0838928E-01
U 1.0000000E+01 air velocity
L 5.0000000E-01 plate length
Re=UL/ 1.6442484E+05 Reynolds' number
Nu 2.3887970E+02
k 3.5890189E-02 W/mK
h 1.7146875E+01 W/m^2K thermal convectivity
q -2.3405484E+03 W/m heat transfer
The problem is also solved in java format, in here in order to calculate thermophysical properties cubic
spline surface fitting y=(T,P) is used. Small differences due to curve fitting method should be noted.
//Cubic spline curve fitting
import java.io.*;
class CS1
{ public double S[][]; // cubic spline coefficients
public double c[][]; // data matrix
public int nx,ny; // x and y data column numbers
public int kk; // equation number that given x located
public CS1(String name,int nxi,int nyi,double c0,double cn)
{nx=nxi;ny=nyi;
c=Text.readDoubleT(name);
double x[]=c[nx];double y[]=c[ny];
S=cubic_spline(x,y,c0,cn);
}
public CS1(double a[][],int nxi,int nyi,double c0,double cn)
{c=a;nx=nxi;ny=nyi;
double x[]=c[nx];double y[]=c[ny];
S=cubic_spline(x,y,c0,cn);
}
public CS1(double xi[],double yi[],double c0,double cn)
{double c1[][]={xi,yi};c=c1;S=cubic_spline(xi,yi,c0,cn);}
{
// Thomas algorithm
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
662
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
int k=0;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )

{
k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
kk=k+1;
return y;
}
// =================
public double dfunc(double x)

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
663
return y;
}
public double integral(double a,double b)

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
{toplam=0;
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}
public double golden(double a,double b)

{
int print=0;
double r2 = r1*r1;
double h = b - a;
double ya = -func(a);
double yb = -func(b);
664
double yc = -func(c);
double yd = -func(d);
int k = 1;
double dp,dy,p,yp;
{
k++;
if (yc<yd)
{
b = d;
yb = yd;
d = c;
yd = yc;
h = b - a;
c = a + r2 * h;
yc = -func(c);
}
else
{
a = c;
ya = yc;
c = d;
yc = yd;
h = b - a;
d = a + r1 * h;
yd = -func(d);
}//end of if
}//end of while
dp = Math.abs(b-a);
p = a;
yp = ya;
if (yb<ya)
{
p = b;
yp = yb;
}
if(print==1)
return p;
}
{ String s3[]={"x[i]","y[i]"};
}

{ CS1 cs=new CS1("a100.txt",0,2,0.0,0.0);
double T=300.0;
double ro=cs.func(T);
System.out.println("T="+T+"ro="+ro);
}
}
//3D Cubic spline surface fitting

import java.io.*;
class CS2
{ public double S[][];
String name[];
public CS1 cs[];
public int n;
double xx[],yy[];
public double c0,cn;
public int nyy;
public int nx,ny;
public double d[][][];
//use set of files each with a constant property
// namei: name of datafile to read data
// use one file with a repeated column nselect
// c: data matrix with a repeated one column
// nyi y selection column
// nxi x selection column
// nzi z selection column
// c0x and cnx x axis cubic spline end conditions (second derivatives)
665
// c0y and cny y axis cubic spline end conditions (second derivatives)
public CS2(String namei,int nxi,int nyi,int nzi,double c0x,double cnx,double c0y,double cny)
{ double c[][]=Text.readDouble(namei);
set(c,nxi,nyi,nzi,c0x,cnx,c0y,cny);
}
public CS2(double c[][],int nxi,int nyi,int nzi,double c0x,double cnx,double c0y,double cny)
{ set(c,nxi,nyi,nzi,c0x,cnx,c0y,cny);}
// use one file with a repeated column nyi
public void set(double c[][],int nxi,int nyi,int nzi,double c0x,double cnx,double c0y,double cny)
{ nyy=nyi;
nx=nxi;
ny=nzi;
c0=c0y;
cn=cny;
d=readDouble(c,nyy);
n=d.length;
cs=new CS1[n];
xx=new double[n];
yy=new double[n];
{ cs[i]=new CS1(Text.T(d[i]),nx,ny,c0x,cnx);}
}
public static double[][][] readDouble(String name,int nc)

{double c[][]=Text.readDouble(name);
int n=c.length;
int m=c[0].length;
double dd[][][]=new double[1000][n][m];
int k=0;
int i=0;
int j=0;
int nj[]=new int[100];
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{if(c[i][nc]==c[i+1][nc]) {dd[k][j]=c[i];j++;}
else {dd[k][j]=c[i];nj[k]=j;j=0;
k++;
}
}
double ee[][][]=new double[k][][];
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
{ ee[i]=new double[nj[i]+1][m];
for(j=0;j<nj[i]+1;j++) ee[i][j]=dd[i][j];
}
return ee;
}
public static double[][][] readDouble(double c[][],int nc)
{int n=c.length;
int m=c[0].length;
double dd[][][]=new double[1000][n][m];
int k=0;
int i=0;
int j=0;
int nj[]=new int[1000];
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{if(c[i][nc]==c[i+1][nc]) {dd[k][j]=c[i];j++;}
else {dd[k][j]=c[i];nj[k]=j;j=0;
k++;
}
}
double ee[][][]=new double[k][][];
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
{
ee[i]=new double[nj[i]+1][m];
for(j=0;j<nj[i]+1;j++) ee[i][j]=dd[i][j];
}
return ee;
}
{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
666
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}
public double func(double x1,double y1)
{ double xx1[]={x1,y1};
return func(xx1);
}
{ //create data set
{ yy[i]=cs[i].func(x[0]);
xx[i]=cs[i].c[nyy][0];
//xx[i]=cs[i].c[nyy][cs[i].kk];
}
S=cubic_spline(xx,yy,c0,cn);
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
int k=0;
for(k=0;k<n-1;k++)
{if(S[3][k]<=x[1] && x[1]<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x[1]-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x[1]);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x[1] )
{
k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
667
xx1=(x[1]-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x[1]);
}
return y;
}
// =================
public double dfunc(double x1,double y1)

{double xx1[]={x1,y1};
return dfunc(xx1) ;
}
public double dfunc(double x[])
{
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
double yy[]=new double[n];
{yy[i]=cs[i].func(x[0]);}
S=cubic_spline(xx,yy,c0,cn);
{if(S[3][k]<=x[1] && x[1]<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x[1]-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x[1]);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x[1] )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x[1]-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x[1]);
}
return y;
}

{ //String
name[]={"a10.txt","a50.txt","a90.txt","a95.txt","a100.txt","a101.txt","a110.txt","a150.txt","a200.txt","a500.txt","a1000.txt","a2000.txt","a3
000.txt"};
//CS2 c2=new CS2(name,2,0,1,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
//column of P = 1
//column of T 0 column of ro 2
double c[][]=Text.readDouble("axy.txt");
Text.print(c);
CS2 c2=new CS2(c,1,0,2,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
double x=-1.0;
double y=-1.0;
double z=c2.func(x,y);
System.out.println("x="+x+"y="+y+"z="+z);
}
}
public class air
{ public CS2 cs;
public double c[][][];
public static double M=2.8965000E+01;
public static double R=8314.5/M;
public double ro(double T,double P)
{return P*1e3/R/T;}
public double[] property_TP(double T,double P)
{ // T degree K P kPa
// 0 T 1 P 2 ro 3 h 4 s 5 Cp 6 k 7 mu 8 alpha 9 Pr
a[0]=T;
a[1]=P;
668
double multiply[]={1,1,1,1,1,1,1e-3,1e-6,1e-4,1};
{cs=new CS2("air.txt",0,1,i,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
a[i]=cs.func(T,P)*multiply[i];
}
return a;
}

{air a=new air();
double T=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("T degree K = "));
double P=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("P kPa = "));
double b[]=a.property_TP(T,P);
String s[]={"T degree K","P kPa",""+'\u03C1'+" kg/m^3","h kJ/kg","s kJ/kgK","Cp kJ/kgK","k W/mK",""+'\u03BC'+"
Pas",""+'\u03B1'+" m^2/s","Pr"};
Text.print(b,s,"Thermophysical properties of dry air");
}
}
//0="P, pressure ";

//1="T, temperature ";
//2="v, specific volume ";
//3="h, enthalpy ";
//4="u, internal energy ";
//5="s, entropy ";
//6="g, qibbs free energy ";
//7="ht,chemical entropy ";
//8="gt,chemical gibbs f.e. ";
//9="Cp, specific heat at const P ";
//10="Cv, specific heat at const v";
//11][0]="Cp/Cv, adiabatic constant ";
//12][0]="c, speed of sound ";
//13][0]="viscosity ";
//14][0]="thermal conductivity ";
//15][0]="M, molecular weight ";
//16][0]="Prandtl number ";
//17][0]="Pr, reduced pressure ";
//18][0]="vr, reduced volume ";
public class HT_flat_plate
{air g=new air();
double Tinf=300+273.15; //air temp. degree K;
double Tw=27+273.15; //wall temp. degree K
double T=(Tinf+Tw)/2.0; //average temperature degree K
a=g.property_TP(T,P);
double Rec=5e5;
double ro=g.ro(T,P); //kg/m^3
double mu=a[7];
double k=a[6]; //W/mK
double Pr=a[9];
double L=0.5; //m
double U=10.0; //m/s
double Nu=0.0;
double Re=U*L*ro/mu;
double Nu1=0.664*Math.sqrt(Re)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0));
double Nu2=0.036*(Math.pow(Re,0.8)-9200.0)*Math.pow(Pr,0.43);
if(Re<Rec) Nu=Nu1;
else Nu=Nu2;
double h=Nu*k/L;
double q=h*L*(Tw-Tinf);
System.out.println("ro="+ro+"kg/m^3");
System.out.println("mu="+mu+"Ns/m^2");
System.out.println("Pr="+Pr+" ");
System.out.println("Re="+Re+" ");
System.out.println("Nu="+Nu+" ");
System.out.println("h="+h+" ");
System.out.println("q="+q+" ");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_flat_plate
669
ro=0.8083892751173132kg/m^3
mu=2.4582336829766457E-5Ns/m^2
k=0.03588987724297498W/mK
Pr=0.6979957267070102
Re=164424.8227325655
Nu=238.8375963348956
h=17.14370402693323
q=-2340.1155996763855

Heat transfer over a flat plate working fluid : air P=1.01325 bar 85 K<=T<=100K
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3 kJ/kgK Pas W/(mK)
a0 1.53970719E+01 1.85645219E+00 -6.96977489E-01 -5.94260000E-01 1.44585054E+00
a1 -2.64146711E-01 -2.16797564E-02 8.84646695E-02 9.98680478E-02 -1.68940685E-02
a2 2.43939374E-03 2.38367524E-04 -1.19377693E-04 8.20898664E-05 1.79103033E-04
a3 -1.37152197E-05 -1.47868744E-06 1.62277415E-07 -1.10918682E-06 -1.09607903E-06
a4 4.98959966E-08 5.72130928E-09 -9.85161050E-11 4.69871331E-09 4.21033463E-09
a5 -1.21018968E-10 -1.44575109E-11 -1.72146547E-13 -1.20040535E-11 -1.05922995E-11
a6 1.97292216E-13 2.42642600E-14 5.48663333E-16 2.00250979E-14 1.77240903E-14
a7 -2.13349280E-16 -2.68138976E-17 -7.18151386E-19 -2.19145061E-17 -1.95441958E-17
a8 1.46625301E-19 1.87402720E-20 5.30795939E-22 1.51648507E-20 1.36371672E-20
a9 -5.79352041E-23 -7.50469834E-24 -2.15550615E-25 -6.01785056E-24 -5.45416504E-24
a10 1.00148738E-26 1.31155075E-27 3.75178265E-29 1.04324926E-27 9.52222881E-28
result:for T 8.1127953E-01 1.0195485E+00 2.4582341E-05 3.5890204E-02 6.9834255E-01
result: for 1.1738617E+00 1.0059238E+00 1.8544572E-05 2.6395335E-02 7.0672053E-01
Tw degree C degree K
T 3.0007500E+02 4.3665000E+02 air temperature
Tinf 3.0000000E+02 5.7315000E+02
P 1.0132500E+00 bar
Re=UD/ 1.6501267E+05 Reynolds' number
Pr 6.9834255E-01
Nu 2.3930378E+02
q -2.3447046E+03 W/m heat transfer
PROBLEM:
Atmospheric air at 25oC and with a speed of 50 m/s is pumped by a fan over a flat plate.
a)What is the minimum plate length in order to achieve a Reynolds number of 10 8 ?
b)At what distance from the leading edge would transition occur if critical Re #= 5x105 ?
670
𝜌𝑈𝐿
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
 1.184474467 kg/m3
 1.84415E-05 Ns/m2
U 50 m/s
Re 1.00E+08 L= 31.13871 m
Re 5.00E+05 L= 0.155694 m
PROBLEM:
Air at 101.325 kPa with a velocity of 𝑈∞ =4 m/s and a temperature of 𝑇∞ =50 oC flows over a
flat plate that is at a uniform temperature of 𝑇𝑠 =100oC. The plate has a length of 0.20 m and a
width of 0.1 m.
a) What is the average heat transfer coefficient?

671
b) What is the heat transfer rate from plate to the air?

M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmol
R 2.8705334E+02 J/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3
a0 1.89668613E -7.00796942E-01 - 1.47352515E
a1 -+00 8.85836561E-02 5.96297846E-
1.00247973E- -+00
2.23937197E-
2.40885259E- -1.20909367E-04 01
01
7.32722776E- 1.73708682E-
1.80473009E-
a2
02
04
- 1.73074497E-07 05
- 02
04
-
a3
a4 1.45254290E-
5.43552393E- -1.45011707E-10 1.02111800E-
4.21691040E- 1.07436904E-
3.99304707E-
06
-09 -4.33936641E-14 06
09
- 06
-09
a5
a6 1.32310554E-
2.13239465E- 3.14868466E-16 1.04115589E-
1.67088379E- 9.67956666E-
1.55567247E-
11
-14 -4.41548734E-19 11
-14 12
-14
a7
a8 2.25744420E-
1.50864395E- 3.25615211E-22 1.75371889E-
1.16134919E- 1.64359568E-
1.09674418E-
17
20
- -1.28963912E-25 17
20
- 17
20
-
a9
a10 5.76865768E-
9.61540784E- 2.16661936E-29 4.40290627E-
7.28284943E- 4.18869082E-
6.97523663E-
24
28
1.0082283E+ 24
28
2.9872015E- 24
28
7.0144974E-
result:for T 1.0138825E+00 2.0783611E-05
result: for 9.4595518E-01 00
1.0106767E+ 2.1896460E-05 02
3.1619486E- 01
6.9986853E-
Tw degree C 00
degree K 02 01
T 7.5000000E+01 3.4815000E+ air temperature
Ts 1.0000000E+02 02
3.7315000E+ surface temperature
Tinf 5.0000000E+01 02
3.2315000E+
P 1.0132500E+00 02
bar
ro 1.0138825E+00
Nu 1.1654990E+02
k 2.9872015E-02 W/mK
q 1.7407901E+02 W/m heat transfer
Java version:
//0="P, pressure ";
//3="h, enthalpy ";
//5="s, entropy ";
{Gas g=new Gas("air");
g.mole=false;
double P=1.01325; //bar
672
a=g.property(T,P);
double Rec=5e5;
double ro=1.0/a[2]; //kg/m^3
double mu=a[13];
double Pr=a[16];
double L=0.2; //m
double U=4.0; //m/s
double Nu=0.0;
if(Re<Rec) Nu=Nu1;
else Nu=Nu2;
double h=Nu*k/L;
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_flat_plate
ro=1.0138543477398665kg/m^3
mu=2.078413954854959E-5Ns/m^2
k=0.0299436386431054W/mK
Pr=0.6994343290825921
Re=39024.15475498933
Nu=116.43507127820062
h=17.4324484986933
q=174.32448498693302
PROBLEM: Air at a pressure of 6 kPa and a temperature of 300 C flows with a velocity of 10 m/s
over a flat plate 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling rate per unit width of the plate needed to maintain it at
a surface temperature of 27 C.
//0="P, pressure ";

//3="h, enthalpy ";
//5="s, entropy ";
673
{Gas g=new Gas("air");
g.mole=false;
a=g.property(T,P);
double Rec=5e5;
double ro=1.0/a[2]; //kg/m^3
double mu=a[13];
double Pr=a[16];
double L=0.5; //m
double Nu=0.0;
if(Re<Rec) Nu=Nu1;
else Nu=Nu2;
double h=Nu*k/L;
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_flat_plate
ro=0.04786776396743621kg/m^3
mu=2.458207128943916E-5Ns/m^2
k=0.03595715331030523W/mK
Pr=0.6963693569205517
Re=9736.316237110772
Nu=58.07358442684175
h=4.176321557029806
q=-570.0678925345685
Unheated starting region (0<=x<=) of plate and then (x>) constant temperature heating
𝑁𝑢𝑥|=
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 1/9
[1−(/𝑥)9/10 ]
𝐿 𝑝/(𝑝+1)
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 𝑁𝑢𝐿 |= [1 − (/𝑥)(𝑝+1)/(𝑝+2)] where P=2 for laminar flow and p=8 for turbulent
𝐿−
flow and 𝑁𝑢𝐿 |= Nussel number calculated from starting of the plate as it is given in previous cases.
674
Laminar flow (Re<5e5) and constant heat flux
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.453𝑅𝑒 0.5 𝑃𝑟 0.5 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟
Turbulent flow (R>5e5) and constant heat flux
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.0308𝑅𝑒 4/5 𝑃𝑟 1/3 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 60
PROBLEM Rectangular plate has an unheated starting length of 20 mm. Air is flowing through at
𝑈∞ = 20⁡𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑇∞ = 24⁡℃. If the surface temperature of the plate is 80 ℃. The width of the plate is
W=1 m
a) What is the convection coefficients at x=L=30 mm?
b) What is the heat transfer rate at x=L=30 mm?
(Properties are calculated by Gas.java

Ts 8.0000000E+01 3.5315000E+02
Tinf 2.4000000E+01 2.9715000E+02
0 P, pressure 1.0000000E+00 bars
1 T, temperature 3.2500000E+02 deg K
2 v, specific volume 9.3294922E-01 m^3/kg
3 h, enthalpy 3.2560649E+02 KJ/kg
4 u, internal energy 2.3231157E+02 KJ/kg
5 s, entropy 6.7878587E+00 KJ/kg K
6 g, qibbs free energy -1.8804476E+03 KJ/kg
7 ht,chemical entropy 8.5607058E-01 KJ/kg
8 gt,chemical gibbs f.e. -1.1510861E-01 KJ/kg
9 Cp, specific heat at const P 1.0059462E+00 KJ/kg K
10 Cv, specific heat at const v 7.1888485E-01 KJ/kg K
11 Cp/Cv, adiabatic constant 1.3993147E+00
12 c, speed of sound 3.6131498E+02 m/s
13  dynamic viscosity 1.9722159E-05 Ns/m^2
 kinematic viscosity 1.8399773E-05
14 k thermal conductivity 2.8288677E-02 W/m K
15 M, molecular weight 2.8964197E+01 kg/kmol
16 Prandtl number 7.0132054E-01
17 Pr, reduced pressure 1.3525121E+00
18 vr, reduced volume 6.8978994E+02
19  1.0718697E+00 kg/m^3
 2.0000000E-02 m
L 3.0000000E-02 m
L- 1.0000000E-02 m
U velocity 2.0000000E+01 m/s
Re 3.2609098E+04
Nu_0 7.2678582E+01
Nu 1.1355046E+02
h 1.0707307E+02 W/(mK)
q 5.9960922E+03 W/m^2
W 1.0000000E+00 m
675
A=W*(L-) 1.0000000E-02 m^2
Q 5.9960922E+01 W
public class HT_unheated_starting_plate

{
{ Gas g=new Gas("air");
g.mole=false;
double Tinf=24+273.0; //degree K
double Ts=80+273.0; //degree K
double Tf=(Tinf+Ts)/2.0; //degree K
System.out.println("Tf="+Tf+" degree K");
double a[]=g.property(Tf,P);
double mu=a[13]; //Pas
double k=a[14]; //W/(mK)
double Pr=a[16];
double ro=1.0/a[2];
double nu=mu/ro;
System.out.println("mu="+mu+"nu="+nu+"ro="+ro+"k="+k);
double xsi=20e-3; //m
double L=30e-3; //m
double Re=U*L/nu;
System.out.println("Re="+Re);
System.out.println("Nu0="+Nu0);
double Nu=Nu0/Math.pow((1-Math.pow((xsi/L),(3.0/4.0))),(1.0/3.0));
System.out.println("Nu="+Nu);
double h=Nu*k/L;
System.out.println("h="+h);
double W=10.0;//m
double A=(L-xsi)*W; //m^2
double q=h*(Ts-Tinf);
System.out.println("q="+q+" W/m^2");
double Q=q*A;
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_unheated_starting_plate
Tf=325.0 degree K
mu=1.9722159212665443E-5nu=1.8159164131180882E-5ro=1.086071972817337k=0.028288676714311668
Re=33041.168396608475
Nu0=73.15849352801939
Nu=114.30025607297654
h=107.78009974704906
q=6035.685585834748 W/m^2
Q=603.5685585834747 W
PROBLEM :
Air at a pressure of 101.325 kPa and a
temperature of 27 C flows with a velocity of
10 m/s over a flat plate 0.5 m long. Estimate
the temperature and convective heat transfer
if plate is heated with a constant flux of
qs=2000 W/m
public class HT_flat_plate_constant_flux

{ double TT[];
double hh[];
double xx[];
double kavg,roavg,muavg;
676
public static double mu(double T)
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
double T2=T*T,T3=T2*T,T4=T2*T2,T5=T4*T,T6=T4*T2,T7=T6*T,T8=T4*T4,T9=T8*T,T10=T9*T;
double y=a[0]+a[1]*T+a[2]*T2+a[3]*T3+a[4]*T4+a[5]*T5+a[6]*T6+a[7]*T7+a[8]*T8+a[9]*T9+a[10]*T10;
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
public static double k(double T)
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
public static double Pr(double T)
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
public static double ro(double T,double P)
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu(double U,double T,double P,double x)
{//Local nusselt number
double Re=Re(U,T,P,x);
double Rec=2300.0;
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Nu=0.0;
double Nu1=0.453*Math.sqrt(Re)*Math.pow(Pr,0.5);
double Nu2=0.0308*Math.pow(Re,0.8)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0));
if(Re<Rec) Nu=Nu1;
else Nu=Nu2;
return Nu;
}
public double hL(double Uinf,double Tinf,double qs,double P,double L)
{//overall heat transfer coefficient number
double nul=0;
double T=Tinf+0.0001;
double Ts=Tinf;
double U=Uinf;
double dx=0.01;
double x=0;
677
double Nu=0;
double h=0;
double Re=0;
int n=(int)(L/dx+0.0000001);
TT=new double[n];
hh=new double[n];
xx=new double[n];
TT[0]=Ts;
hh[0]=0;
xx[0]=0;
kavg=0;
roavg=0;
muavg=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{T=(Ts+Tinf)/2.0;
x=i*dx;
Nu=Nu(U,T,P,x+dx);
kavg+=k(T);
h=Nu*k(T)/(x+dx);
Ts=Tinf+qs/h;
TT[i]=Ts;
hh[i]=h;
xx[i]=x+dx;
nul+=h*dx;
}
kavg/=n;
nul/=L;
return nul;
}
public static double Re(double U,double T,double P,double x)
{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Re=ro*U*x/mu;
return Re;
}
{ double Tinf=27+273.15; //air temp. degree K;
double qs=2000.0; //W/m
double L=0.5; //m
HT_flat_plate_constant_flux fp=new HT_flat_plate_constant_flux();
double hL=fp.hL(U,Tinf,qs,P,L);
Plot p=new Plot(fp.xx,fp.TT);
p.setPlabel("Temperature change");
p.setXlabel("x m");
p.setYlabel("T degree K");
p.plot();
Plot p1=new Plot(fp.xx,fp.hh);
p1.setPlabel("convective heat transfer coefficient h ");
p1.setXlabel("x m");
p1.setYlabel("h(x) W/m^2K");
p1.plot();
System.out.println("hL="+hL);
}}
678
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_flat_plate_constant_flux
hL=42.87425649829565
12.3. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FOR THE CYLINDER IN CROSS FLOW

When flow passes through a cylinder curvature of the surface causes seperatio of the boundary layer
from the surface, inverse direction flows flow vortices. Therefore flow can not be seperated as turbulent
and laminar flow (being turbulent or laminar is depends on angle from the entry
679
Visualisation of flow field across the cylinder
Drag Coefficient in flow across the cylinder:

𝐹𝐷
𝐶𝐷 = 𝜌𝑈2
where FD is the drag force, Af is the cylinder frontal area. Drag coefficient for a smooth
𝐴𝑓 ( )
2
cylinder with different Re numbers are listed in the table below.
Curve fitting coefficients z=log 10(Re)
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎𝑜 + 𝑎1 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑧 2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 3 +. . +𝑎10 𝑧10
a0 9.07761707258
a1 -16.33173325480
a2 15.95794360346
a3 -8.53288480165
a4 4.48774899067
a5 -3.25082959759
a6 1.72646242637
a7 -0.53044708645
a8 0.09163176753
a9 -0.00833081014
a10 0.00031109691
Let us plot the curve fitting function to observe the change of the drag coefficient
public class if_poly implements if_x
{ double a[];
public if_poly(double ai[])
{a=ai;}
{// this function calculates the value of
// a polynomial
int n=a.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=a[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+a[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}
}
public class HT_drag_cylinder

{double a[]={9.07761707258,-16.33173325480,15.95794360346,-8.53288480165,
4.48774899067,-3.25082959759,1.72646242637,-0.53044708645,0.09163176753,
-0.00833081014,0.00031109691};
if_poly f=new if_poly(a);
Plot p=new Plot(f,0.0,6.0);
p.plot();
}}
680
In the following figure drag coefficient is shown with actual data points
In the following figure effect of surface rougness on variation of the drag coefficient for across the
cylinder is shown.
681
Heat transferr across a cylinder
Hilpert equation[31]:
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 1/3 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 Properties are evaluated at 𝑇∞
𝑘
Re C m
0.4 - 4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000 - 40000 0.193 0.618
40000 - 400000 0.027 0.805
Hilpert equation can correlate different shapes as well
Geometry Re C m
Square 5x103 – 105 0.246 0.588
Square 5x103 – 105 0.102 0.675
Hexagon 5x103 – 105 0.153 0.638
Hexagon 5x103 – 1.95x104 0.160 0.638
1.95x104 – 105 0.0385 0.782
Vertical 5x103 – 105 0.153 0.638

Plate
Churchill & Bernstein[30] equation:

ℎ𝐷 0.62𝑅𝑒 1/2 𝑃𝑟1/3 𝑅𝑒 5/8 4/5
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 0.3 + 1/4 [1 + ( ) ] 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 ≥ 0.2
𝑘 [1+(0.4/𝑃𝑟)2/3 ] 282000
Properties are evaluated at 𝑇𝑓 = (𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑠 )/2.0 film temperature

Zukauskas[29] equation:
682
ℎ𝐷 𝑃𝑟 1/4
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 ( ) 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 500 1 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 106 Properties are evaluated at 𝑇∞
𝑘 𝑃𝑟𝑠
except Prs is evaluated at surface temperature. If 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 10 n=0.37, if 𝑃𝑟 ≥ 10 n=0.36
Coefficients of the equation are given as
Re C m
1 - 40 0.75 0.4
40-1000 0.51 0.5
103 – 2x105 0.26 0.6
2x105 – 106 0.076 0.7
In this equation Prs is calculated at surface temperature while remaining properties are at film
temperature
Problem: Air at 𝑇∞=26.85 C and 101.325 kPa pressure flowing through a cylinder with a velocity of 10
m/s. Cylinder has a diameter of D=12.7x10 -3 m and has a length of 100 mm. Its surface temperature is
measured as Ts=126.85 C. Calculate overall heat transfer coefficients and heat transfer by using all three
equations given above.
public class HT_crossflow_cylinder_air

{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
683
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu1(double U,double Tinf,double Ts,double P,double D)
{//Nusselt number Hilpert equation
double Re=Re(U,Tinf,P,D);
double Pr=Pr(Tinf);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
if(Re>0.4 && Re<=4) {C=0.989;m=0.330;}
else if(Re>4.0 && Re<=40) {C=0.911;m=0.385;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>4000.0 && Re<=40000) {C=0.193;m=0.618;}
else if(Re>40000.0 && Re<=400000) {C=0.027;m=0.805;}
Nu=C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0));
return Nu;
}
{//Nusselt number Churchill & Bernstein equation
double Tf=(Tinf+Ts)/2.0;
double Re=Re(U,Tf,P,D);
double Pr=Pr(Tf);
double Nu=0.3+0.62*Math.pow(Re,0.5)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.4/Pr),(2.0/3.0))),0.25);
Nu*=Math.pow((1+Math.pow((Re/282000),(5.0/8.0))),(4.0/5.0));
return Nu;
}
{//Nusselt number Zukauskas equation
double Pr=Pr(Tinf);
double Prs=Pr(Ts);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
Nu=C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,n)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);
return Nu;
}
public static double Re(double U,double T,double P,double D)
{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Re=ro*U*D/mu;
return Re;
}
{ double Tinf=26.85+273.15; //air temp. degree K;
double Ts=126.85+273.15;
double L=0.1; // m
double D=12.7e-3; //m
double Nu1=Nu1(U,Tinf,Ts,P,D);
System.out.println("Nu1="+Nu1+" Nu2="+Nu2+" Nu3="+Nu3);
double k1=k(Tinf);
684
double h1=Nu1*k1/D;
double T=(Tinf+Ts)/2.0;
double k2=k(T);
double h2=Nu2*k2/D;
double h3=Nu3*k1/D;
System.out.println("h1="+h1+" h2="+h2+" h3="+h3);
double A=Math.PI*D*L;
double Q1=h1*A*(Ts-Tinf);
System.out.println("Q1="+Q1+" Q2="+Q2+" Q3="+Q3);
}}
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_crossflow_cylinder_air

Nu1=44.613169311900535 Nu2=40.92978883398657 Nu3=50.61218317504857
h1=92.68388740754186 h2=96.69333508003521 h3=105.14684249511012
Q1=36.97922751278099 Q2=38.57892603459393 Q3=41.95172558721173
The same problem carried out in excel environment for Curchill & Bernstein equation
Heat transfer over a cylinder working fluid : air
Churchill & Bernstein equation:
M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmol
R 2.8705334E+02 J/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3
a0 1.89668613E+00 -7.00796942E-01 -5.96297846E-01 1.47352515E+00
a1 -2.23937197E-02 8.85836561E-02 1.00247973E-01 -1.73708682E-02
a2 2.40885259E-04 -1.20909367E-04 7.32722776E-05 1.80473009E-04
a3 -1.45254290E-06 1.73074497E-07 -1.02111800E-06 -1.07436904E-06
a4 5.43552393E-09 -1.45011707E-10 4.21691040E-09 3.99304707E-09
a5 -1.32310554E-11 -4.33936641E-14 -1.04115589E-11 -9.67956666E-12
a6 2.13239465E-14 3.14868466E-16 1.67088379E-14 1.55567247E-14
a7 -2.25744420E-17 -4.41548734E-19 -1.75371889E-17 -1.64359568E-17
a8 1.50864395E-20 3.25615211E-22 1.16134919E-20 1.09674418E-20
a9 -5.76865768E-24 -1.28963912E-25 -4.40290627E-24 -4.18869082E-24
a10 9.61540784E-28 2.16661936E-29 7.28284943E-28 6.97523663E-28
result:for T 1.0085234E+00 1.0083819E+00 2.0867141E-05 3.0002729E-02 7.0130741E-01
result: for Ts 8.8245794E-01 1.0140736E+00 2.3055411E-05 3.3453105E-02 6.9887896E-01
degree C degree K
T 7.6850000E+01 3.5000000E+02 average temperature
Tinf 2.6850000E+01 3.0000000E+02 air stream temp
P 1.0132500E+00 bar Pressure
U 1.0000000E+01 m/s air velocity
D 1.2700000E-02 m Diameter
L 1.0000000E-01 m Length
Nu 4.0908036E+01 Nusselt's number
k 3.0002729E-02 W/mK thermal conductivity
A 3.9898227E-03 m^2 surface area
Q 3.8558423E+01 W heat transfer
Problem: Exhaust gas at 𝑇∞=226.85 C and 101.325 kPa pressure flowing through a cylinder with a
velocity of 10 m/s. Cylinder has a diameter of D=12.7x10-3 m and has a length of 100 mm. Its surface
temperature is measured as Ts=126.85 C. Calculate overall heat transfer coefficients and heat transfer by
using all three equations given above.
Exhaust gas :
CO2 3 9.81%
H2O 4 13.08%
685
O2 1 3.27%
N2 22.57143 73.83%
public class HT_crossflow_cylinder_exhaust

{ Gmix g;
public HT_crossflow_cylinder_exhaust(String gname[],double n[])
{g=new Gmix("exhaust gas",gname,n);}
public double h1(double V,double Tinf,double Ts,double P,double D)

double Re=Re(V,Tinf,P,D);
double Pr=g.Prandtl(Tinf);
double k1=g.k(Tinf);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
if(Re>0.4 && Re<=4) {C=0.989;m=0.330;}
else if(Re>4.0 && Re<=40) {C=0.911;m=0.385;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>4000.0 && Re<=40000) {C=0.193;m=0.618;}
else if(Re>40000.0 && Re<=400000) {C=0.027;m=0.805;}
return Nu*k1/D;
}
double Re=Re(V,Tf,P,D);
return Nu*k1/D;
}
double Prs=g.Prandtl(Ts);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
return Nu*k1/D;
}
public double Re(double V,double T,double P,double D)
{ double mu=g.vis(T);
double ro=1.0/g.v(T,P);
double Re=ro*V*D/mu;
return Re;
686
}
{ String s1[]={"co2","h2o","o2","n2"};
double n1[]={0.0981,0.1308,0.0327,0.7383};
HT_crossflow_cylinder_exhaust ht=new HT_crossflow_cylinder_exhaust(s1,n1);
double Ts=126.85+273.15; //water temp. degree K;
double Tinf=226.85+273.15; //exhaust gas temperature
double Tf=(Ts+Tinf)/2.0;
double V=10.0; //m/s
double L=5; // m
double h1=ht.h1(V,Tinf,Ts,P,D);
double h2=ht.h2(V,Tf,Ts,P,D);
double h3=ht.h3(V,Tinf,Ts,P,D);
System.out.println("h1="+h1+" h2="+h2+" h3="+h3);
double Q1=h1*A*(Tinf-Ts);
System.out.println("Q1="+Q1+" Q2="+Q2+" Q3="+Q3);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_crossflow_cylinder_exhaust
h1=17.411652470236252 h2=18.189882238499077 h3=15.136683528202356
Q1=347.3470287446902 Q2=362.87202260433924 Q3=301.9634154516549
PROBLEM: Water with temperature of T=26.85 ℃ and P=300 kPa is flowing through a Di=25x10-3 m
, Do=28x10-3 m commercial steel pipe(k=36 W/mK) wit a velocity of V=2 m/s. Total pipe length L=200
m. In outside of the pipe exhaust gases is flowing across the pipe with a velocity of V=10 m/s. Exhaust
gas temperature is constant and 𝑇∞=226.85 ℃. Find the total heat transfer and pipe exit temperature
also find total pressure drop.
Exhaust gas combination is as follows:
CO2 3 9.81%
H2O 4 13.08%
O2 1 3.27%
N2 22.57143 73.83%
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_Outside_pipe_exhaust_gas
{ public Gmix g; //exhaust gas mix
public steamIAPWS_IF97 st; //steam and water
public HT_inside_Outside_pipe_exhaust_gas(String gname[],double n[])

{g=new Gmix("exhaust gas",gname,n);
}

double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
if(Re>0.4 && Re<=4) {C=0.989;m=0.330;}
else if(Re>4.0 && Re<=40) {C=0.911;m=0.385;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>4000.0 && Re<=40000) {C=0.193;m=0.618;}
else if(Re>40000.0 && Re<=400000) {C=0.027;m=0.805;}
return Nu*k1/D;
}
687
double Re=Re(V,Tf,P,D);
return Nu*k1/D;
}
double Prs=g.Prandtl(Ts);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
return Nu*k1/D;
}
public double Re(double V,double T,double P,double D)
{ double mu=g.vis(T);
double ro=1.0/g.v(T,P);
return Re;
}
//water side (inside pipe)
public double f_Goudar(double Re,double eod)
{
//Goudar Sonnad equation
// for Re>2100 and any e/D
double a=2/Math.log(10);
double b=eod/3.7;
double d=Math.log(10.0)/5.02*Re;
double s=b*d+Math.log(d);
double q=Math.pow(s,(s/(s+1)));
double g=b*d+Math.log(d/q);
double z=Math.log(q/g);
double dLA=(g/(g+1))*z;
double dCFA=dLA*(1+z/2.0/((g+1)*(g+1)+(z/3)*(2.0*g-1)));
double f1=a*(Math.log(d/q)+dCFA);
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
//water side (inside pipe)
public double Nu(double Re,double eod,double Pr)
{ //constant surface temperature internal flow
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
else if(Re>=2300 && Re<3100) Nu=2.2407*x*x*x*x-29.499*x*x*x+142.32*x*x-292.51*x+219.88;
else {f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
Nu=(f/8)*(Re-1000.0)*Pr/(1.07+12.7*Math.sqrt(f/8)*(Math.pow(Pr,(2.0/3.0))-1));
}
return Nu;
}
{ String s1[]={"co2","h2o","o2","n2"};
double n1[]={0.0981,0.1308,0.0327,0.7383};
HT_inside_Outside_pipe_exhaust_gas ht=new HT_inside_Outside_pipe_exhaust_gas(s1,n1);
double Ti=26.85+273.15; // degree K
double Tinf=226.85+273.15; //degree K;
double To=70.0+273.15; //guess for outlet temperature To
double T;
double P=300.0; // kPa
double V=2.0; // velocity m/s
double e=0.16e-3; //surface rougness m
688
double Di=25e-3; // diameter m
double Do=28e-3; // diameter m
double eod=e/Di;
double L=200; //m
double kw=36.0; //W/mK
double a[];
double ro=0,Cp=0,k,mu,Pr,Re,f=0,Nu,h1,h2,U,Q1;
// iteration fr surface temperature T
{
T=(Ti+To)/2.0;
a=ht.st.property("tp",T,P);
ro=a[15];
Cp=a[7];
k=a[12];
mu=a[11];
Pr=a[14];
Re=ro*V*Di/mu;
f=ht.f_Goudar(Re,eod);
System.out.println("f Goudar = "+f);
Nu=ht.Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
h1=Nu*k/Di;
//outside of the pipe
h2=ht.h3(V,Tinf,T,P,Do);
U=1.0/(1.0/(h1*(Math.PI*Di*L))+Math.log(Do/Di)/(2.0*Math.PI*kw*L)+1.0/(h2*(Math.PI*Do*L)));
Q1=U*(Tinf-T);
System.out.println("==== iteration i= "+i+"==============");
System.out.println("Surface Temperature = "+T+" degree K");
System.out.println("Cp = "+Cp+"J/kgK ");
System.out.println("Q = "+Q1+"W/m^2K ");
System.out.println("hi = "+h1+"W/m^2K ");
System.out.println("ho = "+h2+"W/m^2K ");
System.out.println("U = "+U+"W/K ");
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
T=(h2*Tinf+h1*T)/(h1+h2);
System.out.println("Ti="+Ti+" degree K To = "+To+" degree K");
}
double A=Math.PI*Di*Di/4.0;
double m=ro*A*V; //kg/s
System.out.println("m = "+m+" kg/s");
double dP=f*L/Di*ro*V*V/2.0;
System.out.println("dP = "+dP*1e-3+" kPa");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_Outside_pipe_exhaust_gas
f Goudar = 0.03367500764878147
==== iteration i= 0==============
Surface Temperature = 321.575 degree K
Cp = 4.1787826965244275J/kgK
Q = 326893.84212869185W/m^2K
hi = 15582.61533764829W/m^2K
ho = 105.41174252632993W/m^2K
U = 1832.1078443530437W/K
Ti=300.0 degree K To = 378.22704980581443 degree K
f Goudar = 0.03347045133256282
==== iteration i= 1==============
Cp = 4.185253160282877J/kgK
Q = 295192.0122487482W/m^2K
hi = 18388.178143962425W/m^2K
ho = 105.44555900520638W/m^2K
U = 1834.7845092050397W/K
f Goudar = 0.03350799800550761
==== iteration i= 2==============
Cp = 4.1832757696945855J/kgK
Q = 302167.3266355612W/m^2K
hi = 17789.875064131727W/m^2K
ho = 105.43850046212334W/m^2K
U = 1834.2711922859328W/K
f Goudar = 0.033499399509913846
==== iteration i= 3==============
689
Cp = 4.183686088030815J/kgK
Q = 300626.5911366042W/m^2K
hi = 17922.995230472472W/m^2K
ho = 105.4400763851273W/m^2K
U = 1834.3877358264012W/K
f Goudar = 0.03350128202455611
==== iteration i= 4==============
Cp = 4.183594226662113J/kgK
Q = 300966.67125708814W/m^2K
hi = 17893.658778422763W/m^2K
ho = 105.43972937523914W/m^2K
U = 1834.3621704806678W/K
m = 0.9639246565181816 kg/s
dP = 526.2893776679816 kPa
PROBLEM 1: A combustion of natural gas (%95 CH 4+5% C2H6) with 100 % excess air is carried out in
a combustion chamber. Air and fuel is at T=298 K at the inlet of the reaction and T=520 K at the exit.
Exit exhaust gases flows across a pipe with a diameter of D=10 mm and length L=10m. Inside we have
water with inlet temperature of T=300 K and velocity V=1.2 m/s. What is the total heat transfer and exit
temperature of water?
PROBLEM 2: Water flows in a pipeline (commercial steel) of diameter D=0.2 m and L=100 m with
constant temperature of T=300 K. Inlet pressure is P=20 bar. What is the exit pressure?
PROBLEM: A circular pipe with a diameter of 0.3 m and a length of 1.8 m has a surface
temperature of 24 C. The air at -10 C moves in cross flow over the pipe with a velocity
o o
of 5m/s . What is the heat loss from the pipe?
Heat transfer over a cylinder working fluid : air

M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmo
R 2.8705334E+02 lJ/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3
a0 1.8966 -7.007969E-01 - 1.4735
a1 86E+00
- 8.858366E-02 5.9629
1.0024 25E+00
-
2.2393
2.4088 -1.209094E-04 78E-01
80E-01
7.3272 1.7370
1.8047
a2
72E-02
53E-04
- 1.730745E-07 -28E-05 87E-02
30E-04
-
a3
a4 1.4525
5.4355 -1.450117E-10 1.0211
4.2169 1.0743
3.9930
43E-06
-24E-09 -4.339366E-14 18E-06
10E-09
- 69E-06
-47E-09
a5
a6 1.3231
2.1323 3.148685E-16 1.0411
1.6708 9.6795
1.5556
06E-11
95E-14
- -4.415487E-19 56E-11
84E-14
- 67E-12
72E-14
-
a7
a8 2.2574
1.5086 3.256152E-22 1.7537
1.1613 1.6435
1.0967
44E-17
-44E-20 19E-17
-49E-20 96E-17
-44E-20
a9 -1.289639E-25  h u s
a10 5.7686
9.6154 2.166619E-29 4.4029
7.2828 4.1886
6.9752 1.0080
58E-24
08E-28
1.0059 06E-24
49E-28
2.4894 91E-24
37E-28
7.0985 63376
0.9920 350. 250. 6.85
result:for T 1.2599792E+00 1.7567252E-05
result: for Ts 1.1878956E+00 097E+0
1.0059 1.8399751E-05 190E-
2.6172 568E-
7.0717 01122
v 928 414 912
0
121E+0
degree 02
312E- 01
426E- 5 6
degree C
0
K
2.8015 02 01
T 7.0000000E+00 air temperature
Ts 2.4000000E+01 000E+0
2.9715 surface
2
000E+0
2.6315 temperature
Tinf -1.0000000E+01
2
000E+0
P 1.0132500E+00 bar
2
ro 1.2599792E+00
D 3.0000000E-01 diameter
Re=UD/ 1.0758478E+05 Reynolds'
number
690
Pr 7.0985568E-01
Prs 7.0717426E-01
Nu 2.7059090E+02 Hilbert 7.27
k 2.4894190E-02 W/mK
L 1.8000000E+00 m
h 2.2453804E+01 W/m^2 thermal
A 1.6964600E+00 K
W/m convectivity
heat transfer
Q 1.2951274E+03 W
Nu 2.2619475E+02 Churchill &
h 1.8769783E+01 Bernstein 7.54
Q 1.0826344E+03 W
C 2.6000000E-01
m 6.0000000E-01
n 3.7000000E-01
Nu 2.3953427E+02 Zukauskas 7.53
h 1.9876706E+01
Q 1.1464812E+03 W
public class HT_crossflow_cylinder_air1

{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
691
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double h2(double U,double Tinf,double Ts,double P,double D)

double Pr=Pr(Tf);
double k2=k(Tf);
return Nu*k2/D;
}
double Re=Re(U,T,P,D);
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Prs=Pr(Ts);
double k3=k(T);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
return Nu*k3/D;
}
{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
return Re;
}
{ double Ts=24.0+273.15;
double Tinf=-10.0+273.15; //air temperature
double V=5.0; //m/s
double L=1.8; // m
double D=0.3; //m
double h2=h2(V,Tinf,Ts,P,D);
double h3=h3(V,Tinf,Ts,P,D);
System.out.println(" h2="+h2+" h3="+h3);
System.out.println(" Q2="+Q2+" Q3="+Q3);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_crossflow_cylinder_air1
Re=107584.77549676617
Re=107584.77549676617
h2=18.78019319087609 h3=19.876706041542185
Q2=1083.234803412284 Q3=1146.4812711220725
12.4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FOR THE SPHERE IN CROSS FLOW
692
Drag Coefficient in flow across the sphere:
𝐹𝐷 24
𝐶𝐷 = 𝜌𝑈2
= 𝑅𝑒 ≥ 0.5
𝐴𝑓 ( ) 𝑅𝑒
2
Whitaker[28] equation:
ℎ𝐷 𝜇 .25
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 2 + (0.62𝑅𝑒 0.5 + 0.62𝑅𝑒 2/3 )𝑃𝑟 0.4 ( ) 0.71 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 380 3.5 ≤
𝑘 𝜇𝑠
𝜇
𝑃𝑟 ≤ 7.6𝑥104 1≤ ≤ 3.2 Properties are evaluated at 𝑇∞ temperature
𝜇𝑠
12.5 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FOR THE BANK OF PIPES IN CROSS FLOW
When more than one tube existed in the path of cross flow, the flow temperature will also reduced so it
will required a different heat transfer mechanism to evaluate this particular case. Tubes palced in the
row staggered or aligned geometry. Distances between the pipes are also an important parameter to
calculate heat transfer.
Veloctiy in the passage will be higher than the inlet velocity U, therefore should be replaced with the
maximum velocity in the passages. For aligned confuguration:
𝑆𝑇
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑈
𝑆𝑇−𝐷
a) Aligned tube arrangment b) Staggered tube arrangment
For staggered configuration passages can be through crossection A1 or A2 therefore
693
0.5
𝑆𝑇 2
𝑆𝐷 = [𝑆𝐿2 +( ) ]
2
𝑆𝑇
if 2(𝑆𝐷 − 𝐷) < (𝑆𝑇 − 𝐷) 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑈
2(𝑆𝐷 −𝐷)
𝑆𝑇
else 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑈
𝑆𝑇−𝐷
𝜌𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 is given as 𝑅𝑒 in the following equations
𝜇
Heat transfer equation for the bank of tubes (Zukauskas[27] equation)
𝑃𝑟 0.25
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐶2 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 0.36 ( ) 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 500 1000 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2𝑥106
𝑃𝑟𝑠
Where all properties except Prs will be evaluated at inlet properties. Prs will be evaluated at surface
temperature.
confuguration Re C m
Aligned 10-100 0.8 0.4
Aligned 100-1000 calculate as single cylinder
𝑆
Aligned (𝑆𝑇 ) > 0.7 1e3-2e5 0.27 0.63
𝐿
Aligned 2e5-2e6 0.021 0.84
Staggered 10-100 0.9 0.4
Staggered 100-1000 calculate as single cylinder
𝑆 𝑆 1/5
(𝑆𝑇 ) < 2 0.35 ( 𝑇 )
Staggered 𝐿 1e3-2e5 𝑆 𝐿 0.6
𝑆𝑇
(𝑆 ) > 2
Staggered 𝐿 1e3-2e5 0.4 0.6
Staggered 2e5-2e6 0.022 0.84
C2 coefficients are correction for small number of data as given in the following table
NT 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 13 16 >=20
aligned 0.7 0.8 0.86 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
Staggered 0.64 0.76 0.84 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
Assuming that temperature going into the bank is T i and temperature going out of the bank is T 0 log
mean temperature difference (derived by assuming C p is constant) is
(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑖 )−(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇0 )
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑖 )
⁡⁡⁡
𝑙𝑛(𝑇
𝑠 −𝑇0 )
temperature going out of the bank is T 0 can be estimated from
(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑖 ) (𝜋𝐷)𝑁∗𝑁𝑇 ℎ
(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇0 )
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) once ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 known the heat transfer rate can be calculated
𝜌𝑈𝑁𝑇 𝑆𝑇 𝐶𝑝
⁡
As another approach heat transfer in each row can be calculated and temperature of the exit can be
calculated from total heat transfer and process continue columnwise.
PROBLEM : Consider a staggered arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is 16.4x10 -2 m and
the longitudinal and tranverse pitches are S L=34.3 x10-2 m and ST=31.3 x10-3m. There are seven rows of
tubes in the airflow direction and d 8 tubes per row. Tube surface temperature T s=72.85 C, while the air
upstream temperature,pressure and velocity are 16.85 C, 101.325 kPa and 6 m/s respectively.
public class HT_crossflow_cylinder__bank_air

694
{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
public static double Cp(double T)
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu4(String ca,double ST,double SL,double U,double Tinf,double Ts,double P,double D,int NL)
{double Umax=0;
double SD=0.0;
695
double C=0;
double m=0;
double Nu=0;
double T=Tinf;
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Prs=Pr(Ts);
System.out.println("Pr="+Pr);
System.out.println("Prs="+Prs);
double C2=0;
double Re=0;
double nn[]={1,2,3,4,5,7,10,13,16,20,50,100};
if(ca.equals("aligned"))
{Umax=ST/(ST-D)*U;
double al[]={0.7,0.8,0.86,0.90,0.92,0.95,0.97,0.98,.99,1,1,1};
CS1 cs=new CS1(nn,al,0.0,0.0);
C2=cs.func((double)NL);
}
else if(ca.equals("staggered"))
{SD=Math.sqrt(SL*SL+ST*ST/4.0);
if(2.0*(SD-D)<(ST-D)) Umax=ST/2.0/(SD-D)*U;
else Umax=ST/(ST-D)*U;
double al[]={0.64,0.76,0.84,0.89,0.92,0.95,0.97,0.98,.99,1,1,1};
CS1 cs=new CS1(nn,al,0.0,0.0);
C2=cs.func((double)NL);
}
Re=Re(Umax,T,P,D);
if(ca.equals("aligned"))
{if(Re>10 && Re<=100) {C=0.8;m=0.4;Nu=C2*C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
else if(Re>100 && Re<=1000) {Nu=C2*Nu2(Umax,Tinf,Ts,P,D);;}
else if(Re>1000 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.27;m=0.63;Nu=C2*C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=2e6) {C=0.021;m=0.84;Nu=C2*C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
}
else //ca.equals("staggered")
{if(Re>10 && Re<=100) {C=0.9;m=0.4;Nu=C2*C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
else if(Re>100 && Re<=1000) {Nu=C2*Nu2(Umax,Tinf,Ts,P,D);;}
else if(Re>1000 && Re<=2e5)
{if(ST/SL>2) {C=0.4;m=0.6;Nu=C2*C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
else if(ST/SL<2) {C=0.35*Math.pow((ST/SL),0.2);m=0.6;Nu=C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=2e6) {C=0.022;m=0.84;Nu=C2*C*Math.pow(Re,m)*Math.pow(Pr,0.36)*Math.pow((Pr/Prs),0.25);}
}
System.out.println("Re="+Re+"Umax="+Umax+"C2="+C2+"C="+C+"m="+m);
return Nu;
}

double Pr=Pr(Tf);
return Nu;
}

{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
return Re;
}
double Ts=72.85+273.15;
double U=6.0; //m/s
double L=1.0; // m
double ST=31.3e-3;// m
double SL=34.3e-3; //m
int NT=7;
int N=8;
double Nu4=Nu4("staggered",ST,SL,U,Tinf,Ts,P,D,NT);
System.out.println("Nu4="+Nu4);
double k4=k(Tinf);
696
double h4=Nu4*k4/D;
double ro=ro(Tinf,P);
double Cp=Cp(Tinf);
System.out.println("Cp="+Cp+"J/kgK");
System.out.println("h4="+h4);
double y=Math.exp(-(Math.PI*D)*N*NT*h4/(ro*U*NT*ST*Cp));
double To=Ts-(Ts-Tinf)*y;
System.out.println("To="+To+"degree K"+(To-273.15)+"degree C");
double dTlm=((Ts-To)-(Ts-Tinf))/Math.log((Ts-To)/(Ts-Tinf));
System.out.println("dTlm="+dTlm);
double Q=N*NT*h4*(Math.PI*D*L)*dTlm;
System.out.println("Q="+Q);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_crossflow_cylinder__bank_air
Pr=0.7082581146850705
Prs=0.7016206507857993
Re=13937.399561665197Umax=12.604026845637584C2=0.9499999999999998C=0.34365137652399674m=0.6
Nu4=93.26493642157384
Cp=1005.871632990873J/kgK
H4=145.79858759959745
To=302.87989174957degree K29.729891749570015degree C
dTlm=49.27984652584228
Q=20730.243872797408
13. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FOR INTERNAL FLOW

13.1 PRESSURE DROP IN PIPES
Pressure drop in pipes can be calculated by using Darcy-Weisbach formula. In order to use this formula,
Darcy friction factor should be known. The best approximation to Darcy friction factor for turbulent
flow is given by Colebrook-White equation. This equation can only be solved by numerical root finding
methods which requires relatively costly computer calculations. There are several other approximation
equations to Darcy friction factor with some relative error compared to Colebrook-White equation. In
some of this equations the error percentage is so small that they can be directly used in place of
Colebrook equation. This set of equations will be investigated in here.
Darcy-Weisbach pressure drop formula is given as:

𝐿 𝑈2
∆𝑃 = 𝑓 𝜌
𝐷 2
In this equation ∆𝑃 is the pressure drop, f is the friction factor, L is the length of pipe, U is fluid average
velocity, D is pipe diameter. Friction factor f is depends on flow regime. For laminar flow
(Recritical=2300) Hagen-Poiseuille equation can be used.
𝜌𝑈𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = where Re is Reynolds’ number, 𝜇 is dynamic viscosity, D pipe inlet diameter and 𝜌 is the
𝜇
density.
697
Osborne Reynolds
Original paper of Osborne Reynolds
64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
For turbulent region Colebrook-White(1937) [4] equation is existed.
1 (𝜀/𝐷) 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓
In this equation 𝜀 is called surface roughness.
Original paper of Cedric Massey White & Cyril Frank Colebrook
Cyril Frank Colebrook
698
Surface roughness of some common materials are given in the table below:
name status 𝜀
Aluminium, drawn/pressed new 0.0013 - 0.0015 mm
Aluminium, drawn/pressed used to 0.03 mm
Asbestos-cement new, smooth 0.03 - 0.1 mm
Brass, drawn/pressed new 0.0013 - 0.0014 mm
Brass, drawn/pressed used to 0.03 mm
Cast iron average city severage 1.2 mm
Cast iron incrusted to 3.0 mm
Cast iron new, bituminized 0.10 - 0.13 mm
Cast iron new, with skin 0.2 - 0.6 mm
Cast iron operating several years, cleaned 1.5 mm
Cast iron slightly rusty 1.0 - 1.5 mm
Clay new, clay tile 9.0 mm
Clay, Drainage-pipe new, calcined 0.7 mm
Concrete new, medium rough 1.0 - 2.0 mm
Concrete new, rough 2.0 - 3.0 mm
Concrete new, smooth 0.3 - 0.8 mm
Concrete operating several years 0.2 - 0.3 mm
Concrete, Centrifugal- new, smooth plastered 0.1 - 0.15 mm
Concrete, Centrifugal- new, without plaster 0.2 - 0.8 mm
Concrete, Steel- new, smooth 01. - 0.15 mm
Copper, drawn/pressed new 0.0013 - 0.0015 mm
Copper, drawn/pressed used to 0.03 mm
Glass, drawn/pressed new 0.0013 - 0.0015 mm
Glass, drawn/pressed used to 0.03 mm
Plastic, drawn/pressed new 0.0013 - 0.0015 mm
Plastic, drawn/pressed used to 0.03 mm
Rubber new, smoot 0.0016 mm
Steel after long operation cleaned 0.15 - 0.20 mm
Steel homogeneous corrosion pits 0.15 mm
Steel intensely incrusted 2.0 - 4.0 mm
Steel slightly rusty and incrusted 0.15 - 0.40 mm
Steel, longitudinal welded new, bituminized 0.01 - 0.05 mm
Steel, longitudinal welded new, galvanized 0.008 mm
Steel, longitudinal welded new, rolling skin 0.04 - 0.1 mm
Steel, weldless new, comm.size galvanized 0.10 - 0.16 mm
Steel, weldless new, neatly galvanized 0.07 - 0.10 mm
Steel, weldless new, pickled 0.03 - 0.04 mm
Steel, weldless new, rolling skin 0.02 - 0.06 mm
Steel, weldless new, unpickled 0.03 - 0.06 mm
Stoneware 0.25 mm
Wood after long operating 0.1 mm
Wood new 0.2 - 1.0 mm
As it is seen from the equation in order to solve this equation numerical root finding methods should be
used. As an example Let us investigate a very simple Newton-Raphson Root Finding Method.
1
𝑋=
√𝑓
(𝜀/𝐷) 2.51
𝑓(𝑋) = 𝑋 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + 𝑋]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
2.51
𝑑𝑓 (𝑋 ) 𝑅𝑒
=1+2 (𝜀/𝐷) 2.51
𝑑𝑋 [ + 𝑋]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
Newton Raphson formula:
699
𝑓(𝑋𝑘)
𝑋𝑘+1 = 𝑋𝑘 − 𝑑𝑓(𝑋𝑘)
k=0,…,n
𝑑𝑋
In order to solve the equation some initial guess is also required.
PROBLEM: Water with temperature of T=26.85 C and P=300 kPa is flowing through a D=25x10 -3 m
commercial steel pipe. Find total pressure drop.
/* a[0] "P, pressure ";
a[1] "T, temperature ";
a[2] "v, specific volume ";
a[3] "h, enthalpy ";
a[4] "u, internal energy ";
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[7] "Cp, specific heat at constant pressure ";
a[8] "Cv, specific heat at constant volume ";
a[9] ""+'\u03B1'+" isobaric thermal expansion coefficient ";
a[10] ""+'\u03BA'+" isothermal compressibility" ;
a[11] ""+'\u03B7'+" Dynamic viscosity" ;
a[12] "k Thermal conductivity" ;
a[13] ""+'\u03C3'+" Surface tension" ;
a[14] "Prandtl number" ;
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
a[16] " speed of sound" ;
*/
public class water
{ public steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
public water()
{st=new steamIAPWS_IF97();}
public double[] property_TP(double T,double P)
{ // T degree K P kPa
double a[]=st.property("tp",T,P);
double b[]=new double[12];
b[0]=T;
b[1]=P;
//double multiply[]={1,1,1,1,1,1,1e-3,1e-6,1e-4,1};
b[2]=a[15]; //ro kg/m^3
b[3]=a[3]; //h kJ/kg
b[4]=a[5]; //s kJ/kgK
b[5]=a[7]; //Cp kJ/kgK
b[6]=a[12]; //k W/mK
b[7]=a[11]; //mu Pas
b[8]=b[6]/(b[2]*b[5]*1e3); //alpha m^2/s
b[9]=a[14]; //Pr
b[10]=a[13]; //surface tension sigma
b[11]=a[16]; //speed of sound
return b;
}

{water w=new water();
double T=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("T degree K = "));
double P=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("P kg/m^3 = "));
double a[]=w.property_TP(T,P);
String s[]={"T degree K","P kPa",""+'\u03C1'+" kg/m^3","h kJ/kg","s kJ/kgK","Cp kJ/kgK","k W/mK",""+'\u03BC'+"
Pas",""+'\u03B1'+" m^2/s","Pr",""+'\u03C3'+" N/m","speed of sound m/s"};
Text.print(a,s,"Thermophysical properties of steam");
} }
public class newtonA

{ public static double newton(if_x f,double x)
{double eps=1.0e-10;
while(Math.abs(f.func(x))>eps)
{x=x-f.func(x)/f.dfunc(x);
}
return x;
}
public static double newton(if_x f,if_x df,double x)
{double eps=1.0e-10;
while(Math.abs(f.func(x))>eps)
{x=x-f.func(x)/df.func(x);}
return x;
700
}
{ double T=26.85+273.15; // degree K
double U=3.0; // velocity m/s
double D=25e-3; // diameter m
double L=1; //m
water w=new water();
double mu=a[7];
double ro=a[2];
System.out.println("T="+T+" degree K");
System.out.println("ro="+ro+" kg/m^3");
System.out.println("P="+P+" kPa");
System.out.println("U="+U+" m/s");
System.out.println("D="+D+" m");
System.out.println("e="+e+" m");
if_x f1=X->X+2.0*Math.log10((e/D)/3.7+2.51/Re*X);
if_x df1=X->1.0+2.0*(2.51/Re)/((e/D)/3.7+2.51/Re*X);
double X0=1.0/Math.sqrt(0.001);
double X1=newton(f1,df1,X0);
double f=1.0/(X1*X1);
double A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
double m=ro*A*U; //kg/s
double dP=f*L/D*ro*U*U/2.0;
System.out.println("f = "+f);
System.out.println("dP = "+dP);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" newtonA
T=300.0 degree K
ro=996.6470643119458 kg/m^3
P=300.0 kPa
U=3.0 m/s
D=0.025 m
e=1.6E-4 m
f = 0.03368023003583202
dP = 6042.114430301341
In the chart given below laminar and turbulent flow friction coefficient shown graphically.
701
There are other approximation equations that root finding is not employed. Some of them are listed
below:
Haaland equation (1983) [4]
1 (𝜀/𝐷) 1.11 6.9
= −1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( ) + ]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒
Moody equation(1944) [9]
1/3
106
𝑓 = 5.5𝑥10−3 [1 + (2𝑥104 (𝜀/𝐷) + ) ]
𝑅𝑒
Wood equation (1966) [18] Valid region: Re>10000 , 10-5<(𝜀/𝐷)<0.04

𝑎 = 0.53(𝜀/𝐷) + 0.094(𝜀/𝐷)0.225
𝑏 = 88(𝜀/𝐷)0.44
𝐶 = 1.62(𝜀/𝐷)0.134
𝑓 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑅𝑒 −𝐶
Churchill equation (1977) [3] Valid region: valid for all regions
16
(𝜀/𝐷) 7 0.9
𝐴 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( ) + (𝑅𝑒 ) ]
3.7
37530 16
𝐵=( )
𝑅𝑒
1/12
8 12
𝑓 = 8 [( ) + (𝐴 + 𝐵)−1.5 ]
𝑅𝑒
Chen equation (1979) [2] Valid region: all values
(𝜀/𝐷)1.1098 5.8506
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( ) + (𝑅𝑒 0.8981)]
2.8257
1 (𝜀/𝐷) 5.0452𝐴
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( )+ ]
√𝑓 3.765 𝑅𝑒
Swamee-Jain equation (1976) [14] Valid region: 5000>Re>107 , 0.00004< ( / D ) <0.05
(𝜀/𝐷) 5.74
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
3.7 𝑅𝑒 0.9
0.25
𝑓=
𝐴2
702
Zigrang - Sylvester equation (1982) [20] Valid region: all values
(𝜀/𝐷) 13
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
(𝜀/𝐷) 5.02𝐴
𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
1 (𝜀/𝐷) 5.02𝐵
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( )− ]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒
Serghides equation (1984) [22] Valid region: all values
(𝜀/𝐷) 12
𝐴 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
(𝜀/𝐷) 2.51𝐴
𝐵 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
(𝜀/𝐷) 2.51𝐵
𝐶 = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ + ]
3.7 𝑅𝑒
1 (𝐵−𝐴)2
=𝐴−
√𝑓 𝐶−2𝐵+𝐴
Goudar- Sonnad equation (2008)[21] Valid region: all values
2
𝑎=
ln⁡(10)
(𝜀/𝐷)
𝑏=
3.7
𝑙𝑛(10)
𝑑= 𝑅𝑒
5.02
𝑑
𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 + ln ( ) ;
𝑞
𝑠
𝑞 = 𝑠 (𝑠+1)
𝑑
𝑔 = 𝑏𝑑 + ln⁡( )
𝑞
𝑞
𝑧=
𝑔
𝑔
𝛿𝐿𝐴 = 𝑧
𝑔+1
𝑧/2
𝛿𝐶𝐹𝐴 = 𝛿𝐿𝐴 (1 + 𝑧 )
(𝑔+1)2+(3)(2𝑔−1)
1 𝑑
= 𝑎 [𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝛿𝐶𝐹𝐴 ]
√𝑓 𝑞
Romeo Equation (2002) [11] Valid region: all values
(𝜀/𝐷) 0.9924 5.3326 0.9345

𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( ) +( ) ]
7.7918 208.815+𝑅𝑒
(𝜀/𝐷) 4.567𝐴
𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( )− ]
3.3827 𝑅𝑒
1 (𝜀/𝐷) 5.0272𝐵
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [( ) − 𝑅𝑒 ]
√𝑓 3.7065
Out of these equations Goudar-Sonnad & Serghides equations are given such an accurate results that
they can be directly replace Colebroke-White equation to calculate the friction factor. Now let us try out
different friction equations with the same problem.
PROBLEM: Water with temperature of T=26.85 C and P=300 kPa is flowing through a D=25x10 -3
commercial steel pipe. Find total pressure drop. Try all different friction factor equations
import java.io.*;
public class colebrook2
{
public static double f_Haaland(double Re,double eod)

{
//Haaland equation
double f1=-1.8*Math.log10(Math.pow((eod/3.7),1.11)+6.9/ Re);
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
703
public static double f_Moody(double Re,double eod)
{
// Moody equation
// 4000<Re<107 and e/D <0.01
double f1=5.5e-3*(1+Math.pow((2e4*eod+1e6/Re),(1.0/3.0)));
return f1;
}
public static double f_Wood(double Re,double eod)

{
// Wood equation
// Re>10000 and any e/D
double a=0.52*eod+0.094*Math.pow(eod,0.225);
double b=88.0*Math.pow(eod,0.44);
double C=1.62*Math.pow(eod,0.134);
double f1=a+b*Math.pow(Re,-C);
return f1;
}
public static double f_Churchill(double Re,double eod)

{
// Churchill equation
// for all values of Re and e/D
double A=Math.pow((-2.457*Math.log(Math.pow((7.0/Re),0.9)+0.27*eod)),16);
double B=Math.pow((37530.0/Re),16);
double f1=8.0*Math.pow((Math.pow((8.0/Re),12)+1.0/Math.pow((A+B),1.5)),(1.0/12.0));
return f1;
}
public static double f_Chen(double Re,double eod)

{
// Chen equation
// for all values of Re and e/D
double A = Math.log10(Math.pow(eod,1.1098)/2.8257 + (5.8506/Math.pow(Re,0.8981)));
double f1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7065-5.0452*A/Re);
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public static double f_Swamee(double Re,double eod)

{
//Swamee-Jain equation
double A=Math.log10(eod/3.7+5.74/Math.pow(Re,0.9));
double f1=0.25/(A*A);
return f1;
}
public static double f_Zigrand(double Re,double eod)

{
//Zigrang and Sylvester Equation
// for 4000<Re<108 and 0.00004<e/D<0.05
double A=Math.log10(eod/3.7-5.02/Re*Math.log10(eod/3.7+13/Re));
double f1=-2.0*Math.log10((eod)/3.7-5.02*A/Re);
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public static double f_Romeo(double Re,double eod)

{
// Romeo - Royo - Monzon Equation (2002)
double A=Math.log10(eod/3.827-4.567/Re*Math.log10(Math.pow((eod/7.7918),0.9924)+Math.pow(5.3326/(208.815+Re),0.9345)));
double f1=-2.0*Math.log10((eod)/3.7065-5.0272*A/Re);
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public static double f_Serghides(double Re,double eod)

{
//Serghides equation
double A1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+12.0/Re);
double B1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+2.51*A1/Re);
double C1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+2.51*B1/Re);
double f1=A1-((B1-A1)*(B1-A1))/(C1-2.0*B1+A1);
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
704
return f1;
}
public static double f_Goudar(double Re,double eod)

{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
{ double T=26.85+273.15; // degree K
double eod=e/D;
double L=1; //m
double mu=a[7];
double ro=a[2];
System.out.println("ro="+ro+" kg/m^3");
double f1=f_Haaland(Re,eod);
double f2=f_Moody(Re,eod);
double f3=f_Wood(Re,eod);
double f4=f_Churchill(Re,eod);
double f5=f_Chen(Re,eod);
double f6=f_Swamee(Re,eod);
double f7=f_Zigrand(Re,eod);
double f8=f_Romeo(Re,eod);
double f9=f_Serghides(Re,eod);
double f10=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
System.out.println("Friction factors:");
System.out.println("f Haaland = "+f1);
System.out.println("f Moody = "+f2);
System.out.println("f Wood = "+f3);
System.out.println("f Churchill = "+f4);
System.out.println("f Chen = "+f5);
System.out.println("f Swamee = "+f6);
System.out.println("f Zigrand = "+f7);
System.out.println("f Romeo = "+f8);
System.out.println("f Serghides = "+f9);
System.out.println("f Goudar = "+f9);
double dP=f9*L/D*ro*U*U/2.0;
//create_data();
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" colebrook2
T=300.0 degree K
ro=996.6470643119458 kg/m^3
P=300.0 kPa
705
U=3.0 m/s
D=0.025 m
e=1.6E-4 m
Friction factors:
f Haaland = 0.03366809407987718
f Moody = 0.034019312456163006
f Wood = 0.03430754588971051
f Churchill = 0.033941360161729314
f Chen = 0.03369873685763093
f Swamee = 0.03395380279310423
f Zigrand = 0.03368022234776756
f Romeo = 0.03366856614181092
f Serghides = 0.03368023003463402
f Goudar = 0.03368023003463402
dP = 6042.114430086424
Goudar-Sonnad plot
import java.io.*;
class f4 extends f_x
{ public double func (double Re)
{return 64.0/Re;}
}
class f3 extends fi_x
{ public double
eod[]={0.00001,0.00005,0.0001,0.0002,0.0004,0.0006,0.0008,0.001,0.002,0.003,0.004,0.006,0.008,0.01,0.015,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05};
public int n=eod.length;
double[] func(double Re)
{
//f[0]=64.0/Re;
{f[i]=colebrook2.f_Goudar(Re,eod[i]);}
return f;
}}
class PlotT3c
{
public static void main (String args[]) throws IOException
{
f3 ff=new f3();
f4 ff1=new f4();
Plot pp=new Plot(ff,2300.0,20000,1000,ff.n);
pp.addFunction(ff1,1000.0,2300,1000);
//pp.setYlogScaleOn();
pp.setXgrid(5);
pp.setYgrid(20);
pp.setPlabel("Laminar and Turbulent Flow Friction Coefficient");
pp.setXlabel("Re");
pp.setYlabel("f Goudar- Sonnad equation (2008)[21]");
pp.plot();}}
706
An excel version of the f friction factor calculation program pipe_HT.xls
Newton-Raphson root finding Solution of Colebrook-White equation

Re 6000
/D eod 0.001
Sergides equation
A 5.287844876
B 5.210273255
C 5.221702842
X 5.220235048
707
f sergides 0.036696098
Colebrook-White root finding by Newton-Raphson method
X f(x)=X+2log10(eod/3.7+2.51/Re*X) fx/dx=1+2*(2.51/Re)/(eod/3.7+2.51/Re*X)
5.22023504771383000 8.4445E-06 1.340930432
5.22022875022313000 1.21457E-06 1.340930798
5.22022784445472000 1.74692E-07 1.34093085
5.22022771417782000 2.5126E-08 1.340930858
5.22022769544005000 3.61389E-09 1.340930859
5.22022769274500000 5.19787E-10 1.340930859
5.22022769235736000 7.47606E-11 1.340930859
5.22022769230161000 1.07532E-11 1.340930859
5.22022769229359000 1.54632E-12 1.340930859
5.22022769229244000 2.22933E-13 1.340930859
5.22022769229227000 3.28626E-14 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
5.22022769229225000 0 1.340930859
f colebrook 0.036696201
Goudar-Sonnad Equation equation

a 0.868588964
b 0.00027027
d 2752.093737
s 8.663926378
q 6.929186844
g 6.72818391
z 0.02943721
delta_LA 0.025628138
delta_CFA 0.025634441
X 5.220227692
f Goudar-Sonnad 0.036696201
13.2 HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULAR PIPES
Entry Region for Laminar flow(Re<2300):

𝑥𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦
≅ 0.05𝑅𝑒
𝐷
Entry Region for Turbulent flow(Re>2300):
𝑥𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦
10 ≤ ≤ 60
𝐷
mean temperature difference (derived by assuming C p is constant) is
708
(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑖 )−(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇0 )
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑖 )
⁡⁡⁡
𝑙𝑛(𝑇
𝑠 −𝑇0 )
temperature going out of the bank is T 0 can be estimated from
(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇0 ) 𝑃𝐿ℎ
(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑖 )
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) once ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 known the heat transfer rate can be calculated
𝑚𝐶𝑝
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑑𝐻 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 where dH is enthalpy difference 𝑑𝐻 ≅ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) ∗ ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑈
Heat transfer equations Fully developed Laminar flow (Re<2300)
Nu=3.66 Ts=const.
Nu=4.66 qs=const
Heat transfer equations Entry region Laminar flow T s=const (Re<2300)
Hausen[26] equation:
𝐷
0.0668( )𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟
𝐿
𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 + 𝐷 2/3
1+0.04[( )𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟]
𝐿
Sieder & Tate Equation[25]

𝐷 1/3 𝜇 0.34 𝜇
𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 + 1.86 [( ) 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟] (𝜇 ) 0.48 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 16700 0.0044 < ( )<9.75
𝐿 𝑠 𝜇
𝑠
Heat transfer equations Fully developed turbulent flow T s=const (Re>2300)
Dittus-Boelter equation[24]
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 4/5 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 where n=0.4 for heating and n=0.3 for cooling 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 160
𝐿
𝑅𝑒 ≥ 1000 ( ) ≥ 10
𝐷
Sieder-Tate equation[25]
𝜇 0.14 𝐿
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟 1/3 ( ) 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 16700 𝑅𝑒 ≥ 1000 ( ) ≥ 60
𝜇 𝑠 𝐷
Petukhov, Kirillov, and Popov[32] equation

𝑓
( )𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = 8
𝑓 .5 2 1 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2000 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5105
1.07+12.7( ) (𝑃𝑟3 −1)
8
A modified form of the equation
𝑓
( )𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 𝜇 𝑛
8
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑓 .5 2 (𝜇 ) n=0.11 for heating and n=0.25 for cooling
1.07+12.7( ) (𝑃𝑟3 −1) 𝑤
8
𝜇
0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 140 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5105 1 ≤ ≤ 40
𝜇𝑤
Gnielinski[33] equation
𝑓
( )(𝑅𝑒−1000)𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = 8
𝑓 .5
2 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2000 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5106
1.07+12.7( ) (𝑃𝑟3 −1)
8
Gnielinski also suggested that
𝑁𝑢 = 0.0214(𝑅𝑒 0.8 − 100)𝑃𝑟 0.4 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1.5 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5106
𝑁𝑢 = 0.012(𝑅𝑒 0.87 − 280)𝑃𝑟 0.4 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 500 3𝑥103 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 106
Sleicher and Rouse[79] equation

0.24 1
𝑁𝑢 = 5 + 0.015𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 𝑚 = 0.88 − 𝑛 = + 0.5exp⁡(−0.6Pr) 1 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000
𝑃𝑟+4 3
104 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 106
Heat transfer equations Fully developed transitional/intermittent region Ts=const

709
Abraham-Sparrow-Tong[34] equation
𝑅𝑒 4 𝑅𝑒 3 𝑅𝑒 2 𝑅𝑒
𝑁𝑢 = 2.2407 ( ) − 29.499 (1000) + 142.32 (1000) − 292.51 (1000) + 219.88
1000
2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 3100
Abraham recommended Gnilenski equation to be used above Re>3100
Hausen[78] equation for both liquid and gases Ts=const

𝜇 0.14 𝑑 2/3
𝑁𝑢 = 0.116(𝑅𝑒 2/3 − 125)𝑃𝑟 1/3 ( ) [1 + ( ) ] 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 10000
𝜇 𝑤 𝐿
PROBLEM: Water with temperature of Ti =26.85 ℃ and P=300 kPa is flowing through a D=25x10 -3
commercial steel pipe. Total pipe length L=2 m. Pipe surface temperature are kept constant at T=126.85
℃. Find the total heat transfer and pipe exit temperature also find total pressure drop. Velocity is U=3
m/s
In the first approach to the problem an initial guess is assigned to the outside temperature and outside
temperature is calculated at the end, if it is not resonable iterative process is applied. Abraham-Sparrow-
Tong & Gnilenski equations are used .
Algorithm:
Guess Toutput (can not be bigger than surface temperature)
𝑇 +𝑇
Take average temperature 𝑇 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
2
Evaluate thermophysical properties 𝜇, Cp , k, 𝜌⁡, 𝑃𝑟, at temperature T
Calculate Re number and decide the flow regime (laminar, Fully developed transitional/intermittent
region or turbulent)
Calculate Nusselt number according to flow regime, calculate convective heat transfer coefficient
Calculate heat transfer from
𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 )
Calculate 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑄/(𝑚𝐶𝑝 )
If 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 value is very different compare to initial guess repeat the process untill they are relatively
close to each other
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_pipe
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public static double Nu(double Re,double eod,double Pr)
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
710
}
return Nu;
}
{ double Ti=26.85+273.15; // degree K
double Ts=99.85+273.15; //degree K;
double To=70+273.15; //guess for outlet temperature To
double T=(Ti+To)/2.0;
double eod=e/D;
double L=2; //m
double ro=a[2];
double Cp=a[5];
double k=a[6];
double mu=a[7];
double Pr=a[9];
double f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
double Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
double h=Nu*k/D;
double A1=Math.PI*D*L;
double Q1=h*A1*(Ts-T);
System.out.print("h = "+h+"W/m^2K ");
System.out.println("To initial guess = "+To+" degree K = "+(To-273)+" degree C");
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
System.out.println(" To = "+To+" degree K = "+(To-273)+" degree C \nQ="+Q1+" W");
System.out.println("m = "+m+"kg/s");
System.out.println("dP = "+dP+" Pa");
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe
T=321.575 degree K
P=300.0 kPa
U=3.0 m/s
D=0.025 m
e=1.6E-4 m
f Goudar = 0.03338070406938855
Nu = 912.2302212643231h = 23310.932651973955W/m^2K To initial guess = 343.15 degree K = 70.14999999999998 degree C
To = 345.0613334663793 degree K = 72.06133346637932 degree C
Q=188301.52057162303 W
m = 1.4561834076054112kg/s
dP = 11882.913018836436 Pa
In the second approach problem is solved in finite difference steps. So that properties are taken as local
water temperatures in each step. In this method addition to heat transfer, you will also obtain how
temperature is changing in each step of the process. Algorithm of the method is given below:
Take temperature as 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ⁡⁡ i=0

𝐿
Divide total length to N section, calculate step length ∆𝑥 =
𝑁
Take heat transfer Q=0
Assume given velocity U is in at input condition 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 calculate mass flow rate 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑈𝐴
x=0
711
Loop for N step ∆𝑥 length increase in each step i=0 to N
𝑥 = 𝑖∆𝑥
Evaluate thermophysical properties 𝜇(𝑇𝑖 ), 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 ), k(𝑇𝑖 ), 𝜌(𝑇𝑖 ), 𝑃𝑟(𝑇𝑖 ), at temperature 𝑇𝑖
Calculate the step velocity 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑚/(⁡𝜌(𝑇𝑖 )A)
Calculate Re number and decide the flow regime (laminar, Fully developed
transitional/intermittent region or turbulent)
Calculate Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢𝑖 ⁡⁡according to flow regime,
calculate convective heat transfer coefficient ℎ𝑖
Calculate heat transfer from
∆𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋𝐷∆𝑥
∆𝑄 = ℎ𝑖 ∆𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 )
𝑄 = 𝑄 + ∆𝑄
Calculate 𝑇𝑖+1 = 𝑇𝑖 + ∆𝑄/(𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 ))
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_pipe_FD
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double T=Ti;
double eod=e/D;
double L=2; //m
int N=100;
double dx=L/N;
double x=0;
double TT[]=new double[N+1];
double xx[]=new double[N+1];
double ro,Cp,k,mu,Pr,Re,f,Nu,h,Q=0,Q1=0;
double a[]=w.property_TP(Ti,P);
ro=a[2];
double A1=Math.PI*D*dx;
double m=ro*U*A;
712
{ a=w.property_TP(T,P);
TT[i]=T-273.15;
xx[i]=i*dx;
ro=a[2];
Cp=a[5];
k=a[6];
mu=a[7];
Pr=a[9];
U=m/(ro*A);
Re=ro*U*D/mu;
f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
h=Nu*k/D;
Q1=h*A1*(Ts-T);
Q+=Q1;
T=T+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
System.out.println("i="+i+" x = "+xx[i]+" U = "+U+" m/s Nu = "+Nu+" h="+h+" T = "+(T-273.15)+" degree C");
}
Plot p=new Plot(xx,TT);
p.setPlabel("inside pipe constant surface temp Ts=const ");
p.setXlabel("x m");
p.plot();
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" Watt");
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe_FD
i=0 x = 0.0 U = 3.0000000000000004 m/s Nu = 729.5552718920588 h=17814.104921096932 T = 27.338623782042816 degree C
i=35 x = 0.7000000000000001 U = 3.0176840894453325 m/s Nu = 879.6380410002159 h=22287.541950871368 T =
44.269490822194996 degree C
i=41 x = 0.8200000000000001 U = 3.0212608387319784 m/s Nu = 903.7364259724443 h=23017.9958402706 T =
47.05713054906113 degree C
713
i=47 x = 0.9400000000000001 U = 3.0249323745307555 m/s Nu = 927.1669217834185 h=23730.67109531049 T =
49.786814669622856 degree C
i=57 x = 1.1400000000000001 U = 3.0311936099991823 m/s Nu = 964.5866284594891 h=24873.19699873308 T =
54.18661786372576 degree C
i=69 x = 1.3800000000000001 U = 3.038803267458356 m/s Nu = 1006.5625444977369 h=26159.93801858326 T =
59.18279449949034 degree C
i=70 x = 1.4000000000000001 U = 3.0394368718634297 m/s Nu = 1009.9092871681044 h=26262.715026912163 T =
59.58395869093101 degree C
i=82 x = 1.6400000000000001 U = 3.046971649921937 m/s Nu = 1048.2001724104357 h=27440.043213288256 T =
64.20400842490739 degree C
i=83 x = 1.6600000000000001 U = 3.047591214484422 m/s Nu = 1051.2338854886377 h=27533.4112667273 T =
64.57244835953702 degree C
i=94 x = 1.8800000000000001 U = 3.054280995846789 m/s Nu = 1083.003250682093 h=28511.647853864644 T =
68.4523256424282 degree C
i=95 x = 1.9000000000000001 U = 3.054875995919724 m/s Nu = 1085.7463465429244 h=28596.139117031224 T =
68.78918858522366 degree C
Q=182204.6128471073 Watt
714
If L=5 m of pipe is taken instead:
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe_FD
i=3 x = 0.15000000000000002 U = 3.0032071131707667 m/s Nu = 762.6266784097028 h=18786.785368453406 T =
31.742394343233343 degree C
i=6 x = 0.30000000000000004 U = 3.0067714137928987 m/s Nu = 795.3721995230986 h=19757.759800083837 T =
35.40629839956745 degree C
i=7 x = 0.35000000000000003 U = 3.008031995883049 m/s Nu = 806.1832549869719 h=20079.933163486414 T =
36.622469112332624 degree C
i=12 x = 0.6000000000000001 U = 3.0148048510645964 m/s Nu = 859.1689462721034 h=21669.335698382736 T =
42.63098131695506 degree C
i=14 x = 0.7000000000000001 U = 3.0177006787164604 m/s Nu = 879.7530461975945 h=22291.021339447598 T =
44.98715951196522 degree C
i=17 x = 0.8500000000000001 U = 3.0221989932193978 m/s Nu = 909.8410023858063 h=23203.45326520953 T =
48.453919974711084 degree C
i=19 x = 0.9500000000000001 U = 3.025279312005099 m/s Nu = 929.3196888244304 h=23796.263061245685 T =
50.712920118953036 degree C
i=23 x = 1.1500000000000001 U = 3.031569331567927 m/s Nu = 966.742721542224 h=24939.17168174296 T =
55.08602727415206 degree C
i=24 x = 1.2000000000000002 U = 3.0331583495654293 m/s Nu = 975.7596622874897 h=25215.23372567361 T =
56.14632198660303 degree C
i=28 x = 1.4000000000000001 U = 3.0395293387107736 m/s Nu = 1010.3959475682857 h=26277.66210525657 T =
60.24354416828402 degree C
i=29 x = 1.4500000000000002 U = 3.0411177998364805 m/s Nu = 1018.6877728215989 h=26532.406321360275 T =
61.23021943801655 degree C
i=33 x = 1.6500000000000001 U = 3.0474101158039777 m/s Nu = 1050.3488202512224 h=27506.170700006514 T =
65.01871945218784 degree C
i=34 x = 1.7000000000000002 U = 3.0489610992957448 m/s Nu = 1057.8842935678629 h=27738.123987737992 T =
65.92536606461528 degree C
i=38 x = 1.9000000000000001 U = 3.055040813430026 m/s Nu = 1086.5039370499153 h=28619.47433920705 T =
69.386464819254 degree C
i=39 x = 1.9500000000000002 U = 3.056524478221396 m/s Nu = 1093.2802336165948 h=28828.201755871734 T =
70.21008419784238 degree C
715
i=41 x = 2.0500000000000003 U = 3.059441863987397 m/s Nu = 1106.3836607113012 h=29231.82245217391 T =
71.80726118391595 degree C
i=46 x = 2.3000000000000003 U = 3.0664096417932614 m/s Nu = 1136.5775075459705 h=30161.604482648498 T =
75.51054379355634 degree C
i=48 x = 2.4000000000000004 U = 3.06905407727904 m/s Nu = 1147.6605586976168 h=30502.69246627912 T =
76.87798925714503 degree C
i=51 x = 2.5500000000000003 U = 3.0728572040327333 m/s Nu = 1163.264478934724 h=30982.6270754281 T =
78.81066929399691 degree C
i=53 x = 2.6500000000000004 U = 3.0752803856268245 m/s Nu = 1173.0102638344206 h=31282.17164077679 T =
80.02220486752537 degree C
i=56 x = 2.8000000000000003 U = 3.078743519602874 m/s Nu = 1186.6868528766322 h=31702.204837078974 T =
81.72817094997822 degree C
i=58 x = 2.9000000000000004 U = 3.080937101117884 m/s Nu = 1195.2027906445514 h=31963.52414772544 T =
82.79383569272005 degree C
i=61 x = 3.0500000000000003 U = 3.0840551730602863 m/s Nu = 1207.120167849334 h=32328.89711900546 T =
84.28956555975549 degree C
i=63 x = 3.1500000000000004 U = 3.0860201729343 m/s Nu = 1214.5212853499381 h=32555.59893402163 T = 85.2210650956979
degree C
i=66 x = 3.3000000000000003 U = 3.0888003488963918 m/s Nu = 1224.8538679382837 h=32871.80192184304 T =
86.5248504101425 degree C
i=68 x = 3.4000000000000004 U = 3.0905447659731786 m/s Nu = 1231.2564301972373 h=33067.55356760481 T =
87.33468880124894 degree C
i=71 x = 3.5500000000000003 U = 3.09300300889982 m/s Nu = 1240.1767794969562 h=33340.03398796611 T =
88.46548272315431 degree C
i=73 x = 3.6500000000000004 U = 3.0945396597889303 m/s Nu = 1245.693732053793 h=33508.40087505114 T =
89.16629322506367 degree C
i=76 x = 3.8000000000000003 U = 3.0966977249912433 m/s Nu = 1253.3669200829936 h=33742.366000458984 T =
90.1428494529863 degree C
i=78 x = 3.9000000000000004 U = 3.098042416968313 m/s Nu = 1258.104862731127 h=33886.70703365604 T =
90.74691069854617 degree C
i=82 x = 4.1000000000000005 U = 3.100518713194639 m/s Nu = 1266.7453014552652 h=34149.68011929668 T =
91.85061912636712 degree C
i=87 x = 4.3500000000000005 U = 3.103243868087166 m/s Nu = 1276.1307003427612 h=34434.930875893006 T =
93.05255683237903 degree C
i=92 x = 4.6000000000000005 U = 3.105598866313128 m/s Nu = 1284.1403521843279 h=34678.025004747076 T =
94.08083263849738 degree C
i=96 x = 4.800000000000001 U = 3.107245048603834 m/s Nu = 1289.6851571620246 h=34846.116786548984 T =
94.79402992128337 degree C
716
i=97 x = 4.8500000000000005 U = 3.107626288711764 m/s Nu = 1290.9630461599413 h=34884.83308827671 T =
94.95855483926482 degree C
Q=287101.32401790976 Watt
PROBLEM: Water is flowing through 40-mm diameter 4-m long tube with a rate of 2kg/s. Tube
surface temperature is maintained at 100 ℃⁡and the water enters the tube at 27℃
a) What is the outlet temperature of the water?
b) What is the corresponding heat transfer rate?
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_pipe1
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double m=2.0; // mass flow rate kg/s
717
double eod=e/D;
double L=4; //m
double ro=a[2]; //density
double Cp=a[5]; //Specific heat
double k=a[6]; //thermal conductivity
double mu=a[7]; //viscosity
double Pr=a[9]; //Prandtl number
double A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0; //cross sectional area
double U=m/(ro*A); //velocity m/s
double Re=ro*U*D/mu; //Reynols number
double h=Nu*k/D;
System.out.print("Nu = "+Nu);
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe1
T=331.575 degree K
P=300.0 kPa
U=1.6172641911803445 m/s
D=0.04 m
e=1.6E-4 m
f Goudar = 0.029239926249620383
Nu = 772.3100468151199h = 12538.2467247622W/m^2K To initial guess = 363.15 degree K = 90.14999999999998 degree C
Q=261077.34286248437 W
m = 2.0kg/s
dP = 3763.114038848259 Pa
In the second approach problem is solved in finite difference steps. So that properties are taken as local
water temperatures in each step.
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_pipe_FD1
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
718
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
{ double Ti=27+273.15; // degree K
double Ts=100+273.15; //degree K;
double T=Ti;
double m=2.0; //kg/s mass flow rate
double eod=e/D;
double L=4; //m
int N=100;
double dx=L/N;
double x=0;
double U=0;
{ double a[]=w.property_TP(T,P);
TT[i]=T-273.15;
xx[i]=i*dx;
ro=a[2];
Cp=a[5];
k=a[6];
mu=a[7];
Pr=a[9];
U=m/(ro*A);
Re=ro*U*D/mu;
f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
h=Nu*k/D;
Q1=h*A1*(Ts-T);
Q+=Q1;
T=T+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
}
p.setXlabel("x m");
p.plot();
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe_FD1
719
i=35 x = 1.4000000000000001 U = 1.612785846385546 m/s Nu = 738.1825782301589 h=11878.712965381163 T = 53.4961249898127
degree C
i=41 x = 1.6400000000000001 U = 1.6159187959745056 m/s Nu = 762.3976052615463 h=12346.402547470032 T = 57.42752748412721
degree C
i=47 x = 1.8800000000000001 U = 1.6190495597962116 m/s Nu = 785.0631917943161 h=12785.343304232392 T = 61.15388154949483
degree C
i=57 x = 2.2800000000000002 U = 1.6241553853673445 m/s Nu = 819.3326600880275 h=13450.405158772503 T = 66.87550788769977
degree C
i=69 x = 2.7600000000000002 U = 1.6299195727036861 m/s Nu = 854.7663236280008 h=14138.680507260162 T = 72.905121424252
degree C
i=70 x = 2.8000000000000003 U = 1.6303765683077522 m/s Nu = 857.4491225446972 h=14190.778747376458 T = 73.3664289878891
degree C
i=82 x = 3.2800000000000002 U = 1.635534303285926 m/s Nu = 886.6047456999939 h=14756.49671775258 T = 78.42375333439185
degree C
i=83 x = 3.3200000000000003 U = 1.6359355866934744 m/s Nu = 888.7922413941773 h=14798.893891836133 T = 78.80646363753533
degree C
720
i=94 x = 3.7600000000000002 U = 1.6400480512873818 m/s Nu = 910.6028428736025 h=15221.092253708699 T = 82.64741655407374
degree C
i=95 x = 3.8000000000000003 U = 1.640394383525074 m/s Nu = 912.3914935082041 h=15255.667104903376 T = 82.96443587880339
degree C
Q=240447.53616958222 Watt
PROBLEM: Water with temperature of T=26.85 ℃ and P=300 kPa is flowing through a Di=25x10-3 m
, Do=28x10-3 m commercial steel pipe(k=36 W/mK). Total pipe length L=200 m. In outside of the pipe
air is flowing across the pipe with a velocity of V=20 m/s. An air temperature is constant and
𝑇∞=226.85 ℃. Find the total heat transfer and pipe exit temperature also find total pressure drop.
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_Outside_pipe
{
//air side
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
721
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
double Pr=Pr(Tinf);
double k1=k(Tinf);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
if(Re>0.4 && Re<=4) {C=0.989;m=0.330;}
else if(Re>4.0 && Re<=40) {C=0.911;m=0.385;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>4000.0 && Re<=40000) {C=0.193;m=0.618;}
else if(Re>40000.0 && Re<=400000) {C=0.027;m=0.805;}
return Nu*k1/D;
}
return Nu*k2/D;
}
double Pr=Pr(Tf);
double k2=k(Tf);

double Pr=Pr(Tinf);
double k3=k(Tinf);
double Prs=Pr(Ts);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
return Nu*k3/D;
}
722
{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
return Re;
}
//water side
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double Tinf=226.85+273.15; //degree K;
double To=70.0+273.15; //guess for outlet temperature To
double T;
double V=3.0; // velocity m/s
double Di=25e-3; // diameter m
double Do=28e-3; // diameter m
double eod=e/Di;
double L=200; //m
double kw=36.0; //W/mK
double a[];
double ro=0,Cp=0,k,mu,Pr,Re,f=0,Nu,h1,h2,U,Q1;
{
T=(Ti+To)/2.0;
a=w.property_TP(T,P);
ro=a[2];
Cp=a[5];
k=a[6];
mu=a[7];
Pr=a[9];
Re=ro*V*Di/mu;
f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
h1=Nu*k/Di;
h2=h3(V,Tinf,T,P,Do);
U=1.0/(1.0/(h1*(Math.PI*Di*L))+Math.log(Do/Di)/(2.0*Math.PI*kw*L)+1.0/(h2*(Math.PI*Do*L)));
Q1=U*(Tinf-T);
System.out.println("Cp = "+Cp+"J/kgK ");
System.out.println("hi = "+h1+"W/m^2K ");
System.out.println("ho = "+h2+"W/m^2K ");
System.out.println("U = "+U+"W/K ");
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
System.out.println("Ti="+Ti+"To = "+To);
}
723
double m=ro*A*V; //kg/s
double dP=f*L/Di*ro*V*V/2.0;
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_inside_Outside_pipe
f Goudar = 0.03338070406938855
Cp = 4.1787826965244275J/kgK
Q = 195962.93069258792W/m^2K
Q = 195962.93069258792W/m^2K
hi = 23310.932651973955W/m^2K
ho = 62.7892161297526W/m^2K
U = 1098.293012148454W/K
Ti=300.0To = 346.8947406275933
f Goudar = 0.033362633010319886
Cp = 4.1791591397112455J/kgK
Q = 193932.2230216538W/m^2K
Q = 193932.2230216538W/m^2K
hi = 23772.986235864304W/m^2K
ho = 62.793905023299324W/m^2K
U = 1098.438597976933W/K
Ti=300.0To = 346.40460354305947
f Goudar = 0.03336494616129356
Cp = 4.179105504031251J/kgK
Q = 194198.0942413714W/m^2K
Q = 194198.0942413714W
hi = 23712.674455772434W/m^2K
ho = 62.79329735296755W/m^2K
U = 1098.4198108191156W/K
Ti=300.0To = 346.46881828038175
f Goudar = 0.03336464223092693
Cp = 4.179112456453951J/kgK
Q = 194163.26276201953W/m^2K
Q = 194163.26276201953W
hi = 23720.578993397186W/m^2K
ho = 62.79337706978085W/m^2K
U = 1098.4222767428098W/K
Ti=300.0To = 346.4604063147825
f Goudar = 0.03336468202995698
Cp = 4.179111544423709J/kgK
Q = 194167.82561914567W/m^2K
Q = 194167.82561914567W
hi = 23719.54356829523W/m^2K
ho = 62.7933666288612W/m^2K
U = 1098.4219537912786W/K
Ti=300.0To = 346.46150827877005
m = 1.4550938255872268kg/s
dP = 1186832.2406123942
PROBLEM
Water at 27 ℃ flows with a mean velocity of 1 m/s through a 1000 m long pipe of 0.25 m inside
diameter.
a) Determine the pressure drop over the pipe length and the corresponding pump power requirement, if
the pipe surface is smooth
b) If the pipe is made of cast iron and its surface is clean, determine the pressure drop and pump power
requirement
import java.io.*;
{
724
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double P=120.; // kPa
double U=1; // velocity m/s
double e=0;//0.26e-3; //surface rougness m cast iron
double eod=e/D;
double L=1000; //m
double ro=a[2];
double Cp=a[5];
double k=a[6];
double mu=a[7];
double Pr=a[9];
double h=Nu*k/D;
//cross sectional area
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
double V=A*U; //volumetric flow rate m^3/s
double m=ro*V; //kg/s
double Pow=V*dP;
System.out.println("Power requirment= "+Pow+" W");
}
//create_data();
}
import java.io.*;
725
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double P=120.; // kPa
double U=1; // velocity m/s
double e=0.26e-3; //surface rougness m cast iron
double eod=e/D;
double L=1000; //m
double ro=a[2];
double Cp=a[5];
double k=a[6];
double mu=a[7];
double Pr=a[9];
double h=Nu*k/D;
//cross sectional area
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
double V=A*U; //volumetric flow rate m^3/s
double m=ro*V; //kg/s
double Pow=V*dP;
System.out.println("Power requirment= "+Pow+" W");
}
726
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ---------- SMOOTH PİPE
> "C:\Users\Turhan Çoban\.p2\pool\plugins\org.eclipse.justj.openjdk.hotspot.jre.full.win32.x86_64_17.0.5.v20221102-
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe
T=321.65 degree K
P=120.0 kPa
U=1.0 m/s
D=0.02 m
e=2.6E-4 m
f Goudar = 0.04290973460937848
h = 9156.94740111877W/m^2K To initial guess = 343.15 degree K = 70.14999999999998 degree C
Q=4890457.77639269 W
m = 0.3106174540979485kg/s
dP = 1060649.3258406469 Pa
Power requirment= 333.21281300959436 W
PROBLEM Cold water moves at a rate of m =0.2 kg/s through a 5 mm diameter horizontal tube
submerged in a large hot water bath maintained at 80 C. Convection heat transfer coefficient
o
outside of the tube is 1658 W/m2K. The cold water enters the tube at 25 C and leaves at 39 C. o o
(Tube is made of commercial steel)

a) Estimate the length of the tube
b) What is the average surface temperature of the tube, Ts ?

c) What is the required pump power to move cold water through the tube?
Hint: Neglect tube wall thickness, assume fully developed flow, you can assume Ts between
30 C-40 C
o o
Cold water properties at

𝑇𝑚𝑖 + 𝑇𝑚𝑜 25 + 39
𝑇𝑚 = = = 32⁡℃ + 273.15 = 305.15⁡𝐾
2 2
Water properties (Form steamTAbleIF97.java you can obtain form any other source)
727
𝑚̇=0.2 kg/s
𝑇∞ = 80⁡℃
ℎ𝑜 = 1658⁡𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
D=0.005 m
P=101.325 kPa (cold water pressure. It can be taken higher such as 200 kPa difference will be small)
𝜀 = 46𝑥10−6 ⁡𝑚 (commersial steel)
𝜀 46𝑥10−6 ⁡
= = 0.0092
𝐷 0.005
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋0.0052
𝐴= = = 1.96349𝑥10−5 ⁡𝑚2 (Cross sectonal area)
4 4
𝑚̇ 0.2
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 𝑉= = = 10.236775318638607⁡m/s
𝜌𝐴 995.031740057369𝑥1.96349𝑥10−5
𝜌𝑉𝐷 995.031740057369𝑥10.236775318638607x0.005
𝑅𝑒 = = = 66626.26530908044
𝜇 7.644069730329813𝑥10−4
Flow is Turbulent (Re>2300)
from Goudar- Sonnad equation (2008)[21] Valid region: all values
𝑓 = 0.037797
𝑓
( )(𝑅𝑒−1000)𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = 8
𝑓 .5 2 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2000 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5106
1.07+12.7( ) (𝑃𝑟3 −1)
8
728
0.037797
( 8 ) (66626.26530908044 − 1000)𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = = 571.0870401009162
0.037797 .5 2
1.07 + 12.7 ( ) (5.1707454508535373 − 1)
8
𝑁𝑢𝑘 571.0870401009162x0.6178686153119193
ℎ𝑖 = = = 70571.35173794712⁡W/(m2 K)
𝐷 0.005
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 70571.35173794712⁡ 1658
𝑈 = 1619.9411785672198⁡W/(m2 K)
Δ𝑇1 = 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚𝑖 = 80⁡℃ − 25⁡℃ = 55⁡𝐾
Δ𝑇2 = 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑚𝑜 = 80⁡℃ − 39⁡℃ = 41⁡𝐾
Δ𝑇1 − Δ𝑇2 55 − 41
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = = = 47.65777060675854
Δ𝑇1 55
𝑙𝑛 (
Δ𝑇2 ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )
41
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑚𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚𝑖 ) = 0.2⁡x4.179503124066132x103 (39 − 25) =11702.60875W
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝑝 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷⁡⁡
𝑄 11702.60875⁡
𝐴𝑝 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = =
𝑈𝑥𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷⁡ 1619.9411785672198⁡x47.65777060675854
= 0.15158272767700642⁡𝑚2
𝐴𝑝 0.15158272767700642⁡
𝐿= = = 9.65005615885929⁡m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋0.005
b) What is the average surface temperature of the tube, Ts ?

𝑄 11702.61⁡W 𝑊
𝑞= = =270.4793742
𝐴𝑝 0.15158272767700642⁡𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑞 = ℎ𝑜 (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑊
270.4793742 = 1658(80 − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑚2
𝑇𝑠 = 33.43619717454847⁡℃
c) What is the required pump power to move cold water through the tube?
Darcy-Weisbach pressure drop formula is given as:
𝐿 𝑉2
∆𝑃 = 𝑓 𝜌
𝐷 2
9.65005615885929⁡ 10.236775318638607⁡2
∆𝑃 = 0.037797 995.031740057369
0.005 2
∆𝑃 = 3803216.6694378927Pa
𝑚̇ 0.1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝑃 = 3803216.6694378927 = 764.4412768619053⁡W
𝜌 995.031740057369
/* steam property vector

a[0]="P, pressure ";
a[1]="T, temperature ";
a[2]="v, specific volume ";
a[3]="h, enthalpy ";
a[4]="u, internal energy ";
a[5]="s, entropy ";
a[6]="x, quality ";
a[7]="Cp, specific heat at constant pressure ";
a[8]="Cv, specific heat at constant volume ";
a[9]="isobaric thermal expansion coefficient ";
729
a[10]="" isothermal compressibility" ;
a[11]=" Dynamic viscosity" ;
a[12]="k Thermal conductivity" ;
a[13]=" Surface tension" ;
a[14]="Prandtl number" ;
a[15]=" density" ;
a[16]=" speed of sound" ;
*/
public class HT_2023_Q1
{
public static double f(double Re,double eod)
{
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public static double Nu(double Re,double Pr,double f)
{double xx=(f/8.0)*(Re-1000.0)*Pr/(1.07+12.7*Math.sqrt(f/8.0)*(Math.pow(Pr,(2.0/3.0))-1));
return xx;
}
{ steamIAPWS_IF97 water=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
double Tmi=25.0;//Degree C
double Tmo=39.0;//Degree C
double m=0.2;//kg/s mass flow rate
double Tinf=80.0;//degree C
double D=0.005;//m diameter
double Tm=(Tmi+Tmo)/2.0; //degree C
double TmK=Tm+273.15;// degree K
double eps=46e-6;//m
double eod=eps/D;
double a[]=water.property("tp",Tm+273.15,P);
double ro=a[15];
double Cp=a[7];
double mu=a[11];
double k=a[12];
double Pr=a[14];
double A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0; // m^2 cross sectional area
double V=m/(ro*A); // m/s
System.out.println("Tm="+TmK+"degree
K\nro="+ro+"kg/m^3\nCp="+Cp+"kJ/kgK\nmu="+mu+"Pas\nk="+k+"W/mK\nPr="+Pr);
730
System.out.println("A="+A+"m^2\n"+"V="+V+"m/s\nRe="+Re);
double f=f(Re,eod);
double Nu=Nu(Re,Pr,f);
double hi=Nu*k/D;
System.out.println("eod="+eod+"\nf="+f+"\nNu="+Nu+"\nhi="+hi+"W\\mK");
double ho=1658.0;//W/m^'K
double U=1.0/(1.0/hi+1/ho);
System.out.println("U="+U+"W/m^2K");
double Q=m*Cp*(Tmo-Tmi)*1e3; //W
double dT1=Tinf-Tmo;
double dT2=Tinf-Tmi;
double LMTD=(dT1-dT2)/Math.log(dT1/dT2);
double A1=Q/(LMTD*U);
//a) Length of tube
double L=A1/(Math.PI*D);
System.out.println("L="+L+"m \nA1="+A1+"m^2\nLMTD="+LMTD+"degree K");
//b) surface temp. Q=h0(Tinf-Ts)
double q=Q/A1;
double Ts=Tinf-q/ho;
System.out.println("Ts="+Ts+"degree C");
//c) Pump power
double dP=f*L/D*ro*V*V/2.0;
double Pow=dP*m/ro;
System.out.println("dP="+dP+"Pa\nPower="+Pow+" W");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
Çoban\.p2\pool\plugins\org.eclipse.justj.openjdk.hotspot.jre.full.win32.x86_64_17.0.5.v20221102-
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_2023_Q1
Tm=305.15degree K
ro=995.031740057369kg/m^3
Cp=4.179503124066132kJ/kgK
mu=7.644069730329813E-4Pas
k=0.6178686153119193W/mK
Pr=5.170745450853537
A=1.963495408493621E-5m^2
V=10.236775318638607m/s
Re=66626.26530908044
eod=0.0092
f=0.037797053921779004
Nu=571.0870401009162
hi=70571.35173794712W\mK
U=1619.9411785672198W/m^2K
L=9.65005615885929m
A1=0.15158272767700642m^2
LMTD=47.65777060675854degree K
Ts=33.43619717454847degree C
dP=3803216.6694378927Pa
Power=764.4412768619053 W
731
13.3 INTERNAL FLOW HEAT TRANSFER IN NON_CIRCULAR TUBES

In order to avaluate non-circular tubes hydrolic diameter concept can be used.
4𝐴
𝐷ℎ = 𝑐 where Ac is cross-sectional area and P is the perimeter. For turbulent flow the same equation
𝑃
will be used by taking hydrolic diameter instead of circular diameter in the equations. If it is Laminar
flow constant Nu numbers are given
Cross section b/a Uniform qs Uniform Ts
4.36 3.66
1 3.61 2.98
1.43 3.73 3.08
2 4.12 3.39
3 4.79 3.96
4 5.33 4.44
8 6.49 5.60
∞ 8.23 7.54
3.11 2.49
Laminar rectangular Nusselt Number polynomial curve-fitting coefficients:

𝒃 𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟑 𝒃 𝟒 𝒃 𝟓 𝒃 𝟔
𝑵𝒖 = 𝒂[𝟎] + 𝒂[𝟏] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟐] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟑] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟒] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟓] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟔] ∗ ( )
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
a[0]= .754000000000580E+01;
a[1]= -.193789080028494E+02;
a[2]= .333861212302836E+02;
a[3]= -.170496495070800E+02 ;
a[4]= -.304226226912837E+02;
a[5]= .495297442580787E+02;
a[6]= -.206246852871550E+02;
Laminar concentric annulus Nusselt Number polynomial curve-fitting coefficients:
𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝟑
𝑵𝒖 = 𝒂[𝟎] + 𝒂[𝟏] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟐] ∗ ( ) + 𝒂[𝟑] ∗ ( )
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟏
a[0]= .401698044199492E+01;
a[1]= .921803331830132E+00;
a[2]= -.307845192109755E+00;
a[3]= .229092480046921E+00;
PROBLEM:
732
Water at an inlet temperature of 27 ℃ enters into a pipe with 2.5x10-2m in diameter end exit at a
temperature of 67 C. The water velocity at the pipe inlet is u=3 m/s. If the surface temperature of the
pipe is Ts=107 C, calculate
a) the heat transfer coefficient through the pipe
b) Pipe length
c) Total heat transfer rate through the pipe
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_waterHW2
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double e=0; //surface rougness m
double eod=e/D;
double L=2.573;//m
double ro=a[2];
double Cp=a[5];
double k=a[6];
double mu=a[7];
double Pr=a[9];
double h=Nu*k/D;
733
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_waterHW2
T=320.15 degree K
P=300.0 kPa
U=3.0 m/s
D=0.025 m
e=0.0 m
f Goudar = 0.017069367893462542
Q=167143.1938823993 W
m = 1.4570998307033105kg/s
dP = 7822.1814211405235 Pa
import java.io.*;
public class HT_inside_waterHW2
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
double eod=e/D;
double L=1.55;//m
double ro=a[2];
734
double Cp=a[5];
double k=a[6];
double mu=a[7];
double Pr=a[9];
double h=Nu*k/D;
To=Ti+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_waterHW2
T=320.15 degree K
P=300.0 kPa
U=3.0 m/s
D=0.025 m
e=1.6E-4 m
f Goudar = 0.03339509480178225
Q=167685.3396942686 W
m = 1.4570998307033105kg/s
dP = 9219.025967160564 Pa
import java.io.*;
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
735
}
return Nu;
}
double T=Ti;
double e=0;//0.16e-3; //surface rougness m
double eod=e/D;
double L=2.65; //m
int N=100;
double dx=L/N;
double x=0;
ro=a[2];
double m=ro*U*A;
TT[i]=T-273.15;
xx[i]=i*dx;
ro=a[2];
Cp=a[5];
k=a[6];
mu=a[7];
Pr=a[9];
U=m/(ro*A);
Re=ro*U*D/mu;
f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
h=Nu*k/D;
Q1=h*A1*(Ts-T);
Q+=Q1;
T=T+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
}
p.setXlabel("x m");
p.plot();
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ---------- SMOOTH TUBE FINITE ELEMENT
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe_FD
i=15 x = 0.39749999999999996 U = 3.006389986373061 m/s Nu = 504.2556629911055 h=12519.126771028641 T = 34.38928301746313
degree C
736
i=23 x = 0.6094999999999999 U = 3.010211736115464 m/s Nu = 516.0433984775115 h=12912.291979185022 T = 37.995360362532494
degree C
i=30 x = 0.7949999999999999 U = 3.0137416243391693 m/s Nu = 525.6798151178288 h=13237.39879875184 T = 41.086348674462954
degree C
i=33 x = 0.8744999999999999 U = 3.0152991416555333 m/s Nu = 529.6208766852023 h=13371.307041369928 T = 42.39041444153082
degree C
i=37 x = 0.9804999999999999 U = 3.0174116429261026 m/s Nu = 534.7036189245586 h=13544.808941962694 T = 44.1084386943819
degree C
i=39 x = 1.0334999999999999 U = 3.018481654705454 m/s Nu = 537.1725574386853 h=13629.410126972207 T = 44.95819959681046
degree C
i=46 x = 1.2189999999999999 U = 3.022287285573348 m/s Nu = 545.4440193133992 h=13914.35324903449 T = 47.88128212658893
degree C
i=53 x = 1.4044999999999999 U = 3.0261658433275627 m/s Nu = 553.1615011752732 h=14182.257012402202 T = 50.72073018570126
degree C
i=60 x = 1.5899999999999999 U = 3.0300909704824464 m/s Nu = 560.354288113559 h=14433.647415205254 T = 53.47198352987556
degree C
i=66 x = 1.7489999999999999 U = 3.033473992513029 m/s Nu = 566.1247796427702 h=14636.45303908103 T = 55.757325711714884
degree C
i=67 x = 1.7754999999999999 U = 3.034038421133535 m/s Nu = 567.0525486950734 h=14669.149099722348 T = 56.131543479602044
degree C
i=73 x = 1.9344999999999999 U = 3.0374229477253576 m/s Nu = 572.4233170023316 h=14858.887082865103 T = 58.33625345323378
degree C
i=74 x = 1.9609999999999999 U = 3.0379861512808994 m/s Nu = 573.2866212683017 h=14889.457171323933 T = 58.69689346761203
degree C
i=77 x = 2.0404999999999998 U = 3.0396731329947615 m/s Nu = 575.8237143252014 h=14979.4063766503 T = 59.76705799810969
degree C
i=78 x = 2.0669999999999997 U = 3.040234406873995 m/s Nu = 576.6520914998963 h=15008.809843635456 T = 60.11985101416883
degree C
737
i=91 x = 2.4114999999999998 U = 3.0474577633246804 m/s Nu = 586.6761570544272 h=15365.843944508746 T = 64.52658597716936
degree C
i=92 x = 2.4379999999999997 U = 3.048006200174543 m/s Nu = 587.3928013421662 h=15391.447953269484 T = 64.85174144963565
degree C
Q=168801.50875150986 Watt
PROBLEM:
Water flows with a mean velocity of Um= 3 m/s inside a circular pipe of diameter D=5x10-2 m. The
pipe is commercial steel, and its Wall is maintained at a uniform temperature Tw=100 C. Pipe length is
L=20 m, and pipe inlet temperature Ti=20 C. Calculate
b) The exit temperature T0
For this problem only numerical (finite difference method can give proper answer because pipe is very
long)
import java.io.*;
{
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
738
double T=Ti;
double eod=e/D;
double L=20; //m
int N=100;
double dx=L/N;
double x=0;
ro=a[2];
double m=ro*U*A;
TT[i]=T-273.15;
xx[i]=i*dx;
ro=a[2];
Cp=a[5];
k=a[6];
mu=a[7];
Pr=a[9];
U=m/(ro*A);
Re=ro*U*D/mu;
f=f_Goudar(Re,eod);
Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
h=Nu*k/D;
Q1=h*A1*(Ts-T);
Q+=Q1;
T=T+Q1/(Cp*1e3);
}
p.setXlabel("x m");
p.plot();
}
//create_data();
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_inside_pipe_FD
i=3 x = 0.6000000000000001 U = 3.0247278776923148 m/s Nu = 1541.6425090238117 h=19589.97363819338 T = 53.455127372300296
degree C
i=6 x = 1.2000000000000002 U = 3.0584415068603112 m/s Nu = 1836.658065709462 h=24160.566434192697 T = 73.47481221510918
degree C
i=7 x = 1.4000000000000001 U = 3.069006981707657 m/s Nu = 1910.6990038971937 h=25314.261786639294 T = 78.50934634670358
degree C
i=12 x = 2.4000000000000004 U = 3.105231619654837 m/s Nu = 2127.1163066936447 h=28667.80771988594 T = 93.23784478503171
degree C
i=14 x = 2.8000000000000003 U = 3.1125632813161417 m/s Nu = 2165.6208928253222 h=29258.15772422188 T = 95.85858917386776
degree C
i=17 x = 3.4000000000000004 U = 3.1188857752728727 m/s Nu = 2197.694081265818 h=29747.71372534775 T = 98.04111982277186
degree C
739
i=19 x = 3.8000000000000003 U = 3.1211808241433143 m/s Nu = 2209.0938370921385 h=29921.188996843466 T =
98.81670565798674 degree C
i=23 x = 4.6000000000000005 U = 3.123436456422184 m/s Nu = 2220.177180657332 h=30089.56773847028 T = 99.57067177986727
degree C
i=24 x = 4.800000000000001 U = 3.1237264258910793 m/s Nu = 2221.5934718967687 h=30111.063594751402 T = 99.66701062261598
degree C
i=28 x = 5.6000000000000005 U = 3.1243678415040006 m/s Nu = 2224.7195194536225 h=30158.49266810322 T = 99.87964433340454
degree C
i=29 x = 5.800000000000001 U = 3.124449585819044 m/s Nu = 2225.1172435628728 h=30164.525365552137 T = 99.90669691672787
degree C
i=33 x = 6.6000000000000005 U = 3.1246298370618897 m/s Nu = 2225.9937157837803 h=30177.81840803413 T = 99.9663127226201
degree C
i=34 x = 6.800000000000001 U = 3.124652752968815 m/s Nu = 2226.1050918731917 h=30179.50746583323 T = 99.97388824270502
degree C
i=38 x = 7.6000000000000005 U = 3.1247032394253687 m/s Nu = 2226.3504247770343 h=30183.22792175829 T = 99.99057512807309
degree C
i=39 x = 7.800000000000001 U = 3.1247096535428924 m/s Nu = 2226.3815892984635 h=30183.70051921533 T = 99.99269485133016
degree C
i=41 x = 8.200000000000001 U = 3.1247184789175844 m/s Nu = 2226.424467972023 h=30184.350753298266 T = 99.99561133692379
degree C
i=46 x = 9.200000000000001 U = 3.124728044627441 m/s Nu = 2226.470941630016 h=30185.055498603335 T = 99.99877234130975
degree C
i=48 x = 9.600000000000001 U = 3.1247295279066445 m/s Nu = 2226.4781477489682 h=30185.164774637582 T = 99.99926248059779
degree C
i=51 x = 10.200000000000001 U = 3.12473072057623 m/s Nu = 2226.4839419821124 h=30185.2526402662 T = 99.99965658747988
degree C
i=53 x = 10.600000000000001 U = 3.124731135499108 m/s Nu = 2226.4859577549273 h=30185.2832080794 T = 99.99979369447482
degree C
i=56 x = 11.200000000000001 U = 3.124731469125741 m/s Nu = 2226.487578572586 h=30185.307786661342 T = 99.99990393776847
degree C
i=58 x = 11.600000000000001 U = 3.124731585191895 m/s Nu = 2226.488142442071 h=30185.316337351764 T = 99.99994229052737
degree C
i=61 x = 12.200000000000001 U = 3.124731678516864 m/s Nu = 2226.4885958307054 h=30185.323212675925 T = 99.99997312870005
degree C
i=63 x = 12.600000000000001 U = 3.124731710983857 m/s Nu = 2226.488753560861 h=30185.32560454424 T = 99.99998385704532
degree C
i=66 x = 13.200000000000001 U = 3.1247317370894776 m/s Nu = 2226.488880386372 h=30185.327527765006 T = 99.99999248334649
degree C
i=68 x = 13.600000000000001 U = 3.1247317461714053 m/s Nu = 2226.488924507904 h=30185.328196837407 T = 99.99999548436472
degree C
i=71 x = 14.200000000000001 U = 3.124731753473877 m/s Nu = 2226.4889599845474 h=30185.32873481605 T = 99.99999789738217
degree C
i=73 x = 14.600000000000001 U = 3.1247317560143464 m/s Nu = 2226.4889723265665 h=30185.32892197419 T = 99.99999873685078
degree C
740
i=76 x = 15.200000000000001 U = 3.124731758057052 m/s Nu = 2226.4889822503774 h=30185.329072461867 T = 99.9999994118391
degree C
i=78 x = 15.600000000000001 U = 3.1247317587676915 m/s Nu = 2226.4889857027824 h=30185.32912481522 T = 99.99999964666193
degree C
i=82 x = 16.400000000000002 U = 3.1247317594510813 m/s Nu = 2226.4889890228023 h=30185.329175160994 T = 99.9999998724798
degree C
i=87 x = 17.400000000000002 U = 3.124731759729043 m/s Nu = 2226.4889903731873 h=30185.329195638642 T = 99.99999996432905
degree C
i=92 x = 18.400000000000002 U = 3.124731759806796 m/s Nu = 2226.488990750929 h=30185.329201366832 T = 99.99999999002188
degree C
i=96 x = 19.200000000000003 U = 3.1247317598260955 m/s Nu = 2226.488990844684 h=30185.32920278857 T = 99.99999999639891
degree C
i=97 x = 19.400000000000002 U = 3.124731759828546 m/s Nu = 2226.4889908565883 h=30185.329202969104 T = 99.99999999720887
degree C
Q=335006.09656863875 Watt
741
14.0 NATURAL CONVECTION
14.1 NATURAL CONVECTION SIMILARITY SOLUTION
The equations governing external free convection are essentially the same as those for forced
convection. A boundary layer for free convection of a vertical flow is shown in the figure. Velocity in x
direction is assumed to be zero at the wall and again is zero out of boundary layer.
Conservation of mass:
𝜕(𝜌𝑢) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of momentum
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 = (𝜇 ) − − 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Conservation of energy
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
⁡𝜌𝑢𝐶𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣𝐶𝑝 = (𝑘 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
The boundary conditions are

u=0, v=0, T=Ts(x) at y=0
u = 0 , 𝑇 = 𝑇∞at x=0
u = 0 , 𝑇 = 𝑇∞as 𝑦 → ∞
Outside of the boundary layer, the only hydrostatic terms of the boundary layer will be left so:
𝜕𝑃
= −𝜌∞ 𝑔
𝜕𝑥
if this substituted the previous momentum equation it becomes:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 = (𝜇 ) + 𝑔(𝜌∞ − 𝜌)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
742
Furthermore, if Definition of the thermodynamic property of thermal expansion coefficient is taken into
consideration:
1 𝜕𝜌 1 𝜌∞ − 𝜌
𝛽=− ( ) ≅ ( )
𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝑃 𝜌 𝑇∞ − 𝑇
(𝜌∞ − 𝜌) = 𝜌𝛽(𝑇∞ − 𝑇)
Equation becomes:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 = (𝜇 ) + 𝜌𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜌 𝜕𝑢 𝜌 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜇 𝜕𝑢 𝜌
𝑢 + 𝑣 = ( ) + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜌
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜇 𝜕𝑢
𝑢 +𝑣 = ( ) + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑦
𝜇
𝜐=
𝜌
2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜐 2 + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Boundary layer equations can be converted by using stream function concept. Let
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝑢= 𝑣=− where 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) is stream function. If such a function existed (for constant 𝜌) , then
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
conservation of mass is automatically satisfied.
𝜕(𝑢) 𝜕(𝑣)
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)
− =0
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇∞
𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) =
(𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑇∞ ) = (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦)
Then equations become:

(Momentum equation)
𝜕𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 3 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)
− =𝜈 + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 3
(Energy equation)
𝜕𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 2 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑇𝑠
− =𝛼 2
+ 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
A similarity transformation will be applied to this equations in the form of
𝜂(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝐻(𝑥)
Where
1/4
1 1
𝐻(𝑥) = ( 𝐺𝑟𝑥 )
𝑥 4
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 (𝑥)−𝑇∞)𝑥 3
Where Gr𝑥 = is Grashoff mumber, Then 𝜂(𝑥, 𝑦) becomes:
2
1/4
𝑦 1
𝜂(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝐻(𝑥) = ( 𝐺𝑟𝑥 )
𝑥 4
And a separation of variable can be applied to the equations in the form of
𝜑(𝑥, 𝜂) = 𝜈𝐹(𝜂)𝐺(𝑥)
743
Where
1/4
1
𝐺(𝑥) = ( 𝐺𝑟𝑥 )
4
For the case of Ts(x)=constant, the equation becomes:
2
𝑑3 𝐹(𝜂) 𝑑𝐹(𝜂) 𝑑𝐹(𝜂)
3
+ 3𝐹(𝜂) − 2( ) + 𝜃(𝜂) = 0
𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂
𝑑3 𝜃(𝜂) 𝑑𝜃(𝜂)
3
+ 3𝑃𝑟𝐹(𝜂) =0
𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂
The boundary conditions on these equations
u=0 at y=0 𝐹 ′ (0) = 0
v=0 ay y=0 𝐹(0) = 0
u=0 𝑦 → ∞ 𝐹 ′ (∞) = 0
T=Ts y=0 𝜃(0) = 1
𝑇 → 𝑇∞ ⁡⁡⁡𝑦 → ∞ 𝜃(∞) = 0
This set of differential equation can only be solved by using numerical methods. Furthermore, it should
be solved for different Prandtl number. In order to obtain thermal conductivity coefficient or Nussel
number from the numerical solutions, following convertions can be carried out.
Local convective heat transfer coefficient:
𝑞𝑠" = ℎ𝑥 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞𝑠"
ℎ𝑥 =
Form conduction heat transfer:
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑠" = −𝑘 |
𝑑𝑦 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃(𝜂) 𝑑𝜂
𝑞𝑠" = −𝑘 | = −𝑘(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) [ ] = ℎ𝑥 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦=0 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝑦 𝜂=0
𝑑𝜃(0)
𝑞𝑠" = −𝑘(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝐻(𝑥)
𝑑𝜂
Then the local Nusselt number will be defined as:
𝑥ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝜃(0) 1 𝑑𝜃(0) 1/4
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = =− 𝑥𝐻(𝑥) = − 𝐺𝑟𝑥
𝑘 𝑑𝜂 √2 𝑑𝜂
So we will seek solutions for 𝜃′(0)for different Pr numbers. Since relation might not be linear curve
fitting of the obtained solutions should be applied.
As it is seen from boundary conditions, two given conditions are not initial conditions. One way of
solving boundary conditions is using non-linear system of equation solving methods. In order to solve
differential equation set 6th order Runge-Kutta Method is used. In order to solve boundary value
nonlinear system of equation Nelder & Mead optimization method is used. Now that basic
mathematical calculation methods are established, The equation can be solved by using differential
equation boundary value solving method.
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.io.*;

744
fi_xi ff1;

{
double ff=0.0;
return ff;
}
}

double y[];
double w;
fm2 b3;
double a[][];
public fa(double Pr,double yi[],double wi)
{ b3=new fm2(Pr);
for(int i=0;i<y.length;i++) y[i]=yi[i];w=wi;
}

{
// shooting method
y[2]=x[0];
y[4]=x[1];
a=RK6(b3,0.0,w,y,10000);
ff[0]=a[2][10000]-0.0;
ff[1]=a[4][10000]-0.0;
return ff;
}
{
double h=(xn-x0)/N;
int M=f0.length;
double fi[][];
int i,j;
double x;
for(j=0;j<M;j++)
{
fi[j][0]=f0[j];
xi[j+1]=f0[j];
}
{
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
xi[0]=x;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/2;
xi[0]=x+h/2.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/4.0+k[1]/4.0;
xi[0]=x+h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]-k[1]+2.0*k[2];
xi[0]=x+2.0/3.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+7.0/27.0*k[0]+10.0/27.0*k[1]+1.0/27.0*k[3];
745
xi[0]=x+1.0/5.0*h;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i]+28.0/625.0*k[0]-1.0/5.0*k[1]+546.0/625.0*k[2]+54.0/625.0*k[3]-378/625.0*k[4];
fi[j-1][i+1]=fi[j-1][i]+k[0]/24.0+5.0*k[3]/48.0+27.0*k[4]/56.0+125.0*k[5]/336.0;
xi[j]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
{
a[0][i]=x;
for(j=1;j<=M;j++)
{
a[j][i]=fi[j-1][i];
}
}
return a;
}
}

{ double Pr;
{
//Natural convection similarity solution
double a=0;
if(x_ref==4) a= -3.0*Pr*x[1]*x[5];
if(x_ref==3) a= x[5];
if(x_ref==2) a= -3.0*x[1]*x[3]+2.0*x[2]*x[2]-x[4];
if(x_ref==1) a= x[3];
if(x_ref==0) a= x[2];
return a;
}
}
{
double func(double Pr,int i)
{
double xx=0.0;
if(i==0) xx=Math.pow(Pr,0.25);
else if(i==1) xx=Math.sqrt(Pr);
else if(i==2) xx=Math.pow(Pr,0.75);
else if(i==3) xx=Pr;
return xx;
}
}
public class natural_convection_similarity

{
{
int m=n+1;
int j=0;
{
}
return a;
}
{ String s="";
int n=x.length;
{s+=x[k]+" ";}
return s;
}
746
{
int i,j;
}
}

// tolerance :
int FUNC = NDIMS;
int ncalls = 0;
double best = 1E99;
int iter=0;

{
double fhi = flo;
double pavg,sterr;
{
}
double fnhi = flo;
inhi = ilo;
////////// exit criteria //////////////
{
pavg=0;
for(i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
pavg+=p[i][FUNC];
pavg/=NPTS;
double tot=0;
if(printlist!=0)
}
for(i=0;i<NPTS;i++)
{ z[j]=p[ilo][j];}
//break;
}
}

747
ave[j] = 0;
if (i != ihi)
ave[j] += p[i][j];
ave[j] /= (NPTS-1);
///////// reflect ////////////////

r[j] = 2*ave[j] - p[ihi][j];

{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}

{
e[j] = 3*ave[j] - 2*p[ihi][j];
if (fe < fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = e[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fe;
continue;
}
else
{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
}
///////////// shrink:
if (fr < fhi)

{
c[j] = 1.5*ave[j] - 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fc <= fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = c[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fc;
continue;
}
else /////// daralt
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
continue;
}
}
748
if (fr >= fhi) ///
{
cc[j] = 0.5*ave[j] + 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fcc < fhi)
{
p[ihi][j] = cc[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fcc;
continue;
}
else /////////
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
}
}
}
return z;
}


{
}
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
749
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
fb f=new fb();
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ B[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<np1;j++)
{
A[i][j]=0.0;
}
}
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
Text.printT(X);
return X;
}

{
fb f=new fb();
int n=e.length;
double ff=0;
if(n!=0.0)
{
}
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

750
{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}

{ //initial guess for differential equation set
double y[]={0,0,0.7,1.0,-0.5};
//String s="leave a space between initial root guess values: xmin0 xmin1.. ";
//double x[]=inputdata(s);
double x[]={0.7,-0.5};//inputdata(s);
fa ff;
f2 f;
double r1[];
//selected Prandtl number values
double
Pr[]={0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0,10,11,12,13,14,15};
//selected values for maximum eta(limit is not taken infinite)
// corresponding to the Pr numbers
double
w[]={16.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,10.0,10.0,9.0,8.0,8.0,9.0,7.0,7.0,7.0,6.0,5.0,5.0,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5
,4.5};
//output data for Nusselt's number curve fitting
double xi[]=new double[Pr.length];
double yi[]=new double[Pr.length];
//Initial calculations
//non linear eqation function
ff=new fa(Pr[0],y,w[0]);
//optimisation function
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi[0]=Pr[0];
yi[0]=-r1[1];
Plot pp=new Plot();
Plot pp1=new Plot();
{ff=new fa(Pr[i],y,w[i]);
f=new f2(ff);
r1=nelder(f,x);
xi[i]=Pr[i];
yi[i]=-r1[1];
System.out.println("wall surface Pr="+Pr[i]+" eta="+ff.a[0][0]+" f= "+ff.a[1][0]+" f'= "+ff.a[2][0]+" f''= "+ff.a[3][0]+" T = "+ff.a[4][0]+" T' =
"+ff.a[5][0]+" ");
System.out.println("boundary layer limit Pr= "+Pr[i]+" eta = "+ff.a[0][10000]+" f = "+ff.a[1][10000]+" f' = "+ff.a[2][10000]+" f'' =
"+ff.a[3][10000]+" T = "+ff.a[4][10000]+" T' = "+ff.a[5][10000]+" ");
String s1[]={""+'\u03B7',"f","f'","f''",""+'\u03B8',""+'\u03B8'+"'"};
if(i==0) {Plot pp2=new Plot(ff.a[0],ff.a[2]);pp=pp2;
Plot pp3=new Plot(ff.a[0],ff.a[4]);pp1=pp3;
}
else
{ pp.addData(ff.a[0],ff.a[2]);
pp1.addData(ff.a[0],ff.a[4]);
}
}
double b[]=GeneralLeastSquare(xi,yi,6);
751
{gPr1[i]=b[0]*Math.pow(Pr[i],0.25)+b[1]*Math.pow(Pr[i],0.5)+b[2]*Math.pow(Pr[i],0.75)+b[3]*Pr[i]+b[4]*Math.pow(Pr[i],1.25)+b[5]*Math.po
w(Pr[i],1.5)+b[6]*Math.pow(Pr[i],1.75);
gPr2[i]=0.75*Math.sqrt(Pr[i])/Math.pow((0.609+1.221*Math.sqrt(Pr[i])+1.238*Pr[i]),0.25);
}
Text.printT(b);
double d[][]={xi,yi};
Text.printT(d,"d");
System.out.println("f(Pr) ="+b[0]+b[1]+"*Pr^0.25+"+b[2]+"*Pr^0.5+"+b[3]+"*Pr^0.75+"+b[4]+"*Pr +"+b[5]+"*Pr^1.25+"+b[6]+"*Pr^1.5");
pp.plot();
pp1.plot();
Plot pp5=new Plot(xi,yi);
pp5.plot();
Plot pp6=new Plot(xi,egPr1);
pp6.addData(xi,egPr2);
pp6.plot();
}
}
Program investigates a wide range of Prandtl numbers and as a results:

Results for  ( )
  = 0
Pr ()
0.01 0.091093502
0.02 0.116834579
0.03 0.136995175
0.04 0.154605985
0.05 0.170229134
0.06 0.184286962
0.07 0.19708927
0.08 0.208865088
0.09 0.219786662
0.1 0.231500963
0.2 0.307792789
0.3 0.362168135
0.4 0.4050892
0.5 0.440866301
0.6 0.471765381
0.8 0.523754747
1 0.56672913
1.2 0.603623472
1.4 0.636067035
1.6 0.664867361
1.8 0.691266588
2 0.715036357
3 0.813788218
4 0.889502603
5 0.950493977
6 1.003583771
7 1.050193207
8 1.09189393
9 1.127210608
10 1.161864748
11 1.193933662
752
12 1.223822704
13 1.246961238
14 1.273319569
15 1.298263279
20 1.406640617
30 1.572188344
40 1.699540604
50 1.804447867
60 1.894382556
70 1.973529018
80 2.034457087
90 2.098909425
100 2.158133722
200 2.587798708
300 2.874897742
400 3.096602009
500 3.279691561
600 3.436935238
700 3.575508896
800 3.699882055
900 3.796072907
1000 3.900184715
753
After establishing data, different curve fitting methods can be used to get Nusselt number correlations. The
simplest correlation could be a linear polynomial such as an 11 th degree polynomial
𝜕𝜃
| = 𝜃 ′ = 𝑎0 𝑃𝑟 1/4 + 𝑎1 𝑃𝑟 1/2 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑟 3/4 + 𝑎3 𝑃𝑟 + 𝑎4 𝑃𝑟 5/4 + 𝑎5 𝑃𝑟 3/2 + 𝑎6 𝑃𝑟 7/4 + 𝑎7 𝑃𝑟 2 + 𝑎8 𝑃𝑟 9/4
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
+ 𝑎9 𝑃𝑟 5/2 + 𝑎10 𝑃𝑟 11/4 + 𝑎11 𝑃𝑟 3
a0 2.0989129231E-01
a1 -3.0051209224E-01
a2 2.6523436090E+00
a3 -3.9991683936E+00
a4 3.0819446934E+00
a5 -1.4187784421E+00
a6 4.0479301621E-01
a7 -6.9334038631E-02
a8 6.0379609656E-03
a9 -3.3673993063E-05
a10 -3.6909765186E-05
a11 2.0994279162E-06
For this polynomial data and fitted line and error shown as follows
754
𝜕𝜃
| = 𝜃 ′ = 𝑎0 𝑃𝑟 1/4 + 𝑎1 𝑃𝑟 1/2 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑟 3/4 + 𝑎3 𝑃𝑟 + 𝑎4 𝑃𝑟 5/4 + 𝑎5 𝑃𝑟 3/2 + 𝑎6 𝑃𝑟 7/4 + 𝑎7 𝑃𝑟 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
a0 -7.1616625047E-02
a1 1.3294314755E+00
a2 -1.0629736882E+00
a3 4.8311043084E-01
a4 -1.3183854844E-01
a5 2.1366843379E-02
a6 -1.8917609206E-03
a7 7.0288177613E-05
755
𝜕𝜃
| = 𝜃 ′ = 𝑎0 𝑃𝑟 1/4 + 𝑎1 𝑃𝑟 1/2 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑟 3/4 + 𝑎3 𝑃𝑟
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
a0 0.337767076
a1 0.279380627
a2 -0.071379462
a3 0.005903166
756
As a solution of this problem following equation is given in Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Incropera/DeWitt/Bergman/Lavine, sixth edition as:
𝜕𝜃 0.75𝑃𝑟 1/2
| = 𝜃′ =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 (0.609 + 1.221𝑃𝑟 1/2 + 1.238𝑃𝑟 )1/4
757
Error level of the equation is as follow:
Pr '() calculated '() Incropera 9.20 Error

0.01 0.091093502 0.081214605 -0.009878897
0.02 0.116834579 0.112577416 -0.004257163
0.03 0.136995175 0.135789496 -0.001205679
0.04 0.154605985 0.154806134 2.00E-04
0.05 0.170229134 0.171157064 9.28E-04
0.06 0.184286962 0.185625468 0.001338506
0.07 0.19708927 0.198675703 0.001586433
0.08 0.208865088 0.210609701 0.001744613
0.09 0.219786662 0.221636726 0.001850064
0.1 0.231500963 0.231908792 4.08E-04
0.2 0.307792789 0.309682066 0.001889277
0.3 0.362168135 0.363931695 0.00176356
0.4 0.4050892 0.406583847 0.001494647
0.5 0.440866301 0.442124632 0.001258331
0.6 0.471765381 0.472793688 0.001028307
0.8 0.523754747 0.524235458 4.81E-04
1 0.56672913 0.566769318 4.02E-05
1.2 0.603623472 0.603273793 -3.50E-04
1.4 0.636067035 0.635395565 -6.71E-04
1.6 0.664867361 0.66417209 -6.95E-04
1.8 0.691266588 0.690302464 -9.64E-04
2 0.715036357 0.714281819 -7.55E-04
3 0.813788218 0.812086974 -0.001701244
4 0.889502603 0.887072196 -0.002430407
5 0.950493977 0.948637499 -0.001856478
6 1.003583771 1.001262098 -0.002321673
7 1.050193207 1.047456694 -0.002736513
8 1.09189393 1.088780187 -0.003113743
9 1.127210608 1.126271668 -9.39E-04
10 1.161864748 1.16066093 -0.001203818
11 1.193933662 1.192481565 -0.001452097
12 1.223822704 1.222136374 -0.00168633
13 1.246961238 1.249937427 0.002976189
14 1.273319569 1.276131774 0.002812205
15 1.298263279 1.300918579 0.0026553
20 1.406640617 1.408592852 0.001952235
30 1.572188344 1.572996939 8.09E-04
40 1.699540604 1.699415203 -1.25E-04
50 1.804447867 1.80352129 -9.27E-04
60 1.894382556 1.892748434 -0.001634122
70 1.973529018 1.971257678 -0.00227134
758
80 2.034457087 2.0416329 0.007175813
90 2.098909425 2.105597706 0.006688281
100 2.158133722 2.164363939 0.006230217
200 2.587798708 2.590451013 0.002652305
300 2.874897742 2.874952717 5.50E-05
400 3.096602009 3.094562562 -0.002039447
500 3.279691561 3.275874082 -0.003817479
600 3.436935238 3.431560807 -0.005374431
700 3.575508896 3.568742382 -0.006766514
800 3.699882055 3.691852017 -0.008030038
900 3.796072907 3.803853475 0.007780568
1000 3.900184715 3.906834359 0.006649644
The same accuracy equation is curve fitted by using Nelder_& Mead nonlinear optimization method.
𝜕𝜃 𝑎0 𝑃𝑟 1/2
| = 𝜃′ =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 𝑃𝑟 )1/4
 a0 Pr 1 / 2
=  '=
y y =0
(a1 + a2 Pr 1 / 2 + a3 Pr)1 / 4
a0 0.756705949
a1 0.621261022
a2 1.187008971
a3 1.369213226
The error of these curve fitting value:

Pr '() calculated '() Non Lin. C.F. Error
0.01 0.0910935 0.081214605 -0.009878897
0.02 0.11683458 0.112577416 -0.004257163
0.03 0.13699518 0.135789496 -0.001205679
0.04 0.15460599 0.154806134 2.00E-04
0.05 0.17022913 0.171157064 9.28E-04
0.06 0.18428696 0.185625468 0.001338506
0.07 0.19708927 0.198675703 0.001586433
0.08 0.20886509 0.210609701 0.001744613
0.09 0.21978666 0.221636726 0.001850064
0.1 0.23150096 0.231908792 4.08E-04
759
0.2 0.30779279 0.309682066 0.001889277
0.3 0.36216814 0.363931695 0.00176356
0.4 0.4050892 0.406583847 0.001494647
0.5 0.4408663 0.442124632 0.001258331
0.6 0.47176538 0.472793688 0.001028307
0.8 0.52375475 0.524235458 4.81E-04
1 0.56672913 0.566769318 4.02E-05
1.2 0.60362347 0.603273793 -3.50E-04
1.4 0.63606704 0.635395565 -6.71E-04
1.6 0.66486736 0.66417209 -6.95E-04
1.8 0.69126659 0.690302464 -9.64E-04
2 0.71503636 0.714281819 -7.55E-04
3 0.81378822 0.812086974 -0.001701244
4 0.8895026 0.887072196 -0.002430407
5 0.95049398 0.948637499 -0.001856478
6 1.00358377 1.001262098 -0.002321673
7 1.05019321 1.047456694 -0.002736513
8 1.09189393 1.088780187 -0.003113743
9 1.12721061 1.126271668 -9.39E-04
10 1.16186475 1.16066093 -0.001203818
11 1.19393366 1.192481565 -0.001452097
12 1.2238227 1.222136374 -0.00168633
13 1.24696124 1.249937427 0.002976189
14 1.27331957 1.276131774 0.002812205
15 1.29826328 1.300918579 0.0026553
20 1.40664062 1.408592852 0.001952235
30 1.57218834 1.572996939 8.09E-04
40 1.6995406 1.699415203 -1.25E-04
50 1.80444787 1.80352129 -9.27E-04
60 1.89438256 1.892748434 -0.001634122
70 1.97352902 1.971257678 -0.00227134
80 2.03445709 2.0416329 0.007175813
90 2.09890943 2.105597706 0.006688281
100 2.15813372 2.164363939 0.006230217
200 2.58779871 2.590451013 0.002652305
300 2.87489774 2.874952717 5.50E-05
400 3.09660201 3.094562562 -0.002039447
500 3.27969156 3.275874082 -0.003817479
600 3.43693524 3.431560807 -0.005374431
700 3.5755089 3.568742382 -0.006766514
800 3.69988206 3.691852017 -0.008030038
900 3.79607291 3.803853475 0.007780568
1000 3.90018472 3.906834359 0.006649644
760
As it is seen from the results, error level of this equation is one order better than the Incropera equation. Error level
can be further reduced in nonlinear equations by increasing number of terms as well. Let us assume the equation in
the form of
 a0 + a1 Pr 1 / 2 + a 2 Pr
=  '=
y y =0
(a3 + a 4 Pr 1 / 2 + a5 Pr)1 / 4
a0 0.022830145
a1 0.752624416
a2 2.08E-04
a3 1.222236219
a4 1.010421489
a5 1.389905434
Pr '() calculated '() Non Lin. C.F. Error

0.01 0.091093502 0.091221691 1.28E-04
0.02 0.116834579 0.118992716 0.002158137
0.03 0.136995175 0.139872692 0.002877517
0.04 0.154605985 0.157180232 0.002574247
0.05 0.170229134 0.172202802 0.001973668
761
0.06 0.184286962 0.185601606 0.001314644
0.07 0.19708927 0.19776992 6.81E-04
0.08 0.208865088 0.208964269 9.92E-05
0.09 0.219786662 0.219363018 -4.24E-04
0.1 0.231500963 0.22909615 -0.002404813
0.2 0.307792789 0.304102599 -0.00369019
0.3 0.362168135 0.35757659 -0.004591545
0.4 0.4050892 0.400125376 -0.004963824
0.5 0.440866301 0.435841974 -0.005024327
0.6 0.471765381 0.466810409 -0.004954972
0.8 0.523754747 0.518973737 -0.00478101
1 0.56672913 0.562235954 -0.004493176
1.2 0.603623472 0.59941289 -0.004210582
1.4 0.636067035 0.632137656 -0.003929379
1.6 0.664867361 0.661449436 -0.003417925
1.8 0.691266588 0.688053664 -0.003212924
2 0.715036357 0.712452737 -0.00258362
3 0.813788218 0.811759058 -0.00202916
4 0.889502603 0.887621384 -0.001881219
5 0.950493977 0.949722148 -7.72E-04
6 1.003583771 1.002679508 -9.04E-04
7 1.050193207 1.04907898 -0.001114227
8 1.09189393 1.090522895 -0.001371035
9 1.127210608 1.128077086 8.66E-04
10 1.161864748 1.162488589 6.24E-04
11 1.193933662 1.194302537 3.69E-04
12 1.223822704 1.223929691 1.07E-04
13 1.246961238 1.25168775 0.004726512
14 1.273319569 1.277827826 0.004508257
15 1.298263279 1.302552067 0.004288788
20 1.406640617 1.409850676 0.003210059
30 1.572188344 1.57346755 0.001279206
40 1.699540604 1.699202238 -3.38E-04
50 1.804447867 1.802740682 -0.001707185
60 1.894382556 1.891497867 -0.002884689
70 1.973529018 1.969616401 -0.003912617
80 2.034457087 2.039665331 0.005208244
90 2.098909425 2.10335679 0.004447365
100 2.158133722 2.161893751 0.003760029
200 2.587798708 2.587090857 -7.08E-04
300 2.874897742 2.871901695 -0.002996047
400 3.096602009 3.092319163 -0.004282846
500 3.279691561 3.274700561 -0.004991
600 3.436935238 3.431612916 -0.005322322
700 3.575508896 3.570119596 -0.0053893
800 3.699882055 3.694620897 -0.005261158
900 3.796072907 3.808059921 0.011987014
1000 3.900184715 3.912510613 0.012325898
762
Non linear curve fitting program:
import java.io.*;
abstract class f_xj

{
// a single value is returned (
// example f=x[0]+sin(x[1])
// func(x) returns the value of f
abstract public double func(double x[]);
}
class yy extends f_xj
{
int nn;
{
xi=new double[1001];
yi=new double[1001];
int n=ia.length;
a=new double[n];
seta(ia);
int i=-1;
try{
try {
while(fin != null)
{
i++;
xi[i]=Text.readDouble(fin);
yi[i]=Text.readDouble(fin);
}
nn=i;
a=ia;
}

{
a[ii]=ia[ii];
}

{
return a;
763
}
double Ps(double Pr,double ai[])

{a=ai;
double pi=a[0]*Math.pow(Pr,0.5)/Math.pow((a[1]+a[2]*Math.pow(Pr,0.5)+a[3]*Pr),0.25);
return pi;
}

{
double ff=0;
double w;
double yy;
{w=Ps(xi[i],ai);
yy=yi[i];
//System.out.println("x="+xi[i]+"w="+w+"yy="+yy+"ff="+ff);
w-=yy;
ff+=w*w;
//System.out.println("x="+xi[i]+"w="+w+"yy="+yy+"ff="+ff);
}
return ff;
}
}
class zz extends yy
{ public zz(String filename,double ia[])
{super(filename,ia);}
{
return -super.func(ai);
}
}
public class NA50

{
{
//String in_name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" enter name of the input file : ");
String in_name="Pr_t.txt";
double p[];
p=new double[4];
p[0] =0.75;
p[1] =0.609;
p[2] =1.221;
p[3] =1.238;
double da[];
da=new double[4];
da[0] =0.1*p[0];
da[1] =0.1*p[1];
da[2] =0.1*p[2];
da[3] =0.1*p[3];
yy f=new yy(in_name,p);
System.out.println("book function = ");
double aa[][]=new double[4][53];
{aa[0][i]=f.xi[i];aa[1][i]=f.yi[i];aa[2][i]=f.Ps(f.xi[i],p);aa[3][i]=aa[2][i]-aa[1][i];
System.out.println("i="+i+"x="+aa[0][i]+"yi="+aa[1][i]+"y=f(xi)="+aa[2][i]+"error="+aa[3][i]);};
Text.printT(aa,"incropera 9.20");
Plot pp=new Plot(aa[0],aa[1]);
pp.setPlabel("Natural Convection similarity Incropera 9.20 ");
pp.setXlabel("Pr");
pp.setYlabel(""+'\u03B8'+"'("+'\u03B7'+")");
pp.addData(aa[0],aa[2]);
pp.plot();
Plot pp1=new Plot(aa[0],aa[3]);
pp1.setPlabel("Natural Convection similarity Incropera 9.20 error");
pp1.setXlabel("Pr");
pp1.setYlabel("error");
pp1.plot();
p=NA41.nelder(f,p,da,1e-15);
764
{aa[0][i]=f.xi[i];aa[1][i]=f.yi[i];aa[2][i]=f.Ps(f.xi[i],p);aa[3][i]=aa[2][i]-aa[1][i];
System.out.println("i="+i+"x="+aa[0][i]+"yi="+aa[1][i]+"y=f(xi)="+aa[2][i]+"error="+aa[3][i]);};
Text.printT(aa,"nonlinear curve fitting");
Text.printT(p,"coefficients of non-linear eqaution");
pp=new Plot(aa[0],aa[1]);
pp.setPlabel("Natural Convection similarity nonlinear curve fitting ");
pp.setXlabel("Pr");
pp.setYlabel(""+'\u03B8'+"'("+'\u03B7'+")");
pp.addData(aa[0],aa[2]);
pp.plot();
pp1=new Plot(aa[0],aa[3]);
pp1.setPlabel("Natural Convection similarity nonlinear curve fitting error");
pp1.setXlabel("Pr");
pp1.setYlabel("error");
pp1.plot();
String s1=" coefficient of the curve fitting equation : \n"+Matrix.toStringT(p)+"\n";
String s2="Nelder-Mead nonlinear least square curve fitting : ";
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,s1,s2,JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
}
It should also be note that in order to obtain average heat transfer coefficients, these local heat transfer coefficients
should be integrated over the total distance.
𝐿 1/4 𝐿
1 𝑘 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑑𝜃(0) 𝑑𝑥
ℎ̅ = ∫ ℎ𝑑𝑥 = [ ] ∫ 1/4
𝐿 𝐿 4𝜈2 𝑑𝜂 𝑥
0 0
And
ℎ̅𝐿 4 4 Gr𝐿 1/4 𝑑𝜃(0)
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = ( )
𝑘 3 3 4 𝑑𝜂
(Several different curve fitting equations for 𝜃 ′(0)and their error level compare to results obtained from the
program is given above)
Results and discussion
Most of the equations given in the text books related to this topic is listed and derived for hand calculations. In
recent times the basic method of calculations are through computer programs. Therefore more accurate equations
containing more terms can be easily utilized for this type of equations.
14.2 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS IN VERTICAL PLATE

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝑥 3 𝜇 1 𝜕𝜌
Grashoff Number: Gr𝑥 = where 𝜈 = 𝛽 = − ( ) is the volumetric thermal
2 𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝑃
1 𝜌∞ −𝜌
expansion coefficient. This term may be approximated as: 𝛽 ≈ − ( ). For a perfect gas: 𝜌 =
𝜌 𝑇 ∞−𝑇
1 𝜕𝜌 1 𝑃 1
𝑃/𝑅𝑇 therefore:⁡𝛽 = − ( ) = = 1/K
𝜌 𝜕𝑇 𝜌 𝑅𝑇 2 𝑇 𝑃
765
Franz Grashoff
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝑥 3 𝑘
Rayleigh Number:⁡Ra𝑥 = Gr𝑥 𝑃𝑟 = α=
α 𝜌𝐶𝑝
9
Critical Rayleigh Number Ra𝑥,𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 10
Nu𝐿 = 4/3Nu𝑥
Lord(John William Stuart) Rayleigh
Laminar free convection: Incropera-DeWitt equation[35] similarity solution

4 Gr𝐿 1/4 0.75𝑃𝑟 1/2
Nu𝐿 = ( ) 1 0 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ ∞ 0 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 109
3 4
(0.609+1.221𝑃𝑟2 +1.238Pr)1/4
Laminar free convection: Coban-2 equation similarity solution (see previous subchapter for
calculation details)
1
4 Gr𝐿 1/4 (0.022830145+0.752624416𝑃𝑟2 +2.08E−4Pr)
Nu𝐿 = ( ) 1 0.01 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 1000 ⁡⁡⁡0 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 109
3 4
(1.222236219+1.010421489𝑃𝑟 2 +1.389905434Pr)1/4
Churchill & Chu 1Equation for all Ra range[36]

2
1/6
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐿
Nu𝐿 = {0.825 + 8/27 }
0.492 9/16
[1+( Pr ) ]
Churchill & Chu 2 Equation for Laminar Ra range[36]

1/4
0.67𝑅𝑎𝐿
Nu𝐿 = 0.68 + 4/9 0 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 109
0.492 9/16
[1+( Pr ) ]
PROBLEM : air temperature of a room is T∞=26.85 C and room pressure is P=101.325 kPa. Room has
a heating plate of height L=0.5 m and width W=1 m. Plate surface temperature is T s=126.85 C. Find the
heat transfer from natural convection.
public class HT_natural_vertical_plate_air

{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
766
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L,int select)
{//Nusselt number
double Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,P,L);
double Pr=Pr(T);
System.out.println("Pr="+Pr);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
double Racritic=1e9;
double Pr_05=Math.sqrt(Pr);
if(Ra>Racritic || select==4 )
{Nu=(0.825+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.492/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));
Nu=Nu*Nu;
767
}
else
{if(select==1) Nu=4.0/3.0*Math.pow((Gr/4.0),(1.0/4.0))*0.75*Pr_05/Math.pow((0.609+1.221*Pr_05+1.238*Pr),(1.0/4.0));
else if(select==2) Nu=4.0/3.0*Math.pow((Gr/4.0),(1.0/4.0))*(0.022830145+0.752624416*Pr_05+2.04e-
4*Pr)/Math.pow((1.222236219+1.010421489*Pr_05+1.389905434*Pr),(1.0/4.0));
else if(select==3) Nu=(0.68+0.67*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/4.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.492/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(4.0/9.0)));
}
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L)

{ double T=(Ts+Tinf)/2.0;
double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double alpha=k/(ro*Cp);
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)*L*L*L/alpha/nu;
return Ra;
}
double Ts=126.85+273.15;
double L=0.5; // m
double W=1.0;
double Nu1=Nu(Ts,Tinf,P,L,1);
System.out.println("Incropera-DeWitt eqn : Nu1="+Nu1+"\nCoban-2 Eqn Nu2="+Nu2+"\nChurchill & Chu eqn
Nu3="+Nu3+"\nChurchill & Chu eqn Nu4="+Nu4);
double k1=k(T);
double h1=Nu1*k1/L;
double h2=Nu2*k1/L;
double h3=Nu3*k1/L;
double h4=Nu4*k1/L;
System.out.println("h1="+h1+" h2="+h2+" h3="+h3+" h4="+h4);
double A=W*L;
System.out.println("Q1="+Q1+" Q2="+Q2+" Q3="+Q3+"Q4 = "+Q4);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_natural_vertical_plate_air
---------- Capture Output ----------
Ra=5.737293044140159E8
Ra=5.737293044140159E8
Ra=5.737293044140159E8
Ra=5.737293044140159E8
Incropera-DeWitt eqn : Nu1=79.64626650993371
Coban-2 Eqn Nu2=78.86293521532025
Churchill & Chu eqn Nu3=80.1577851580879
h1=4.7792106730770305 h2=4.732206520242007 h3=4.809904583662677 h4=6.203995564964818
Q1=238.9605336538515 Q2=236.61032601210036 Q3=240.49522918313383Q4 = 310.1997782482409
Note Ra<Racritical=109

M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmol
R 2.8705334E+02 J/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3
768
a0 1.89668613E+00 -7.00796942E-01 -5.96297846E- 1.47352515E+00
a1 -2.23937197E-02 8.85836561E-02 01
1.00247973E- -1.73708682E-02
a2 2.40885259E-04 -1.20909367E-04 01
7.32722776E- 1.80473009E-04
a3 -1.45254290E-06 1.73074497E-07 05
-1.02111800E- -1.07436904E-06
a4 5.43552393E-09 -1.45011707E-10 06
4.21691040E- 3.99304707E-09
a5 -1.32310554E-11 -4.33936641E-14 09
-1.04115589E- -9.67956666E-12
a6 2.13239465E-14 3.14868466E-16 11
1.67088379E- 1.55567247E-14
a7 -2.25744420E-17 -4.41548734E-19 14
-1.75371889E- -1.64359568E-17
a8 1.50864395E-20 3.25615211E-22 17
1.16134919E- 1.09674418E-20
a9 -5.76865768E-24 -1.28963912E-25 20
-4.40290627E- -4.18869082E-24
a10 9.61540784E-28 2.16661936E-29 24
7.28284943E- 6.97523663E-28
result:for T 1.0085234E+00 1.0083819E+00 2.0867141E-05 28
3.0002729E- 7.0130741E-01
result: for 8.8245794E-01 1.0140736E+00 2.3055411E-05 02
3.3453105E- 6.9887896E-01
Tw degree C degree K 02
T 7.6850000E+01 3.5000000E+02 average temp
Ts 1.2685000E+02 4.0000000E+02 surface
Tinf 2.6850000E+01 3.0000000E+02 temperature
air temp
P 1.0132500E+00 bar air pressure
 1.0085234E+00 air density kg/m^3
W 1.0000000E+00 weight of plate
L 5.0000000E-01 length of plate
k 3.0002729E-02 air thermal
Cp 1.0083819E+03 conductivity
air specific heat
Pr 7.0130741E-01 air Prandtl
 2.9501884E-05 W/mK number
air thermal
g 9.8060000E+00 m/s^2 diffusivity
gravitational
 2.8571429E-03 W/m acceleration
thermal cof.
expansion
 2.0867141E-05 Pas coeff.
dynamic viscosity
 2.0690786E-05 m^2/s kinematic viscosity
Ra 5.6888063E+08 Rayleigh number
Gr 8.1117157E+08
Incropera- 7.9477454E+01 Nusselt number
DeWitt
h1 Nu1 4.7690810E+00 W/(m2K) thermal
Q1 2.3845405E+02 W convection
Rayleigh coef.
number
Coban-2 7.8696121E+01 Nusselt number
Nu2
h2 4.7221968E+00 W/(m2K) thermal
Q2 2.3610984E+02 W convection coef.
Rayleigh number
Churchil & 7.9989330E+01 Nusselt number
Chu
h3 2 Nu3 4.7997963E+00 W/(m2K) thermal
Rayleigh number
Churchil & 1.0312212E+02 Nusselt number
Chu 1 Nu4
h4 6.1878901E+00 W/(m2K) thermal
Rayleigh number
a heating plate of heigh L=1 m and width W=1 m. Plate surface temperature is T s=126.85 C. Find the
heat transfer from natural convection.
Incropera-DeWitt eqn : Nu1=197.06985451111964
Coban-2 Eqn Nu2=197.06985451111964
h1=5.912633405759276 h2=5.912633405759276 h3=5.912633405759276 h4=5.912633405759276
Q1=591.2633405759276 Q2=591.2633405759276 Q3=591.2633405759276Q4 = 591.2633405759276

Note: Note Ra>Racritical=109 laminar equations are bypassed and case 4 Churchill & Chu equation is used
regarless of selection
degree C degree K
T 7.6850000E+01 3.5000000E+02 average temp
Tinf 2.6850000E+01 3.0000000E+02 air temp
769
L 1.0000000E+00 length of plate
k 3.0002729E-02 air thermal conductivity
Cp 1.0083819E+03 air specific heat
Pr 7.0130741E-01 air Prandtl number
 2.9501884E-05 W/mK air thermal diffusivity
g 9.8060000E+00 m/s^2 gravitational acceleration cof.
 2.8571429E-03 W/m thermal expansion coeff.
 2.0867141E-05 Pas dynamic viscosity
Gr 6.4893726E+09
Churchil & Chu 1 1.9654582E+02 Nusselt number
Nu4
h4 5.8969110E+00 W/(m2K) thermal convection coef.
Q4 5.8969110E+02 W Rayleigh number
PROBLEM: Calculate the heat transfer rates by free convection from a 0.3 m high vertical plate
maintained at a uniform temperature Tw=80 C to an ambient at Tinf=23 C containing air at 1 atm.
public class HT_natural_vertical_plate_air
{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
770
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L,int select)

{//Nusselt number
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
if(Ra>Racritic || select==4 ) {Nu=(0.825+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.492/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));
Nu=Nu*Nu;
}
else
4*Pr)/Math.pow((1.222236219+1.010421489*Pr_05+1.389905434*Pr),(1.0/4.0));
}
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L)

double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
System.out.println("Ra="+Ra);
return Ra;
}
double Ts=80+273.15;
double L=0.3; // m
double W=1.0;
System.out.println("Nu1="+Nu1+" Nu2="+Nu2+" Nu3="+Nu3+" Nu4="+Nu4);
double k1=k(Tinf);
double h1=Nu1*k1/L;
double h2=Nu2*k1/L;
double h3=Nu3*k1/L;
double h4=Nu4*k1/L;
System.out.println("h1="+h1+" h2="+h2+" h3="+h3+" h4="+h4);
double A=W*L;
771
System.out.println("Q1="+Q1+" Q2="+Q2+" Q3="+Q3+"Q4 = "+Q4);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
Ra=9.958635104221523E7
Ra=9.958635104221523E7
Ra=9.958635104221523E7
Ra=9.958635104221523E7
Nu1=51.42810895822179 Nu2=50.92328414255047 Nu3=51.9994124399301 Nu4=60.916383627909866
h1=4.473866569836352 h2=4.429950530296759 h3=4.523565763522867 h4=5.29927655884891
Q1=76.50311834420161 Q2=75.75215406807459 Q3=77.35297455624102Q4 = 90.61762915631637
T 5.1500000E+01 3.2465000E+02 average temp

Tinf 2.3000000E+01 2.9615000E+02 air temp
L 3.0000000E-01 length of plate
k 2.8191011E-02 air thermal conductivity
Cp 1.0066983E+03 air specific heat
Pr 7.0364658E-01 air Prandtl number
 2.5755663E-05 W/mK air thermal diffusivity
g 9.8060000E+00 m/s^2 gravitational acceleration cof.
 3.0802403E-03 W/m thermal expansion coeff.
 1.9705211E-05 Pas dynamic viscosity
Gr 1.3016874E+08
Incropera-DeWitt
Nu1 5.0363501E+01 Nusselt number
Coban-2 Nu2 4.9869341E+01 Nusselt number
Churchil & Chu 2
Churchil & Chu 1
14.3 INCLINED PLATES NATURAL CONVECTION
772
𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝑥 3
Grashoff Number: Gr𝑥 =
2
𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝑥 3
Rayleigh Number:⁡Ra𝑥 = Gr𝑥 𝑃𝑟 =
α
2
1/6
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐿
Nu𝐿 = {0.825 + 8/27 }
0.492 9/16
[1+( Pr ) ]
an inclined heating plate of height L=0.5 m, inclination angle of 45 degree and width W=1 m. Plate
surface temperature is Ts=126.85 C. Find the heat transfer from natural convection.
Heat transfer natural convection inclined surface working fluid

M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmol : air
R 2.8705334E+02 J/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
kg/m^3
a0 1.89668613E+0 - - 1.47352515E+0
a1 0
-2.23937197E- 7.00796942E-
8.85836561E- 5.96297846E-
1.00247973E- 0
-1.73708682E-
02 01 01
a2 2.40885259E- -02 01
7.32722776E- 02
1.80473009E-
a3 04
-1.45254290E- 1.20909367E-
1.73074497E- 05
- 04
-1.07436904E-
06 04
07 1.02111800E- 06
a4 5.43552393E- - 4.21691040E- 3.99304707E-
09 1.45011707E- 06
09 09
a5 -1.32310554E- - - -9.67956666E-
11 10
4.33936641E- 1.04115589E- 12
a6 2.13239465E- 3.14868466E- 1.67088379E- 1.55567247E-
14 14
16 11
14 14
a7 -2.25744420E- - - -1.64359568E-
a8 17
1.50864395E- 4.41548734E-
3.25615211E- 1.75371889E-
1.16134919E- 17
1.09674418E-
20 19 17
a9 -5.76865768E- -22 -20 20
-4.18869082E-
a10 24
9.61540784E- 1.28963912E-
2.16661936E- 4.40290627E-
7.28284943E- 24
6.97523663E-
28 25
29 24
28 28
result:for T 1.0085234E+00 1.0083819E+00 2.0867141E- 3.0002729E- 7.0130741E-01
result: for Tw 8.8245794E-01 1.0140736E+00 05
2.3055411E- 02
3.3453105E- 6.9887896E-01
degree C degree K 05 02
T 7.6850000E+01 3.5000000E+02 average temp
Ts 1.2685000E+02 4.0000000E+02 surface
air temp
 1.0085234E+00 air density
W 1.0000000E+00 kg/m^3
weight of
L 5.0000000E-01 plate
length of
 7.8539816E-01 45.0 plate
air specific
Pr 7.0130741E-01 heat
air Prandtl
 2.9501884E-05 W/mK number
air thermal
gravitational
thermal
cof.
expansion
 2.0867141E-05 Pas dynamic
coeff.
viscosity
 2.0690786E-05 m^2/s kinematic
viscosity
773
Ra 4.0225935E+08 Rayleigh
Gr 5.7358492E+08 number
Churchil & Chu 1 Nu4 9.2761148E+01 Nusselt
h4 5.5661752E+00 W/(m2K) number
thermal
Q4 2.7830876E+02 W convection
Heat
coef.
transfer
public class HT_natural_inclined_plate_air
{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}
774
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L,double teta)
{//Nusselt number
double Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,P,L,teta);
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
Nu=(0.825+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.492/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));
Nu=Nu*Nu;
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L,double teta)

double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Ra=g*Math.cos(teta)*beta*(Ts-Tinf)*L*L*L/alpha/nu;
return Ra;
}
double Ts=126.85+273.15;
double L=0.5;
double teta=45.0*Math.PI/180.0;
System.out.println("teta="+teta);
double W=1.0;
double Nu=Nu(Ts,Tinf,P,L,teta);
System.out.println("Nu="+Nu);
double k=k(T);;
double h=Nu*k/L;
System.out.println("h="+h);
double A=W*L;
double Q=h*A*(Ts-Tinf);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_natural_inclined_plate_air
teta=0.7853981633974483
Ra=4.0568788171659166E8
Nu=93.00141918885832
h=5.580592721735006
Q=279.0296360867503
14.4 HORIZONTAL PLATES NATURAL CONVECTION
775
𝐴𝑠
𝐿𝑐 = where As is the plate surface area and P is the perimeter
𝑃
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐
Ra𝑥 = Gr𝑥 𝑃𝑟 =
α
Upper surface of Hot Plate or Lower surface of Cold Plate
1/4
Nu𝐿 = 0.54𝑅𝑎𝐿 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 107
1/3
Nu𝐿 = 0.15𝑅𝑎𝐿 107 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 1011
Lower surface of Hot Plate or Upper surface of Cold Plate
1/4
Nu𝐿 = 0.27𝑅𝑎𝐿 105 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 1010
a horizontal heating plate of height L=0.5 m, and width W=0.5 m. Plate surface temperature is
Ts=126.85 C. Find the heat transfer from natural convection.
public class HT_natural_horizontal_plate_air

{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
776
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double[] Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double W,double L,double P)
{//Nusselt number
double A=W*L;
double Pe=2.0*W+2.0*L;
double Ls=A/Pe;
double Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,Ls,P);
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu[]=new double[2];
if(Ts>Tinf)
{System.out.println("Hot plate \n");
if(Ra>1e4 && Ra<=1e7) Nu[0]=0.54*Math.pow(Ra,0.25);
else if (Ra>1e7 && Ra<=1e11) Nu[0]=0.15*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/3.0));
Nu[1]=0.27*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/3.0));
}
else
{System.out.println("Cold plate \n");
Nu[0]=0.27*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/3.0));
}
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double L,double P)

double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
777
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
return Ra;
}
double Ts=126.85+273.15;
double L=0.5;
double W=0.5;
double A=L*W;
double Pe=2.0*L+2.0*W;
double Ls=A/Pe;
System.out.println("Area = "+A+" Perimeter = "+Pe+"Ls = "+Ls);
double Nu[]=Nu(Ts,Tinf,W,L,P);
System.out.println("Nu upper surface of the plate ="+Nu[0]+"\nNu lower surface of the plate ="+Nu[1]);
double k=k(T);;
double h[]=new double[2];
h[0]=Nu[0]*k/Ls;
h[1]=Nu[1]*k/Ls;
System.out.println("h upper surface of the plate ="+h[0]+"W/m2K\nh lower surface of the plate ="+h[1]+" W/m2K");
double Q1=h[0]*A*(Ts-Tinf);
double Q=Q1+Q2;
System.out.println("Q total ="+Q+"W Q upper surface ="+Q1+"W Q lower surface ="+Q2+"W ");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_natural_horizontal_plate_air
Area = 0.25 Perimeter = 2.0Ls = 0.125
Hot plate
Nu upper surface of the plate =29.547825432626695

Nu lower surface of the plate =56.08836545050797
h upper surface of the plate =7.0921231521235795W/m2K
h lower surface of the plate =13.462432153707027 W/m2K
Q total =513.8638826457652W Q upper surface =177.30307880308948W Q lower surface =336.5608038426757W
PROBLEM : A circular hot plate D=0.25 m in diameter with both surfaces are maintained at
a uniform temparature of100 C is suspended in horizontal position in atmospheric air at 27
C. Determine the heat transfer rate by free convection from the plate into the atmosphere.
public class HT_natural_horizontal_plate_air1
{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
778
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double[] Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double W,double L,double P)
{//Nusselt number
double A=W*L;
double Pe=2.0*W+2.0*L;
double Ls=A/Pe;
double Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,Ls,P);
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu[]=new double[2];
if(Ts>Tinf)
{System.out.println("Hot plate \n");
Nu[1]=0.27*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/3.0));
}
else
{System.out.println("Cold plate \n");
Nu[0]=0.27*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/3.0));
}
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double L,double P)

double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
779
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
return Ra;
}
double Ts=100+273.15;
double D=0.25;
double W=0.5;
double Pe=Math.PI*D;
double Lc=A/Pe;
System.out.println("Area = "+A+" Perimeter = "+Pe+"Lc = "+Lc);
double Nu[]=Nu(Ts,Tinf,W,Lc,P);
System.out.println("Nu upper surface of the plate ="+Nu[0]+"\nNu lower surface of the plate ="+Nu[1]);
double k=k(T);;
double h[]=new double[2];
h[0]=Nu[0]*k/Lc;
h[1]=Nu[1]*k/Lc;
System.out.println("h upper surface of the plate ="+h[0]+"W/m2K\nh lower surface of the plate ="+h[1]+" W/m2K");
double Q=Q1+Q2;
System.out.println("Q total ="+Q+"W Q upper surface ="+Q1+"W Q lower surface ="+Q2+"W ");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_natural_horizontal_plate_air1
Area = 0.04908738521234052 Perimeter = 0.7853981633974483Lc = 0.0625
Hot plate
Nu upper surface of the plate =9.240595251299844

Nu lower surface of the plate =11.906168242534513
h upper surface of the plate =4.295655076137223W/m2K
h lower surface of the plate =5.534794096862192 W/m2K
Q total =35.22622631167103W Q upper surface =15.392960708703647W Q lower surface =19.83326560296738W
14.5 LONG HORIZONTAL CYLINDER NATURAL CONVECTION

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝐷3
Grashoff Number: Gr𝐷 =
2
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝐷3
Rayleigh Number:⁡Ra𝐷 = Gr𝐷 𝑃𝑟 =
α
Morgan equation[37]
ℎ𝐷
Nu𝐷 = = 𝐶𝑅𝑎𝑛𝐷
𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝐷 C n
-10 -2
10 -10 0.675 0.058
10-2-102 1.02 0.148
102-104 0.850 0.188
104-107 0.480 0.250
107-1012 0.125 0.333
Churchill & Chu equation[38]

2
1/6
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷
Nu𝐷 = {0.60 + 8/27 } 𝑅𝑎𝐷 ≤ 1012
0.559 9/16
[1+( Pr ) ]
a horizontal pipe of length L=10 m and diameter D=0.01 m. Pipe surface temperature is constant and
Ts=126.85 C. Find the heat transfer from naural convection.
public class HT_natural_horizontal_cylinder_air

780
{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double D,int select)
{//Nusselt number
double Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,P,D);
781
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0,n=0;
if(select==1) {
double x1=0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0));
Nu=(0.60+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.559/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));
Nu=Nu*Nu;
}
else if(select==2)
{ if(Ra>=1e-10 && Ra<1e-2) {C=0.675;n=0.058;}
else if(Ra>=1e-2 && Ra<1e2) {C=1.02;n=0.148;}
else if(Ra>=1e2 && Ra<1e4) {C=0.85;n=0.188;}
else if(Ra>=1e4 && Ra<1e7) {C=0.480;n=0.250;}
else if(Ra>=1e7 && Ra<=1e12){C=0.125;n=0.333;}
Nu=C*Math.pow(Ra,n);
System.out.println("C="+C+"n="+n);
}
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double D)

double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)*D*D*D/alpha/nu;
return Ra;
}
double Ts=126.85+273.15;
double D=0.01; // m
double L=10.0; //m
double Nu1=Nu(Ts,Tinf,P,D,1);
double Nu2=Nu(Ts,Tinf,P,D,2);
System.out.println("Nu1="+Nu1+" Nu2="+Nu2);
double k1=k(Tinf);
double h1=Nu1*k1/D;
double k2=k(T);
double h2=Nu2*k2/D;
System.out.println("h1="+h1+" h2="+h2);
System.out.println("Q1="+Q1+" Q2="+Q2);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_natural_horizontal_cylinder_air
Ra=4589.834435312127
Ra=4589.834435312127
C=0.85n=0.188
Nu1=3.6422471233262153 Nu2=4.147981067277606
h1=9.609798786306515 h2=12.445075115970486
Q1=301.90073269536657 Q2=390.97356557706024
Heat transfer natural convection horizontal cylinder working fluid

M 2.8965000E+01 kg/kmol : air
R 2.8705334E+02 J/kgK
P 1.0132500E+02 kPa
 Cp  k Pr
782
kg/m^3
a0 1.89668613E+0 - - 1.47352515E+0
a1 0
-2.23937197E- 7.00796942E
8.85836561E 5.96297846E
1.00247973E 0
-1.73708682E-
02
2.40885259E- -01
-02
- -01
7.32722776E 02
1.80473009E-
a2
a3 04
-1.45254290E- 1.20909367E
1.73074497E -05
- 04
-1.07436904E-
06
5.43552393E- -04
-07
- 1.02111800E
4.21691040E 06
3.99304707E-
a4
09
-1.32310554E- 1.45011707E
- -06
-09
- 09
-9.67956666E-
a5
11
2.13239465E- -10
4.33936641E
3.14868466E 1.04115589E
1.67088379E 12
1.55567247E-
a6
14
-2.25744420E- -14
--16 -11
--14 14
-1.64359568E-
a7
a8 17
1.50864395E- 4.41548734E
3.25615211E 1.75371889E
1.16134919E 17
1.09674418E-
20
-5.76865768E- -19
--22 -17
-20
- 20
-4.18869082E-
a9
a10 24
9.61540784E- 1.28963912E
2.16661936E 4.40290627E
7.28284943E 24
6.97523663E-
28 -25
-29
2.0867141E- -24
-28
3.0002729E- 28
result:for T 1.0085234E+00 1.0083819E+00 7.0130741E-01
result: for Tw 8.8245794E-01 1.0140736E+00 05
2.3055411E- 02
3.3453105E- 6.9887896E-01
degree C degree K 05 02
T 7.6850000E+01 3.5000000E+02 average
Ts 1.2685000E+02 4.0000000E+02 temp
surface
air temp
 1.0085234E+00 air density
L 1.0000000E+01 kg/m^3of
length
D 1.0000000E-02 pipe
diameter of
A 3.1415927E-01 pipe
air specific
Pr 7.0130741E-01 heat
air Prandtl
 2.9501884E-05 W/mK number
air thermal
gravitational
thermal
cof.
expansion
 2.0867141E-05 Pas dynamic
coeff.
viscosity
 2.0690786E-05 m^2/s kinematic
Ra 4.5898353E+03 viscosity
Rayleigh
Gr 6.5446838E+03 number
Churchil & Chu Nu1 3.6422472E+00 Nusselt
h1 1.0927736E-02 W/(m2K) number
thermal
Q1 3.4330494E-01 W convection
Rayleigh
coef.
number
C 8.5000000E-01
n 1.8800000E-01
Morgan Nu2 4.1479812E+00 Nusselt
h1 1.2445076E-02 W/(m2K) number
thermal
Q1 1.9548679E-01 W convection
Rayleigh
coef.
number
14.5 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN ENCLOSURES
Horizontal cavity (𝛉 = 𝟎)
Globe and Dropkin equation[61]
1/3
Nu𝐿 = 0.069Ra𝐿 𝑃𝑟 0.074
vertical rectangular cavity ( 𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎 )

783
Catton[62] equations
𝑃𝑟 0.28 𝐻 −1/4 𝐻
Nu𝐿 = 0.22 ( 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ) (𝐿) 2 ≤ ( ) ≤ 10 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 105 103 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 1010
0.2+𝑃𝑟 𝐿
𝑃𝑟 0.29 𝐻 𝑅𝑎 𝑃𝑟
Nu𝐿 = 0.18 ( 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ) 1 ≤ ( ) ≤ 2 10−5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 105 103 ≤ 𝐿
0.2+𝑃𝑟 𝐿 0.2+𝑃𝑟
McGregor[63] equations
𝐻 −0.3 𝐻
Nu𝐿 = 0.42(𝑅𝑎𝐿 )1/4 ( ) 10 ≤ ( ) ≤ 40 1 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2𝑥104 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 107
𝐿 𝐿
𝐻
Nu𝐿 = 0.046(𝑅𝑎𝐿 )1/3 1 ≤ ( ) ≤ 40 1 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 20 106 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 109
𝐿
inclined rectangular cavity
Hollands at al.[64] equation
1708 𝑅𝑎 cos⁡(𝜃)
𝑋 = [1 − ] 𝑌 = [( 𝐿 ) − 1] 𝜃∗
𝑅𝑎𝐿cos⁡(𝜃) 5830
If (X<0) X=0 If (Y<0) Y=0
1708(sin⁡(1.8𝜃)1.6 𝐻
Nu𝐿 = 1 + 1.44𝑋 [1 − ]+𝑌 12 ≤ ( ) 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜃∗
𝑅𝑎𝐿cos⁡(𝜃) 𝐿
Where
𝐻 𝜃 ∗ (degree)
( ) 𝜃 ∗ (radian)
𝐿
1 0.436332313 25
3 0.925024504 53
6 1.047197551 60
12 1.169370599 67
20 1.221730476 70
30 1.221730476 70
50 1.221730476 70
60 1.221730476 70
Equation is valid when 𝜃 is not exceeded critical tilt angle 𝜃 ∗ ⁡which is given in the table above as a
function of H/L. Beyond critical tilt angle, 𝜃 ∗, The following correlations can be used:
Ayyaswamy and Catton[66] equation
Nu𝐿 = Nu𝐿 (𝜃 = 90°)[sin⁡(𝜃)]1/4 𝜃 ∗ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90°
Arnold et al. [65] equation
Nu𝐿 = 1 + [Nu𝐿 (𝜃 = 90°) − 1]sin⁡(𝜃) 90° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°
Free convection in annular space between long horizontal cylinders

4/3
𝑟
2[ln⁡( 𝑜 )]
𝑟𝑖
𝐿𝐶 = −3/5 −3/5 5/3
(𝑟𝑖 +𝑟𝑜 )
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )𝐿3𝐶
Rayleigh Number:⁡Ra𝐿𝐶 = Gr𝐿𝐶 𝑃𝑟 =
α
2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜)
𝑞= 𝑟 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 6000 Ra𝐿𝐶 ≤ 107
ln⁡( 𝑟𝑜 )
𝑖
1/4
𝑃𝑟 1/4
𝑅 = 0.386 ( ) 𝑅𝑎𝐿𝐶
0.861 + 𝑃𝑟
If R >1 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑅
Else 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘
𝑇𝑖 +𝑇𝑜
Properties should be calculated at mean value 𝑇𝑚 =
2
784
PROBLEM: A solar heater consist of two annular concentric cyclinders with radius r0=0.08 m and
ri=0.05 m respectively. Temperature of the inner cyclinder is 80 ℃ and outside cylinder is 25 ℃. There
is air in between cylinders. Calculate heat transfer for different air pressures in the annular space.
public class HT_natural_annular_space_betwen_horizontal_cylinders_air

{ public air ai;
// for air T degree K P kPa
public double ri,ro,L;
public double Lc;
public double R;
public double mu,rod,Cp,k,beta,nu,alpha,g,Ra,Pr,keff,q;
public HT_natural_annular_space_betwen_horizontal_cylinders_air(double rii,double roi,double Li)
{ri=rii;ro=roi;L=Li;Lc=2.0*Math.pow(Math.log(ro/ri),(4.0/3.0))/(1.0/Math.pow(ri,(3.0/5.0))+1.0/Math.pow(ro,(3.0/5.0)));
ai=new air();}
public double Ra(double Ti,double To,double P)
{ //Ti and To in degree K
double b[]=ai.property_TP(T,P);
mu=b[7];
rod=b[2];
Cp=b[5];
Pr=b[9];
k=b[6];
beta=1/T;
nu=mu/ro;
alpha=k/(rod*Cp*1e3);
g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Ra=g*beta*(Ti-To)*Lc*Lc*Lc*Lc/alpha/nu;
return Ra;
}
public double keff(double Ti,double To,double P)
{Ra=Ra(Ti,To,P);
R=0.386*Math.pow((Pr*Ra/(0.861+Pr)),0.25);
if(R>1) keff=R*k;
else keff=k;
return keff;
}
public double q(double Ti,double To,double P)
{keff(Ti,To,P);
q=2.0*Math.PI*L*keff*(Ti-To)/Math.log(ro/ri);
return q;
}

{ double To=25.0+273.15; //air temp. degree K;
double Ti=80.0+273.15; //air temp. degree K;
double ro=0.08; // m
double ri=0.05; //m
double L=1.0; //m
double P[]={5,10.0,20.0,30.0,40.0,50.0,60.0,70.0,80.0,90.0,101.325}; //kPa
int n=P.length;
double Q[]=new double[n];
HT_natural_annular_space_betwen_horizontal_cylinders_air hnc=
new HT_natural_annular_space_betwen_horizontal_cylinders_air(ri,ro,L);
{Q[i]=hnc.q(Ti,To,P[i]);
System.out.println("P= "+P[i]+"kPa Q="+Q[i]+" W ");
}
785
Plot pp=new Plot(P,Q);
pp.setPlabel("Natural convection in annular space between horizontal cylinders");
pp.setXlabel("Pressure P kPa");
pp.setYlabel("Heat transfer Q W");
pp.plot();
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_natural_annular_space_betwen_horizontal_cylinders_air
P= 5.0kPa Q=27.097997041922884 W
P= 10.0kPa Q=32.22714154872674 W
P= 20.0kPa Q=38.32918526528419 W
P= 30.0kPa Q=42.42275732781902 W
P= 40.0kPa Q=45.590889325339255 W
P= 50.0kPa Q=48.21141280439816 W
P= 60.0kPa Q=50.465046118766324 W
P= 70.0kPa Q=52.45343211577841 W
P= 80.0kPa Q=54.23990146700251 W
P= 90.0kPa Q=55.86681311951242 W
P= 101.325kPa Q=57.55394830809767 W
14.6 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN CHANNELS

For symmetrical heated, isothermal plates Elenbaas[58] equation is as folows:
3/4
𝑞/𝐴 𝑆 1 𝑆 35
Nu𝑆 = ( ) 𝑘 = 24 𝑅𝑎𝑆 (𝐿 ) [1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 𝑆 )]
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑠 ∞ 𝑅𝑎𝑆 ( )
𝐿
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞)𝑆 3
where Rayleigh Number:⁡Ra𝑆 = 10−1 ≤ Ra𝑆 ≤ 105
α
786
For constant heat flux cases
𝑞"𝑠 𝑆 𝑔𝛽𝑞"𝑠 𝑆 4
Nu𝑆 = ( )𝑘 Ra∗𝑆 =
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ kα
for symmetric fully developed constant heat flux
Nu𝑆𝐿 = 0.144[Ra∗𝑆 (𝑆/𝐿]1/2
for asymmetric fully developed constant heat flux
Nu𝑆𝐿 = 0.204[Ra∗𝑆 (𝑆/𝐿]1/2
Bar-Cohen-Rohsenow[59] equation:
For isothermal plates
−1/2
576 2.87
Nu𝑆𝐿 = [ 𝑆 2
+ 𝑆 1/2
] 10 ≤ Ra𝑆 ≤ 100 𝑇𝑠1 = 𝑇𝑠2 symmetric isothermal
(𝑅𝑎𝑆 ( ) ) (𝑅𝑎𝑆( ) )
𝐿 𝐿
−1/2
144 2.87
Nu𝑆𝐿 = [ 𝑆 2
+ 𝑆 1/2
] 10 ≤ Ra𝑆 ≤ 100 𝑇𝑠1 ,⁡ 𝑞𝑠2 " = 0⁡isothermal adiabatic
(𝑅𝑎𝑆 ( ) ) (𝑅𝑎𝑆( ) )
𝐿 𝐿
For constant heat flux

−1/2
48 2.51
Nu𝑆𝐿 = [ 𝑆 + 𝑆 2/5
] 10 ≤ Ra∗𝑆 ≤ 100⁡⁡⁡𝑞"𝑠1 = 𝑞"𝑠2
Ra∗𝑆 ( ) (Ra∗𝑆 ( ) )
𝐿 𝐿
−1/2
24 2.51
Nu𝑆𝐿 = [ 𝑆 + 𝑆 2/5
] 10 ≤ Ra∗𝑆 ≤ 100⁡⁡⁡𝑞"𝑠1 =q"s2 = 0
Ra∗𝑆 ( ) (Ra∗𝑆 ( ) )
𝐿 𝐿
Inclined channels
Azevedo, L. F. A., and E. M. Sparrow[60] equation
𝑆 1/4 𝑆
Nu𝑆𝐿 = 0.645 [𝑅𝑎𝑆 ( )] 200 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝑆 ( ) 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 45°
𝐿 𝐿
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
Where fluid properties are evaluated at T𝑓 =
2
787
PROBLEM: Surface of a brick wall of a 5 m x 5 m of
thikness 0.3 m and thermal conductivity k=0.7 W/mK
exposed of still air 𝑇1∞ =20 C on one side (inside of the
room) and 𝑇2∞ =5 C and wind speed V=20 m/s on the
other side(outside). Determine the heat transfer through the
wall.
public class HT_wall_natural_forced

{ //air propertiws 101.325 kPa
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
788
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
//natural convection
public static double h_natural(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L,int select)
{//Nusselt number
double Pr=Pr(T);
double k=k(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
Nu=Nu*Nu;
}
else
4*Pr)/Math.pow((1.222236219+1.010421489*Pr_05+1.389905434*Pr),(1.0/4.0));
}
return Nu*k/L;
}
static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L)

double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
double Cp=Cp(T);
double k=k(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Ra=g*beta*(Tinf-Ts)*L*L*L/alpha/nu;
return R public a;
}
//forced convection
public static double hc(double T,double P,double V,double L)
{ double Rec=5e5;
double ro=ro(T,P); //kg/m^3
double mu=mu(T);
double k=k(T); //W/mK
double Pr=Pr(T);
double Nu=0.0;
double Re=V*L*ro/mu;
if(Re<Rec) Nu=Nu1;
else Nu=Nu2;
double h1=Nu*k/L;
return h1;
}
{ //Assume wall temperature for the first iteration:
double T1w=10.0+273.15; //Degree Kelvin
double T2w=10.0+273.15; //Degree Kelvin
double T2inf=20.0+273.15; //Degree K
double T1inf=5.0+273.15; //Degree K
double V=10.0; // m/s;
double kw=0.7; // W/mK
789
double L=5.0; //m
double W=5.0; //m
double dl=0.3; //m wall thickness
double T1,T2;
double Ts,Tw;
double h1,h2,q;
{ T1=(T1inf+T1w)/2.0;
T2=(T1inf+T1w)/2.0;
h1=hc(T1,P,V,L);
h2=h_natural(T2w,T2inf,P,L,3);
q=(T2inf-T1inf)/(1/h1+dl/kw+1/h2);
System.out.println(i+"th iteration q = "+q+" W/m^2"+" h1="+h1+" W/m^2K"+" h2="+h2+"W/m^2K");
T1w=T1inf+q/h1;
T2w=T2inf-q/h2;
}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_wall_natural_forced
0th iteration q = 18.69720100944359 W/m^2 h1=25.656013858739414 W/m^2K h2=2.987656732151236W/m^2K
14.7 SOME SIMPLIFIED NATURAL CONVECTION EQUATIONS FOR ATHMOSPHERIC

AIR
In most of the cases we are dealing atmospheric air at reasonabley low temperatures. If that is the case
some simplified formulations can be given for average air heat transfer for 101.325 kPa pressure.
Ra
Vertical Plates Laminar 104 – 109 ∆𝑇 1/4
ℎ = 1.42 ( )
𝐿
Turbulent 10 – 10
9 13
ℎ = 1.31∆𝑇1/3
Horizontal Cylinders Laminar 104 – 109 ∆𝑇 1/4
ℎ = 1.32 ( )
𝐷
Turbulent 109 – 1012 ℎ = 1.24∆𝑇1/3
Horizontal plates Laminar 105 – 2x107 ∆𝑇 1/4
Upper surface hot or ℎ = 1.32 ( )
𝐿
lower surface cold
L=A/P
A:area P: perimeter
Turbulent 2x107 – 3x1010 ℎ = 1.52∆𝑇1/3
Horizontal plates Laminar 3x10 – 3x10
5 7
∆𝑇 1/4
Upper surface cold or ℎ = 0.59 ( )
𝐿
lower surface hot
For a natural convective heat sink:
790
𝐿
𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 2.714
𝑅𝑎1/4
𝑘
ℎ = 1.31
𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑡
15.0 BOILING AND CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER
15.1 POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER

When a liquid started to heat up by using a wire or surface warmer than the boiling temperature of the
liquid, it wil first heat up untill it reaches to the boiling temperature. The bubles of vapor forms around
heated surface and rise upwards. This phase of the boiling process is called nucleate boiling. When
heating surface covered completely with the vapor phase, heat transfer dropes due to lower heat transfer
coefficient of vapor compare to liquid, when the temperature difference increases radiation heat transfer
take over and heat transfer started to rise again due to radiative heat transfer. This region is called film
boiling.
Nucleate boling Transition boiling

Film boiling
Figre 15.1 Pool boilibg heat transfer zones
791
In the free convective heating region natural convection equations will be used. Nucleate boiling region
is quite important and desirable region for heat transfer applications due to high heat transfer coefficient
in this region. Rohsenow[45] equation is widely used heat transfer equation for the nucleate boiling
region.
1/2 𝑚
𝐶𝑝𝑙 ∆𝑇𝑒 𝑞 𝜎
= 𝐶𝑠𝑓 [ ( ) ] 𝑃𝑟𝑙𝑛
ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜇𝑙⁡ 𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
Where 𝜇𝑙⁡ is saturated liquid viscosity at boiling temperature, ℎ𝑓𝑔 is saturation entalphy difference of
liquid and vapor phases. g is the gravitational constant (can be taken as 9.806 m/s 2) , 𝜌𝑙 and 𝜌𝑣 saturated
liquid and vapor densities. 𝜎 is surface tension. 𝐶𝑝𝑙 is specific heat of saturated liquid. Prl is Parndtl
number of saturated liquid. ∆𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑠 temperature difference between Wall and satuartion fluid.
The coefficient Csf and n depends on the solid liquid combination. Pioro[46] given a detailed list of Csf
and n coefficients. Some additional values of the C sf and n coefficients are taken from Jabardo et al.[50].
m coefficient in the equation was given as 0.33 in Rohsenow’s original paper and n coeefficient was
taken as 1 for water and 1.7 for other liquids.
Csf and n coefficients

Fluid/surface Csf n m
Water:Copper (plate oxidized Ra=1.37 Rq=1.73) 0.015 0.81 0.33
Water:Copper (thin circular plate emery polished and paraffin 0.0147 1 0.33
treated)
Water (int forced convection)/Copper (vertical tube) 0.013 1.7 0.33
Water:Copper (circular plate emery polished) 0.0128 1 0.33
Water:Copper (circular plate scored) 0.0068 1 0.33
Water:Aluminum (circulate plate polished Rq=0.33) 0.011 1 0.33
Water:Aluminum (plate oxidized\ Ra3.61 Rq=4.52) 0.011 1.26 0.33
Water/Brass(plate Ra=0.47, Rq=0.66 0.015 0.81 0.33
Water/Brass(tube ext) 0.009 1.1 0.33
Water:Chromium (polished thin layer on circular copper plate) 0.019 0.45 0.33
Water:Platinum (wire) 0.013 1 0.33
Water:St. St. (plate,Ra=0.75 Rq=1.2) 0.015 0.69 0.33
Water:St.St. (circular plate polished Rq=0.13) 0.01 1 0.33
Water:St.St. (circular plate grounded Rq=0.53) 0.008 1 0.33
Water:St.St. (circular plate grounded Rq=3.6) 0.007 1 0.33
Water:St[ St[ (thin strip pitted with Teflon coating in pitts) 0.0058 1 0.33
Ethanol:Copper (plate oxidized Ra=0.47, Rq=0.88) 0.079 2.3 0.33
Ethanol:Aluminum (plate oxidized, Ra=3.61, Rq=4.52) 0.08 1.18 0.33
Ethanol:Brass (plate Ra=0.47, Rq=0.66) 0.011 0.92 0.33
Ethanol:Chromium (polished thin layer on circular copper plate) 0.0045 1.47 0.33
Ethanol:St. St. (plate Ra=0.75 Rq=1.2) 0.00053 2.28 0.33
Methanol:Brass (tube ext) 0.0026 1.7 0.33
Iso-Propanol (int forced conv):Copper (vertical tube) 0.0022 1.7 0.33
n-Butanol(int forced conv)/Copper(vertical tube) 0.003 1.7 0.33
R-11:Copper (plate oxidized Ra=1.35 Rq=1.73) 0.009 3.47 0.33
R-12:Copper (tube ext) 0.0016 1.7 0.33
R-113:Copper plate (oxidized Ra=1.37 Rq=1.73) 0.0022 2.25 0.33
R-113:Aliminium plate (oxidized Ra=3.6 Rq=4.52) 0.013 1.20 0.33
CCl4 (int forced conv):Copper (vertical tube) 0.013 1.7 0.33
CCl4:Copper (circular plate emery polished) 0.007 1.7 0.33
CCl4:Copper (circular plate lapped) 0.031 1.7 0.33
CCl4:Brass (tube ext) 0.0022 2.1 0.33
Propane:Chromium (polished thin layer on circular copper plate) 0.0069 2.17 0.33
n-Pentane:Copper(circularplatemirror_finishing) 0.0171 1.7 0.33
792
n-Pentane:Copper (plate emery polished Rq=0.15) 0.0154 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Copper (circular plate emery rubbed) 0.0074 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Copper (circular plate lapped) 0.0049 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Zinc (circular plate polished) 0.0088 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Chromium (polished thin layer on circular copper plate) 0.015 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Nickel (circular plate mirror _finishing 0.0154 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Nickel (plate emery polished 0.0127 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Nickel (circular plate lapped) 0.0043 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Inconel(circularplatemirror_finishing) 0.018 1.7 0.33
n-Pentane:Inconel (circular plate lapped) 0.0072 1.7 0.33
Benzene:Chromium (polished thin layer circular copper plate) 0.01 1.7 0.33
Benzene:Platinium(polished) 0.019 1.7 0.33
n-Heptane:Chromium (polished thin layer on circular copper plate) 0.0014 1.37 0.33
Acetone:Copper (circular plate emery polished) 0.0096 1.7 0.33
35% K2CO3 (int forced conv):Copper (vertical tube) 0.0054 1.7 0.33
50% K2CO3 (int forced conv):Copper (vertical tube) 0.0028 1.7 0.33
R134a:Brass (Ra=0.07) 0.006 1.7 0.33
R134a:Stainless Steel (Ra=0.08) 0.008 1.7 0.33
R134a:Copper(Ra=0.07) 0.0073 1.7 0.33
R134a:Copper(Ra=0.5) 0.0053 1.7 0.33
R134a:Copper(Ra=2.5) 0.0032 1.7 0.33
R123:Brass (Ra=0.16) 0.007 1.7 0.33
R123:Stainless Steel (Ra=0.08) 0.008 1.7 0.33
R123:Copper(Ra=0.07) 0.007 1.7 0.33
R123:Copper(Ra=0.5) 0.0058 1.7 0.33
R123:Copper(Ra=2.5) 0.0036 1.7 0.33
Figure 15.2 Original Rohsenow paper: an important part of the history of the heat transfer
PROBLEM
Saturated water at Tsat= 100 C is boiled inside a emery polished copper pan having a heating surface
A=2x10-2 m2 which is maintained at a uniform temperature Tw = 108 oC. Calculate
(a)the suface heat flux and (b) the rate of evaporation.
793
1/2 𝑚
𝐶𝑝𝑙 ∆𝑇𝑒 𝑞 𝜎
= 𝐶𝑠𝑓 [ ( ) ] 𝑃𝑟𝑙𝑛
ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜇𝑙⁡ 𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
Fluid/surface Csf n m
Water:Copper (plate oxidized Ra=1.37 Rq=1.73) 0.015 0.81 0.33
Water (int forced convection)/Copper (vertical tube) 0.013 1.7 0.33
Water:Copper (circular plate emery polished) 0.0128 1 0.33
Water:Copper (circular plate scored) 0.0068 1 0.33

a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public class HT_pool_boiling_water
double Ts=373.15; //steam saturation temp. degree K;
double Tw=108.0+273.15; //wall temp. degree K
double al[]=st.property("tx",Ts,0.0);
double av[]=st.property("tx",Ts,1.0);
double kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
double mul=al[11]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
double muv=av[11]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
double Prl=al[14];
double Cpl=al[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
double hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
double rol=al[15]; //kg/m^3
double rov=av[15]; //kg/m^3
double sigma=al[13]; //N/m
double Psat=al[0]*1e3; //Pa
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Csf=0.0128;
double n=1;
double m=0.33;
double dTe=Tw-Ts;
double q=Math.pow((Cpl*dTe/(hfg*Csf*Prl)),1.0/m)*hfg*mul*Math.sqrt(g*(rol-rov)/sigma); //m
System.out.println("q="+q+"W/m^2");
}}
794
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_pool_boiling_water
q=74253.99827665798W/m^2

Excel version of the calculations (utilising polynomial curve fittings for property evaluation):
Excel version of the calculations (utilising polynomial curve fittings for property evaluation):
1 2.00E+00 3.00E+00 4.00E+00 5.00E+00 6.00E+00 7.00E+00
Psat(T) l(T) v(T) hl(t) hv(T) si(T) sv(T)
6.76E-04 1.00E+03 6.16E-02 -1.43E-02 2.50E+03 1.06E-05 9.16E+00
6.00E-06 1.16E-01 -3.22E-02 4.20E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E-02 -2.67E-02
5.18E-06 -1.33E-02 3.10E-03 -1.73E-05 -2.30E-03 -2.61E-05 1.14E-04
-1.19E-07 2.53E-04 -1.17E-04 -2.82E-05 7.55E-05 -1.04E-07 -1.08E-07
3.22E-09 -4.08E-06 2.28E-06 8.21E-07 -1.63E-06 4.06E-09 -5.85E-09
-3.19E-11 4.24E-08 -2.58E-08 -1.09E-08 1.90E-08 -5.22E-11 7.96E-11
2.52E-13 -2.80E-10 1.78E-10 8.35E-11 -1.38E-10 3.83E-13 -5.74E-13
-1.12E-15 1.16E-12 -7.64E-13 -3.86E-13 6.26E-13 -1.70E-15 2.50E-15
2.95E-18 -2.95E-15 1.98E-15 1.07E-15 -1.71E-15 4.51E-18 -6.56E-18
-4.28E-21 4.17E-18 -2.86E-18 -1.62E-18 2.58E-18 -6.60E-21 9.51E-21
2.68E-24 -2.52E-21 1.76E-21 1.05E-21 -1.67E-21 4.09E-24 -5.86E-24
Multiply
1.00E+05 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+03 1.00E+03 1.00E+03 1.00E+03
with
f(T) 1.01E+04 9.58E+02 6.21E-01 4.19E+05 2.68E+06 1.31E+03 7.35E+03

f(TA) 1.34E+04 9.52E+02 8.11E-01 4.53E+05 2.69E+06 1.40E+03 7.26E+03
8.00E+00 9.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.10E+01 1.20E+01 1.30E+01 1.40E+01 1.50E+01 1.60E+01 1.70E+01
CPl(T) Cpv(t) k(T) al(T) av(T) l(T) v(T) kl(T) kv(T) (T)
4.23E+00 1.96E+00 1.54E+00 1.40E+03 4.09E+02 1.79E+03 9.22E+00 5.61E+02 1.72E+01 7.57E+01
-7.89E-03 -4.18E-02 -1.13E-01 5.13E+00 8.43E-01 -6.00E+01 2.03E-02 1.88E+00 -4.68E-02 -1.40E-01
5.57E-04 4.06E-03 1.03E-02 -6.45E-02 -1.17E-02 1.40E+00 3.99E-04 4.23E-03 9.71E-03 -2.58E-04
-1.93E-05 -1.52E-04 -3.73E-04 5.55E-04 3.97E-04 -2.30E-02 -1.09E-05 -2.80E-04 -3.57E-04 -1.08E-06
3.70E-07 2.95E-06 6.98E-06 -5.75E-06 -7.47E-06 2.60E-04 1.99E-07 2.49E-06 6.92E-06 2.26E-08
-4.18E-09 -3.30E-08 -7.55E-08 5.16E-08 8.09E-08 -1.98E-06 -2.20E-09 -7.77E-09 -7.78E-08 -2.36E-10
2.92E-11 2.26E-10 4.99E-10 -3.31E-10 -5.37E-10 1.02E-08 1.51E-11 -2.34E-11 5.35E-10 1.55E-12
-1.27E-13 -9.61E-13 -2.05E-12 1.38E-12 2.22E-12 -3.42E-11 -6.42E-14 2.85E-13 -2.29E-12 -6.41E-15
3.36E-16 2.47E-15 5.08E-15 -3.57E-15 -5.54E-15 7.26E-14 1.66E-16 -1.02E-15 5.91E-15 1.62E-17
-4.93E-19 -3.52E-18 -6.97E-18 5.15E-18 7.66E-18 -8.77E-17 -2.38E-19 1.71E-18 -8.48E-18 -2.29E-20
3.08E-22 2.13E-21 4.06E-21 -3.17E-21 -4.50E-21 4.60E-20 1.45E-22 -1.13E-21 5.18E-21 1.39E-23
1.00E+03 1.00E+03 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-03 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
4.22E+03 2.11E+03 1.39E+00 1.54E+03 4.72E+02 2.81E-04 1.23E-05 6.79E-01 2.52E-02 5.89E-02
4.23E+03 2.16E+03 1.45E+00 1.54E+03 4.76E+02 2.59E-04 1.25E-05 6.81E-01 2.61E-02 5.74E-02
T 1.00E+02 degree C
TA 1.08E+02
dTe 8.00E+00 degree C Prl 1.74E+00
Csf 1.28E-02 kl 6.79E-01
n 1.00E+00 mv 1.23E-05
m 3.30E-01 ml 2.81E-04
g 9.81E+00 m/s^2 Cpl 4.22E+03
q" 7.51E+04 W/m^2 rol 9.58E+02
sigma 5.89E-02
dT 8.00E+00
hl 4.19E+05
795
hv 2.68E+06
hfg 2.26E+06
rov 6.21E-01
PROBLEM:
Saturated water at Tw=60 ℃ is boiled with a copper heating element, having a heating surface A=5x10 -3
m2 and is maintained at a constant temperature T w=70 ℃. Calculate heat transfer and rate of evaporation
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public class HT_pool_boiling_water
double Ts=60.0+273.15; //steam saturation temp. degree K;
double Tw=70.0+273.15; //wall temp. degree K
double A=5e-3; //m^2
double Ps=al[0];
System.out.println("Ts = "+(Ts-273.15)+" degree C Ps = "+Ps+" kPa");
double Prl=al[14];
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Csf=0.0128;
double n=1;
double m=0.33;
double dTe=Tw-Ts;
double q=Math.pow((Cpl*dTe/(hfg*Csf*Prl)),1.0/m)*hfg*mul*Math.sqrt(g*(rol-rov)/sigma); //m
System.out.println("hfg="+hfg+" J/kg");
796
System.out.println("sigma="+sigma+" N/m");
System.out.println("rol="+rol+" kg/m^3");
System.out.println("rov="+rov+" kg/m^3");
System.out.println("Cp="+Cpl+" J/(kgK)");
double Q=q*A;
double mm=Q/hfg;
System.out.println("heat transfer q = "+q+" W/m^2");
System.out.println("total heat transfer Q = "+Q+" W\nrate of evaporation m="+mm+" kg/s =
"+mm*3600+" kg/h");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_pool_boiling_water
Ts = 60.0 degree C Ps = 19.945801924678744 kPa
hfg=2357691.011563888 J/kg
sigma=0.06623826252330559 N/m
rol=983.1751288349705 kg/m^3
rov=0.13041794752318994 kg/m^3
Cp=4182.945029312105 J/(kgK)
heat transfer q = 40568.41327023788 W/m^2
total heat transfer Q = 202.8420663511894 W
rate of evaporation m=8.603420268232756E-5 kg/s = 0.3097231296563792 kg/h
PROBLEM: During the boiling of saturated water at Ts=100 ℃ with an electric heating element, aheat
flux of q=5e5 W/m2 is achived. Electric heating element diameter diameter is 0.05 m and length is L=10
m. Find the surface temperature of the pipe. And total water evaporation rate.

a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public class HT_pool_boiling_water1
{
public static double newton_bisection(if_x f,double x1, double x2)
{
int j;
double temp,b,a,r;
fl=f.func(x1);
fh=f.func(x2);
if ((fl > 0.0 && fh > 0.0) || (fl < 0.0 && fh < 0.0))
if (fl < 0.0) { a=x1;b=x2;}
797
else { b=x1;a=x2;}
dx=dxold;
fr=f.func(r); //function value at midpoint
dfr=f.dfunc(r); //derivative of function value at midpoint
{
{ //bisection step
dxold=dx;
dx=0.5*(b-a);
r=a+dx;
}
dxold=dx;
dx=fr/dfr;
temp=r;
r -= dx;
}
fr=f.func(r);
dfr=f.dfunc(r);
if (fr < 0.0)
a=r;
else
b=r;
}
//dummy return
}
double Ts=373.15; //steam saturation temp. degree K;
double D=0.05; // m
double L=1.0; //m
double Prl=al[14];
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Csf=0.0128;
double n=1;
double m=0.33;
double q=5.0e5;
if_x f=T->Math.pow((Cpl*(T-Ts)/(hfg*Csf*Prl)),1.0/m)*hfg*mul*Math.sqrt(g*(rol-rov)/sigma)-q;
double Tw=newton_bisection(f,Ts,(Ts+20.0));
System.out.println("Tw="+Tw+"degree K ="+(Tw-273.15)+" degree C");
double Q=q*A;
double mfr=q/hfg;
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W m ="+mfr+" kg/s");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_pool_boiling_water1
Tw=388.16110075725857degree K =115.01110075725859 degree C
Q=78539.81633974482 W m =0.22158475987536186 kg/s
PROBLEM:
An electrically heated copper kettle with a flat bottom of diameter D =0.25 m is to boiI water.
Barometer at the room reads Ps=97 kPa. Water is boiling at a flow rate of m=2.5 kg/h. What is the
temperature of the bottom surface of the kettle? What is the total heat transfer in W
798
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public class HT_pool_boiling_water2
{
{
int j;
double temp,b,a,r;
fl=f.func(x1);
fh=f.func(x2);
if ((fl > 0.0 && fh > 0.0) || (fl < 0.0 && fh < 0.0))
if (fl < 0.0) { a=x1;b=x2;}
else { b=x1;a=x2;}
dx=dxold;
{
{ //bisection step
dxold=dx;
dx=0.5*(b-a);
r=a+dx;
}
dxold=dx;
dx=fr/dfr;
temp=r;
r -= dx;
799
}
fr=f.func(r);
dfr=f.dfunc(r);
if (fr < 0.0)
a=r;
else
b=r;
}
//dummy return
}
//double Ts=373.15; //steam saturation temp. degree K;
double Ps=97.0 ; //kPa
double a[]=st.property("px",Ps,1.0);
double Ts=a[1];
System.out.println("Ts="+Ts+" degree K = "+(Ts-273.15)+" degree C");
double D=0.25; // m
double Prl=al[14];
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Csf=0.0128;
double n=1;
double m=0.33;
double mfr=2.5/3600.0; //kg/s
double A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0; //kettle surface area
double Q=mfr*hfg; //Total heat transfer W
double q=Q/A; //Heat transfer per unit area W/m^2
//q_calculated-q_given=0
if_x f=T->Math.pow((Cpl*(T-Ts)/(hfg*Csf*Prl)),1.0/m)*hfg*mul*Math.sqrt(g*(rol-rov)/sigma)-q;
double Tw=newton_bisection(f,Ts,(Ts+20.0));
System.out.println("Tw="+Tw+" degree K ="+(Tw-273.15)+" degree C");
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W m ="+mfr+" kg/s = "+mfr*3600+" kg/h");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_pool_boiling_water2
Ts=371.90666948549483 degree K = 98.75666948549485 degree C
Tw=378.03170245007954 degree K =104.88170245007956 degree C
Q=1569.2718097643035 W m =6.944444444444445E-4 kg/s = 2.5 kg/h
800
PROBLEM: During the boiling of saturated n-Butane at Ts=80 ℃ with an electric heating element with
surface temperature Tw=85 ℃,. Electric heating element diameter diameter is 0.05 m and length is
L=10 m. Find the total heat flux. And total water evaporation rate.

a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public class HT_pool_boiling_butane
{
{
int j;
double temp,b,a,r;
fl=f.func(x1);
fh=f.func(x2);
if ((fl > 0.0 && fh > 0.0) || (fl < 0.0 && fh < 0.0))
if (fl < 0.0) { a=x1;b=x2;}
else { b=x1;a=x2;}
dx=dxold;
{
{ //bisection step
dxold=dx;
dx=0.5*(b-a);
r=a+dx;
if (a == r) return r; //solution!!!!!
}
801
dxold=dx;
dx=fr/dfr;
temp=r;
r -= dx;
}
fr=f.func(r);
dfr=f.dfunc(r);
if (fr < 0.0)
a=r;
else
b=r;
}
//dummy return
}
{ refrigerant_coolProp st=new refrigerant_coolProp("n-Butane");
double Ts=80+273.15; //steam saturation temp. degree K;
double Tw=85+273.15; //wall temperature
double D=0.25; // m
double Prl=al[14];
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Csf=0.0128;
double n=1;
double m=0.33;
double q=Math.pow((Cpl*(Tw-Ts)/(hfg*Csf*Prl)),1.0/m)*hfg*mul*Math.sqrt(g*(rol-rov)/sigma);
double Q=q*A;
double mfr=q/hfg;
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W m ="+mfr+" kg/s");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
1123\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_pool_boiling_butane
A=0.04908738521234052 m^2
Q=2034.0987451894746 W m =0.14148552203292586 kg/s

802
15.2 INSIDE PIPES CONVECTIVE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER
Basic mechanisms of the flow for vertical and horizontal tubes are shown in the figure. Flow is
relatively symetric in vertical flow cases, liquid parts deviates to the bottom of pipe in the horizontal
flow cases. In the figure below horizontal and vertical flow boling regimes are shown.
Vertical flow:
Chen[47] proposed the following correlation that covers saturated nucleate boiling region C and D of
vertical flow and the two phase forced vertical convection regions E and F. It is assumed that in these
regions heat transfer takes places by both nucleations and forced convection so total is addition of these
two effects
ℎ 𝑇𝑃 = ℎ𝑁𝐵 + ℎ𝐶
Figre 15.3 Inside pipes vertical pipe boiling zones map
803
Figre 15.4 Inside pipes vertical pipe boiling zones
Horizontal flow:
Figre 15.5 Inside pipes horizontal pipe zones
Chen-Forster-Zuber internal vertical pipe boiling

In order to calculate convective heat transfer, chen modified Dittus-Boelter equation as:
𝑘
ℎ𝐶 = 0.023 ( 𝑙) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4 𝐹 where F is the convective boiling factor. In order to calculate F, we
𝐷
should first calculate Martinelli parameter which has a form of:
1−𝑥 0.9 𝜌𝑣 0.5 𝜇𝑙 0.1
𝑋𝑡𝑡 = ( ) (𝜌 ) (𝜇 )
𝑥 𝑙 𝑣
1
If ≤ 0.1 F=1
𝑋𝑡𝑡
804
1 0.736
Else F=2.35 ( + 0.213)
𝑋𝑡𝑡
public class Xtt

{if_x F=Xtt->{double F1=1.0;
if(1.0/Xtt<=0.1) {F1=1.0;}
else {F1=Math.pow(2.35*(1.0/Xtt+0.213),0.736);}
return F1;
};
Plot p=new Plot(F,2.0e-2,1.0);
p.setPlabel("F(Xtt)");
p.setXlabel("Xtt");
p.setYlabel("F(Xtt)");
p.plot();
}}
In modified Dittus Boelter equation

𝑚(1−𝑥)𝐷 𝐺(1−𝑥)𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑙 = = where x is vapor mass quality.
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑙
The nucleate boiling heat transfer coeeficient h NB is taken as the modified Forster-Zuber[151] equation
in the form:
𝑘𝑙0.79 𝐶𝑝𝑖
0.45 0.49
𝜌𝑙 0.24 0.75
ℎ𝑁𝐵 = 0.00122 ( ) ∆𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∆𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑆 where
𝜎 0.5 𝜇𝑙0.29 ℎ𝑓𝑔
0.24 𝜌0.24
𝑣
∆𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∆𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑃(𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) − 𝑃(𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

S is suppression factor, and defined as:
1
𝑆= 1.17
1+0.00000256𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑝
public class Supression

{if_x S=Re->1.0/(1.0+0.00000256*Math.pow(Re,1.17));
Plot p=new Plot(S,10,1.e5);
p.setPlabel("Suppression factor");
p.setXlabel("Re");
p.setYlabel("S");
p.plot();
}}
805
Retp is the double phase Reynolds number and defined as:
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒𝑙 𝐹1.25
PROBLEM : Saturated water at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 =100 C flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a
2.5x10-2 m internal diameter tube, subjected to a uniform Wall heat transfer of q w=200 kW/m2.
Calculate the tube Wall temperature T w and two pahase heat transfer coefficient h TP at the location
where the vapor mass quality is x=0.25.
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling
{ /* a[0] "P, pressure ";
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public static double bisection(if_x f,double a,double b)
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
while(Math.abs(f.func(r))>eps && i<nmax)
{if(f.func(a)*f.func(r)<0) b=r;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
if(i>=100) r=bisection(f,a,b1);
return r;
}
public static double hTP(double tsat,double tw, double D,double m,double x,boolean pr)
{ // tsat : saturation temperature degree C
// tw surface temperature degree C
// D internal diameter of the tube
// m mass flow rate kg/s
806
// x quality
double al[]=st.propertyC("tx",tsat,0.0);
double av[]=st.propertyC("tx",tsat,1.0);
double aw[]=st.propertyC("tx",tw,0.0);
double Prl=al[14];
double Pw=aw[0]*1e3; //Pa
double dP=Pw-Psat;
double dT=tw-tsat;
double Xtt=Math.pow(((1-x)/x),0.9)*Math.pow((rov/rol),0.5)*Math.pow((mul/muv),0.1);
double F=1;
if(1.0/Xtt>0.1) F=2.35*Math.pow((1.0/Xtt+0.213),0.736);
double G=m/(Math.PI/4.0*D*D);
double Rel=G*(1.0-x)*D/mul;
double hc=0.023*(kl/D)*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4)*F;
double ReTP=Math.pow(F,1.25)*Rel;
double S=1.0/(1+0.00000253*Math.pow(ReTP,1.17));
double hNB=0.00122*Math.pow(kl,0.79)*Math.pow(Cpl,0.45)*Math.pow(rol,0.49);
hNB/=(Math.pow(sigma,0.5)*Math.pow(mul,0.29)*Math.pow(hfg,0.24)*Math.pow(rov,0.24));
hNB*=Math.pow(dT,0.24)*Math.pow(dP,0.75)*S;
double hTP=hNB+hc;
if(pr)
{
System.out.println("kl="+kl+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Cpl="+Cpl+"\nhfg="+hfg+"rol="+rol+"rov="+rov+"sigma
="+sigma+"Psat="+Psat);
System.out.println("Xtt="+Xtt);
System.out.println("F="+F);
System.out.println("G="+G);
System.out.println("Rel="+Rel);
System.out.println("hc="+hc);
System.out.println("ReTP="+ReTP);
System.out.println("S="+S);
System.out.println("hNB="+hNB);
System.out.println("hTP="+hTP);
}
return hTP;
}
{double tsat=100.0; //degree C
double m=0.1; //kg/s
double x=0.25;
double qw=200000; //W/m^2
if_x f1=t->hTP(tsat,t,D,m,x,false)*(t-tsat)-qw;
double a=tsat+2;
double b=tsat+15;
double tw=bisection(f1,a,b);
System.out.println("tsat="+tsat+" degree C");
System.out.println("tw="+tw+" degree C");
System.out.println("q="+qw+" W/m^2");
hTP(tsat,tw,D,m,x,true);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling
tsat=100.0 degree C
tw=108.8432324295614 degree C
q=200000.0 W/m^2
kl=0.677757511374594mul=2.8158501936566716E-4muv=1.2232158121714269E-
5Prl=1.751871543352034Cpl=4216.645118923585
hfg=2256472.8742231308rol=958.3542772858901rov=0.5981359925257022sigma=0.058911868587664076Psat=101417.97792130
998
807
kl=0.677757511374594mul=2.8158501936566716E-4muv=1.2232158121714269E-
5Prl=1.751871543352034Cpl=4216.645118923585
998
Xtt=0.09188755607341963
F=13.813588692803314
G=203.71832715762602
Rel=13565.063378763023
hc=21802.53801142138
ReTP=361247.6061310052
S=0.11050709062658003
hNB=813.6265633602069
hTP=22616.164574781586
PROBLEM : Saturated butane at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 =80 ℃ flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a
2.5x10-2 m internal diameter tube, subjected to a uniform Wall heat transfer of q w=200 kW/m2.
Calculate the tube Wall temperature T w and two pahase heat transfer coefficient h TP at the location
where the vapor mass quality is x=0.1,0.2,0.3,..0.9.
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_butane
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
808
// x quality
refrigerant_coolProp st=new refrigerant_coolProp("n-Butane");
double Prl=al[14];
double dP=Pw-Psat;
double dT=tw-tsat;
//Martinelli parameter
//the convective boiling factor
double F=1;
//suppression factor
double hTP=hNB+hc;
if(pr)
{
System.out.println("kl="+kl+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Cpl="+Cpl+"\nhfg="+hfg+"r
ol="+rol+"rov="+rov+"sigma="+sigma+"Psat="+Psat);
}
return hTP;
}
809
double L=5.0; //m
//double x=0.0;
double htp=0.0;
double htp_avg=0.0;
refrigerant_coolProp st=new refrigerant_coolProp("n-Butane");
double hl=al[3];
double hv=av[3];
double hlv=hv-hl;
double Q=m*hlv*1e3;
double A=Math.PI*D*L; //m^2
double qw=Q/A;
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W"+"A="+A+" m^2 qw="+qw+ "W/m^2");
double tw=0.0;
{ final double x=0.1*i;
double a=tsat+1;
double b=tsat+20;
tw=bisection(f1,a,b);
htp=hTP(tsat,tw,D,m,x,false);
System.out.println("htp="+htp+"x="+x+"tw="+tw);
}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
1123\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_butane
Q=29288.02803915107 WA=0.39269908169872414 m^2 qw=74581.35097351878W/m^2
htp=5940.030241969432x=0.1tw=92.5557190679865
htp=5444.82577848029x=0.2tw=93.69765608814953
htp=5215.832219043282x=0.30000000000000004tw=94.29903184025193
htp=5111.659505685699x=0.4tw=94.59043797626941
htp=5073.763079008232x=0.5tw=94.6994153672805
htp=5070.936017242009x=0.6000000000000001tw=94.70761033464612
htp=5082.757754806805x=0.7000000000000001tw=94.67340262340394
htp=5092.495970102286x=0.8tw=94.64534315027038
htp=5083.093656064891x=0.9tw=94.67243297485356
PROBLEM : Saturated water at Tsat=100 C flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a
2.5x10-2 m ID vertical tube of L=5 m, subjected to a uniform wall temperature of Tw=110 C. Calculate
the two phase heat transfer coefficient and total heat transfer.

public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling
810
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
// x quality
double Prl=al[14];
double dP=Pw-Psat;
double dT=tw-tsat;
double F=1;
811
double hTP=hNB+hc;
if(pr)
{
}
return hTP;
}
double L=5.0; //m
//double x=0.0;
double htp=0.0;
double htp_avg=0.0;
double hl=al[3];
double hv=av[3];
double hlv=hv-hl;
double Q=m*hlv*1e3;
double A=Math.PI*D*L; //m^2
double qw=Q/A;
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W"+"A="+A+" m^2 qw="+qw+ "W/m^2");
double tw=0.0;
{ final double x=0.1*i;
double a=tsat+1;
double b=tsat+20;
tw=bisection(f1,a,b);
htp=hTP(tsat,tw,D,m,x,false);
System.out.println("htp="+htp+"x="+x+"tw="+tw);
}
}
812
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling
Q=225647.2874223131 WA=0.39269908169872414 m^2 qw=574606.0990166207W/m^2
htp=19259.923507399417 x=0.1 tw=129.83428770087613
htp=22397.3382398403 x=0.2 tw=125.65510655165767
htp=26294.67547451932 x=0.30000000000000004 tw=121.85256477393864
htp=30036.640824745533 x=0.4 tw=119.13017179148886
htp=33364.046666720686 x=0.5 tw=117.22231433004683
htp=36157.02996981076 x=0.6000000000000001tw=115.89196069191487
htp=38276.16752492072 x=0.7000000000000001tw=115.01211161338219
htp=39433.01839992653 x=0.8 tw=114.57169961449605
htp=38765.36228650972 x=0.9 tw=114.82266810173948
2.5x10-2 m internal diameter tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=108 C. Calculate the
heat transfer and two phase heat transfer coefficient h TP at the location where the vapor mass quality is
x=0.25.
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling1A
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
// x quality
double Prl=al[14];
double dP=Pw-Psat;
System.out.println("dPsat="+dP);
double dT=tw-tsat;
813
double F=1;
double hTP=hNB+hc;
if(pr)
{
}
return hTP;
}
double tw=108.0; //degree C
double x=0.25;
double hTP=hTP(tsat,tw,D,m,x,true);
double q=hTP*(tw-tsat);
System.out.println("q="+q);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling1A
tsat=100.0 degree C
tw=108.0 degree C
dPsat=32588.565659875792
kl=0.677757511374594mul=2.8158501936566716E-4muv=1.2232158121714269E-
5Prl=1.751871543352034Cpl=4216.645118923585
2130998
kl=0.677757511374594mul=2.8158501936566716E-4muv=1.2232158121714269E-
5Prl=1.751871543352034Cpl=4216.645118923585
2130998
Xtt=0.09188755607341963
F=13.813588692803314
G=203.71832715762602
Rel=13565.063378763023
hc=21802.53801142138
ReTP=361247.6061310052
S=0.11050709062658003
hNB=729.9259607453973
hTP=22532.463972166777
q=180259.71177733422
The same problem solved by using excel (properties are approximated by using curve fitting functions)
814
Gungor & Winterton[48] correlation for flow boiling in vertical & horizontal tubes and annuli:
Gungor & Winterton equation is valid both vertical and horizontal in tubes and annuli boiling heat
transfer. Basic equations are as follows:
𝑚(1−𝑥)𝐷 𝐺(1−𝑥)𝐷 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑙 = = where x is vapor mass quality. Where 𝐺 = is the mass
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
flux (kg/sm ) and m is mass flow rate (kg/s)
Martinelli parameter which has a form of:
1−𝑥 0.9 𝜌𝑣 0.5 𝜇𝑙 0.1
𝑋𝑡𝑡 = ( ) (𝜌 ) (𝜇 )
𝑥 𝑙 𝑣
Froude number:
𝐺2
𝐹𝑟𝑙 = where g is gravitational constant (can be taken as g=9.806 m/s2)
𝜌𝑙2 𝑔𝐷
Heat flux:
𝑞 = ℎ𝑡𝑝(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) where q is the heat flux (W/m2) ℎ𝑡𝑝 is total convective boiling heat transfer, 𝑇𝑤 is
Wall temperature and 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 is saturation temperature
Boling number:
𝑞
𝐵𝑜 = where ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 is latent heat (J/kg)
ℎ𝑓𝑔𝐺
Cross sectional area
𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
4
Enhancement factor:
If vertical or horizontal with 𝐹𝑟 > 0.05
1
𝐸 = 1 + 24000𝐵𝑜1.16 + 1.37( )0.86
𝑋𝑡𝑡
If horizontal with 𝐹𝑟 < 0.05
1 0.86
𝐸 = [1 + 24000𝐵𝑜1.16 + 1.37(
𝑋𝑡𝑡
) ] 𝐹𝑟 (0.1−2𝐹𝑟)
815
Suppression factor:
If vertical or horizontal with 𝐹𝑟 > 0.05
1
𝑆= −6 2 1.15
1+1.15𝑥10 𝐸 𝑅𝑒𝑙
If horizontal with 𝐹𝑟 < 0.05
√𝐹𝑟
𝑆=
1+1.15𝑥10−6 𝐸2 𝑅𝑒𝑙1.15
Dittus-Boelter equation for liquid only flowing in the duct
𝑘
ℎ𝑙 = 0.023 ( 𝑙) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4
𝐷
Reduced pressure:
𝑃
𝑃𝑟 = ( ) where 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 is critical pressure
𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
Pool boiling convective heat transfer coefficient
ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 55𝑃𝑟0.12 (−𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑃𝑟 ))−0.55𝑀−0.5 𝑞0.67 where M is the molecular weight (kg/kmol)
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = 𝐸ℎ𝑙 + 𝑆ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙
This set of equation should be solved by root solving we should enter some initial estimation for ℎ𝑡𝑝 and
use some root finding method to solve it. In the following example bisection root finding methods is
used due to simplicity of the method.
D=2.5x10-2 m internal diameter horizontal tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=108 C.
Calculate the heat transfer and two phase heat transfer coefficient h TP at the location where the vapor
mass quality is x=0.25.
Gungor & Winterton[48] correlation for flow boiling in horizontal tubes fluid: saturated water
class HT_GW implements if_x
// x quality
public double q,Bo,E,hl,S,hpool,h,G,A,P,Preduced,dT,D;
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
String position;
public double kl,mul,muv,Prl,Cpl,hfg,rol,rov,sigma,Psat,Rel,Frl,Xtt;
public HT_GW(double tw,double tsat,double m,double x,double Di,String posi)
{D=Di;
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
G=m/A;
dT=tw-tsat;
position=posi;
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
mul=al[11]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
muv=av[11]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
Prl=al[14];
Cpl=al[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
rol=al[15]; //kg/m^3
rov=av[15]; //kg/m^3
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
Psat=al[0]*1e3; //Pa
Preduced=Psat/(st.Pc*1e3);
dT=tw-tsat;
Xtt=Math.pow(((1-x)/x),0.9)*Math.pow((rov/rol),0.5)*Math.pow((mul/muv),0.1);
Rel=G*(1.0-x)*D/mul;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
Frl=G*G/(rol*rol*g*D);
}
public double func(double htp)
{ q=htp*dT;
Bo=q/(hfg*G);
double E1=1;
double S1=1;
if(position.equals("horizontal") && Frl<0.05)
816
{E1=Math.pow(Frl,(0.1-2.0*Frl));S1=Math.sqrt(Frl);}
E=E1*(1+24000*Math.pow(Bo,1.16)+1.37*Math.pow((1.0/Xtt),0.86));
S=S1/(1.0+1.15e-6*E*E*Math.pow(Rel,1.17));
hl=0.023*(kl/D)*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4);
hpool=55*Math.pow(Preduced,0.12)*Math.pow(-Math.log10(Preduced),-0.55)*Math.pow(st.M,-0.5)*Math.pow(q,0.67);
h=E*hl+S*hpool;
return (h-htp);
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Gungor_Winterton
{
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
double tw=108.0 ; //degree C
double x=0.25;
HT_GW f=new HT_GW(tw,tsat,m,x,D,"horizontal");
double htp=bisection(f,100.0,30000.0);
System.out.println("htp="+htp+" W/m^2K");
System.out.println("q="+f.q+" W/m^2");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Gungor_Winterton
htp=23762.079586002983 W/m^2K
q=190096.63668802386 W/m^2
PROBLEM : Saturated butane at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 =80 C flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a
D=2.5x10-2 m internal diameter vertical tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=88 C.
Gungor & Winterton[48] correlation for flow boiling in horizontal tubes fluid: butane
class HT_GW1 implements if_x
// x quality
refrigerant_coolProp st;
String position;
String name;
public HT_GW1(String namei,double tw,double tsat,double m,double x,double Di,String posi)
{name=namei;
D=Di;
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
G=m/A;
817
dT=tw-tsat;
position=posi;
st=new refrigerant_coolProp(name);
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
Prl=al[14];
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
Preduced=Psat/(st.Pcrt*1e3);
dT=tw-tsat;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
}
{ q=htp*dT;
Bo=q/(hfg*G);
double E1=1;
double S1=1;
hpool=55*Math.pow(Preduced,0.12)*Math.pow(-Math.log10(Preduced),-0.55)*Math.pow(st.M,-
0.5)*Math.pow(q,0.67);
h=E*hl+S*hpool;
return (h-htp);
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Gungor_Winterton_ref
{
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
818
double L=5.0; //m
double x=0.1;
HT_GW1 f=new HT_GW1("n-Butane",tw,tsat,m,x,D,"horizontal");
double htp=f.bisection(100.0,30000.0);
double Q=f.q*A;
System.out.println("Q="+Q+" W");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
1123\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Gungor_Winterton_ref
htp=5928.987891446601 W/m^2K
q=47431.903131572806 W/m^2
Q=18626.46480299148 W
PROBLEM : Saturated water at Ts=120 ℃ flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s inside a 25.4e-3
m ID horizontal pipe, subjected to a uniform heat flux q=135e3 W/m2. Calculate the tube Wall
temperature Tw and two phase heat transfer coefficient h TP at the location where vapor mass quality is
x=0.2
Gungor & Winterton[48] correlation for flow boiling in horizontal tubes fluid: saturated water
Equation of state: steamIAPWS_IF97
class HT_GW1 implements if_x

// x quality
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
String position;
public HT_GW1(double tw,double tsat,double m,double x,double Di,String posi)
{D=Di;
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
G=m/A;
dT=tw-tsat;
position=posi;
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
Prl=al[14];
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
819
dT=tw-tsat;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
}
public double func(double q)
{ Bo=q/(hfg*G);
double E1=1;
double S1=1;
hpool=55*Math.pow(Preduced,0.12)*Math.pow(-Math.log10(Preduced),-0.55)*Math.pow(st.M,-0.5)*Math.pow(q,0.67);
h=E*hl+S*hpool;
return h;
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Gungor_Winterton1
{
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
{double Tsat=120.0; //degree C
//double tw=110.0 ; //degree C
double q=135e3;
double x=0.2;
if_x f1=T->{ HT_GW1 f=new HT_GW1(T,Tsat,m,x,D,"horizontal");

double ff=f.func(T)*(T-Tsat)-q;
return ff;
};
double Tw=bisection(f1,Tsat,(Tsat+20.0));
System.out.println("Tw="+Tw);
HT_GW1 f=new HT_GW1(Tw,Tsat,m,x,D,"horizontal");
double hTP=f.func(q);
System.out.println("hTP="+hTP+" W/m2K");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Gungor_Winterton1
Tw=130.0647476686754
hTP=18260.865674793924 W/m2K
Kandlikar[49] correlation for flow boiling in vertical & horizontal tubes and annuli:
Kandlikar equation is valid both vertical and horizontal in tubes and annuli boiling heat transfer. Basic
equations are as follows:
flux (kg/sm2) and m is mass flow rate (kg/s)
Convection number:
820
1−𝑥 0.8 𝜌𝑣 0.5
𝐶𝑜 = ( ) (𝜌 )
𝑥 𝑙
𝑘
ℎ𝑙 = 0.023 ( 𝑙) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4
𝐷
Convective heat transfer equation:
If(Frl<0.04 and position=”horizontal) 𝑓2 = (25𝐹𝑟𝑙 )𝐶5
Else 𝑓2 = 1;
ℎ𝑡𝑝
= 𝐶1 𝐶𝑜 𝐶2 𝑓2 + 𝐶3 𝐵𝑜𝐶4 𝐹𝑓𝑙
ℎ𝑙
The coefficients of the equation. The two sets of values given in table correspond to the convective
boiling and nucleate boiling regions, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient at any given condition is
evaluated using the two sets of constants for the two regions, and since the transition from one region to
another occurs at the intersection of the respective correlations, the higher of the two heat transfer
coefficient values represents the predicted value from the proposed correlation. This method provides a
continuity between the convective and nucleate boiling regions.
If (Co<0.65) convective boing
If (Co>0.65 nucleate boiling)
Constants Convective region Nucleate boiling region

C1 1.1360 0.6683
C2 -0.9 -0.2
C3 667.2 1058
C4 0.7 0.7
C5 0.3 0.3
Fluid dependent parameter Ffl in the convective heat transfer equation

Fluid Ffl
Water 1
R-11 1.30
R-12 1.50
R-13B1 1.31
R-22 2.20
R-113 1.30
R-152a 1.10
Nitrogen 4.70
Neon 3.50
2.5x10-2 m internal diameter horizontal tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=108 C.
Kandlikar[49] correlation for flow boiling in horizontal tubes working fluid: saturated water
class HT_K implements if_x
// x quality
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
double C[][];
String position;
public int option;
public double f2;
public double Ffl;
public double kl,mul,muv,Prl,Cpl,hfg,rol,rov,sigma,Psat,Rel,Frl,Co;
821
public HT_K(double tw,double tsat,double m,double x,double Di,String posi)
{ double C1[][]={{1.1360,-0.9,667.2,0.7,0.3},
{0.6683,-0.2,1058,0.7,0.3}};
C=C1;
D=Di;
Ffl=1.0; //case for water
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
G=m/A;
dT=tw-tsat;
position=posi;
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
Prl=al[14];
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
dT=tw-tsat;
Co=Math.pow(((1-x)/x),0.8)*Math.pow((rov/rol),0.5);
if(Co<0.65) option=0;
else option=1;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
if((Frl<0.04) && position.equals("horizontal")) f2=Math.pow((25.0*Frl),C[option][4]);
else f2=1.0;
}
{ q=htp*dT;
Bo=q/(hfg*G);
h=hl*(C[option][0]*Math.pow(Co,C[option][1])*f2+C[option][2]*Math.pow(Bo,C[option][3])*Ffl);
return (h-htp);
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Kandlikar
{
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
double x=0.25;
HT_K f=new HT_K(tw,tsat,m,x,D,"horizontal");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Kandlikar
822
htp=27492.637089892924 W/m^2K
q=219941.0967191434 W/m^2
Alternative form of Kandlikar equation:

Let us use Gnielinski[33] equation to calculate liquid convective heat transfer
𝑓
𝑘 ( )(𝑅𝑒𝑙−1000)𝑃𝑟𝑙
ℎ𝑙 = ( 𝑙 ) 8
𝑓 .5
0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2000 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5106 where f is one phase friction
𝐷 2/3
1.07+12.7(8 ) (𝑃𝑟𝑙 −1)
factor and Goudar- Sonnad equation will be used to calculate it
Goudar- Sonnad equation (2008)[21] Valid region: all values
2
𝑎=
ln⁡(10)
(𝜀/𝐷)
𝑏=
3.7
𝑙𝑛(10)
𝑑= 𝑅𝑒
5.02
𝑑
𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 + ln ( ) ;
𝑞
𝑠
𝑞 = 𝑠 (𝑠+1)
𝑑
𝑔 = 𝑏𝑑 + ln⁡( )
𝑞
𝑞
𝑧=
𝑔
𝑔
𝛿𝐿𝐴 = 𝑧
𝑔+1
𝑧/2
𝛿𝐶𝐹𝐴 = 𝛿𝐿𝐴 (1 + 𝑧 )
(𝑔+1)2+(3)(2𝑔−1)
1 𝑑
= 𝑎 [𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝛿𝐶𝐹𝐴 ]
√𝑓 𝑞
The remaining of the equation will be same.
2.5x10-2 m internal diameter horizontal tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=108 C.
Kandlikar[49] correlation for flow boiling in vertical tubes working fluid: saturated water
class HT_K1 implements if_x
// x quality
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
double C[][];
String position;
public int option;
public double f2;
public double Ffl;
public double kl,mul,muv,Prl,Cpl,hfg,rol,rov,sigma,Psat,Rel,Frl,Co,f,eps;
public HT_K1(double tw,double tsat,double m,double x,double Di,double epsi,String posi)
{ double C1[][]={{1.1360,-0.9,667.2,0.7,0.3},
{0.6683,-0.2,1058,0.7,0.3}};
C=C1;
D=Di;
eps=epsi;
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
G=m/A;
dT=tw-tsat;
position=posi;
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
823
Prl=al[14];
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
dT=tw-tsat;
Co=Math.pow(((1-x)/x),0.8)*Math.pow((rov/rol),0.5);
if(Co<0.65) option=0;
else option=1;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
if((Frl<0.04) && position.equals("horizontal")) f2=Math.pow((25.0*Frl),C[option][4]);
else f2=1.0;
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}

{ q=htp*dT;
Bo=q/(hfg*G);
f=f_Goudar(Rel,eps/D);
hl=(kl/D)*(f/8.0)*(Rel-1000.0)*Prl/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((f/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prl,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
h=hl*(C[option][0]*Math.pow(Co,C[option][1])*f2+C[option][2]*Math.pow(Bo,C[option][3])*Ffl);
return (h-htp);
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Kandlikar1
{
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
double x=0.25;
double eps=0.15e-3;
HT_K1 f=new HT_K1(tw,tsat,m,x,D,eps,"horizontal");
}
}
824
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Kandlikar1
htp=27035.595302800946 W/m^2K
q=216284.76242240757 W/m^2
Shah[67] correlation for flow boiling in vertical tubes and annuli:

2
flux (kg/sm ) and m is mass flow rate (kg/s)
Boling number:
𝑞
𝐵𝑜 = where ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 is latent heat (J/kg)
ℎ𝑓𝑔𝐺
Convection number:
1−𝑥 0.8 𝜌𝑣 0.5
𝐶𝑜 = ( ) (𝜌 )
𝑥 𝑙
𝑘
ℎ𝑙 = 0.023 ( 𝑙) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4
𝐷
ℎ𝑡𝑝
𝜑=
ℎ𝑙
For vertical pipes: N=Bo
𝜑𝑐𝑏 = 1.8𝑁 −0.8
For N>1.0
For Bo>0.3x10-4 𝜑𝑛𝑏 = 230𝐵𝑜 0.5
For Bo<0.3x10-4 𝜑𝑛𝑏 = 1 + 46𝐵𝑜 0.5
ℎ𝑡𝑝
𝜑= =⁡the larger of 𝜑𝑛𝑏 and 𝜑𝑐𝑏
ℎ𝑙
For 𝑁 ≤ 1.0
For 0.1 ≤ 𝑁 ≤ 1.0 𝜑𝑏𝑠 = 𝐹𝐵𝑜 0.5 exp⁡(2.74𝑁 −0.1 )
For ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁 ≤ 0.1 𝜑𝑏𝑠 = 𝐹𝐵𝑜 0.5 exp⁡(2.74𝑁 −0.15 )
For 𝐵𝑜 ≥ 11𝑥10−4 F=14.7
For 𝐵𝑜 < 11𝑥10−4 F=15.43
Steiner and Taborek[68] correlation for flow boiling in vertical tubes and annuli:
3 3 1/3
ℎ 𝑇𝑃 = [(ℎ𝑛𝑏,0 𝐹𝑛𝑏 ) + (ℎ𝑙 𝐹𝑡𝑝) ] where ℎ𝑛𝑏,0 (W/m2K) is nucleate boiling at the reference heat flux
q0 (W/m2)
ℎ𝑛𝑏,0 and q0 values for several fluids are listed in the below table
Fluid Pcrit bar M kg/kmol q0 W/m2 ℎ𝑛𝑏,0
W/m2K
Methane 46 16.04 20000 8060
Ethane 48.8 30.07 20000 5210
Propane 42.4 44.10 20000 4000
n-Butane 38.0 58.12 20000 3300
n-pentane 33.7 72.15 20000 3070
Isopentane 33.3 72.15 20000 2940
n-Hexane 29.7 86.18 20000 2840
n-Heptane 27.3 100.2 20000 2420
Cyclehexane 40.8 84.16 20000 2420
Benzene 48.9 78.11 20000 2730
Toluene 41.1 92.14 20000 2910
Diphenyl 38.5 154.2 20000 2030
Methanol 81 32.04 20000 2770
Ethanol 63.8 46.07 20000 3690
n-Propanol 51.7 60.1 20000 3170
Isopropanol 47.6 60.1 20000 2920
825
n-Butanol 49.6 74.12 20000 2750
Isobutanol 47.6 74.12 20000 2940
Acetone 47 58.08 20000 3270
R-11 44 137.4 20000 2690
R-12 41.6 120.9 20000 3290
R-13 38.6 104.5 20000 3910
R13B1 39.8 148.9 20000 3380
R-22 49.9 86.47 20000 3930
R-23 48.7 70.02 20000 4870
R-113 34.1 187.4 20000 2180
R-114 32.6 170.9 20000 2460
R-115 31.2 154.5 20000 2890
R-123 36.7 152.9 20000 2600
R-134a 40.6 102.0 20000 3500
R-152a 45.2 66.05 20000 4000
R-226 30.6 182.5 20000 3700
R-227 29.3 170 20000 3800
RC318 28 200 20000 2710
R-502 40.8 111.6 20000 2900
Chloromethane 66.8 50.49 20000 4790
Tetrachloromethane 45.6 153.8 20000 2320
Tetrafluoromethane 37.4 88 20000 4500
Helium I 2.275 4 1000 1990
Hydrogen (para) 12.97 2.02 10000 12220
Neon 26.5 20.18 10000 8920
Nitrogen 34 28.02 10000 4380
Argon 49 39.95 10000 3870
Oxygen 50.8 32 10000 4120
Water 220.6 18.02 150000 25580
Ammonia 113 17.03 150000 36640
Carbondioxide 73.8 44.01 150000 18890
Sulphur Hexafluoride 37.6 146 150000 12230
At this table Pr=0.1 except for Helium I (Pr=0.3)

Gnielinski[33] equation to calculate liquid convective heat transfer
𝑓
𝑘𝑙 ( )(𝑅𝑒𝐿𝑂 −1000)𝑃𝑟𝑙
ℎ𝑙 = ( ) 8
𝑓 .5
𝐷 2/3
1.07+12.7(8 ) (𝑃𝑟𝑙 −1)
factor and Goudar- Sonnad equation will be used to calculate it
𝑚𝐷 𝐺𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝐿𝑂 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑙
𝑓
𝑘 ( )(𝑅𝑒𝐺𝑂 −1000)𝑃𝑟𝑔
ℎ𝑔 = ( 𝑙 ) 8
𝑓 .5
𝐷 2/3
1.07+12.7(8) (𝑃𝑟𝑔 −1)
factor and The fanning friction factor for the vapor fG is
𝑓𝑔 = [0.7904 ln(𝑅𝑒𝐺𝑂 ) − 1.64]−2
𝑚𝐷 𝐺𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝐺𝑂 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝜇𝑣 𝜇𝑔
2𝜎𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡
For x<xcrit q>qONB where 𝑞𝑂𝑁𝐵 = where r0 is the critical nucleation Radius for boiling site in
𝑟0 𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝑙𝑔
meters and hlg is latent heat of vaporization. For q>q ONB nucleate boiling is present in the flow boiling
but below this . The recommended value for r0 is 0.3x10-6 m
0.35 1.1
𝜌
𝐹𝑡𝑝 = [⁡⁡(1 − 𝑥)1.5 + 1.9𝑥 0.6 (1 − 𝑥)0.01 ( 𝑙 ) ]
𝜌 𝑔
For q>qONB
−0.5
−2.2 0.67 −2
1.5 0.6 𝜌 0.35 ℎ𝑙 0.7 ] 𝜌𝑙
𝐹𝑡𝑝 = [{(1 − 𝑥) + 1.9𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)0.01 ( 𝑙 ) ⁡} + {( ) 𝑥 0.01 [1
+ 8(1 − 𝑥) (𝜌 ) } ]
𝜌𝑣 ℎ 𝑔 𝑔
The nucleate boiling correction factor Fnb includes the effects of the reduced pressure, heat flux, tube
diameter, surface roughness and a residual molecular weight correction factor.
826
0.133
𝑞 𝑛𝑓 𝑑 −0.4 𝑅𝑝
𝐹𝑛𝑏 = 𝐹𝑝𝑓 ( )
𝑞
(𝑑 𝑖 ) (𝑅 ) 𝐹(𝑀) where mean surface rougness 𝑅𝑝0 = 1⁡𝜇𝑚 𝑞0 referance
0 𝑖0 𝑝0
heat flux and the value will be taken from the table above. In that table reduced pressure values are
Pr=0.1 (except for Helium which Pr=0.3) . For thatreason a pressure correction coefficient Fpf is added to
the equation
1.7
𝐹𝑝𝑓 = 2.816𝑃𝑟0.45 + [3.4 + ( )] 𝑃𝑟3.7
1−𝑃𝑟7
The nucleate boiling exponent, nf, on the normalized heat flux term is:
𝑛𝑓 = 0.8 − 0.1exp⁡(1.75𝑃𝑟 )
This expression is for all fluids except cryogens (nitrogen, oxygen, helium, hydrogen..) where it is
𝑛𝑓 = 0.8 − 0.13exp⁡(1.105𝑃𝑟 )
The standard tube reference diameter 𝑑𝑖0 = 0.01⁡𝑚. Standard value of roughness 𝑅𝑝0 = 1⁡𝜇𝑚 The
residule molecular weight correction factor n terms of molecular weight is:
𝐹(𝑀) = 0.377 + 0.199 ln(𝑀) + 0.000028427𝑀2
By combining all this, heat transfer coefficiet can be calculated. It again should be note that equations
are function of heat flux, therefore curve fitting should be applied to get a solution.
2.5x10-2 m internal diameter vertical tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=108 C.
Steiner and Taborek[68] correlation for flow boiling in vertical tubes worlking fluid: saturated
water
class HT_ST implements if_x
// x quality
public double q,Bo,E,hl,S,hpool,h,hv,G,A,P,Preduced,dT,D;
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
double Rel,Rev;
double q0,hnb0,r0,Di0,q0NB;
double Ftp, Fnb, Fpf,nf,FM,M,Rp,Rp0,x;
public double kl,kv,mul,muv,Prl,Prv,Cpl,Cpv,hfg,rol,rov,sigma,Psat,Frl,Co,fl,fv,eps;
public HT_ST(double tw,double tsat,double m,double xi,double Di,double epsi,double Rpi)
{ Rp0=1e-6; //m
x=xi;
Rp=Rpi;
D=Di;
Di0=0.01; //m
eps=epsi;
q0=150000; // W/m^2
hnb0=36640; // W/m^2K
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0; //m^2
G=m/A; //kg/m^2s
dT=tw-tsat; //degree K
M=st.M; //kg/kmol
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
kv=av[12]; // W/(mK)
Prl=al[14];
Prv=av[14];
Cpv=av[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
827
dT=tw-tsat;
Rel=G*D/mul;
Rev=G*D/muv;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
fl=f_Goudar(Rel,eps/D);
hl=(kl/D)*(fl/8.0)*(Rel-1000.0)*Prl/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fl/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prl,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
q0NB=2*sigma*(tsat+273.15)*hl/(r0*rov*hfg);
fv=f_Goudar(Rev,eps/D);
hv=(kv/D)*(fv/8.0)*(Rev-1000.0)*Prv/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fv/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prv,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
FM=0.377+0.199*Math.log(M)+0.000028427*M*M;
nf=0.8-0.1*Math.exp(1.75*Preduced);
double pr7=Preduced*Preduced*Preduced*Preduced*Preduced*Preduced*Preduced;
Fpf=2.816*Math.pow(Preduced,0.45)+(3.4+1.7/(1-pr7))*Math.pow(Preduced,3.7);
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}

{ q=htp*dT;
if(q<q0NB)
{Ftp=Math.pow((Math.pow((1.0-x),1.5)+1.9*Math.pow(x,0.6)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.35)),1.1);}
else
{double XX=(hl/hv)*Math.pow(x,0.01)*(1.0+8.0*Math.pow((1.0-x),0.7)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.67));
XX=1.0/(XX*XX);
double YY=Math.pow((Math.pow((1.0-x),1.5)+1.9*Math.pow(x,0.6)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.35)),-2.2)+XX;
Ftp=1.0/Math.sqrt(YY);
}
Fnb=Fpf*FM*Math.pow((q/q0),nf)*Math.pow((D/Di0),-0.4)*Math.pow((Rp/Rp0),0.133);
double xx1=(hnb0*Fnb);
double xx2=(hl*Ftp);
h=Math.pow((xx1*xx1*xx1+xx2*xx2*xx2),(1.0/3.0));
return h-htp;
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Steiner_Taborek
{
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
double x=0.25;
double eps=0.15e-3;
double Rp=1e-6;
HT_ST f=new HT_ST(tw,tsat,m,x,D,eps,Rp);
828
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Steiner_Taborek
htp=30794.52432530161 W/m^2K
q=246356.19460241287 W/m^2
PROBLEM : Saturated R134a at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 =0 C flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a 2.5x10 -
2
m internal diameter vertical tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=20 C. Calculate the
x=0.25.
Steiner and Taborek[68] correlation for flow boiling in vertical tubes working fluid R134a
eos: refrigerant
class HT_ST_ref implements if_x
// x quality
refrigerant re;
double Rel,Rev;
public HT_ST_ref(String namei,double tw,double tsat,double m,double xi,double Di,double epsi,double Rpi)
{ Rp0=1e-6; //m
x=xi;
Rp=Rpi;
D=Di;
Di0=0.01; //m
eps=epsi;
String ref_name[]={"Methane",
"Ethane",
"Propane",
"n-Butane",
"n-pentane",
"Isopentane",
"n-Hexane",
"n-Heptane",
"Cyclehexane",
"Benzene",
"Toluene",
"Diphenyl",
"Methanol",
"Ethanol",
"n-Propanol",
"Isopropanol",
"n-Butanol",
"Isobutanol",
"Acetone",
"R11",
"R12",
"R13",
"R13B1",
"R22",
"R23",
"R113",
"R114",
"R115",
"R123",
"R134a",
"R152a",
"R226",
"R227",
"RC318",
"R502",
"Chloromethane",
"Tetrachloromethane",
829
"Tetrafluoromethane",
"Helium I",
"Hydrogen (para)",
"Neon",
"Nitrogen",
"Argon",
"Oxygen",
"Water",
"Ammonia",
"Carbondioxide",
"Sulphur Hexafluorid"};
double qq0[]={20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
1000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
150000,
150000,
150000,
150000
};
double hh[]={8060,
5210,
4000,
3300,
3070,
2940,
2840,
2420,
2420,
2730,
2910,
2030,
2770,
3690,
3170,
2920,
2750,
830
2940,
3270,
2690,
3290,
3910,
3380,
3930,
4870,
2180,
2460,
2890,
2600,
3500,
4000,
3700,
3800,
2710,
2900,
4790,
2320,
4500,
1990,
12220,
8920,
4380,
3870,
4120,
25580,
36640,
18890,
12230
};
for(int i=0;i<ref_name.length;i++)
{if(ref_name[i].equals(namei)) {q0=qq0[i];hnb0=hh[i];}}
System.out.println("q0="+q0+"hnb0="+hnb0);
G=m/A; //kg/m^2s
re=new refrigerant(namei);
M=re.r.M; //kg/kmol
kl=re.r.k_l(tsat); // W/(mK)
kv=re.r.k_v(tsat); // W/(mK)
mul=re.r.viscosity_l(tsat); //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
muv=re.r.viscosity_v(tsat); //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
Prl=re.r.Pr_l(tsat);
Prv=re.r.Pr_v(tsat);
Cpl=re.r.Cpl(tsat)*1e3; //J/kgK
Cpv=re.r.Cpv(tsat)*1e3; //J/kgK
hfg=re.r.h_lv(tsat)*1e3; //J/kg
rol=re.r.rol(tsat);; //kg/m^3
rov=re.r.rov(tsat);; //kg/m^3
sigma=re.r.yuzeygerilim(tsat); //N/m
Psat=re.Psb(tsat); //Pa
Preduced=Psat/(re.r.Pc);
System.out.println("Preduced="+Preduced);
dT=tw-tsat;
Rel=G*D/mul;
Rev=G*D/muv;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
hl=(kl/D)*(fl/8.0)*(Rel-1000.0)*Prl/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fl/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prl,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
hv=(kv/D)*(fv/8.0)*(Rev-1000.0)*Prv/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fv/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prv,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
FM=0.377+0.199*Math.log(M)+0.000028427*M*M;
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
831
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
{ q=htp*dT;
if(q<q0NB)
else
{double XX=(hl/hv)*Math.pow(x,0.01)*(1.0+8.0*Math.pow((1.0-x),0.7)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.67));
XX=1.0/(XX*XX);
double YY=Math.pow((Math.pow((1.0-x),1.5)+1.9*Math.pow(x,0.6)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.35)),-2.2)+XX;
}
return h-htp;
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Steiner_Taborek_ref
{
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
double x=0.25;
double eps=0.15e-3;
double Rp=1e-6;
HT_ST_ref f1=new HT_ST_ref("R134a",tw,tsat,m,x,D,eps,Rp);
double htp=bisection(f1,10.0,50000.0);
System.out.println("q="+f1.q+" W/m^2");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Steiner_Taborek_ref
q0=20000.0hnb0=3500.0
Preduced=0.07213066292217872
htp=46691.71296267652 W/m^2K
q=933834.2592535305 W/m^2
PROBLEM 4: Saturated R134a at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 =-5 ℃ flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a
2.0x10-2 m internal diameter vertical tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of Tw=5 ℃.
832
In order to compare results equations created by using refrigerant class and refrigerant coolProp class
both (They are same except EOS created properties)
Steiner and Taborek[68] correlation for flow boiling in vertical tubes working fluid R134a
eos: refrigerant & refrigerant_coolProp (both is tried to see the differences)
public class HT_ST_ref implements if_x

// x quality
// Steiner and Taborek[68] correlation for flow boiling:
refrigerant re;
double Rel,Rev;
public HT_ST_ref(String namei,double tw,double tsat,double m,double xi,double Di,double
epsi,double Rpi)
{ Rp0=1e-6; //m
x=xi;
Rp=Rpi;
D=Di;
Di0=0.01; //m
eps=epsi;
"Ethane",
"n-Propane",
"n-Butane",
"n-Pentane",
"Isopentane",
"n-Hexane",
"n-Heptane",
"CycloHexane",
"Benzene",
"Toluene",
"Diphenyl",
"Methanol",
"Ethanol",
"n-Propanol",
"Isopropanol",
"n-Butanol",
"Isobutanol",
"Acetone",
"R11",
"R12",
"R13",
"R13B1",
"R22",
"R23",
"R113",
"R114",
"R115",
"R123",
"R134a",
833
"R152A",
"R226",
"R227EA",
"RC318",
"R502",
"Chloromethane",
"Helium I",
"Hydrogen",
"Neon",
"Nitrogen",
"Argon",
"Oxygen",
"Water",
"Ammonia",
"CarbonDioxide",
"SulphurHexafluoride"};
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
834
1000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
150000,
150000,
150000,
150000
};
double hh[]={8060,
5210,
4000,
3300,
3070,
2940,
2840,
2420,
2420,
2730,
2910,
2030,
2770,
3690,
3170,
2920,
2750,
2940,
3270,
2690,
3290,
3910,
3380,
3930,
4870,
2180,
2460,
2890,
2600,
3500,
4000,
3700,
3800,
2710,
2900,
4790,
2320,
4500,
1990,
12220,
8920,
4380,
3870,
4120,
25580,
835
36640,
18890,
12230
};
{if(ref_name[i].equals(namei)) {q0=qq0[i];hnb0=hh[i];}}
G=m/A; //kg/m^2s
re=new refrigerant(namei);
M=re.r.M; //kg/kmol
kl=re.r.k_l(tsat); // W/(mK)
kv=re.r.k_v(tsat); // W/(mK)
mul=re.r.viscosity_l(tsat); //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
muv=re.r.viscosity_v(tsat); //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
Prl=re.r.Pr_l(tsat);
Prv=re.r.Pr_v(tsat);
Cpl=re.r.Cpl(tsat)*1e3; //J/kgK
Cpv=re.r.Cpv(tsat)*1e3; //J/kgK
hfg=re.r.h_lv(tsat)*1e3; //J/kg
rol=re.r.rol(tsat);; //kg/m^3
rov=re.r.rov(tsat);; //kg/m^3
sigma=re.r.yuzeygerilim(tsat); //N/m
Psat=re.Psb(tsat)*1e3; //Pa
System.out.println("M="+M+"kl="+kl+"kv="+kv+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Prv="+
Prv+"Cpl="+Cpl+"Cpv="+Cpv+"hfg="+hfg+"rol="+rol+"rov="+rov+"sigma="+sigma+"Psat="+Psat
);
Preduced=Psat/(re.r.Pc);
dT=tw-tsat;
Rel=G*D/mul;
Rev=G*D/muv;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
hl=(kl/D)*(fl/8.0)*(Rel-1000.0)*Prl/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fl/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prl,(2.0/3.0)-
1.0)));
hv=(kv/D)*(fv/8.0)*(Rev-
1000.0)*Prv/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fv/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prv,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
FM=0.377+0.199*Math.log(M)+0.000028427*M*M;
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
836
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
{ q=htp*dT;
if(q<q0NB)
else
{double XX=(hl/hv)*Math.pow(x,0.01)*(1.0+8.0*Math.pow((1.0-
x),0.7)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.67));
XX=1.0/(XX*XX);
double YY=Math.pow((Math.pow((1.0-
x),1.5)+1.9*Math.pow(x,0.6)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.35)),-2.2)+XX;
}
return h-htp;
}
}
public class HT_ST_ref1 implements if_x
// x quality
// Steiner and Taborek[68] correlation for flow boiling:
public double T0=273.15; //degree K
refrigerant_coolProp re;
String name;
double Rel,Rev;
public HT_ST_ref1(String namei,double tw,double tsat,double m,double xi,double Di,double
epsi,double Rpi)
{name=namei;
Rp0=1e-6; //m
x=xi;
Rp=Rpi;
D=Di;
Di0=0.01; //m
eps=epsi;
"Ethane",
"n-Propane",
"n-Butane",
"n-Pentane",
"Isopentane",
"n-Hexane",
837
"n-Heptane",
"CycloHexane",
"Benzene",
"Toluene",
"Diphenyl",
"Methanol",
"Ethanol",
"n-Propanol",
"Isopropanol",
"n-Butanol",
"Isobutanol",
"Acetone",
"R11",
"R12",
"R13",
"R13B1",
"R22",
"R23",
"R113",
"R114",
"R115",
"R123",
"R134a",
"R152A",
"R226",
"R227EA",
"RC318",
"R502",
"Chloromethane",
"Helium I",
"Hydrogen",
"Neon",
"Nitrogen",
"Argon",
"Oxygen",
"Water",
"Ammonia",
"CarbonDioxide",
"SulphurHexafluoride"};
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
838
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
20000,
1000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
10000,
150000,
150000,
150000,
150000
};
double hh[]={8060,
5210,
4000,
3300,
3070,
2940,
2840,
2420,
2420,
2730,
2910,
2030,
2770,
3690,
3170,
2920,
2750,
2940,
3270,
2690,
3290,
3910,
839
3380,
3930,
4870,
2180,
2460,
2890,
2600,
3500,
4000,
3700,
3800,
2710,
2900,
4790,
2320,
4500,
1990,
12220,
8920,
4380,
3870,
4120,
25580,
36640,
18890,
12230
};
{if(ref_name[i].equals(name)) {q0=qq0[i];hnb0=hh[i];}}
G=m/A; //kg/m^2s
re=new refrigerant_coolProp(name);
double al[]=re.property("tx",tsat+T0,0.0);
double av[]=re.property("tx",tsat+T0,1.0);
M=re.M; //kg/kmol
kl=al[12]; // W/(mK)
kv=av[12]; // W/(mK)
Prl=al[14];
Prv=av[14];
Cpv=av[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
hfg=(av[3]-al[3])*1e3; //J/kg
sigma=al[13]; //N/m
Psat=av[0]*1e3; //Pa
System.out.println("M="+M+"kl="+kl+"kv="+kv+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Prv="+
Prv+"Cpl="+Cpl+"Cpv="+Cpv+"hfg="+hfg+"rol="+rol+"rov="+rov+"sigma="+sigma+"Psat="+Psat
);
Preduced=Psat/re.Pcrt;
dT=tw-tsat;
Rel=G*D/mul;
840
Rev=G*D/muv;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
hl=(kl/D)*(fl/8.0)*(Rel-1000.0)*Prl/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fl/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prl,(2.0/3.0)-
1.0)));
hv=(kv/D)*(fv/8.0)*(Rev-
1000.0)*Prv/(1.07+12.7*Math.pow((fv/8.0),0.5)*(Math.pow(Prv,(2.0/3.0)-1.0)));
FM=0.377+0.199*Math.log(M)+0.000028427*M*M;
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
{ q=htp*dT;
if(q<q0NB)
else
{double XX=(hl/hv)*Math.pow(x,0.01)*(1.0+8.0*Math.pow((1.0-
x),0.7)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.67));
XX=1.0/(XX*XX);
double YY=Math.pow((Math.pow((1.0-
x),1.5)+1.9*Math.pow(x,0.6)*Math.pow((rol/rov),0.35)),-2.2)+XX;
}
return h-htp;
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Steiner_Taborek_ref
{
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
841
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
{double tsat=-5.0; //degree C
double x=0.2;
double eps=0.15e-3;
double Rp=1e-6;
HT_ST_ref1 f1=new HT_ST_ref1("R134a",tw,tsat,m,x,D,eps,Rp);
double htp=bisection(f1,10.0,10000.0);
System.out.println("Equation of State : refrigerant_coolProp");
System.out.println("Equation of State : refrigerant");
HT_ST_ref f2=new HT_ST_ref("R134a",tw,tsat,m,x,D,eps,Rp);
double htp1=bisection(f2,10.0,10000.0);
System.out.println("htp="+htp1+" W/m^2K");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
1123\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_Steiner_Taborek_ref
M=102.032kl=0.09424213290076607kv=0.011082023038876166mul=2.8427988693524353E-
4muv=1.0543228882746463E-
5Prl=4.005538262873735Prv=0.8326451664054012Cpl=1327.8831414296967Cpv=875.196111166
0739hfg=202342.60831036032rol=1311.1176451172357rov=12.077162327075051sigma=0.012133
224451455038Psat=243342.36987785524
Equation of State : refrigerant_coolProp
htp=6033.440333903181 W/m^2K
q=60334.403339031815 W/m^2
Equation of State : refrigerant

M=102.03kl=0.09424994457991383kv=0.011084923415916161mul=2.8912840150414394E-
4muv=1.0530019369340276E-
5Prl=4.0720907346850845Prv=0.8316690638497095Cpl=1327.4182822297003Cpv=875.49581409
15844hfg=202336.2904322864rol=1311.0942306009108rov=12.076433021644615sigma=0.012285
213547332367Psat=243346.58575187082
htp=6043.948534629562 W/m^2K
q=60439.48534629562 W/m^2
842
Turgut, Asker, Coban correlation[50] for flow boiling in horizontal tubes and annuli
This model is specificaly developed for the refrigerant R-134a.
1−𝑥 0.9 𝜌𝑣 0.5 𝜇𝑙 0.1
𝑋𝑡𝑡 = ( ) (𝜌 ) (𝜇 )
𝑥 𝑙 𝑣
Froude number:
𝐺2
𝐹𝑟𝑙 = where g is gravitational constant (can be taken as g=9.806 m/s2)
𝜌𝑙2 𝑔𝐷
heat transfer coefficient of the convective boiling dominant regime
𝑘 1 𝐶2
ℎ𝑐𝑏 = (0.023 ( 𝑙) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4 ) (𝐶1 ( ) )
𝐷 𝑋 𝑡𝑡
𝐶 𝐶
4
ℎ𝑛𝑏 = 𝐶3 ℎ𝐺𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟 5 (1 − 𝑥)𝐶6
where hGoren is the fluid-specific reduced pressure correlation proposed by Gorenflo [51]. Gorenflo’s
correlation can be expressed as
0.133
𝑞 𝑛𝑓 𝑅𝑝
ℎ𝐺𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑛 = ℎ0 𝐹𝑃𝐹 ( ) (𝑅 )
𝑞 0 𝑝0
where h0 is the reference heat transfer coefficient(for R134a, h0 = 4500 J/kg); q0 = 20,000 W/m2 is the
reference heat flux; pr0 = 0.1 is the reference reduced pressure. R p is the surface roughness and Rp0 is the
reference surface roughness. FPF is the pressure correction factor that is defined as:
1 𝑃
𝐹𝑃𝐹 = 1.2𝑃𝑟0.27 + (2.5 + ) 𝑃𝑟 where 𝑃𝑟 = is eudced pressure
1−𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
The exponent nf is associated with the effect of reduced pressure on the heat flux term and can be
described as
𝑛𝑓 = 0.9 − 0.3𝑃𝑟0.3
Total convective heat transfer is calculated as:
2 2 )
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = √(ℎ𝑐𝑏 + ℎ𝑛𝑏
Coefficients used in the correlation:
Constants Values
C1 1.63366
C2 0.94494
C3 9.86075
C4 0.80244
C5 0.28773
C6 0.40317
PROBLEM : Saturated R134a at 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 =0 C flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a 2.5x10 -
2
m internal diameter vertical tube, subjected to a constant Wall temperature of tw=8 C. Calculate the
x=0.25.
Turgut, Asker, Coban correlation[50] for flow boiling in horizontal tubes working fluid: R134a
/* ref_CS_Data property list
0 M,
1 BP,
2 FP,
3 Tc,
4 Pc,
5 roc,
6 Psb(t),
7 Psd(t),
8 rol(t),
9 rov(t),
10 h_l(t),
11 h_v(t),
12 h_lv(t),
13 s_l(t),
843
14 s_v(t),
15 s_lv(t),
16 viscosity_l(t),
17 viscosity_v(t),
18 k_l(t),
19 k_v(t),
20 Cpl(t),
21 Cpv(t),
22 soundv_l(t),
23 soundv_v(t),
24 surfacetension(t),
25 Pr_l(t),
26 Pr_v(t)
*/
class implements if_x
// x quality
public double q,Bo,G,A,P,Preduced,dT,D,Xtt;
ref_CS st;
double C[];
String position;
public int option;
public double f2;
public double Ffl;
public double kl,mul,muv,Prl,Cpl,hfg,rol,rov,sigma,Psat,Rel,nf,FPF,Frl;
public double hcb,hnb,hgoren,h,h0,q0,pr0,x;
public HT_TAC(double tw,double tsat,double m,double xi,double Di)
{ double C1[]={1.63366,0.94494,9.86075,0.80244,0.28733,0.40317};
C=C1;
D=Di;
x=xi;
A=Math.PI*D*D/4.0;
dT=tw-tsat;
st=new ref_CS("R134a");
double a[]=st.property(tsat);
kl=a[18]; // W/(mK)
mul=a[16]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
muv=a[17]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
Prl=a[25];
Cpl=a[20]*1e3; //J/kgK
hfg=(a[11]-a[10])*1e3; //J/kg
rol=a[8]; //kg/m^3
rov=a[9]; //kg/m^3
sigma=a[24]; //N/m
Psat=a[6]*1e3; //Pa
Preduced=Psat/(a[4]*1e3);
dT=tw-tsat;
double g=9.806; // m/s^2
nf=0.9-0.3*Math.pow(Prl,0.3);
FPF=1.2*Math.pow(Prl,0.27)+(2.5+1/(1-Preduced))*Preduced;
h0=4500.0; //J/kg
q0=20000; //W/m^2
pr0=0.1;
}
{ q=htp*dT;
Bo=q/(hfg*G);
hcb=(0.023*(kl/D)*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4))*(C[0]*Math.pow((1.0/Xtt),C[1]));
hgoren=h0*FPF*Math.pow((q/q0),nf);
hnb=C[2]*Math.pow(hgoren,C[3])*Math.pow(Prl,C[4])*Math.pow((1-x),C[5]);
h=Math.sqrt(hcb*hcb+hnb*hnb);
return (h-htp);
}
}
public class HT_internal_pipe_boiling_TAC
{
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
844
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
double x=0.25;
HT_TAC f=new HT_TAC(tw,tsat,m,x,D);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_boiling_TAC
htp=60955.50549209458 W/m^2K
q=487644.0439367566 W/m^2
Model is also developed for R-22(chlorodifloromethane) and R-744(carbondioxide). Like the

previous set,this set are also based on collection of data and applying non-linear curve fitting to obtain
best fit coefficients. We should note that equations can be used for other fluids as well, but aerror range
will be grow. Developing of boiling heat transfer equations for each fluid indivdually ensures a better fit
to the experimental data. Our basic eqautions are still the same format as the previous R134a case
Convection number:
1−𝑥 0.8 𝜌𝑣 0.5
𝐶𝑜 = ( ) (𝜌 )
𝑥 𝑙
𝑘𝑙 1 𝐶2
ℎ𝑐𝑏 = (0.023 ( ) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4 ) (𝐶1 ( ) )
𝐷 𝐶𝑜
Nucleate boiling mechanism of the proposed correlation is formulated as:
𝐶4 𝐶
ℎ𝑛𝑏 = 𝐶3 ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟 5 (1 − 𝑥)𝐶6
where hcooper is the fluid-specific reduced pressure correlation proposed by Cooper[69]. Cooper’s
correlation can be expressed as
0.12−0.087 ln(𝜀)
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 55𝑃𝑟 [−0.4343ln⁡(𝑃𝑟 )]−0.55 𝑀−0.5 𝑞0.67
In this equation 𝜀 is surface roughness (m), Pr is reduced pressure. Total heat transfer can be calculated
as:
Total convective heat transfer is calculated as:
2 2 )
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = √(ℎ𝑐𝑏 + ℎ𝑛𝑏
Coefficients used in the correlation:
Constants R22 Values R744 values
C1 1.41386119520875 1.9246533128433
C2 0.88078846453026 0.9518395312523
C3 3.64323982301551 0.5740708489546
C4 1.03457978786336 1.0097850898120
C5 0.80972363638993 -0.673980526542
C6 -0.1058096311456 0.1260865942051
Flow boiling (in tubes) pressure drop

Total pressure drop for two-phase flow in tubes consists of change in friction, momentum and
gravitational components
∆𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 + ∆𝑃𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 + ∆𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
845
15.3 CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER
If we have a cold smooth vertical surface like a glass surface condensation will start as a smooth film on
the surface. On rough surfaces though droplets happens and move downward direction as droplets. It is
called dropwise condensation.
Dropwise condensation Film condensation
Laminar filmwise condensation on a vertical surface

Filmwise condensation has similarities to free convective cooling process. When saturated vapor
contacts to a very smooth cold surface, a film of condansate occurs and moves downwards in boundary
layer due to gravitational effect. Boundary layer thickness of filmwise condensation and local
convective heat tansfer coefficient can be expressed as:
Boundary layer thickness:
1/4
4𝜇𝑙𝑘𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤 )𝑥
𝛿(𝑥) = [ ]
𝑔(𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑣 )𝜌𝑙ℎ𝑓𝑔
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ⁡⁡(𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 − 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑)
𝜕𝑇 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤) (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤)
ℎ𝑥 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤 ) = 𝑘𝑙 | ≅ 𝑘𝑙 = 𝑘𝑙 1/4
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝛿(𝑥) 4𝜇𝑙𝑘𝑙(𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤 )𝑥
[ ]
𝑔(𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑣 )𝜌𝑙ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑘𝑙
ℎ𝑥 =
𝛿(𝑥)
1/4
𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝜌𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝑥 = [ ]
4𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤 )𝑥
Rohsenow[52] recommended that using a modified form of latent heat improve the heat transfer result
from laminar film condensation equation
ℎ′𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 0.68𝐶𝑝𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤 ) so eqution replaced as
′ 1/4
𝑔(𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑣 )𝜌𝑙ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝑥 = [ ]
4𝜇𝑙(𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤)𝑥
Average convection coefficient:
1 𝐿 4
ℎ𝐿 = ∫𝑥=0 ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ𝑥 |𝑥=𝐿
𝐿 3
′ 1/4
𝑔(𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑙)𝜌𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝐿 = 0.943 [ ]
𝜇𝑙(𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤)𝐿
′ 1/4
ℎ𝐿 𝐿 𝑔(𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑙)𝜌𝑙ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3 𝐿3
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = 0.943 [ ]
𝑘𝑙 𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑇𝑤)
846
′
𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝐴(𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤 )=mℎ𝑓𝑔 = 𝑚(ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) where m is condensation rate
Turbulent filmwise condensation on a vertical surface
Condensation rate:
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑈𝑊𝛿 where W is the width of the plate
Reynolds number in the film condensation boundary layer can be given as
4𝑚 4𝜌 𝑈𝛿
𝑅𝑒𝛿 = = 𝑙 Flow is laminar when 𝑅𝑒𝛿 < 30 30 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝛿 ≤ 1800 is transation region and
𝜇𝑙𝑊 𝜇𝑙
𝑚 𝑔(𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑣 )𝜌𝑙𝛿 3 4𝑔(𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑣 )𝜌𝑙𝛿 3
𝑅𝑒𝛿 > 1800 is fully turbulent region. Considering that = 𝑅𝑒𝛿 = so for
𝑊 3𝜇𝑙 3𝜇𝑙2
this case
Laminar flow convective film heat transfer coefficient
1/3
ℎ𝐿(2𝑙 /𝑔) −1/3
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = 1.47𝑅𝑒𝛿 ⁡ 𝑅𝑒𝛿 < 30
𝑘𝑙
Transation region (laminar wavy flow) convective film heat transfer coefficient (Kutateladze[53])
1/3
ℎ𝐿(2𝑙 /𝑔) 𝑅𝑒𝛿
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = 30 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝛿 < 1800
𝑘𝑙 1.08𝑅𝑒𝛿1.22 −5.2
Turbulent region convective film heat trasnfer coefficient (Labuntsov[54])
1/3
ℎ𝐿(2𝑙 /𝑔) 𝑅𝑒𝛿
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = 𝑅𝑒𝛿 ≥ 1800 𝑃𝑟𝑙 ≥ 1
𝑘𝑙 8750+58𝑃𝑟𝑙−0.5 (𝑅𝑒𝛿0.75−253)
These equations can also be written as a function of dimensionless parameter P instead of 𝑅𝑒𝛿 ⁡as:
4𝑘 (𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑃 = ′𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑡2 𝑤1/3
𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑙 /𝑔)
Laminar region :
1/3
ℎ𝐿(2𝑙 /𝑔)
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = 0.943𝑃−1/4 𝑃 < 15.8
𝑘𝑙
Transation region (laminar wavy flow):
1/3
ℎ𝐿(2𝑙 /𝑔) 1
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = (0.68𝑃 + 0.89)0.82 15.8 ≤⁡ 𝑃 < 2530
𝑘𝑙 𝑃
Turbulent region convective film heat trasnfer coefficient
1/3 4/3
ℎ𝐿(2𝑙 /𝑔) 1 1/2
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = [(0.024𝑃 − 53)𝑃𝑟𝑙 + 89] 𝑃 ≥ 2530 𝑃𝑟𝑙 ≥ 1
𝑘𝑙 𝑃
PROBLEM : The outer surface of a vertical tube, which is 1 m long has an outer diameter of 0.08 m, is
exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure and is maintained at 50 C by the flow of water through
the tube. Calculate rate of heat transfer and rate of condensation.
(𝑻 +𝑻 )
Note that liquid properties are taken at the average temperature 𝑻𝒇 = 𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒘 , but vapor
𝟐
properties, including 𝒉𝒇𝒈 ⁡are taken at saturation temperature 𝑻𝒔𝒂𝒕
public class HT_vertical_film_condensation

847
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public static double h(double tsat,double tw, double L,double W,boolean pr)
// L vertical length of vertical plate
// W width of the plate
double tf=(tw+tsat)/2.0;
double al[]=st.propertyC("tx",tf,0.0);
double al1[]=st.propertyC("tx",tsat,0.0);
double Prl=al[14];
double hfg=(av[3]-al1[3])*1e3; //J/kg
double dT=tsat-tw;
double hfgp=hfg+0.68*Cpl*dT;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double hL=0.943*Math.pow((g*rol*(rol-rov)*kl*kl*kl*hfgp/(mul*dT*L)),0.25);
double q=hL*(L*W)*dT;
double m=q/hfgp;
if(pr)
{ System.out.println("kl="+kl+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Cpl="+Cpl+"\nhfg="+hfg+" hfgp="+hfgp+"
rol="+rol+"rov="+rov+"Psat="+Psat);
System.out.println("hL="+hL+" W/m^2K");
System.out.println("m="+m+" kg/s");
}
return L;
}
double D=0.08; //m
double W=Math.PI*D;
double L=1.0;
double hL=h(tsat,tw,L,W,true);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_vertical_film_condensation
tsat=100.0 degree C
tw=50.0 degree C
kl=0.6634381991038097mul=3.7740743463307E-4muv=1.2232158121714269E-5Prl=2.3845056244104246Cpl=4191.682441947153
hfg=2256472.8742231308 hfgp=2398990.077249334 rol=974.8288462197903rov=0.5981359925257022Psat=38595.36268655684
hL=4066.2545848657896 W/m^2K
q=51098.06212576072 W
m=0.02129982220866433 kg/s
public class HT_vertical_film_condensation1

848
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
double Prl=al[14];
double dT=tsat-tw;
double nul=mul/rol;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double delta=Math.pow(4.0*kl*mul*dT*L/(g*rol*(rol-rov)*hfgp),0.25);
double Red=4*g*(rol-rov)*rol*delta*delta*delta/(3.0*mul*mul);
double hL=0;
if(Red<30)
{hL=kl/Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0))*(1.47*Math.pow(Red,(-1.0/3.0)));}
else if(Red>=30 && Red<1800)
{hL=kl/Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0))*(Red/(1.08*Math.pow(Red,1.22)-5.2));}
else
{hL=kl/Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0))*(Red/(8750+58*Math.pow(Prl,-0.5)*(Math.pow(Red,0.75)-253)));}
double m=q/hfgp;
if(pr)
{ System.out.println("delta="+delta);
System.out.println("Red="+Red);
System.out.println("kl="+kl+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Cpl="+Cpl+"\nhfg="+hfg+" hfgp="+hfgp+"
}
return L;
}
double D=0.08; //m
double W=Math.PI*D;
double L=1.0;
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_vertical_film_condensation1
tsat=100.0 degree C
849
tw=50.0 degree C
delta=2.17586826516166E-4
Red=898.0441845705835
hL=5551.568680075589 W/m^2K
q=69763.06952489863 W
m=0.029080182609545636 kg/s
public class HT_vertical_film_condensation2

a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
double Prl=al[14];
double dT=tsat-tw;
double nul=mul/rol;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double P=kl*dT*L/(mul*hfgp*Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0)));
double hL=0;
if(P<15.8)
{hL=kl/Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0))*(0.943*Math.pow(P,(-1.0/4.0)));}
else if(P>=15.8 && P<2530)
{hL=kl/Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0))/P*Math.pow((0.68*P+0.89),0.82);}
else
{hL=kl/Math.pow((nul*nul/g),(1.0/3.0))/P*Math.pow(((0.024*P-53)*Math.sqrt(Prl)+89),(4.0/3.0));}
double m=q/hfgp;
if(pr)
{ System.out.println("P="+P);
System.out.println("kl="+kl+"mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"Prl="+Prl+"Cpl="+Cpl+"\nhfg="+hfg+" hfgp="+hfgp+"
}
return L;
}
850
double D=0.08; //m
double W=Math.PI*D;
double L=1.0;
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_vertical_film_condensation2
tsat=100.0 degree C
tw=50.0 degree C
P=1476.2984093623422
hL=5242.815729240598 W/m^2K
q=65883.16551642912 W
m=0.027462875374611933 kg/s
Film condensation on cylinders

Cylindrical surfaces as one or row of cylinders is one of the most use geometry in condensers
For a single cylinder

all liquid properties should be evaluated at the film temperature, 𝜌𝑣 ⁡and ℎ𝑓𝑔 should be evaluated at
saturation temperature
For N cylinder in a row:

ℎ𝐷
ℎ𝐷,𝑁 = ℎ𝐷 𝑁 −1/6 = 1/6
𝑁
PROBLEM: Saturated steam at Tg=50 C condenses on the outer surface of a 2.5x10-2 m outside
diameter horizontal tube maintained at a uniform temperature T w=30 C. Calculate the length required to
condansate m=0.01388 kg/s of steam.
public class HT_horizontal_film_condensation

a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public double Q;
public double h(double m,double tsat,double tw, double D)
851
double Prl=al[14];
System.out.println("kl="+kl+" W/mK"+"mul="+mul+" Pas");
System.out.println("Cpl="+Cpl+" J/kgK"+"Prl="+Prl);
double dT=tsat-tw;
System.out.println("Psat="+Psat+" kPa");
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
Q=m*hfg;
double hL=kl/D*0.729*Math.pow((g*(rol-rov)*rol*hfgp*D*D*D/(mul*kl*dT)),0.25);
return hL;
}
double D=0.025; //m
double L=1.0;
double m=0.01388;
HT_horizontal_film_condensation hc=new HT_horizontal_film_condensation();
System.out.println("m = "+m+" kg/s");
double h=hc.h(m,tsat,tw,D);
System.out.println("h="+h+" W/m^2K");
System.out.println("Q="+hc.Q+" W");
L=hc.Q/(h*(tsat-tw))/Math.PI/D;
System.out.println("L="+L+" m ");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_horizontal_film_condensation
tsat=50.0 degree C
tw=30.0 degree C
m = 0.01388 kg/s
kl=0.6285626394434158 W/mK mul=6.52719243154035E-4 Pas
Cpl=4178.784391773394 J/kgK Prl=4.3393813350368
rol=992.1831489305185 kg/m^3
rov=0.08314028058584058 kg/m^3
Psat=7384.427487069553 kPa
h=8433.715295719887 W/m^2K
Q=33061.80000029381 W
L=2.495673004391233 m
PROBLEM:
Air-free saturated steam at T=60 C condenses on the outer surface of 100 horizontal tubes with 2.5x10 -2
m OD and 2 m long arranged in 10 by 10 square arrays. The surface of the tubes is maintained at a uniform
temperature Tw=40 C. Calculate the average condensation heat transfer coefficient for the entire tube
bundle, the total rate of heat transfer, and the rate of condensation at the surface of the tubes in the bundle.
public class HT_horizontal_film_condensation
852
a[5] "s, entropy ";
a[6] "x, quality ";
a[15] ""+'\u03C1'+" density" ;
*/
public double Q,m;
public double h(double tsat,double tw, double D,double L,int N)
double Prl=al[14];
System.out.println("kl="+kl+" W/mK"+"mul="+mul+" Pas");
System.out.println("Cpl="+Cpl+" J/kgK"+"Prl="+Prl);
double dT=tsat-tw;
System.out.println("hfg="+hfg+"hfgp="+hfgp);
double Psat=al[0]; //Pa
System.out.println("Psat="+Psat+" kPa");
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double hL=kl/D*0.729*Math.pow((g*(rol-
rov)*rol*hfgp*D*D*D/(mul*kl*dT)),0.25)*Math.pow(N,(-1.0/6.0));
Q=A*hL*dT;
m=Q/hfg;
return hL;
}
double D=2.5e-2; //m inlet diameter
853
double L=2; //m length of horizontal pipe
int N=10;
//double m=0.01388;
HT_horizontal_film_condensation hc=new HT_horizontal_film_condensation();
double h=hc.h(tsat,tw,D,L,N);
System.out.println("Q total(100 pipe)="+hc.Q*100+" W");
System.out.println("m total (100 pipe)= "+hc.m*100+" kg/s");
System.out.println("L="+L+" m ");
System.out.println("L total (100 pipe) ="+L*100+" m ");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_horizontal_film_condensation
tsat=60.0 degree C
tw=40.0 degree C
kl=0.6404605091774686 W/mKmul=5.465041540815809E-4 Pas
Cpl=4179.760087560044 J/kgKPrl=3.5665840722163864
hfg=2357691.011563888hfgp=2414535.7487547044
rol=988.0087757351531 kg/m^3
rov=0.13041794752318994 kg/m^3
Psat=12.351270434023366 kPa
h=6063.686105635067 W/m^2K
Q total(100 pipe)=1904963.172313763 W
m total (100 pipe)= 0.8079782986703485 kg/s
L=2.0 m
L total (100 pipe) =200.0 m
Film condensation inside tubes

Inside tube condensation involves condensing of a saturated vapor flow inside of a tube first to a
saturated vapor-liquid mixture and then to liquid. This type of heat transfer storngly depends on vapor
quality, and therefore should be treated as local zones instead of an average total heat transfer
coefficient. The condensing heat transfer coefficient is also a strong function of mass velocity,
increasing as the mass velocity increases. Two-phase flow patterns of the horizontal tube condensation
processes is given in the figure below. When condensation starts, a mist starts and a film on the tube
surface started, and the annular type of flow patterns (without a mist in between) occurs. Annular flow
with high stratification follows. In low mass flow rates wave flow and stratified flow region follows, in
high flow region slug elongated buble region comes next.
854
In order to determine which flow region condensation heat transfer falls into, the following equations
can be utilised:
Reynolds number:
𝑚𝐷(1 − 𝑥) 𝐺𝐷(1 − 𝑥)
𝑅𝑒𝑙 = =
𝐴𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑙
Vapor void fraction : Two different definition is given for the void fracttion First definition
−1
𝑉𝑔 1−𝑥 𝜌𝑔 0.795 −0.016 𝑚𝑔
𝜀= = [1 + (𝜌 ) 𝑅𝑒𝑙 ] 𝑥=
𝑉 𝑥 𝑙 𝑚
Second definition:
𝑉 𝜀 −𝜀
𝜀 = 𝑔 = ℎ 𝜀ℎ𝑟𝑎
𝑉 ln⁡(𝜀 )
𝑟𝑎
1−𝑥 𝜌𝑔 −1
Homogeneous void fraction: 𝜀ℎ = [1 + ( 𝜌 )]
𝑥 𝑙
Non-homogeneous void fraction drift model of Rouhani & Axelson[104]
0.25 −1
𝑥 𝑥 1−𝑥 1.18(1 − 𝑥)[𝑔𝜎(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑔 )]
𝜀𝑟𝑎 = ([1 + 0.12(1 − 𝑥)] [ + ]+ )
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑙 𝐺𝜌𝑙0.5
Dobson and Chato[57,108] equations inside tubes
Annular flow correlation (original 1962 corrolation)
1−𝑥 0.9 𝜌𝑣 0.5 𝜇𝑙 0.1
𝑋𝑡𝑡 = ( ) ( ) (𝜇 )
𝑥 𝜌𝑙 𝑣
flux (kg/sm2)
ℎ𝑙 𝐷 2.22
𝑁𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4 [1 + 0.89 ]
𝑘𝑙 𝑋𝑡𝑡
𝑘 2.22
ℎ𝑙 = 0.023 ( 𝑙) 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4 [1 + 0.89]
𝐷 𝑋 𝑡𝑡
855
Stratified-wavy flow correlation
Zivi void fraction[109]:
−1
𝑉𝑔 1 − 𝑥 𝜌𝑣 2/3
𝜀 = = [1 + ( ) ]
𝑉 𝑥 𝜌𝑙
Stratified angle is determined as
𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = 1 − acos⁡(2𝜀 − 1)
The liquid Galileo number 𝐺𝑎𝑙 for the tube is
𝑔𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝐷 3
𝐺𝑎𝑙 =
𝜇𝑙2
The Vapor only Reynolds number
𝑚𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑣 =
𝜇𝑣
The liquid Jacob number
𝐶𝑝𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤 )
𝐽𝑎𝑙 =
ℎ𝑙𝑔
The liquid Froude number
𝑚
𝐹𝑟𝑙 = 2
𝜌𝑙 𝑔𝐷
ℎ𝐷 𝐷 0.23𝑅𝑒𝑣0.12 𝐺𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑙 0.25 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑−𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 = = 0.58 [ ] + (1 − ) 𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡
𝑘𝑙 1 + 1.11𝑋𝑡𝑡 𝐽𝑎𝑙 𝜋
𝐶1
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = 0.0195𝑅𝑒𝑙0.8𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4 [1.376 + 𝐶 ]
𝑋𝑡𝑡2
For 0 < 𝐹𝑟𝑙 ≤ 0.7 𝐶1 = 4.172 + 5.48𝐹𝑟𝑙 − 1.564𝐹𝑟𝑙2 𝐶2 = 1.773 − 0.169𝐹𝑟𝑙
For 𝐹𝑟𝑙 > 0.7 𝐶1 = 7.242 𝐶2 = 1.655
Transition criteria from annular flow to stratified-wavy flow is given by Soliman[110]
For 𝑅𝑒𝑙 ≤ 1250
0.039 1.5
1.59
1 + 1.09𝑋𝑡𝑡 1
𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑜 = 0.025𝑅𝑒𝑙 ( )
𝑋𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑙0.5
For 𝑅𝑒𝑙 > 1250
0.039 1.5
1.04
1 + 1.09𝑋𝑡𝑡 1
𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑜 = 1.26𝑅𝑒𝑙 ( )
𝑋𝑡𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑙0.5
While Soliman set the transition from annular flow to wavy flow at 𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑜=7 Dobson and Chato noted
that a transition value of 20 fit their heat transfer data better. The method can be implemented as:
• For mass velocities greater than 500 kg/m2s, the annular flow correlation,⁡𝑁𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 , is always
utilised
• For mass velocities less than 500 kg/m2s, and for 𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑜 < 20 the strafied-wavy correlation,
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 , is used
• For mass velocities less than 500 kg/m 2s, and for 7 ≤ 𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑜 ≤ 20 linear interpolation between
annular and the strafied-wavy correlation is used
𝐹𝑟𝑠𝑜 − 7
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑁𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 + (𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑−𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 − 𝑁𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 )
13
Rohsenow equation inside tubes[56]

𝑚𝑥𝐷 𝐺𝑥𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑣 = =
Martinelli parameter:
1−𝑥 0.9 𝜌𝑣 0.5 𝜇𝑙 0.1
𝑋𝑡𝑡 = ( ) (𝜌 ) (𝜇 )
𝑥 𝑙 𝑣
Thermal resistance of the annular film:
856
𝐹 = 5𝑃𝑟𝑙 + 5 ln(1 + 5𝑃𝑟𝑙 ) + 2.5ln⁡(0.00313𝑅𝑒𝑙0.812 ) 1125 < 𝑅𝑒𝑙
𝐹 = 5𝑃𝑟𝑙 + 5ln⁡(1 + 𝑃𝑟𝑙 (0.09636𝑅𝑒𝑙0.585 − 1)) 50 < 𝑅𝑒𝑙 < 1125
𝐹 = 0.707𝑃𝑟𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.5 𝑅𝑒𝑙 < 50
1 2.85
𝐹(𝑋𝑡𝑡 ) = 0.15 ( + 0.476 )
𝑋𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑡𝑡
ℎ 𝐷 𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑒
0.1 ≤ 𝐹(𝑋𝑡𝑡 ) ≤ 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐷 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝐹(𝑋𝑡𝑡 )
𝑘𝑙 𝐹
ℎ𝐷 𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙
1 < 𝐹(𝑋𝑡𝑡 ) ≤ 15⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = ⌊𝐹(𝑋𝑡𝑡 )⌋1.15
𝑘𝑙 𝐹
Shah correlation[102] inside tube condensation
With the Dittus-Boelter correlation as a starting point, Shah [102] proposed an alternative equation
acting on the liquid Reynolds number as
𝑚𝐷(1−𝑥) 𝐺𝐷(1−𝑥) 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑠 = = where x is vapor mass quality. Where 𝐺 = is the mass
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
flux
(kg/sm2) and m is mass flow rate (kg/s)
𝑚𝐷 𝐺𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑡 = =
𝑚𝐷 𝐺𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝜇𝑔 𝜇𝑔
𝑘𝑙 0.8
ℎ𝑙𝑡 = 0.023 ( ) (𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4
𝐷
3.8𝑥 0.76 (1−𝑥)0.04 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝑙𝑡 [(1 − 𝑥)0.8 + ] where 𝑃𝑟 =
𝑃𝑟0.38 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
This corrolation is valid for 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑡 > 350, 𝑅𝑒𝑔 > 35000⁡, 𝑉𝑔 > 3⁡𝑚/𝑠
In this correlation, for vertical tubes three heat transfer regimes have been identified and defined as
follows:
1 0.8
𝑍 = ( − 1) 𝑃𝑟0.4 Where Z is Sha’s correlating parameter
𝑥
𝑥𝐺
𝐽𝑔 = 0.5 Where 𝐽𝑔 is dimensionless vapor velocity
[𝑔𝐷𝜌𝑔 (𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑔)]
Regime I occurs when
1
𝐽𝑔 ≥
2.4𝑍 + 0.73
Regime III occurs when
𝐽𝑔 ≤ 0.89 − 0.93exp⁡(−0.087𝑍 −1.17 )
For horizontal tubes only two regimes have been identified as: Regime I occurs when
𝐽𝑔 ≥ 0.98exp⁡(𝑍 + 0.263)−0.62
Heat Transfer equations:
𝑘𝑙 0.8
ℎ𝑙𝑡 = 0.023 ( ) (𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.4
𝐷
(0.0058+0.557𝑃𝑟)
𝜇𝑙 3.8𝑥 0.76 (1 − 𝑥)0.04
ℎ𝐼 = ℎ𝑙𝑡 ( ) [(1 − 𝑥)0.8 + ]
14𝜇𝑔 𝑃𝑟0.38
1/3
𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑔 )
ℎ𝑁𝑢 = 1.32(𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑠 )−1/3 [ ]
𝜇𝑓2
In regime I
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝐼
In regime II
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝐼 +ℎ𝑁𝑢
In regime III
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝑁𝑢
857
Regime I occurs when
𝐽𝑔 ≥ 0.98(𝑍 + 0.263)−0.62
Regime III occurs when
𝐽𝑔 ≤ 0.95(1.254 + 2.27𝑍1.249 )−1
In regime I
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝐼
In regime II
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝐼 +ℎ𝑁𝑢
In regime III
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝑁𝑢
El Hajal, Thome & Cavallini correlation[103]

This corrolations required flow pattern map. Therefore we will define flow pattern map for the
horizontal pipe internal flow. Different flow regions are given in the Pictures above. Furthermore
calculation for vapor void fraction, 𝜀, was also given above. Geometrical parameters of stratified flow is
given in the figure below.
In this figure PL is the strafied perimeter around the bottom of the tube. P v is the non-strafied perimeter
around the top of the tube. HL is the height of the strafied liquid, P i is the length of the interface, and AL
& Av are corresponding cross-sectional areas occupied by liquid and vapor. Normalised form of these
dimensions are given as:
ℎ 𝑃 𝐴 𝐴
ℎ𝐿𝐷 = 𝐿 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑃𝑖𝐷 = 𝑖 𝐴𝐿𝐷 = 𝐿2 𝐴𝑣𝐷 = 𝑣2 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴(1 − 𝜀) 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝜀
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
The stratified angle 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 should also be known to solve pattern map. It can be solve either iteratively
by using equation
1
𝐴𝐿𝐷 = [(2𝜋 − 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 ) − sin⁡(2𝜋 − 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 )] or as an approximation equation of Biberg[104]
8
3𝜋 1/3 1 1 1
𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = 2𝜋 − 2 {𝜋(1 − 𝜀 ) + ( ) [1 − 2(1 − 𝜀 ) + (1 − 𝜀 )3 − 𝜀 3 ] − (1 − 𝜀 )𝜀 [1 − 2(1 − 𝜀 )][1 + 4((1 − 𝜀 )2 + 𝜀 2 ]}
2 200
Authors claim that error in this equation is less than 0.00005 radian in the range of 0 ≤ 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 ≤
2𝜋. 𝐺𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 for condensation Zürcher at al.[105] equation can be used:
−1.023 0.5
16𝐴3𝑣𝐷 𝑔𝐷𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑣 𝜋 2 𝑔𝐷 2 𝜌𝑙 2
𝐺𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 = { 2 2 2 0.5
[ 2 ( ) + 1]} + 50 − 75𝑒 (−𝑥 −0.97)/(𝑥(1−𝑥)))
𝑥 𝜋 [1 − (2ℎ𝐿𝑑 − 1) ] 25ℎ𝐿𝐷 𝜎
Transition curve from strafied-wavy flow to fully stratified flow is determined using the other
expression of Zürcher at. al.[105]
1/3
51211.69𝐴𝐿𝐷 𝐴2𝑣𝐷 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝜇𝑙 𝑔
𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = { } + 20𝑥
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)𝜋 3
Transition between intermittent flow an annular flow is given as:
−1
𝜌𝑣 −1/1.75 𝜇𝑣 −1/7
𝑥𝐼𝐴 = {[0.2914 ( ) ( ) ] + 1}
𝜌𝑙 𝜇𝑙
Transition curve from annular and intemittent flow to mist flow is given as:
858
2 0.5
𝜋
7680𝐴2𝑣𝐷 𝑔𝐷𝜌𝑙 [1.138 + 2log⁡ ( )]
1.5𝐴𝐿𝐷
𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡 = { 2𝜌 }
𝑔𝐷 𝑙
𝑥 2 𝜋2 ( )
𝜎
The last transition zone is bubly flow which occurs at very high mass velocities
1/1.75
256𝐴⁡𝑣𝐷 𝐴2𝐿𝐷 𝐷1.25 𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝑔
𝐺𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 = { }
0.3164(1 − 𝑥)1.75 𝜋 2 𝑃𝑖𝐷 𝜇𝑙0.25
The local flow pattern is determined by the following procedure:

-+1. Input: values of d, G and x (0 < x < 1) and saturation physical properties ;
2.Find 𝜀ℎ ⁡⁡𝜀𝑟𝑎 and 𝜀⁡
ℎ 𝑃 𝐴 𝐴
3. Find ℎ𝐿𝐷 = 𝐿 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑃𝑖𝐷 = 𝑖 𝐴𝐿𝐷 = 𝐿2 𝐴𝑣𝐷 = 𝑣2 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴(1 − 𝜀) 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝜀
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
1
4. Solve 𝐴𝐿𝐷 = [(2𝜋 − 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 ) − sin⁡(2𝜋 − 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 )] iteratively
8
or use
3𝜋 1/3 1 1 1
𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = 2𝜋 − 2 {𝜋(1 − 𝜀 ) + ( ) [1 − 2(1 − 𝜀 ) + (1 − 𝜀 )3 − 𝜀 3 ] − (1 − 𝜀 )𝜀 [1 − 2(1 − 𝜀 )][1 + 4((1 − 𝜀 )2 + 𝜀 2 ]}
2 200
to find 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡
5. Evaluate Eqs. ℎ𝐿𝐷 = 0.5 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋−𝜃2 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 )) and 𝑃𝑖𝐷 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋−𝜃2 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 )
6. Evaluate Eq.
−1.023 0.5
16𝐴3𝑣𝐷 𝑔𝐷𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑣 𝜋 2 𝑔𝐷 2 𝜌𝑙 2 −0.97)/(𝑥(1−𝑥)))
𝐺𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 = { 2 2 [ 2 ( 𝜎 ) + 1]} + 50 − 75𝑒 (−𝑥
𝑥 𝜋 [1 − (2ℎ𝐿𝑑 − 1)2 ]0.5 25ℎ𝐿𝐷
over a range of x to find Gwavy and xmin
−1/1.75 𝜇 −1/7 −1
𝜌
7. Evaluate Eqs. ⁡𝑥𝐼𝐴 = {[0.2914 ( 𝑣 ) 𝑣
(𝜇 ) ] + 1} to find 𝑥𝐼𝐴
𝜌 𝑙 𝑙
8. Evaluate Eqs. ⁡
1/3
51211.69𝐴𝐿𝐷𝐴2𝑣𝐷𝜌𝑣 (𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑣 )𝜇𝑙𝑔
𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = { } + 20𝑥 to find Gstrat
𝑥 2 (1−𝑥)𝜋3
9. Evaluate Eqs.
1/3
51211.69𝐴𝐿𝐷 𝐴2𝑣𝐷 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝜇𝑙 𝑔
𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = { } + 20𝑥
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)𝜋 3
10. Evaluate Eqs.
𝜋 2 0.5
7680𝐴2𝑣𝐷 𝑔𝐷𝜌𝑙 [1.138 + 2log⁡ ( )]
1.5𝐴𝐿𝐷
𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡 = { 2 }
2 2 𝑔𝐷 𝜌𝑙
𝑥 𝜋 (
𝜎 )
11. Evaluate Eqs.
1/1.75
2564𝐴2𝑙𝐷 𝐴𝑣𝑑 𝐷1.25 𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
𝐺𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 = { }
0.3164(1 − 𝑥)1.75 𝜋 2 𝑃𝑖𝑑 𝜇𝑙0.25
To identify the flow pattern at any value of x the following logic applies
If G>Gwavy and G<Gmist and x>xIA Flow is annular
If G>Gwavy and G<Gmist or G<Gbubly and x<xIA Flow is intermittent
If Gstrat<G< Gwavy flow is stratified-wavy
If G< Gstrat flow is fully stratified
If G> Gmist mist flow exists
For convective heat transfer coefficient:
1. Determine the local flow pattern according to recipe given above
2. If the flow is annular or intermittent or mist, then 𝜃 = 0 and
𝑘
ℎ𝑡𝑝 = ℎ𝑐 = 0.003𝑅𝑒𝑙0.74 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.5 𝑙 𝑓𝑖 where
𝛿
4𝐺(1−𝑥)𝛿 𝐶𝑝𝑙 𝜇𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃𝑟𝑙 =
(1−𝜀)𝜇𝑙 𝑘𝑙
859
Solve 𝛿 by using the following equation
(2𝜋 − 𝜃) 2
𝐴𝐿 = (1 − 𝜀)𝐴 = [𝐷 − (𝐷 − 2𝛿)2 ]
8
𝐺(1−𝑥) 𝐺𝑥
𝑢𝐿 = ⁡⁡𝑢𝑣 =
𝜌𝑙(1−𝜀) 𝜌𝑣 𝜀
1/4
𝑢𝑣 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝑔𝛿 2
1/2
𝑓𝑖 = 1 + ( ) ( )
𝑢𝐿 𝜎
3. If the flow is strafied-wavy, then calculate 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 and 𝜃
𝐷2
𝐴𝐿 = (1 − 𝜀)𝐴 = [(2𝜋 − 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 ) − sin⁡(2𝜋 − 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 )] or as an approximation equation of
8
Biberg[104]
3𝜋 1/3 1 1 1
𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 = 2𝜋 − 2 {𝜋(1 − 𝜀) + ( ) [1 − 2(1 − 𝜀) + (1 − 𝜀)3 − 𝜀 3 ] − (1 − 𝜀)𝜀[1 − 2(1 − 𝜀)][1 + 4((1 − 𝜀)2 + 𝜀 2]}
2 200
0.5
(𝐺𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 − 𝐺)
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 [ ]
(𝐺𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 − 𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡 )
ℎ𝑓 𝑟𝜃 + (2𝜋 − 𝜃)𝑟ℎ𝑐
ℎ𝑡𝑝 =
2𝜋𝑟
𝑘𝑙
ℎ𝑐 = 0.003𝑅𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑙0.5 𝑓𝑖
0.74
𝛿
1/4
𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝑔ℎ𝐿𝑉 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝑓 = 0.728 [ ]
𝜇𝑙 𝐷(𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑤 )
4. If the flow is fully stratified, then 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡

1/4
𝑢𝑣 1/2 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝑔𝛿 2 𝐺
𝑓𝑖 = 1 + ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑢𝐿 𝜎 𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡
PROBLEM: R134a with a mass flow rate of 0.01388 kg/s at Tg=50 C condenses in the surface of a
2.5x10-2 m inside diameter horizontal tube maintained at a uniform temperature T w=30 C. Find the heat
transfer coefficient when x=0.3 by using Dobson and Chato equation
public class HT_condensation_inside_ref_chato

{ refrigerant re;
public HT_condensation_inside_ref_chato(String namei)
{re=new refrigerant(namei);}
public double h(double m,double x, double tsat,double tw, double D)
// Dobson & Chato
double tf=(tsat+tw);
double muv=re.r.viscosity_v(tsat);
double mul=re.r.viscosity_l(tf);
double rov=re.r.rov(tsat);
double rol=re.r.rol(tf);
double G=m/A;
double Rev=m*D/(A*muv);
double Rel=m*(1.0-x)*D/(A*mul);
double Prl=re.r.Pr_l(tf);
double hfg=(re.r.h_v(tsat)-re.r.h_l(tsat))*1e3; //J/kg
double dT=tsat-tw;
double kl=re.r.k_l(tf);
double Cpl=re.r.Cpl(tf)*1e3; //J/kgK
double Nuanuular=0.0;
double Nustratified_wavy=0.0;
double hh=0;
double g=9.81; //m/s^2
double Xtt=Math.pow(((1.0-x)/x),0.9)*Math.sqrt(rov/rol)*Math.pow((mul/muv),0.1);
Nuanuular=0.023*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4)*(1.0+2.22/Math.pow(Xtt,0.89));
if(G>500) hh=Nuanuular*(kl/D);
860
else
{double eps=1.0/(1+(1.0-x)/x*Math.pow((rov/rol),2.0/3.0));
double teta_strat=1.0-Math.acos(2.0*eps-1.0);
double Gal=g*rol*(rol-rov)*D*D*D/(mul*mul);
double Jal=Cpl*(tsat-tw)/hfg;
double Frl=m*m/(rol*rol*g*D);
double Frso=0;
double C1=0,C2=0;
if(Frl<=0.7)
{C1=4.172+5.48*Frl-1.564*Frl*Frl;
C2=1.773-0.169*Frl;
}
else
{C1=7.242;C2=1.655;}
double Nustrat=0.0195*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4)*(1.376+C1/Math.pow(Xtt,C2));
Nustratified_wavy=0.23*Math.pow(Rev,0.12)/(1.0+1.11*Math.pow(Xtt,0.58)*Math.pow((Gal*Prl/Jal),0.25))+(1.0-
teta_strat/Math.PI)*Nustrat;
if(Rel<=1250)
{Frso=0.025*Math.pow(Rel,1.59)*Math.pow((1.0+1.09*Math.pow(Xtt,0.039)/Xtt),1.5)/Math.sqrt(Gal);}
else
if(G<=500 && Frso<20) {hh=Nustratified_wavy*(kl/D);}
else if(G<=500 && (Frso<20 && Frso>=7)) {hh=(kl/D)*(Nuanuular+(Frso-7.0)/13.0*(Nustratified_wavy-Nuanuular));}
}
return hh;
}
double D=0.025; //m inlet diameter
double L=5.0; //m length of horizontal pipe
double m=0.01388;
double x=0.3;
HT_condensation_inside_ref_chato hc=new HT_condensation_inside_ref_chato("R134a");
System.out.println("x="+x+" kg vapor/kg total");
double h=hc.h(m,x,tsat,tw,D);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_condensation_inside_ref_chato
m=0.01388 kg/s
x=0.3 kg vapor/kg total
tsat=50.0 degree C
tw=30.0 degree C
h=686.9680334641049 W/m^2K
PROBLEM: Saturated R134a with a mass flow rate of 0.01388 kg/s at Tg=50 C condenses in the o
surface of a 2.5x10-2 m inside diameter horizontal tube maintained at a uniform temperature T w=30 C.
Find the heat transfer coefficient when x=0.3 by using Rohsenow equation
public class HT_condensation_inside_ref_rohsenow

{ refrigerant re;
public HT_condensation_inside_ref_rohsenow(String namei)
// m mass flow rate
// x vapor quality
// Reference: Traviss, D.P., Rohseno
// Rohsenow equation
w, W.M. and Baron A.B.,
// Forced convection condensation inside tubes:a heat trasnfer equation for
// condenser design, ASHRAE Transactions, 79, part1, 157-165 (1973)
double muv=re.r.viscosity_v(tf);
double rov=re.r.rov(tf);
861
double Rev=m*x*D/(A*muv);
double dT=tsat-tw;
double hh=0.0;
double F=0;
double hL=0;
double FXtt=0.15*(1.0/Xtt+2.85/Math.pow(Xtt,0.476));
if(Rel>=1125.0) F=5.0*Prl+5.0*Math.log(1.0+5.0*Prl)+2.5*Math.log(0.00313*Math.pow(Rel,0.812));
else if(Rel>50 && Rel<1125) F=5.0*Prl+5.0*Math.log(1.0+Prl*(0.09636*Math.pow(Rel,0.585)-1.0));
else F=0.707*Prl*Math.sqrt(Rel);
if(FXtt>=0.1 && FXtt<=1.0)
{hL=(kl/D)*Rel*Prl/F*FXtt;}
else if(FXtt>1 && FXtt<=15.0)
{hL=(kl/D)*Rel*Prl/F*Math.pow(FXtt,1.15);}
return hL;
}

double m=0.01388;
double x=0.3;
HT_condensation_inside_ref_rohsenow hc=new HT_condensation_inside_ref_rohsenow("R134a");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_condensation_inside_ref_rohsenow
m=0.01388 kg/s
tsat=50.0 degree C
tw=30.0 degree C
h=690.7483637879325 W/m^2K
Find the heat transfer coefficient when x=0.3 by using Shah (2009) correlation
public class HT_condensation_inside_ref_Shah_2009

{ refrigerant re;
public HT_condensation_inside_ref_Shah_2009(String namei)
// m mass flow rate
// x vapor quality
// Shah, M.M. (1979). A General Correlation for Heat Transfer during Film
// Condensation inside of Pipes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 22, pp. 547-556.
double Ps=re.Psb(tsat);
double Pc=re.r.Pc;
Double Pr=Ps/Pc;
double muf=re.r.viscosity_l(tf);
double mug=re.r.viscosity_l(tsat);
862
double rog=re.r.rov(tsat);
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double G=m/A;
double Relt=m*D/(A*muf);
double Rels=m*D*(1.0-x)/(A*muf);
double Z=Math.pow((1.0/x-1),0.8)*Math.pow(Pr,0.4);
double hlt=0.023*(kl/D)*Math.pow(Relt,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4);
double hI=hlt*Math.pow((muf/(14.0*mug)),(0.0058+0.557*Pr))*(1.0+3.8/Math.pow(Z,1.8));
double hNu=1.32*Math.pow(Rels,(-1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((rol*(rol-rog)*g*kl*kl*kl/muf/muf),(1.0/3.0));
double Jg=x*G/Math.sqrt(g*D*rog*(rol-rog));
double hTP=0;
if(Jg>=1.0/(2.4*Z+0.73)) hTP=hI;
else if(Jg<= (0.89-0.93*Math.exp(-0.087*Math.pow(Z,-1.17)))) hTP=hNu;
else hTP=hI+hNu;
return hTP;
}

double m=0.01388;
double x=0.3;
HT_condensation_inside_ref_Shah_2009 hc=new HT_condensation_inside_ref_Shah_2009("R134a");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_condensation_inside_ref_Shah_2009
m=0.01388 kg/s
tsat=50.0 degree C
tw=30.0 degree C
h=642.7362323178916 W/m^2K
Find the heat transfer coefficient when x=0.3 by using El Hajal, Thome & Cavallini correlation

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
// example f=x*x
// pages 699-706
//interface version
interface if_x
{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=1;
int M=10;
}
863
{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=2;
int M=10;
}
double c[][][];
double alpha[];
double h;
int M;
h=0.01;
double x0=0;
M=20;
double alphai[]={0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,13,-13,14,-14,15,
-15,16,-16,17,-17,18,-18,19,-19,20,-20,21,-21,22,-22,23,-23,24,-24,25,-25,26,-26,27,-27,28,-28,29,-29,30,-30,
31,-31,32,-32,33,-33,34,-34,35,-35,36,-36,37,-37,38,-38,39,-39,40,-40,41,-41,42,-42,43,-43,44,-44,45,-45,46,
-46,47,-47,48,-48,49,-49,50,-50,51,-51,52,-52,53,-53,54,-54,55,-55,56,-56,57,-57,58,-58,59,-59,60,-60,
-61,61,-62,62,-63,63,-64,64,-65,65,-66,66,-67,67,-68,68,-70,70,-71,71,-72,72,-73,73,-74,74,-75,75,
-76,76,-77,77,-78,78,-79,79,-80,80,-81,81,-82,82,-83,83,-84,84,-85,85,-86,86,-87,87,
-88,88,-89,89,-90,90,-91,91,-92,92,-93,93,-94,94,-95,95,-96,96,-97,97,-98,98,-99,99,-100,100};
alpha=alphai;
double c1,c2,c3;
delta[0][0][0]=1.0;
c1=1.0;
{ c2=1;
c2=c2*c3;
{
if(m==0)
else
}//next m
}//next nu
{ if(m==0)
else
}//next m
c1=c2;
}//next n
c=delta;
if(Mi<N) M=N;
else M=Mi;
h=hi;
double deriv=0;
double h1=1/h;
double h2=1;
{h2*=h1;}
return deriv*h2;}
}
public class HT_condensation_inside_ref_ElHajal_Thome_cavallini

{ refrigerant re;
String flow_pattern;
864
public HT_condensation_inside_ref_ElHajal_Thome_cavallini(String namei)
// m mass flow rate of refrigerant kg(s
// x vapor quality of refrigerant kg vapor/kg total
// El Hajal, J., Thome, J.R. and Cavallini, A.(2003).Condensation in Horizontal Tubes, Part 1: Two-
// Phase Flow Pattern Map, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, pp. 3349-3363.
// Condensation in Horizontal Tubes, Part 2: Two Phase Flow Pattern Map, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,
// Vol. 46, pp. 3365-3387.
double G=m/A;
double Rev=m*D/(A*muv);
double dT=tsat-tw;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double sigma=re.sigma(tsat);
//Homegeneous void fraction
double epsh=1.0/(1+(1.0-x)/x*(rov/rol));
//Non-homegeneous void fraction
double epsra=x/rov/((1.0+0.12*(1.0-x))*(x/rov+(1.0-x)/rol)+
1.18*(1.0-x)*Math.pow((g*sigma*(rol-rov)),0.25)/G/Math.sqrt(rol));
double eps=(epsh-epsra)/Math.log(epsh/epsra);
double Al=A*(1.0-eps);
double Av=A*eps;
double Ald=Al/(D*D);
double Avd=Av/(D*D);
double ul=G*(1.0-x)/(rol*(1.0-eps));
double uv=G*x/(rov*eps);
double teta=0;
double teta_strat=2.0*Math.PI-2.0*(Math.PI*(1.0-eps)+Math.pow(1.5*Math.PI,(1.0/3.0))*(1.0-2.0*(1.0-eps)+Math.pow((1.0-
eps),(1.0/3.0))-Math.pow(eps,1.0/3.0))-
1.0/200.0*(1.0-eps)*eps*(1.0-2.0*(1.0-eps))*(1.0+4.0*((1.0-eps)*(1.0-eps)+eps*eps)));
if_x f2=tet->Ald-1.0/8.0*((2.0*Math.PI-tet)-Math.sin(2.0*Math.PI-tet));
System.out.println("teta_strat="+teta_strat);
teta_strat=bisection(f2,0.0,1.5*Math.PI);
double hld=0.5*(1.0-Math.cos((2.0*Math.PI-teta)/2.0));
double Pid=Math.sin((2.0*Math.PI-teta)/2.0);
double Gwavy=(16.0*Avd*Avd*Avd*g*D*rol*rov/(x*x*Math.PI*Math.PI*Math.sqrt(1.0-(2.0*hld-1.0)*(2.0*hld-1.0))*
(Math.PI*Math.PI/(25.0*hld*hld)*Math.pow((g*D*D*rol/sigma),-1.023)+1.0)+50.0-75.0*Math.exp((-x*x-0.97)/(x*(1.0-x)))));
double Gstrat=Math.pow((51211.69*Ald*rov*(rol-rov)*mul*g)/(x*x*(1.0-x)*Math.PI*Math.PI*Math.PI),(1.0/3.0))+20.0*x;
double xIA=1.0/((0.2914*Math.pow((rov/rol),(-1.0/1.75))*Math.pow((muv/mul),(-1.0/7.0)))+1.0);
double Gmist=Math.sqrt(7680.0*Avd*Avd*g*D*rol*Math.pow((1.138+2.0*Math.log(Math.PI/(1.5*Ald))),2.0)/
(x*x*Math.PI*Math.PI*(g*D*D*rol/sigma)));
if(G>Gwavy & G<Gmist && x>xIA)
{flow_pattern="annular";}
else if(G>Gwavy & G<Gmist && x<xIA)
{flow_pattern="intermittent";}
else if(G<Gwavy & G>Gstrat)
{flow_pattern="Stratified_wavy";}
else if(G<Gstrat)
{flow_pattern="Fully_Stratified";}
else
{flow_pattern="Mist";}
System.out.println("flow pattern = "+flow_pattern);
double htp=0;
double hc=0,hf=0;
double delta=0;
if(flow_pattern.equals("annular") || flow_pattern.equals("intermittent") || flow_pattern.equals("Mist"))
{ teta=0.0;
final double teta1=teta;
if_x f3=delt->Al-(2.0*Math.PI-teta1)/8.0*(D*D-(D-2.0*delt)*(D-2.0*delt));
delta=bisection(f3,0.0,0.6*D);
865
System.out.println("Al="+Al+"delta="+delta+" "+f3.func(teta_strat));
double fi=1.0+Math.sqrt(uv/ul)*Math.pow((rol-rov)*g*delta*delta/sigma,0.25);
hc=0.003*Math.pow(Rel,0.74)*Math.sqrt(Prl)*kl/delta*fi;
htp=hc;
}
else if(flow_pattern.equals("Stratified_wavy"))
{teta=teta_strat*Math.sqrt((Gwavy-G)/(Gwavy-Gstrat));
System.out.println("Al="+Al+"delta="+delta+" "+f3.func(teta_strat));
hf=0.728*Math.pow((rol*(rol-rov)*g*hfg*kl*kl*kl/(mul*D*dT)),0.25);
htp=(hf/2.0*teta+(2*.0*Math.PI-teta)/2.0*hc)/(Math.PI);
}
else if(flow_pattern.equals("Fully_Stratified"))
{teta=teta_strat;
}
return htp;
}
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;;
i++;
}
if(i>=nmax) r=bisection(f,a,b1);
return r;
}
double m=0.01388;
double x=0.3;
HT_condensation_inside_ref_ElHajal_Thome_cavallini hc=new HT_condensation_inside_ref_ElHajal_Thome_cavallini("R134a");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_condensation_inside_ref_ElHajal_Thome_cavallini
m=0.01388 kg/s
tsat=50.0 degree C
tw=30.0 degree C
teta_strat=3.7756579709472127
teta_strat=3.7757249003375026
flow pattern = Fully_Stratified
Al=1.496079432042635E-4delta=0.0064233398437500006 17.755107400526267
h=557.3485181044167 W/m^2K
Dropwise condensation
Dropwise condensation occurs when a vapor condenses on a surface not wetted by the condensate.
For nonmetal vapors, dropwise condensation gives much higher heat transfer coefficients than
866
those found with film condensation. For instance, the heat transfer coefficient for dropwise
condensation of steam is around 10 times that for film condensation at power station condenser
pressures and more than 20 times that for film condensation at atmospheric pressure. In
circumstances where the filmwise coefficient is of similar magnitude to that on the cooling side, a
change of mode to dropwise condensation offers a potential improvement in overall coefficient by a
factor of up to around 2.
15.4 MULTIPHASE PRESSURE DROP

Pressure drop is an integral part of heat transfer and should be calculatedalmost in every heat transfer
and thermal design problem. In two pahase internal flow, presssure drop caused by change of
momentum, statik pressure drop and frictional pressure drop. They are due to kinetic and potential
energy changes and energy losses through friction. Some of the suggested pressure drop correlations
are given here. Caution should be taken while utilising these equations due to widely changing results in
different equations.
Internal pipe homogeneous model
In this approach fluid assume to behave like a single phase fluid. Gas and liquid phases has the same
velocity, therefore interfacial surface friction and surface tension effects are ignored. Total pressure drop:
ptoplam = pstatik + pmomentum + psürtünme
Static pressure drop can be given as:⁡∆𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝜌𝐻 𝑔𝐻𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 where H is the height, 𝜃 is the angle form
horizontal plane. 𝜌𝐻 is called homogen density and calculated as 𝜌𝐻 = 𝜌𝑙 (1 − 𝜀𝐻 ) + 𝜌𝑔 𝜀𝐻 where 𝜀𝐻 is
1
homogeneous phase volume ratio 𝜀𝐻 = 𝑢𝑔(1−𝑥)𝜌𝑔 𝑢𝑔 /𝑢𝑙 in the equation is called slip ratio and in
1+( 𝑢𝑙𝑥𝜌𝑙
)
homogeneous assumption it is equal to 1.Momentum pressure gradient can be given as:

𝜕𝑃 𝑑(𝑚/𝜌𝐻 )
(𝜕𝑧 ) =
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑧
Friction pressure drop is:
2𝑓𝑡𝑝 𝐿𝐺 2 0.079 𝐺𝑑
∆𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = where m is total mass flow rate (kg/s), 𝑓𝑡𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜌𝐻 𝑑 𝑅𝑒⁡0.25 𝜇𝑡𝑝
𝜇𝑡𝑝 = 𝑥𝜇𝑔 + (1 − 𝑥)𝜇𝑙
This correlation is usefull when mass flow rate and frictional pressure drop is high. Assumption of
constant vapor quality is made in the equation, therefore should be used with caution.
PROBLEM: Using the homogeneous flow pressure drop method, calculate the two-phase pressure drop
for upflow in a vertical tube of 10 mm internal diameter that is 2 m long. The flow is adiabatic, the mass
flow rate is 0.02 kg/s and the vapor quality is 0.05. The fluid is R-123 at a saturation temperature of 3°C
/* ref_CS_Data property list
0 M,
1 BP,
2 FP,
3 Tc,
4 Pc,
5 roc,
6 Psb(t),
7 Psd(t),
8 rol(t),
9 rov(t),
10 h_l(t),
11 h_v(t),
12 h_lv(t),
13 s_l(t),
14 s_v(t),
15 s_lv(t),
16 viscosity_l(t),
17 viscosity_v(t),
18 k_l(t),
19 k_v(t),
20 Cpl(t),
867
21 Cpv(t),
22 soundv_l(t),
23 soundv_v(t),
24 surfacetension(t),
25 Pr_l(t),
26 Pr_v(t)
*/
class HT_internal_pipe_two_phase_homogeneous_pressure_drop
{
{ ref_CS st=new ref_CS("R123");
double tsat=3.0; //degree C
double d=10e-3; //m
double H=2.0; //m
double x=0.05; //
double a[]=st.property(tsat);
double mul=a[16]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
double muv=a[17]; //kg/(m.s)=Pa.s
double rol=a[8]; //kg/m^3
double rov=a[9]; //kg/m^3
double Psat=a[6]*1e3; //Pa
System.out.println("mul="+mul+"muv="+muv+"rol="+rol+"rov="+rov+"Psat="+Psat);
double eH=1.0/(1.0+(1.0-x)/x*rov/rol);
System.out.println("eH="+eH);
double roH=rol*(1.0-eH)+rov*eH;
System.out.println("roH="+roH);
double mutp=x*muv+(1.0-x)*mul;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double dP_static=roH*g*H;
System.out.println("dP_static="+dP_static+" Pa");
double A=Math.PI*d*d/4.0;
double G=m/A;
double Re=G*d/mutp;
double ftp=0.079/Math.pow(Re,.25);
System.out.println("ftp="+ftp);
double dP_friction=2.0*ftp*H*G*G/d/roH;
System.out.println("dP_friction="+dP_friction+" Pa");
double dP_total=dP_static+dP_friction;
System.out.println("dP_total="+dP_total+" Pa");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_internal_pipe_two_phase_homogeneous_pressure_drop
mul=5.437531752955245E-4muv=9.950042086177276E-
6rol=1518.8583822113003rov=2.5435853055350255Psat=37375.00022326565
eH=0.9691624955216591
roH=49.30294964569111
dP_static=966.9294484512939 Pa
G=254.6479089470325
Re=4924.891159674347
ftp=0.009430352616649046
dP_friction=4961.297265466007 Pa
dP_total=5928.226713917301 Pa
Internal pipe seperated phase models
Here, the phases are considered to be flowing separately in the channel, each with a given velocity and
each occupying a given fraction of the channel cross section. The separated flow momentum pressure
drop equation reduces, for a duct of constant cross sectional area and steady flow, to:
(1 − 𝑥)2 𝑥2 (1 − 𝑥)2 𝑥2
∆𝑃𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝐺 2 {[ + ] −[ + ] }⁡⁡
𝜌𝑙 (1 − 𝜀) 𝜌𝑔 𝜀 𝜌𝑙 (1 − 𝜀) 𝜌𝑔 𝜀
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
The separated flow model considers the two phases to be artificially separated into two streams, each
flowing in its own pipe. The areas of the two pipes are proportional to the void fraction ε. It is
868
recommended here to use the Steiner (1993)[82] version of the drift flux model of Rouhani and Axelsson
(1970)[83] for horizontal flows:
−1
0.25
𝑥 𝑥 1−𝑥 1.18(1 − 𝑥)[𝑔𝜎(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑔 )]
𝜀 = [[1 + 0.12(1 − 𝑥)] ( + )+ ]
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑙 𝐺 2 𝜌𝑙0.5
For vertical flows, the Rouhani and Axelsson (1970) [83] expression can be used for void fractions larger
than 0.1:
−1
0.25
𝑥 𝑔𝑑𝜌𝑙 1/4 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 1.18(1 − 𝑥)[𝑔𝜎(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑔 )]
𝜀 = [[1 + 0.2(1 − 𝑥) ( 2 ) ] ( + )+ ]
𝜌𝑔 𝐺 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑙 𝐺 2 𝜌𝑙0.5
The two-phase density is obtained from:

𝜌𝐻 = 𝜌𝑙 (1 − 𝜀𝐻 ) + 𝜌𝑔 𝜀𝐻
The momentum pressure drop depends on the inlet and outlet vapor qualities and void fractions. The
correlation method of Friedel (1979)[85] utilizes a two-phase multiplier:
2
∆𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑃𝐿 ∅𝑓𝑟 where ΔpL is calculated for the liquid-phase flow as
2𝑓𝐿 𝐿𝐺 2
∆𝑃𝐿 = The liquid friction factor ƒL and liquid Reynolds number (and vapor friction factor ƒG
𝜌𝑙𝑑
and vapor Reynolds number with the vapor viscosity) are obtained from
0.079 𝐺𝑑 𝑚
⁡𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 = where 𝐺 = is mass flux(kg/sm2).
𝑅𝑒⁡0.25 𝜇𝑙 𝐴
two-phase multiplier is
2 3.24𝐹𝐻
∅𝑓𝑟 =𝐸+ 0.045 𝑊𝑒 0.035 where The dimensionless factors FrH, E, F and H are as follows:
𝐹𝑟𝐻 𝐿
𝐺2 𝜌𝑙𝑓𝑔
𝐹𝑟𝐻⁡ = 2 𝐹 = 𝑥 0.78 (1 − 𝑥)0.224 𝐸 = (1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑥 2
𝑔𝑑𝜌𝐻 𝜌𝑔𝑓𝑙
𝐺(1−𝑥)𝑑 𝐺𝑥𝑑 0.079 0.079

𝑅𝑒𝑙 = 𝑅𝑒𝑔 = 𝑓𝑙 = 𝑓𝑔 =
𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑙0.25 𝑅𝑒𝑔0.25
0.91 0.91
𝜌 𝜌 𝜇𝑔 0.19 𝜇𝑔 0.7
𝐻 = ( 𝑙) (𝜌 𝑙 ) (𝜇 ) (1 − )
𝜌 𝑔 𝑔 𝑙 𝜇𝑙
The liquid Weber number defined as:

−1
𝐺 2𝑑 𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑊𝑒𝑙 = where 𝜌𝐻 = ( + )
𝜎𝜌𝐻 𝜌 𝑔 𝜌𝑙
The method of Lockhart and Martinelli (1949)[84] is the orginal method that predicted the two phase
frictional pressure drop based on a two-phase multiplier for the liquid-phase, or the vapor-phase,
respectively, as:
2𝑓𝐿 𝐿(1−𝑥)2 𝐺 2 2𝑓𝐺 𝐿𝑥 2 𝐺2
∆𝑃𝐿𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑃𝐿 ∅2𝐿𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑃𝐿 = ∆𝑃𝐺𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑃𝐺 ∅2𝐺𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑃𝐺 =
𝜌𝑙 𝑑 𝜌𝑔 𝑑
The liquid friction factor ƒL and liquid Reynolds number (and vapor friction factor ƒG and vapor
Reynolds number with the vapor viscosity) are obtained from
𝐺(1−𝑥)𝑑 𝐺𝑥𝑑 0.079 0.079
869
𝐶 1
∅2𝐿𝑡𝑡 = 1 + + 2
𝑋𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑡𝑡
∅2𝐺𝑡𝑡 = 1 + 𝐶𝑋𝑡𝑡 + 𝑋𝑡𝑡

2
Martinelli parameter:
1−𝑥 0.9 𝜌𝑣 0.5 𝜇𝑙 0.1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑋𝑡𝑡 = ( ) (𝜌 ) (𝜇 )
𝑥 𝑙 𝑣
liquid vapor C
Turbulent Turbulent 20
Laminar Turbulent 12
Turbulent Laminar 10
Laminar Laminar 5 Müller-Steinhagen and Heck (1986)[86] proposed a
two-phase frictional pressure gradient correlation that is an empirical interpolation between all liquid
flow and all vapor flow:
∆𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [∆𝑃𝐿 + 2(∆𝑃𝐺 − ∆𝑃𝐿 )𝑥](1 − 𝑥)1/3 + ∆𝑃𝐺 𝑥 3 where

2𝑓𝐿 𝐿𝐺 2 2𝑓𝑔𝐿𝐺 2
∆𝑃𝐿 = ∆𝑃𝐺 =
𝜌𝑙𝑑 𝜌𝑔 𝑑
𝐺(1−𝑥)𝑑 𝐺𝑥𝑑 0.079 0.079
PROBLEMS TO SOLVE (HOMEWORK PROBLEMS)
PROBLEM 1 : Saturated steam at Tg=100 C condenses on the outer surface of a 1x10-2 m outside
diameter horizontal tube maintained at a uniform temperature T w=25 C. We have N=10 pipes in each
row in heat eaxhanger. Calculate for L=1xN=10 m of pipes (1 m of pipe 10 vertical layers) total heat
transfer and condensation rate.
PROBLEM 2: saturated steam at T=110 C condenses inside of a 5x10-2 m inside diameter horizontal
tube maintained at a uniform temperature T w=25 C. Total pipe length is L=100 m. Calculate total heat
PROBLEM 3: saturated R134a at T=40 C condenses inside of a 1x10-2 m inside diameter horizontal
tube maintained at a uniform temperature T w=25 C. Total pipe length is L=100 m. Calculate total heat
PROBLEM 4: Using the homogeneous flow pressure drop method, calculate the two-phase pressure drop
for upflow in a vertical tube of 10 mm internal diameter that is 2 m long. The flow is adiabatic, the mass
flow rate is 0.02 kg/s and the vapor quality is 0.05. The fluid is R-134a at a saturation temperature of 3°C
Try to solve problems

a) by hand
b) by computer program (for properties of steam use steamIAPWS_IF97.java)
870
16. HEAT EXCHANGERS
16.1 HEAT EXCHANGER CLASSIFICATION
Heat exchangers are basic devices utilised to transfer heat from one or more fluids to another set of
fluids of different temperatures. Heat exchangers are devices that you can find in every home, factory or
building. Classifications of heat exchangers can be done considering fluid type, phase of fluids ,
compactness of the device etc. Let us look at few of these classifications more closely. According to
contact type of the fluids, indirect contact type and direct contact type of heat exchangers are existed.
Acording to phase of liquids single phase or multiphase heat exchangers exists. According surface
compactness of the heat exchanger if area to volume ratio of a gas to fluid heat exchanger is bigger than
700 m2/m3 it is classified as compact heat exchanger. Fort he liquid to liquid heat exchanger
compactness limit is bigger than 400 m2/m3. Accordingto type of construction tubular (double pipe,
Shell & tube, spiral tube, pipe coils), plate type (plate heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers), extended
surface type(plate fin, tube fin) and reganarative heat exchangers existed. According to flow
arrangement counter flow, parallel flow, cross flow, divided flow heat exchangers existed. According to
heat transfer mechanisms we can group them as single phase convection in both side, single phase
convection in one side and two pahse convection on the other side and two pahese convection in both
sides (for example evaporator-condenser). In the figure below some of the heat exchangers are shown
Closed body welded evaporator Internal pipes of the evaporator in the left side
Double pipe heat exchanger Plate heat exchanger
871
Finned air-refrigerant heat exchanger with fans
Finned heat exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchanger Internal pipes of shell & tube heat exchanger
Spiral heat exchanger Lamella heat exchanger
872
Closed circuit cooling tower heat exchanger Cooling tower (direct contact water-air heat
exchanger)
Turning wheel recuperator Plate coil heat exchanger
Let us now consider a very simple double pipe heat exchanger and consider the flow paths of both
fluids If both fluid flow in the same direction, it is called parallel flow arrangment. If they are flowing in
opposite direction, they are called counter flow heat exchangers.
873
If flow direction is perpendicular to each other, it is called cross flow.
16.2 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Heat exchangers are usually buılt from a sıngle material, But sometimes surface can be covered with a
protective thin layer for the purpose of avoiding corrosion. After a period of time, the heat transfer
surfaces of a heat exchanger may become coated with deposits from the heat transfer fluids or corrosion.
In either case, the additional resistance to heat transfer due to these materials decreases the performance
of the heat exchanger and must be accounted for. This is done through the use of experimentally
determined fouling factors. Fouling factors causes extra resistances that should be taken into account.
Furtheremore fins can be added one or both surfaces of the heat exchanger to improve surface area and
overall heat transfer coefficient. Fouling factors for varius applications and operationg fluids are listed
in the table below:
Rf min Rf max
Oils m^2K/W m^2K/W
Fuel oil #2 0.00035222
Fuel oil #6 0.000880551
Transformer oil 0.00017611
Engine Lube oil 0.00017611
Gases and vapors 0
Acid gas 0.00035222 0.000528331
Ammonia vapor 0.00017611
Chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors 0.00017611 0.000264165
Chlorine vapor 0.00035222
CO2 vapor 0.00017611
Compressed air 0.00017611
Hydrogen 8.80551E-05
Hydrogen(saturated with vapor) 0.00035222
Light hydrocarbon vapors (clean) 0.00017611
Natural gas 0.00017611 0.00035222
Natural gas flue gas 0.000880551
874
Nitrogen 8.80551E-05
Polymerizable vapors (with inhibitor) 0.000528331 0.005283306
Refrigerant vapors (oil bearing) 0.00035222
Solvent vapor 0.00017611
Steble overhear products 0.00017611
Steam (non-oil bearing) 8.80551E-05
Steam (exhoust - oil bearing) 0.000264165 0.00035222
Rf min Rf max
Liquids m^2K/W m^2K/W
Ammonia liquid 0.00017611
Ammonia liquid (oil bearing) 0.000528331
CO2 liquid 0.00017611
Chlorinated hydrocarbons liquid 0.00017611 0.00035222
Cholorine liquid 0.00035222
DEG & TEG solutions 0.00035222
Gasoline 0.00035222
Heavy fuel oils 0.000880551 0.001232771
Heavy gas oil 0.000528331 0.000880551
Hydrolic fluid 0.00017611
Kerosene 0.00035222 0.000528331
Light gas oil 0.00035222 0.000528331
light hydrocarbon liquid 0.00017611
MEA & DEA solutions 0.00035222
Naphta and light distilates 0.00035222 0.000528331
Organic heat transfer liquids 0.00035222
Refrigerant liquids 0.00017611
Rf Rf
m^2K/W m^2K/W
Water at 50 C or less velocity <1 m/s velocity > 1 m/s
Boiler blowdown water 0.00035222 0.00035222
Brackish water 0.00035222 0.00035222
condansate 8.80551E-05 8.80551E-05
cooling tower water (treated) 0.00017611 0.00017611
cooling tower water (untreated) 0.000528331 0.000528331
city or well water 0.00017611 0.00017611
river water (minimum) 0.00035222 0.00017611
river water (average) 0.000528331 0.00035222
River water (muddy or silty) 0.000528331 0.00035222
sea water 8.80551E-05 8.80551E-05
treated boiler feed water 0.00017611 8.80551E-05
Water at more than 50 C velocity <1 m/s velocity > 1 m/s
Boiler blowdown water 0.00035222 0.00035222
Brackish water 0.000528331 0.00035222
condansate 8.80551E-05 8.80551E-05
cooling tower water (treated) 0.00035222 0.00035222
cooling tower water (untreated) 0.000880551 0.000704441
city or well water 0.00035222 0.00035222
river water (minimum) 0.000528331 0.00035222
river water (average) 0.000704441 0.000528331
River water (muddy or silty) 0.000704441 0.000528331
sea water 0.00017611 0.00017611
treated boiler feed water 0.00017611 0.00017611
In a planar wall without any fin and fouling factor overall heat transfer coefficient :
875
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐶
𝑄𝑥 = 1 𝐿 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 1 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 )
( )+( )+( 𝐵 )+( 𝐶 )+( )
ℎ𝐻 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 ℎ𝐶 𝐴
Where U is called overall heat transfer coefficient. In heat exchangers it is common to use pipes as transfer
medium, in this case cylindrical coordinate equivalent of heat transfer should apply
1
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 = 𝑟
ln⁡( 𝑜 )
1 𝑟𝑖 1
( )+( )+( )
ℎ𝐻 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝐶 𝐴𝑜
If fouling factor is taken into account

𝑟
1 1 1 ln⁡( 𝑜) 1 𝑅𝑓𝑖 𝑅𝑓𝑜
𝑟𝑖
= =( )+( )+( )+ + where 𝑅𝑓𝑖 is the internal fouling
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ 𝐻 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ 𝐶 𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑜
factor and 𝑅𝑓𝑜 is external fouling factor.
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 ) = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 )
Now lets investigate when the finned surfaces are existed. Let us consider finned surface diven below
If the fin efficiency is h𝑓 , Plane surface is Au and finned surface is Af

𝑄 = (𝑓 𝐴𝑓 ℎ𝑓 + 𝐴𝑢 ℎ𝑢 )∆𝑇 where ∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑤1 or ∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤2 -𝑇𝑐 depends on which side of the finned surface
we considered. Total area: 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑓 + 𝐴𝑢 and if we assume h=h𝑓 = ℎ𝑢
𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑓
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 [1 − (1 − 𝑓 )] ∆𝑇 or overall fin efficiency: = [1 − (1 − 𝑓 )]
𝐴 𝐴
876
Now overall heat transfer coefficents should include overall fin efficiences of the surfaces, so
𝑟
1 1 1 ln⁡( 𝑜 ) 1 𝑅𝑓𝑖 𝑅𝑓𝑜
𝑟𝑖
= =( )+( )+( )+ +
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝐻 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝐶 𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑜 𝐴𝑜
PROBLEM: Engine oil at a mean temperature T i=80 C and mean velocity Vm=0.2 m/s flows inside a
thin-walled, horizontal copper tube with an ID of Di=1.9x10-2 m and OD of D0=2.29x10-2 m. Tube is
made of stainless steel. At the outer surface, atmospheric air at 𝑇∞ ⁡=15 C and velocity of 𝑉∞=5 m/s
flows across the tube. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and rate of heat loss per meter
length of tube.
public class HT_pipe_air_oil
{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
877
double Pr=Pr(Tf);
return Nu;
}

{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
return Re;
}
double tinf=15.0;
double Ti=80+273.15;
double ti=80.0;
double T=(Tinf+Ti)/2.0;
double U=5.0; //m/s
double Ui=0.2; //m/s
double L=1; // m
double Di=1.9e-2; //m copper tube
double Do=2.29e-2; //m copper tube
liquid_CS_EN l=new liquid_CS_EN("engineoil");
double nu_oil=l.vis(ti);
double ro_oil=l.ro(ti);
double k_oil=l.k(ti);
double k_steel=46.0; // W/mK
double Pr_oil=l.Pr(ti);
double Cp_oil=l.Cp(ti);
System.out.println("nu="+nu_oil+"k="+k_oil+"Pr="+Pr_oil);
double Re=Ui*Di/nu_oil;
System.out.println("Re oil="+Re);
double Nui=3.66;
double hi=k_oil/Di*Nui;
System.out.println("hi="+hi);
double Nu2=Nu2(U,T,Ti,P,Do);
double k2=k(T);
double h2=Nu2*k2/Do;
System.out.println(" h2="+h2);
System.out.println(" Nu2="+Nu2);
double Ai=Math.PI*Di*L;
double Ao=Math.PI*Do*L;
double Um=1.0/(1.0/(Ai*hi+Math.log(Do/Di)/(2.0*Math.PI*k_steel)+1.0/(Ao*h2)));
System.out.println("Um="+Um);
double Q=Um*(Ti-Tinf);
double mi=ro_oil*Ai*Ui;
double To=Ti-Q/(mi*Cp_oil*1e3);
double to=To-273.15;
System.out.println("to="+to);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_pipe_air_oil
nu=3.7500000000000003E-5k=0.138Pr=0.5793478260869567
Re oil=101.33333333333333
hi=26.583157894736843
h2=48.95423817331114
Nu2=40.13529381119457
Um=1.8713401141654942
Q=120.04646832371641
to=79.99446421864053
PROBLEM: Engine oil at a mean temperature Ti=80 C and mean velocity Vm=5 m/s flows inside a
thin-walled, horizontal copper tube with an ID of D i=1.9x10-2 m and OD of D0=2.29x10-2 m. Tube has
round fins of D=6x10-2 m and a thickness of t=10-3 m. Distance between fins are 5x10-3 m. Tube and
878
fins are made of stainless steel. At the outer surface, atmospheric air at 𝑇∞ ⁡=15 C and velocity of 𝑉∞ =5
m/s flows across the tube. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and rate of heat loss per meter
length of tube.
public class HT_pipe_air_oil1

{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
double Pr=Pr(Tf);
return Nu;
}
{
879
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}

{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
return Re;
}
double tinf=15.0;
double ti=80.0;
double U=5.0; //m/s
double L=1; // m
double D=6e-2; //m fin diameter
double rb=Do/2.0; //base radius of fin
double rt=D/2; //m fin radius
double d=1e-3; //m fin thickness
double dx=5e-3; //m distance between fins
double Rb=rb/rt;
double Rt=1.0;
liquid_CS_EN l=new liquid_CS_EN("engineoil");
double nu_oil=l.vis(ti);
double ro_oil=l.ro(ti);
double k_oil=l.k(ti);
double k_steel=46.0; // W/mK
double Pr_oil=l.Pr(ti);
double Cp_oil=l.Cp(ti);
System.out.println("oil nu="+nu_oil+"k="+k_oil+"Pr="+Pr_oil);
double Re=Ui*Di/nu_oil;
double eps=1.0e-6;
double eod=eps/Do;
System.out.println("Re oil="+Re);
double Nui=Nu(Re,eod,Pr_oil);
System.out.println("Nui="+Nui);
double hi=k_oil/Di*Nui;
double k2=k(T);
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h2/(k_steel*d))*rt;
double M0=Math.sqrt(2.0*h2/(k_steel*d))*rb;
880
if_x eta=M->2.0/M*Rb/(1-
Rb*Rb)*(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(1.0,M*Rb)+Mathd.K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(1.0,M*Rb))/(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(0.0,M*Rb)+Mathd.
K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(0.0,M*Rb));
double eta_fin=eta.func(M1);
System.out.println("eta_fin="+eta_fin);
double A_fin= 2.0*Math.PI/4.0*(D*D-Do*Do);
double N_fin=L/(d+dx);
double A_no_fin=Math.PI*Do*dx;
System.out.println("A_fin="+A_fin+"A_no_fin="+A_no_fin);
double A_total=A_fin+A_no_fin;
double eta_total=(1.0-A_fin/A_total*(1.0-eta_fin));
System.out.println("eta="+eta_total);
double Rm=1.0/(Ai*hi)+Math.log(Do/Di)/(2.0*Math.PI*k_steel*L)+1.0/(A_total*N_fin*eta_total*h2) ;
double Um=1.0/Rm;
double mi=ro_oil*Ai*Ui;
double To=Ti-Q/(mi*Cp_oil*1e3);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_pipe_air_oil1
Rb=0.3816666666666667
oil nu=3.7500000000000003E-5k=0.138Pr=0.5793478260869567
Re oil=2533.333333333333
Nui=4.916796349629749
hi=35.711468223626596
M1=1.3840522476312245
M0=0.5282466078459174
eta_fin=0.82832744771129
h2=48.95423817331114
Nu2=40.13529381119457
A_fin=0.004831125474727116A_no_fin=3.5971235883603135E-4
eta=0.8402239354674457
Um=2.0085457665028703
Q=128.84821092115908
to=79.99976233352493
PROBLEM: water at a mean temperature Ti=80 C and mean velocity Vm=3 m/s flows inside a thin-
walled, horizontal copper tube with an ID of D i=1.9x10-2 m and OD of D0=2.29x10-2 m. Tube has
round fins of D=6x10-2 m and a thickness of t=10-3 m. Distance between fins are 5x10-3 m. Tube and
fins are made of stainless steel. At the outer surface, atmospheric air at 𝑇∞ ⁡=15 C and velocity of 𝑉∞ =5
m/s flows across the tube. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and rate of heat loss per meter
length of tube.
public class HT_pipe_water

{
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
881
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
double Pr=Pr(Tf);
return Nu;
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
882
}
return Nu;
}

{ double mu=mu(T);
double ro=ro(T,P);
return Re;
}
double tinf=15.0;
double ti=80.0;
double U=5.0; //m/s
double L=1; // m
double D=6e-2; //m fin diameter
double rb=Do/2.0; //base radius of fin
double rt=D/2; //m fin radius
double d=1e-3; //m fin thickness
double dx=5e-3; //m distance between fins
double Rb=rb/rt;
double Rt=1.0;
double k_steel=46.0;
double ro=a[2];
double Cp=a[5];
double k=a[6];
double mu=a[7];
double Pr=a[9];
double Re=ro*Ui*Di/mu;
double eps=1.0e-6;
double eod=eps/Do;
System.out.println("Re water="+Re);
double Nui=Nu(Re,eod,Pr);
System.out.println("Nui="+Nui);
double hi=k/Di*Nui;
double k2=k(T);
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h2/(k_steel*d))*rt;
double M0=Math.sqrt(2.0*h2/(k_steel*d))*rb;
if_x eta=M->2.0/M*Rb/(1-
Rb*Rb)*(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(1.0,M*Rb)+Mathd.K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(1.0,M*Rb))/(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(0.0,M*Rb)+Mathd.
K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(0.0,M*Rb));
double eta_fin=eta.func(M1);
System.out.println("eta_fin="+eta_fin);
double A_fin= 2.0*Math.PI/4.0*(D*D-Do*Do);
double N_fin=L/(d+dx);
double A_no_fin=Math.PI*Do*dx;
System.out.println("A_fin="+A_fin+"A_no_fin="+A_no_fin);
double A_total=A_fin+A_no_fin;
double eta_total=(1.0-A_fin/A_total*(1.0-eta_fin));
System.out.println("eta="+eta_total);
double Rm=1.0/(Ai*hi)+Math.log(Do/Di)/(2.0*Math.PI*k_steel*L)+1.0/(A_total*N_fin*eta_total*h2) ;
double Um=1.0/Rm;
883
double mi=ro*Ai*Ui;
double To=Ti-Q/(mi*Cp*1e3);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_pipe_water
Rb=0.3816666666666667
Re water=99574.98625178046
Nui=434.8059684791874
hi=14604.286438448667
M1=1.3840522476312245
M0=0.5282466078459174
eta_fin=0.82832744771129
h2=48.95423817331114
Nu2=40.13529381119457
A_fin=0.004831125474727116A_no_fin=3.5971235883603135E-4
eta=0.8402239354674457
Um=33.45094107268375
Q=2145.8778698126616
to=79.99710060269558
16.3 LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

Let us consider simple double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger. And further assume that 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) =
𝐶𝑝=constant. And now let us consider a small differential part inside of the heat exchanger with area dA
and heat transfer dQ, mass flow rates of cold and hot fluids are 𝑚𝐶 , 𝑚ℎ and local heat transfer
coefficient is U. Because of the differential nature, temperature in both sides can be assumed
constant and ∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐
The rate of heat transfer from hot to cold fluid can be written as
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴∆𝑇
in the same time dQ should be equal to
𝑑𝑄 = −𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝑑𝑇ℎ (hot fluid) and 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐 (cold fluid)
Where 𝐶𝑝𝑐 and 𝐶𝑝ℎ are specific heat and values are considered not to be function of temperature
(constant). 𝑑𝑇ℎ and 𝑑𝑇𝑐 are changes in thetemperatures in hot and cold fluids. Consider also relation
∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 and taken derivative of this relation gives 𝑑(∆𝑇) = 𝑑𝑇ℎ − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 . Combining equations gives
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄 1 1
𝑑(∆𝑇) = − − = −𝑑𝑄 [ + ]
𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐
884
or by defining
1 1
𝐵=[ + ]
𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐
𝑑(∆𝑇) = −𝐵𝑑𝑄
remembering that
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴∆𝑇
and substituting iy into the previous equation gives
𝑑(∆𝑇) = −𝐵𝑈𝑑𝐴∆𝑇
by arranging
𝑑(∆𝑇)
= −𝐵𝑈𝑑𝐴
∆𝑇
integrating the equation
∆𝑇𝐿 𝐴𝑡
𝑑(∆𝑇)
∫ = −𝐵 ∫ 𝑈𝑑𝐴
∆𝑇
∆𝑇0 0
Average overall heat transfer coefficient
1 𝐴 ∆𝑇 𝑑(∆𝑇)
𝑈𝑚 =
𝐴𝑡
∫0 𝑡 𝑈𝑑𝐴 then ∫∆𝑇 𝐿 ∆𝑇
= −𝐵𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡
0
∆𝑇0
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝐵𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡
∆𝑇𝐿
We can also integrate 𝑑(∆𝑇) = −𝐵𝑑𝑄 relation as
∆𝑇 𝑄
∫∆𝑇 𝐿 𝑑(∆𝑇) = −𝐵 ∫0 𝑑𝑄 so
0
∆𝑇0 − ∆𝑇𝐿 = 𝐵𝑄
so by eliminating B we get
∆𝑇0 − ∆𝑇𝐿
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 = 𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛
∆𝑇0
𝑙𝑛 (∆𝑇 )
𝐿
This mean temperature ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛 defined by the equation is called logarithmic mean temperature difference.
Caution shold be observed using this equation due to the assumption that Cp is constant. Heat
exchangers such as combustion boilers temperature difference could be very large and this assumption
can cause a big error. But when the temperature difference is relatively small, we can use this equation
for simple and fast evaluation of heat exchanger performance. It should be note that when ∆𝑇0 = ∆𝑇𝐿
equation will not be valid, so equation wil be converted to
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 ∆𝑇0 = 𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 ∆𝑇𝐿
PROBLEM : A double tube heat exchanger is used to heat water at a rate of m=0.8 kg/s from T ci=30 ℃
to Tco=80 ℃, with hot oil entering at Thi=120 ℃ and leaving at Tho=85 ℃. The overall heat transfer
coefficient U=125 W/(m2K). Calculate the heat transfer area required. Pressure is 2 bar in both sides.
𝑄 = 𝑚[ℎ(𝑇0 ) − ℎ(𝑇𝑖 )] using steamTableIF97.java
885
𝑄 = 0.8[335.07012856607645 − 125.92371781004759⁡⁡]⁡= 167317.1 W Another approach:
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇0 )+𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 ) 4.179752552491479+4.195298991380056
𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = =4.187526
2 2
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑔 [𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑖 ] = 0.8 ∗ 4.187526 ∗ (80 − 30) = 167501⁡W
886
50−40 𝑄 167317.1⁡
∆𝑇𝑙𝑛 = 55 = 47.1076 𝐴 = = = 28.4144⁡𝑚2
𝑙𝑛 𝑈∆𝑇𝑙𝑛 125∗47.1076
40
PROBLEM : Engine oil thermophysical properties are given in the followin table:
T  Cp  k  Pr
℃ kg/m3 kJ/(kgK) m2/s W/(mK) m2/s
0 889.12 1.796 0.00428 0.147 0.911 47100
20 888.23 1.88 0.0009 0.145 0.872 10400
40 876.05 1.964 0.00024 0.144 0.834 2870
60 864.04 2.047 8.39E-05 0.14 0.8 1050
80 852.02 2.131 3.75E-05 0.138 0.769 490
100 840.01 2.219 2.03E-05 0.137 0.738 276
120 828.96 2.307 1.24E-05 0.135 0.71 175
140 816.94 2.395 8.00E-06 0.133 0.686 116
160 805.89 2.483 5.60E-06 0.132 0.663 84
Engine oil entering into a copper tube with internal diameter of Di=1.9x10-2 m and Do=2x10-2 m Oil inlet
velocity V=0.1 m/s and inlet temperature Ti=80 ℃. At the outer surface air at a pressure P=101.325 kPa
and 𝑇∞ = 15⁡℃ and a velocity of V=5 m/s flows across the tube. Calculate the overall heat transfer and
the rate of heat loss to air for L=10 m of pipe length. What is the oil exit temperature?
public class HT_HE_LMTD_1
{
//Air properties
public static double mua(double T)
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
public static double ka(double T)
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
public static double Pra(double T)
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
887
return y;
}
public static double Cpa(double T)
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}
public static double roa(double T,double P)

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
//Outside of pipe heat transfer coefficients
double Pr=Pra(Tinf);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
if(Re>0.4 && Re<=4) {C=0.989;m=0.330;}
else if(Re>4.0 && Re<=40) {C=0.911;m=0.385;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>4000.0 && Re<=40000) {C=0.193;m=0.618;}
else if(Re>40000.0 && Re<=400000) {C=0.027;m=0.805;}
return Nu;
}
double Pr=Pra(Tf);
return Nu;
}
double Prs=Pra(Ts);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
System.out.println("Re="+Re+"C="+C+"n="+n);
return Nu;
}
//Outside of pipe Reynolds Number
{ double mu=mua(T);
double ro=roa(T,P);
return Re;
888
}
//inside of the pipe

{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
{ //Gnilensky equation constant surface temperature internal flow
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
{
if_x ro=(T)->{
double c[]=new double[9];
c[0] = 889.1199999952275;
c[1] = 0.7788495031013842;
c[2] = -0.06351544019571408;
c[3] = 0.0013855048184076356;
c[4] = -1.4433484802821403E-5;
c[5] = 4.487425847930485E-8;
c[6] = 3.9556119555151096E-10;
c[7] = -3.6094028331533092E-12;
c[8] = 8.263961649139699E-15;
double ro1=c[0]+c[1]*T+c[2]*T*T+c[3]*T*T*T+c[4]*T*T*T*T+c[5]*T*T*T*T*T+c[6]*T*T*T*T*T*T+
c[7]*T*T*T*T*T*T*T+c[8]*T*T*T*T*T*T*T*T;
return ro1;};
if_x Cp=(T)->{
c[0] = 1.7959999998943406;
c[1] = 0.004723169829219559;
c[2] = -6.862011661913738E-5;
c[3] = 3.4558988531768852E-6;
c[4] = -8.729900756439303E-8;
c[5] = 1.2014135033860537E-9;
c[6] = -9.120186836609464E-12;
c[7] = 3.588547572026437E-14;
c[8] = -5.716096780813412E-17;
double Cp1=c[0]+c[1]*T+c[2]*T*T+c[3]*T*T*T+c[4]*T*T*T*T+c[5]*T*T*T*T*T+c[6]*T*T*T*T*T*T+
return Cp1;};
if_x nu=(T)->{
c[0] = 0.004280000003261192;
c[1] = -3.3523085818949495E-4;
c[2] = 1.2652236211123124E-5;
c[3] = -2.8511979544733536E-7;
c[4] = 4.063643181328594E-9;
c[5] = -3.682322901476503E-11;
c[6] = 2.051382329611078E-13;
c[7] = -6.392170741711082E-16;
c[8] = 8.51226550326221E-19;
double nu1=c[0]+c[1]*T+c[2]*T*T+c[3]*T*T*T+c[4]*T*T*T*T+c[5]*T*T*T*T*T+c[6]*T*T*T*T*T*T+
return nu1;};
889
if_x k=(T)->{
c[0] = 0.14700000005528546;
c[1] = -8.645905018173647E-4;
c[2] = 8.174515733992113E-5;
c[3] = -3.149258103502365E-6;
c[4] = 5.979366047785655E-8;
c[5] = -6.250116681333913E-10;
c[6] = 3.6730444648733335E-12;
c[7] = -1.1393550677860256E-14;
c[8] = 1.45326814566017E-17;
double k1=c[0]+c[1]*T+c[2]*T*T+c[3]*T*T*T+c[4]*T*T*T*T+c[5]*T*T*T*T*T+c[6]*T*T*T*T*T*T+
return k1;};
if_x alpha=(T)->{
c[0] = 0.911000000081612;
c[1] = -0.0023371545636132474;
c[2] = 5.144486108645957E-5;
c[3] = -2.6514532888268044E-6;
c[4] = 6.856485653279935E-8;
c[5] = -9.40991349596015E-10;
c[6] = 7.0530898343391705E-12;
c[7] = -2.7282273770986304E-14;
c[8] = 4.2628551613634344E-17;
double alpha1=c[0]+c[1]*T+c[2]*T*T+c[3]*T*T*T+c[4]*T*T*T*T+c[5]*T*T*T*T*T+c[6]*T*T*T*T*T*T+
return alpha1;};
if_x Pr=(T)->{
c[0] = 47100.00003196616;
c[1] = -3578.477288756393;
c[2] = 131.46605758119622;
c[3] = -2.8944472149120264;
c[4] = 0.040465648321428946;
c[5] = -3.610324689955692E-4;
c[6] = 1.9865482107834683E-6;
c[7] = -6.129734294732644E-9;
c[8] = 8.099544328479861E-12;
double Pr1=c[0]+c[1]*T+c[2]*T*T+c[3]*T*T*T+c[4]*T*T*T*T+c[5]*T*T*T*T*T+c[6]*T*T*T*T*T*T+
return Pr1;};
double Ti=80.0;
double To=60.0; // estimation
double Tf=(Ti+To)/2.0; //average temperature for oil
double ro1=ro.func(Ti);
double nu1=nu.func(Ti);
double k1=k.func(Ti);
double Pr1=Pr.func(Ti);
double Cp1=Cp.func(Ti);
System.out.println("Ti="+Ti+"nu1="+nu1+"k1="+k1+"Pr1="+Pr1);
double Tinf=15.0;
double P=101.325;
double T=0;
{
Tf=(Ti+To)/2.0;
T=(Tf+Tinf)/2.0;
double roa=roa(T+273.15,P);
double mua=mua(T+273.15);
double nua=mua/roa;
double ka=ka(T+273.15);
double Pra=Pra(T+273.15);
System.out.println("i="+i+" air side :T="+T+"roa="+roa+"mua="+mua+"nua="+nua+"ka="+ka+"Pra="+Pra);
//Oil:
double V=0.1; //m/s
double Di=0.019; //m
double Do=0.02; //m
double Re=V*Di/nu1;
double eod=0.0002;
double Nu=Nu(Re,eod,Pr1);
double h1=Nu*k1/Di;
double V1=5.0; //m/s
System.out.println("inside pipe(oil) Re="+Re);
890
System.out.println("inside pipe(oil) Nu="+Nu+" h1 = "+h1+" W/m2K");
double Nu2=Nu1(V1,(Tinf+273.15),(Ti+273.15),P,Do);
double h2=Nu2*ka/Do;
System.out.println("outside pipe(air) Nu2="+Nu2+" h2 = "+h2+" W/m2K");
double km=320.0;
double L=10.0; //m
double A1=Math.PI*Di*L;
double A2=Math.PI*Do*L;
double R1=1.0/(h1*A1);
double R2=Math.log(Do/Di)/(2.0*Math.PI*km*L);
double R=R1+R2+R3;
double U=1/R;
double dT1=Ti-Tinf;
double dT2=To-Tinf;
double lmtd=(dT1-dT2)/Math.log(dT1/dT2);
double Q=U*lmtd;
double m=ro1*A*V;
To=Ti-Q/(m*Cp1*1e3);
System.out.println("i="+i+" U="+U+"Q="+Q+"Ti="+Ti+"To="+To);
System.out.println("============================");
} //end of iteration
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "E:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" HT_HE_LMTD_1
Ti=80.0nu1=3.750015790262087E-5k1=0.13800000279934416Pr1=490.00153819951265
i=0 air side :T=42.5roa=1.1182739647710274mua=1.9283336828076815E-5nua=1.72438395559224E-
5ka=0.02753670618667034Pra=0.7046866710239903
inside pipe(oil) Re=50.66645332357946
inside pipe(oil) Nu=3.66 h1 = 26.58315843397893 W/m2K
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
outside pipe(air) Nu2=40.2683449544062 h2 = 55.44287918164863 W/m2K
i=0 U=10.90151880084154Q=592.9172789022485Ti=80.0To=68.48235242114575
============================
5ka=0.027691417545822935Pra=0.7044315254317708
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=1 U=10.920612292973326Q=644.9069184545257Ti=80.0To=67.47243355485224
============================
5ka=0.02767301514981229Pra=0.7044615767567972
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=2 U=10.918348884138389Q=638.8639878429013Ti=80.0To=67.58981982036474
============================
5ka=0.027675154367635343Pra=0.7044580792553955
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=3 U=10.918612104346138Q=639.5682628646691Ti=80.0To=67.57613900553955
============================
5ka=0.027674905055226524Pra=0.7044584868112539
891
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=4 U=10.918581429124801Q=639.4862086906131Ti=80.0To=67.5777329396224
============================
PROBLEM :
water entering into a copper tube with internal diameter of D i=1.9x10-2 m and external diameter Do =
2x10-2 m water inlet velocity V=0.1 m/s , inlet pressure Pi=200 kPa and inlet temperature T i=80 ℃. At the
outer surface air at a pressure P=101.325 kPa and 𝑇∞ = 15⁡℃ and a velocity of V=5 m/s flows across the
tube. Calculate the overall heat transfer and the rate of heat loss to air for L=10 m of pipe length. What is
the water exit temperature?
{
//Air properties
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
892
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
if(Re>0.4 && Re<=4) {C=0.989;m=0.330;}
else if(Re>4.0 && Re<=40) {C=0.911;m=0.385;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>4000.0 && Re<=40000) {C=0.193;m=0.618;}
else if(Re>40000.0 && Re<=400000) {C=0.027;m=0.805;}
return Nu;
}
double Pr=Pra(Tf);
return Nu;
}
double Prs=Pra(Ts);
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0;
double m=0;
double n=0;
if(Re>1 && Re<=40) {C=0.75;m=0.4;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=1000) {C=0.51;m=0.5;}
else if(Re>40.0 && Re<=4000) {C=0.683;m=0.466;}
else if(Re>1000.0 && Re<=2e5) {C=0.26;m=0.6;}
else if(Re>2e5 && Re<=1e6) {C=0.076;m=0.7;}
if(Pr<=10) n=0.37;
else n=0.36;
System.out.println("Re="+Re+"C="+C+"n="+n);
return Nu;
}
//Outside of pipe Reynolds Number
{ double mu=mua(T);
double ro=roa(T,P);
return Re;
}

{
893
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
{
double Pi=200.0;
double Ti=80.0;
double To=60.0; // estimation
double Tf=(Ti+To)/2.0;
double Tinf=15.0;
double P=101.325;
double V=0.1; //m/s
double V1=5.0; //m/s
double Do=0.02; //m
double L=10.0;
double km=320.0;
//properties of water is calculated from steam EOS: steam_IAPWS95
steam_IAPWS95 ap=new steam_IAPWS95();
double T=0;
{
Tf=(Ti+To)/2.0;
T=(Tf+Tinf)/2.0;
double a1[]=ap.propertyC("tp",Tf,Pi);
double ro1=1.0/a1[2];
double nu1=a1[11]/ro1;
double k1=a1[12];
double Pr1=a1[14];
double Cp1=a1[7];
System.out.println("ro1="+ro1+"nu1="+nu1+"k1="+k1+"Pr1="+Pr1+"Cp1="+Cp1);
System.out.println("i="+i+" water side Ti="+Ti+"Tf="+Tf+"Nu1="+nu1+"k1="+k1+"Pr1="+Pr1);
double nua=mua/roa;
System.out.println("T="+T+"roa="+roa+"mua="+mua+"nua="+nua+"ka="+ka+"Pra="+Pra);
//water:
double Re=V*Di/nu1;
double eod=0.0002;
double h1=Nu*k1/Di;
System.out.println("inside pipe(water) Re="+Re);

System.out.println("inside pipe(water) Nu="+Nu+" h1 = "+h1+" W/m2K");
894
double R=R1+R2+R3;
double U=1/R;
double dT1=Ti-Tinf;
double dT2=To-Tinf;
double Q=U*lmtd;
double m=ro1*A*V;
System.out.println("i="+i+" U="+U+"Q="+Q+"Ti="+Ti+"To="+To+" LMTD="+lmtd);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
ro1=977.8081987574116nu1=4.1273313978230366E-7k1=0.6596421102911764Pr1=2.562218988173881Cp1=4.189851573066506
i=0 water side Ti=80.0Tf=70.0Nu1=4.1273313978230366E-7k1=0.6596421102911764Pr1=2.562218988173881
T=42.5roa=1.1182739647710274mua=1.9283336828076815E-5nua=1.72438395559224E-
5ka=0.02753670618667034Pra=0.7046866710239903
inside pipe(water) Re=4603.458789381817
inside pipe(water) Nu=24.172035866755703 h1 = 839.2048815358282 W/m2K
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=0 U=32.56801284599537Q=1771.3254371868265Ti=80.0To=64.75073317902294 LMTD=54.38850216508166
============================
ro1=976.4368704197756nu1=4.0021785269029327E-7k1=0.6615219088637725Pr1=2.474919137688163Cp1=4.191291761486483
T=43.687683294755736roa=1.1140820539695484mua=1.933930132556162E-5nua=1.7358955973354387E-
5ka=0.027623397442086965Pra=0.7045430037495769
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=1 U=32.70826562427765Q=1865.5491086440968Ti=80.0To=63.92253625890966 LMTD=57.036014384675795
============================
ro1=976.6781104770996nu1=4.0235014821955534E-7k1=0.6611999093426022Pr1=2.4897639048358826Cp1=4.1910342677998305
T=43.48063406472741roa=1.1148105679118085mua=1.9329551467290247E-5nua=1.733886637215605E-
5ka=0.027608292171269623Pra=0.7045679087345669
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=2 U=32.684001150732Q=1849.2960736265325Ti=80.0To=64.06556392889544 LMTD=56.58107968782503
============================
ro1=976.6365141914225nu1=4.019804435282003E-7k1=0.661255689459987Pr1=2.4871892059215224Cp1=4.1910785411065286
T=43.51639098222386roa=1.1146846872037948mua=1.9331235439373254E-5nua=1.7342335156559818E-
5ka=0.027610901046528892Pra=0.7045636034607876
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=3 U=32.68819704233824Q=1852.107907555797Ti=80.0To=64.04082468605982 LMTD=56.65983673424751
============================
ro1=976.643710979191nu1=4.0204434687124306E-7k1=0.6612460463977132Pr1=2.4876342160308504Cp1=4.191070877408291
895
T=43.51020617151495roa=1.1147064585336182mua=1.933094417150925E-5nua=1.73417351478692E-
5ka=0.027610449800874216Pra=0.7045643480097253
Re=6820.111861657432C=0.26n=0.37
i=4 U=32.687471450523915Q=1851.621699329746Ti=80.0To=64.04510262317021 LMTD=56.646220009167095
============================
PROBLEM :
water entering into a copper tube with internal diameter of Di=1.9x10-2 m and external diameter D o =
2x10-2 m water inlet velocity U=0.1 m/s , inlet pressure P i=200 kPa and inlet temperature T i=80 ℃. At the
outer surface has air at a pressure P=101.325 kPa and 𝑇∞ = 15⁡℃ . Outside air is still (not moving)
Calculate the overall heat transfer and the rate of heat loss to air for L=10 m of pipe length. What is the
water exit temperature ?

{
//Air properties
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
896
return y;
}
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}

{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
public static double Nu(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double D,int select)
{//Nusselt number
double Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,P,D);
double Pr=Pra(T);
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0,n=0;
if(select==1) {Nu=(0.60+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.559/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));
Nu=Nu*Nu;
}
else if(select==2)
{ if(Ra>=1e-10 && Ra<1e-2) {C=0.675;n=0.058;}
else if(Ra>=1e-2 && Ra<1e2) {C=1.02;n=0.148;}
else if(Ra>=1e2 && Ra<1e4) {C=0.85;n=0.188;}
else if(Ra>=1e4 && Ra<1e7) {C=0.480;n=0.250;}
else if(Ra>=1e7 && Ra<=1e12){C=0.125;n=0.333;}
System.out.println("C="+C+"n="+n);
}
return Nu;
}
public static double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double D)

double mu=mua(T);
double ro=roa(T,P);
double Cp=Cpa(T);
double k=ka(T);
double beta=1/T;
double nu=mu/ro;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)*D*D*D/alpha/nu;
return Ra;
}

{
double b=eod/3.7;
897
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
{
double Pi=200.0;
double Ti=80.0;
double To=60.0;
double Tinf=15.0;
double P=101.325;
double V=0.1; //m/s
double Do=0.02; //m
double eod=0.0002;
double km=320.0;
double L=10.0; //m
double T=0;
{
Tf=(Ti+To)/2.0;
T=(Tf+Tinf)/2.0;
double k1=a1[12];
double Pr1=a1[14];
double Cp1=a1[7];
System.out.println("Ti="+Ti+"nu1="+nu1+"k1="+k1+"Pr1="+Pr1);
T=(Tf+Tinf)/2.0;
double nua=mua/roa;
System.out.println("i = "+i+" T="+T+"roa="+roa+"mua="+mua+"nua="+nua+"ka="+ka+"Pra="+Pra);
//water:
double Re=V*Di/nu1;
double h1=Nu*k1/Di;
System.out.println("inside pipe(water) Re="+Re);
System.out.println("inside pipe(water) Nu="+Nu+" h1 = "+h1+" W/m2K");
double Nu2=Nu((Tf+273.15),(Tinf+273.15),P,Do,1);
double Nu3=Nu((Tf+273.15),(Tinf+273.15),P,Do,2);
double R=R1+R2+R3;
double U=1/R;
double dT1=Ti-Tinf;
double dT2=To-Tinf;
double Q=U*lmtd;
double m=ro1*A*V;
898
System.out.println("i="+i+" U="+U+"Q="+Q+"Ti="+Ti+"To="+To+" LMTD="+lmtd);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
Ti=80.0nu1=4.1273313978230366E-7k1=0.6596421102911764Pr1=2.562218988173881
i = 0 T=42.5roa=1.1182739647710274mua=1.9283336828076815E-5nua=1.72438395559224E-
5ka=0.02753670618667034Pra=0.7046866710239903
Ra=32395.05967421249
Ra=32395.05967421249
C=0.48n=0.25
i=0 U=4.986412412852855Q=271.20350231243754Ti=80.0To=77.66522035831316 LMTD=54.38850216508166
============================
Ti=80.0nu1=3.6944375791468264E-7k1=0.6662357398839044Pr1=2.262063735856217
i = 1 T=46.91630508957829roa=1.1028439150481146mua=1.9490985140696055E-5nua=1.7673385031866187E-
5ka=0.027858525997821373Pra=0.704162329347211
Ra=35272.10578204864
Ra=35272.10578204864
C=0.48n=0.25
i=1 U=5.155119738358599Q=329.0280588772013Ti=80.0To=77.1560714622631 LMTD=63.825493019870095
============================
Ti=80.0nu1=3.70574516126896E-7k1=0.6660607183269764Pr1=2.269837149545824
i = 2 T=46.789017865565775roa=1.1032826797270903mua=1.9485017489012165E-5nua=1.7660947504253405E-
5ka=0.02784927086805778Pra=0.7041770639660997
Ra=35195.66386807389
Ra=35195.66386807389
C=0.48n=0.25
i=2 U=5.150558361423512Q=327.40777491029473Ti=80.0To=77.17040757409515 LMTD=63.5674332636444
============================
Ti=80.0nu1=3.7054259025563836E-7k1=0.6660656584438004Pr1=2.269617622977284
i = 3 T=46.79260189352379roa=1.103270320647848mua=1.9485185534159593E-5nua=1.7661297661590094E-
5ka=0.02784953148134067Pra=0.7041766487763781
Ra=35197.82129160465
Ra=35197.82129160465
C=0.48n=0.25
i=3 U=5.150687021833394Q=327.4534292885616Ti=80.0To=77.17000368456361 LMTD=63.57470914084081
============================
Ti=80.0nu1=3.7054348963006285E-7k1=0.6660655192760391Pr1=2.2696238071552655
i = 4 T=46.7925009211409roa=1.1032706688348908mua=1.948518079985517E-5nua=1.766128779661341E-
5ka=0.027849524139127484Pra=0.7041766604732272
Ra=35197.76051478287
Ra=35197.76051478287
C=0.48n=0.25
i=4 U=5.150683397278735Q=327.4521430988321Ti=80.0To=77.17001506311283 LMTD=63.57450416615301
============================
PROBLEM :
water entering into a copper tube with internal diameter of D i=1.9x10-2 m and external diameter D o =
2x10-2 m water inlet velocity V=1 m/s , inlet pressure Pi=200 kPa and inlet temperature T i=20 ℃. At the
899
outer surface has saturated steam at a pressure P=101.325 kPa ( 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 100⁡℃ ). Steam is condensing on
the surface of the pipe. Calculate the overall heat transfer and the rate of condensation for L=5 m of pipe
length. What is the water exit temperature?
{
public static double h( steam_IAPWS95 st,double tsat,double tw, double D)
// L pipe length
// D pipe diameter
double Prl=al[14];
double dT=tsat-tw;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double hL=kl/D*0.729*Math.pow((g*(rol-rov)*rol*hfgp*D*D*D/(mul*kl*dT)),0.25);
return hL;
}

{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
{
double Pi=200.0;
double Ti=20.0;
double To=60.0;
double Tsat=100.0;
double P=101.325;
double V=1.0; //m/s
double Do=0.02; //m
double L=5.0; //m
double km=320.0;
double h1=0,h2=0,Q=0,lmtd=0;
900
//Saturated steam
// iteration
for(int i =0;i<5;i++)
{
double Tw=(Tsat+Tf)/2.0;
//saturated steam
h2=h(ap,Tsat,Tw,Do);
//water:
double k1=a1[12];
double Pr1=a1[14];
double Cp1=a1[7];
double Re=V*Di/nu1;
double eod=0.0002;
h1=Nu*k1/Di;
double R=R1+R2+R3;
double U=1.0/R;
double dT1=Tsat-Ti;
double dT2=Tsat-To;
lmtd=(dT1-dT2)/Math.log(dT1/dT2);
Q=U*lmtd;
double m=ro1*A*V;
To=Ti+Q/(m*Cp1*1e3);
} //enf for (iteration)
System.out.println("h_saturation = "+h2+" W/m2K");
System.out.println("h_water = "+h1+" W/m2K");
System.out.println("Q="+Q+"W");
System.out.println("Ti = "+Ti+" degree C\nTo = "+To+" degree C");
System.out.println("Tsat = "+Tsat+" degree C\n");
System.out.println("LMTD = "+lmtd+" degree C\n");
double av[]=ap.propertyC("tx",Tsat,1.0);
double al1[]=ap.propertyC("tx",Tsat,0.0);
double msat=Q/hfg;
System.out.println("m saturation = "+msat+" kg/s");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
h_saturation = 9979.005603306858 W/m2K
h_water = 5621.294800792641 W/m2K
Q=56952.555118449636W
Ti = 20.0 degree C
To = 68.51066118855188 degree C
Tsat = 100.0 degree C
LMTD = 52.40444094890017 degree C
m saturation = 0.02524041002286076 kg/s
PROBLEM: Water entering into a double pipe heat exchanger internal pipe with internal diameter of
Dci=1.9x10-2 m and external diameter of D co=2.0x10-2 m with an inlet velocity of U=0.1 m/s and
temperature of Tci=20 ℃. Inlet pressure id Pci=200 kPa. In the outside pipe water is enetring as counter
flow (from opposite direction) with an internal diameter of D hi=3.5x10-2 m, with an inlet velocity of U=0.1
m/s. Inlet pressure is Phi=250 kPa. Inlet temperature is Tci=80 ℃. The total length of the heat exchager is
L=10.0 m. Find exit temperatures of water and heat transfer.
901
{

{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
{
double Pci=200.0;
double Phi=250.0;
double Tci=20.0;
double Thi=90.0;
//estimations
double Tco=60.0;
double Tho=70.0;
double Dci=1.9e-2;
double Dco=2.0e-2;
double Dhi=3.5e-2;
//inside cross sectional area
double Ac=Math.PI*Dci*Dci/4.0;
//Hydraulic diameter
double Dh=Dhi-Dco;
//outside cross sectional area
double Ah=Math.PI*(Dhi*Dhi-Dco*Dco)/4.0;
{
double Tcf=(Tci+Tco)/2.0;
double Thf=(Thi+Tho)/2.0;
double ac[]=ap.propertyC("tp",Tcf,Pci);
double roc=1.0/ac[2];
double nuc=ac[11]/roc;
double kc=ac[12];
double Prc=ac[14];
double Cpc=ac[7];
double ah[]=ap.propertyC("tp",Thf,Phi);
double roh=1.0/ah[2];
double nuh=ah[11]/roc;
double kh=ah[12];
double Prh=ah[14];
double Cph=ah[7];
//water:
double Uc=0.1; //m/s
double Uh=0.1; //m/s
double Rec=Uc*Dci/nuc;
double Reh=Uh*Dh/nuh;
902
double eod=0.0002;
double Nuc=Nu(Rec,eod,Prc);
double hc=Nuc*kc/Dci;
double Nuh=Nu(Reh,eod,Prh);
double hh=Nuh*kh/Dh;
System.out.println("inside pipe(water) Rec="+Rec);
System.out.println("inside pipe(water) Nuc="+Nuc+" hc = "+hc+" W/m2K");
System.out.println("outside pipe(water) Reh="+Reh);
System.out.println("outside pipe(water) Nuh="+Nuh+" hh = "+hh+" W/m2K");
double km=320.0;
double L=10.0; //m
double A1=Math.PI*Dci*L;
double A2=Math.PI*Dco*L;
double R1=1.0/(hc*A1);
double R3=1.0/(hh*A2);
double R2=Math.log(Dco/Dci)/(2.0*Math.PI*km*L);
double R=R1+R2+R3;
double dT1=Thi-Tco;
double dT2=Tho-Tci;
System.out.println("LMTD="+lmtd);
double Q=lmtd/R;
double mc=roc*Ac*Uc;
double mh=roh*Ah*Uh;
Tco=Tci+Q/(mc*Cpc*1e3);
Tho=Thi-Q/(mh*Cph*1e3);
System.out.println("i="+i+"R="+R+"\nQ="+Q+" Tco="+Tco+"degree C"+" Tho="+Tho+"degree C");
}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
inside pipe(water) Rec=2888.2712134515223
inside pipe(water) Nuc=7.455990560211944 hc = 246.69660354771727 W/m2K
outside pipe(water) Reh=4203.41399113451
outside pipe(water) Nuh=20.74142272051443 hh = 922.3763475240984 W/m2K
LMTD=39.15230377942435
i=0R=0.008519033385997792
Q=4595.862230540917 Tco=59.08898259334578degree C Tho=72.60834042013472degree C
LMTD=40.80269562574076
i=1R=0.008670573989549367
LMTD=40.06166375798099
i=2R=0.00849886892924804
LMTD=40.00511821594785
i=3R=0.008485587081394925
LMTD=40.0000187716094
i=4R=0.008484399983512166
LMTD=39.999598535237055
i=5R=0.008484301886396888
903
LMTD=39.99956287439251
i=6R=0.008484293570597877
LMTD=39.999559880870166
i=7R=0.008484292872276637
LMTD=39.99955962860462
i=8R=0.008484292813436599
LMTD=39.9995596073759
i=9R=0.008484292808484745
16.4 -NUMBER OF TRANSFER UNITS (NTU) METHOD
When the inlet or outlet temperatures of the fluid straems are not known, a trai and error procedure or
numerical curve fitting methods should be applied to get a solution. To avoid this trial and error procedure
the method of number of transfer units(NTU) based on the concept of heat exchanger effectiveness may
be used. Defining
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ and 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 and then 𝑪 = where 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 are smaller and larger of the two
𝑪𝒎𝒂𝒙
magnitudes of 𝐶ℎ and 𝐶𝑐 respectively. Heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as
𝑄
𝜀= where 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 is defined as thermodynamically limited maximum possible heat transfer rate if
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
an infinite heat transfer surface is existed for counterflow heat exchanger.
The actual heat transfer is found from energy balance equations (first law of thermodynamics)
𝑄 = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ) = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
𝑄 = 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ) = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
If 𝐶ℎ > 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 then (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ) < (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
If 𝐶ℎ < 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶ℎ then (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ) > (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇ℎ2 ) 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐2 −𝑇𝑐1)
𝜀= (where 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 ) or 𝜀 = (where 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶ℎ )
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 ) 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 )
Equation is valid for alll heat exchanger flow arrangments and therefore heat transfer in general can be
defined as: 𝑄 = 𝜀𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) Number of transfer units can be defined as:
𝐴𝑈 1 ⁡
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = = ∫ 𝑈𝑑𝐴 for simplicity of further relations symbol N will replace NTU (N=NTU)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴
904
Now energy balance of a simple counter flow heat exchanger can be investigated. According to first low
of thermodynamics
dq = ⁡dqℎ− − dqℎ𝑜 dq = ⁡dq𝑐𝑖 − dq𝑐𝑜
dqℎ𝑖 = 𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ𝑖 and through taylos expansion
dTh 1 d2 T h
dqℎ𝑜 = Ch [Th + dx + (dx)2 +. . ] ignoring higher derivatives
dx 2 dx2
dTh
dqℎ𝑜 = Ch [Th + dx]
dx
dq𝑐𝑖 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑖
Similarly by using taylor expansion formula
dTc 1 d2 T c
dq𝑐𝑜 = Cc [Tc + dx + (dx)2 +. . ] andignoring higher derivatives
dx 2 dx2
dTc
dq𝑐𝑜 = Cc [Tc + dx] so
dx
dq = −𝐶ℎ 𝑑𝑇ℎ = −𝐶𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐
1 1 𝐶ℎ 𝑑𝑞
d(𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 ) = − ( − ) 𝑑𝑞 = − (1 − )
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
and from heat transfer
dq = U(Th , Tc , Ah , Ac , mh , mc )dA(Th − Tc ) and assuming that
𝑑𝑥
𝑈 = U(Th , Tc , Ah , Ac , mh , mc ) = 𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 and 𝑑A = A where L is length of the heat
𝐿
exchanger and
𝑟
1 1 1 ln⁡( 𝑟𝑜 ) 1 𝑅𝑓𝑖 𝑅𝑓𝑜
𝑖
= =( )+( )+( )+ +
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝐻 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝐶 𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑜 𝐴𝑜
𝑑𝑥
dq = UA (Th − Tc )
𝐿
so
d(𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 ) 𝐶ℎ 𝑈𝐴 𝑑𝑥
= − (1 − )
(Th − Tc )⁡ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝐿
integration of the equation gives
905
𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑈𝐴 𝐶ℎ
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− (1 − )]
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ⁡ 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
by algebraic manupulation
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2
𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 − 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 ⁡
=
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ⁡ 1 − 𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 ⁡
and
𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇ℎ2 𝑇𝑐1 −𝑇𝑐2
𝜀ℎ = 𝜀𝑐 =
𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐2 ⁡ 𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐2⁡
𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2 1−𝜀ℎ 1−𝜀ℎ
= = 𝐶
𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1⁡ 1−𝜀𝑐 1− ℎ𝜀ℎ
𝐶𝑐
so
𝑈𝐴 𝐶
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( ) (1 − ℎ )]
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
𝜀ℎ =
𝐶 𝑈𝐴 𝐶
1 − ( ℎ ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( ) (1 − ℎ )]
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
𝑈𝐴 𝐶
𝐶ℎ 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( ) (1 − 𝑐 )]
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝜀𝑐 = ( ) 𝜀ℎ =
𝐶𝑐 𝐶 𝑈𝐴 𝐶
(𝐶𝑐 ) − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( 𝐶 ) (1 − 𝐶𝑐 )]
ℎ 𝑐 ℎ
𝑈𝐴 𝐶𝑐
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( ) (1 − )]
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝜀𝑐 =
𝐶𝑐 𝑈𝐴 𝐶
1 − ( ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( ) (1 − 𝑐 )]
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝑈𝐴
and when we specify 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 C= or 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶ℎ C= 𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝑁 = ( )
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁(1 − 𝐶)]
𝜀=
1 − 𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁(1 − 𝐶)]
Some of the 𝜀 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈 relations are as follows (N=NTU , C=C min/Cmax)

Parallel flow heat 𝜀 = 1−exp⁡[−𝑁(1+𝐶)]
exchanger: 1+𝐶
Parallel flow heat 1

exchanger: C=1 𝜀 = [1 − exp⁡[−𝑁]]
2
Counter flow heat 𝜀 = 1−exp⁡[−𝑁(1−𝐶)]
exchanger:⁡⁡C<1 1−𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁(1−𝐶)]
Counter flow heat 𝜀 = 𝑁

exchanger: C=1 1+𝑁
Shell & Tube 2 1/2 −1

2 1/2 1+𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁1 (1+𝐶 ) ]
𝜀
(one Shell pass (2,4,.. 1 = 2 {1 + 𝐶 + (1 + 𝐶 ) } ⁡
1−𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁1 (1+𝐶 2 )1/2 ]
tube passes)
−1
Shell & Tube 1 − 𝜀1 𝐶 𝑛 1 − 𝜀1 𝐶 𝑛
(n Shell pass (2,4,.. 𝜀 = [( ) − 1] [( ) − 𝐶]
1 − 𝜀1 1 − 𝜀1
tube passes)
Cross flow single pass 𝜀 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ 1 𝑁 0.22 {exp(−𝐶𝑁 0.78 ) − 1}]
Both fluids unmixed 𝐶
(approximate eqn?)
𝑛
Cross flow single pass
Both fluids unmixed 𝜀 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝[−𝑁] − 𝑒𝑥𝑝[−(1 + 𝐶)𝑁] ∑ 𝐶 𝑛 𝑃𝑛 (𝑁)
𝑗=1
𝑛
1 (𝑛 + 1 − 𝑗) 𝑛+𝑗
𝑃𝑛 (𝑦) = ∑ 𝑦
(𝑛 + 1)! 𝑗!
𝑗=1
906
Cross flow single pass 1
𝜀 = ( ) (1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝{−𝐶[1 − exp⁡(−𝑁)]})
Cmax(mixed) , 𝐶
Cmin(unmixed)
Cross flow single pass 𝜀 = (1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝{−[1 − exp(−𝐶𝑁)]/𝐶})
Cmax(unmixed) ,
Cmin(mixed)
Cross flow single pass −1
1 𝐶 1
Both fluids mixed 𝜀=[ + − ]
[1 − exp⁡[−𝑁]] [1 − exp(−𝐶𝑁)] 𝑁
Some of the 𝑁𝑇𝑈 − 𝜀 relations are as follows (N=NTU , C=C min/Cmax)

Parallel flow heat exchanger: 𝑙𝑛[1−𝜀(1+𝐶)]
𝑁= (1+𝐶)
Counter flow heat 1 𝜀−1
𝑁 = (𝐶−1) 𝑙𝑛 [𝜀𝐶−1]
exchanger:⁡⁡C<1
𝜀
Counter flow heat exchanger: 𝑁 = 1−𝜀
C=1
2⁄ −(1+𝐶)
Shell & Tube 𝜀1 𝐸−1
𝐸= 𝑁1 = −(1 + 𝐶 2 )−1/2 𝑙𝑛 ( )
(one Shell pass (2,4,.. tube (1+𝐶 2 )1/2 𝐸+1
passes)
Shell & Tube 𝐹−1 𝜀𝐶−1 1/𝑛
(n Shell pass (2,4,.. tube passes) 𝜀1 = 𝐹=( ) N=n𝑁1
𝐹+𝐶 𝜀−1
Cross flow single pass
Both fluids unmixed
𝑁 = −𝑙𝑛 [1 + ( ) ln⁡(1 − 𝜀𝐶)]
Cmax(mixed) , Cmin(unmixed) 𝐶
𝑁 = − ( ) 𝑙𝑛[𝐶 ln(1 − 𝜀) + 1]
Cmax(unmixed) , Cmin(mixed) 𝐶
PROBLEM: A counter flow heat exchanger of heat transfer area A=12.5 m 2is to cool oil [Cph=2000
J/kgK] with water[Cpc=4170 J/kgK]. The oil enters at T h,in=100 C and mh=2 kg/s, while the water enters
at Tc,in=0.48 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is U m =400 W/(m2K). Calculate the exit temperature
of water and the total heat transfer.
A 12.5 m^2
U 400 W/m^2K
Tcin 20 C
Thin 100 C
Cpc 4170 J/(kgK)
Cph 2000 J/(kgK)
Ch mh*Cph 4000 Cmax
Cc mc*Cpc 2001.6 Cmin
C=Cmin/Cmax 0.5004
N AU/Cmin 2.498002
 0.832516
Tc,out 86.60129
Q CminT 133309.2 W
PROBLEM: A cross flow heat exchanger of heat transfer area A=12.5 m 2is to cool oil [Cph=2000 J/kgK]
with water[Cpc=4170 J/kgK]. The oil enters at T h,in=100 C and mh=2 kg/s, while the water enters at
Tc,in=0.48 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is U m =400 W/(m2K). Calculate the exit temperature
of water and the total heat transfer.
A 12.5 m^2
U 400 W/m^2K
Tcin 20 C
Thin 100 C
Cpc 4170 J/(kgK)
907
Cph 2000 J/(kgK)
Ch mh*Cph 4000 Cmax
Cc mc*Cpc 2001.6 Cmin
C=Cmin/Cmax 0.5004
N AU/Cmin 2.498002
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class eps_NTU{
public static double P(int n,double y)
{long jf=1;
double pow=pow(y,n);
double total=0;
for(int j=1;j<=n;j++)
{jf*=j;pow*=y;total+=(n+1-j)/jf*pow;}
return total/fact(n+1);
}
public static long fact(int n)
{long f=1;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) {f*=i;}
return f;
}
public static double pow(double y,int n)
{double pow=1.0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) {pow*=y;}
return pow;
}
public static double eps_cross_both_unmixed(double N,double C)
{double total=0;
double powC=1;
{powC*=C;total+=powC*P(i,N);}
double eps=1-Math.exp(-N)-Math.exp(-(1+C)*N)*total;
return eps;
}
public static double eps_cross_both_unmixed1(double N,double C)
{double eps=1-Math.exp(1.0/C*Math.pow(N,0.22)*(Math.exp(-C*Math.pow(N,0.78))-1.0));
return eps;
}
{ double C=0.5004;
double N=2.498002;
double eps1=eps_cross_both_unmixed(N,C);
double eps2=eps_cross_both_unmixed1(N,C);
System.out.println("eps1="+eps1+"eps2="+eps2);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" eps_NTU
eps1=0.8130722886886853eps2=0.7908347275793921
PROBLEM
Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finned-
tube, cross-flow heat exchanger at 300 C
and leave at 100 C, are used to heat
pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s
from 35 to 125 C. The overall heat
transfer coefficieant based on the gas-
side surface area is Uh=100 W/m2K.
Determine the required surface area Ah
Note: for this case reverse
equation(NTU) is undefined therefore
908
bisection root finding is used to calculate
it.
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class eps_NTU{
{long jf=1;
double total=0;
}
{long f=1;
return f;
}
{double pow=1.0;
return pow;
}
{double total=0;
double powC=1;
return eps;
}
public static double NTU(double C,double eps)
{double a=0.01;
double b=10;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
double fa=0,fr=eps_cross_both_unmixed(r,C)-eps;
while((Math.abs(fr))>epsilon && i<nmax)
{ fa=eps_cross_both_unmixed(a,C)-eps;
fr=eps_cross_both_unmixed(r,C)-eps;
if(fa*fr<0) b=r;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
public static double eps_cross_both_unmixed1(double N,double C)
{double eps=1-Math.exp(1.0/C*Math.pow(N,0.22)*(Math.exp(-C*Math.pow(N,0.78))-1.0));
return eps;
}
{ double m=1; //kg/s
double Tc0=125.0;//degree C
double Tc=(Tc0+Tc1)/2;//degree C
double Pc=300.0; //kPa
double U=100; //W/m^2K
System.out.println("Tc average = "+Tc);
double a[]=st.propertyC("tp",Tc,Pc);
double Cpc=a[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
System.out.println("Cpc = "+Cpc+" J/kgK");
double Cc=m*Cpc;
double Th0=300.0; //degree C;
double Th1=100.0; //degree C
double q=Cc*(Tc0-Tc1);
System.out.println("q="+q+" Watt");
double Ch=q/(Th0-Th1);
909
double C=0,Cmin=0;
if(Ch<Cc) {C=Ch/Cc;Cmin=Ch;}
else {C=Cc/Ch;Cmin=Cc;}
System.out.println("C="+C+"Cc="+Cc+"Ch="+Ch+"Cmin="+Cmin);
double qmax=Cmin*(Th0-Tc1);
System.out.println("qmax="+qmax+" Watt");
double eps=q/qmax;
double NTU=NTU(C,eps);
System.out.println("NTU="+NTU);
double A=NTU*Ch/U;
double eps1=eps_cross_both_unmixed(NTU,C);
System.out.println("eps1="+eps1);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" eps_NTU
Tc average = 80.0
Cpc = 4195.079645877253 J/kgK
q=377557.16812895273 Watt
C=0.45Cc=4195.079645877253Ch=1887.7858406447638Cmin=1887.7858406447638
qmax=500263.2477708624 Watt
eps=0.7547169811320754
NTU=1.9328542635589838
A=36.48814910776512 m^2
eps1=0.7547169856306125
PROBLEM: Saturated steam at 1 atm condenses on the outer surface of the tubes of a shell-
and-tube heat exchanger (1 shell, 2-tube passes). There are total 206 tubes with a diameter of 14
mm. Cooling water enters the tubes at 15 C with a mean velocity of U =3.5 m/s. The convective
o
m
heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the tubes is h = 21800W/m K and the
o
2
condensation rate is m =2.3 kg/s. (hint: you can assume T between 20 C-40 C )
h co
o o
a) What is the heat transfer coefficient for the cooling water, h ? i
b) Find the overall heat transfer coefficient, U ?

c) What is the required heat exchanger surface area, A? and the required tube length, L?
d) Find the outlet water temperature, T ? co
e) When q=q max maximum condensation rate occurs. Find the value of m h, max ?
/* steam property vector

a[0]="P, pressure ";
a[1]="T, temperature ";
a[2]="v, specific volume ";
a[3]="h, enthalpy ";
a[4]="u, internal energy ";
a[5]="s, entropy ";
a[6]="x, quality ";
a[7]="Cp, specific heat at constant pressure ";
a[8]="Cv, specific heat at constant volume ";
a[9]="isobaric thermal expansion coefficient ";
a[10]="" isothermal compressibility" ;
a[11]=" Dynamic viscosity" ;
910
a[12]="k Thermal conductivity" ;
a[13]=" Surface tension" ;
a[14]="Prandtl number" ;
a[15]=" density" ;
a[16]=" speed of sound" ;
*/
public class HT_2023_Q2
{
public static double f(double Re,double eod)
{
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
return xx;
}
public static double Nu1(double Re,double Pr,double f)
{double xx=0.023*Math.pow(Re,(4.0/5.0))*Math.pow(Pr,0.4);
return xx;
}

{ steamIAPWS_IF97 water=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
double Tci=15.0;//Degree C
double Tco=30.0;//Degree C
double Vm=3.5; //m/s
double D=14e-3;//m pipe diameter
double Th=100.0;//degree C
double ho=21800;// W/m^2K
double a1[]=water.propertyC("tx",Th,0.0);
double hl=a1[3];
double a2[]=water.propertyC("tx",Th,1.0);
double hv=a2[3];
double hlv=hv-hl; //kJ/kg
double mh=2.3; //kg/s condensation rate
double Q=mh*hlv*1e3;
System.out.println("hlv="+hlv+"kj/kg \nQ="+Q+" W");
double Tcm=(Tci+Tco)/2.0;
double a3[]=water.propertyC("tp",Tcm,Pc);
911
double ro=a3[15];
double Cp=a3[7];
double mu=a3[11];
double k=a3[12];
double Pr=a3[14];
System.out.println("Tcm="+Tcm+"degree
C\nro="+ro+"kg/m^3\nCp="+Cp+"kJ/kgK\nmu="+mu+"Pas\nk="+k+"W/mK\nPr="+Pr);
double Re=ro*Vm*D/mu;
double eps=46e-6;//m commercial steel
double eod=eps/D;
double f=f(Re,eod);
double Nu=Nu(Re,Pr,f);
double hi=Nu*k/D;
System.out.println("f="+f+"\nNu="+Nu+"\nhi="+hi+" W/m2K");
double Nu1=Nu1(Re,Pr,f); //assumed smooth tube
double hi1=Nu1*k/D;
System.out.println("Nu1="+Nu1+"\nhi1="+hi1+" W/m2K");
double U=1.0/(1.0/hi+1.0/ho);
double U1=1.0/(1.0/hi1+1.0/ho);
System.out.println("U="+U+" U1="+U1+" W/m^2K");
double mc1=ro*Vm*A;
double N=206;
double mcN=mc1*N;
System.out.println("A="+A+"m^2\nmc1="+mc1+"kg/s\nmcN="+mcN+"kg/s");
double Cc=mcN*Cp*1e3;
System.out.println("Cc="+Cc);
double Cmin=Cc;
double Qmax=Cmin*(Th-Tci);
System.out.println("Qmax) = "+Qmax+" W");
double epsilon=Q/Qmax;
System.out.println("epsilon = "+epsilon);
double NTU=-Math.log(1-epsilon);
double Ap=NTU*Cmin/U;
double Ap1=NTU*Cmin/U1;
System.out.println("Ap = "+Ap+"Ap1="+Ap1);
double L=Ap/(Math.PI*N*D);
double L1=Ap1/(Math.PI*N*D);
System.out.println("L = "+L+"L1 = "+L1+" m two pass total length");
System.out.println("L/2 = "+L/2+" L1/2 = "+L1/2+" m one pass length");
Tco=Q/Cc+Tci;
System.out.println("Tco="+Tco+" degree C");
double mhmax=Qmax/(hlv*1e3);
System.out.println("mhmax="+mhmax+" kg/s");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "C:\Users\Turhan
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_2023_Q2
912
hlv=2256.472874223131kj/kg
Q=5189887.610713201 W
Tcm=22.5degree C
ro=997.6582439143023kg/m^3
Cp=4.183198469552712kJ/kgK
mu=9.431552089290104E-4Pas
k=0.6035822527735999W/mK
Pr=6.5366491615889215
Re=51831.611052980275
f=0.029098963907471086
Nu=405.32136786793694
hi=17474.627451071883 W/m2K
Nu1=288.10160171492606
hi1=12420.929556484107 W/m2K
U=9699.566950901028 U1=7912.592318230801 W/m^2K
A=1.5393804002589986E-4m^2
mc1=0.5375214413934709kg/s
mcN=110.72941692705501kg/s
Cc=463203.1274237207
Qmax) = 3.9372265831016265E7 W
epsilon = 0.13181582266532313
NTU=0.14135140096058116
Ap = 6.750240636731041Ap1=8.27471053194677
L = 0.7450306271813649L1 = 0.9132878528529094 m two pass total length
L/2 = 0.37251531359068246 L1/2 = 0.4566439264264547 m one pass length
Tco=26.204344926552466 degree C
mhmax=17.448588139829305 kg/s
Hand solution:
P=101.325 kPa
913
T=100 ℃⁡⁡x=0 hl= 419.09915499770307 kJ/kg
T=100 ℃⁡⁡x=1 hv= 2675.572029220834 kJ/kg
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑙 =2675.572029220834-419.09915499770307=2256.472874223 kJ/kg
𝑚̇ℎ = 2.3⁡𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑄 = 𝑚̇ℎ ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2.3𝑥2675.572029220834=5189.887610713 kW
Cold water properties at P=101.325 kPa 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 15⁡℃
Assume that 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 30⁡℃
914
𝑇𝑐𝑖 + 𝑇𝑐𝑜 15 + 30
𝑇𝑐 = = = 22.5⁡⁡℃ = 295.65⁡𝐾
2 2
𝑉∞ = 3.5⁡𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 = 14𝑥10−3 ⁡𝑚
2
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋14𝑥10−3
𝐴= = =1.539380400x10−4 ⁡𝑚2
4 4
𝜌𝑉𝐷 997.6582439143023𝑥3.5𝑥14𝑥10−3
𝑅𝑒 = = = 51831.611
𝜇 9.431552089290104𝐸 − 4
𝜀 = 46𝑥10−6 ⁡𝑚 (commersial steel)
𝜀 46𝑥10−6 ⁡
= = 0.003285714
𝐷 14𝑥10−3
f=0.029098963907471086
𝑓
( )(𝑅𝑒−1000)𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = 8
𝑓 .5 2 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2000 2300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5106
1.07+12.7( ) (𝑃𝑟3 −1)
8
Nu=405.32136786793694
hi=17474.627451071883 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
Alternatively
Dittus-Boelter equation[24] (This equation assumes smooth tubes)
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 4/5 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 where n=0.4 for heating and n=0.3 for cooling 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 160
Nu1=288.10160171492606
hi1=12420.929556484107 W/m2K
1 1 1
= +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜
U=9699.566950901028 W/m2K (Gnilenski eqn)
U1=7912.592318230801 W/m^2K (Dittus-Boelter eqn)
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴= = 1.5393804002589986𝑥10−4 ⁡⁡𝑚2
4
𝑚𝑐1 = 𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝐴 = 997.658𝑥3.5 ∗ 1.5393804002589986𝑥10−4 ⁡⁡ = 0.5375214413934709⁡𝑚/𝑠
915
𝑚𝑐𝑁 = 𝑁𝜌𝑉𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑁𝑚𝑐1 = 110.72941692705501⁡𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐𝑁 𝐶𝑝 = 110.72941692705501𝑥. 4.183198469552712𝑥103 = 463203.1274237207
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) = 463203.1274237207(100 − 15) = 3.9372265831016265𝑥107 ⁡𝑊
𝑄 5189.887610713𝑥103 ⁡
𝜀= = = 0.13181582266532313
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 3.9372265831016265𝑥107
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝜀) = 𝑙𝑛(1 − 0.13181582266532313) = 0.14135140096058116

𝐴𝑝 𝑈
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝑇𝑈⁡𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑝 = = 𝑁𝜋𝐷𝐿
𝑈
𝐴𝑝 = 6.750240636731041⁡(𝐺𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖)
𝐴𝑝1 = 8.27471053194677⁡(Dittus-Boelter eqn)
Pipe length⁡
L = 0.7450306271813649L1 = 0.9132878528529094 m two pass total length
L/2 = 0.37251531359068246 L1/2 = 0.4566439264264547 m one pass length
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝑄 5189.887610713𝑥103 ⁡
𝑇𝑐𝑜 = + 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = + 15 = 26.204344926552466⁡℃
𝐶𝑐 463203.1274237207
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 3.9372265831016265𝑥107 ⁡
𝑚ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 17.448588139829305⁡𝑘𝑔/𝑠
ℎ𝑓𝑔 2256.472874223x103
F CORRECTION FACTOR FOR LMTD METHOD
In previous section logarithmic mean temperature difference approach was given as:
∆𝑇0 −∆𝑇𝐿
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 ∆𝑇
= 𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛
𝑙𝑛(∆𝑇0 )
𝐿
For different heat exchanger configurations a correction factor can be employed. -NTU method can be
used to calculate this correction factor.
∆𝑇 −∆𝑇
𝑄 = 𝐹𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 0 ∆𝑇0 𝐿 = 𝐹𝑈𝑚 𝐴𝑡 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛
𝑙𝑛(∆𝑇 )
𝐿
𝑁𝑇𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐹=
𝑁𝑇𝑈
Some of the correction factors are also given below as graphic format:
916
One Shell pass two tube pass
Two pass & two tube pass Shell and tube heat exchanger
Cross flow both fluid unmixed
917
Cross flow one fluid unmixed one fluid mixed
PROBLEM: A cross flow heat exchanger is to be designed to cool mh=1 kg/s water from T1h=75 C to
T2h=50 C with cooling water entering the tube side at T 1c=20 C at a rate mc=1 kg/s. The overall heat
transfer coefficient based on the outer surface is U o=500 W/m2K. Calculate the heat transfer area by
using LMTD method. Pressure is P h=300kPa and Pc=300kPa
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class HT_LMTD_F_cross{
{long jf=1;
double total=0;
}
{long f=1;
return f;
}
{double pow=1.0;
return pow;
}
{double total=0;
double powC=1;
return eps;
}
public static double NTU(double C,double eps) //cross flow both unmixed
{double a=0.01;
double b=10;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
int nmax=100;
918
int i=0;
double fa=0,fr=eps_cross_both_unmixed(r,C)-eps;
while((Math.abs(fr))>epsilon && i<nmax)
{ fa=eps_cross_both_unmixed(a,C)-eps;
fr=eps_cross_both_unmixed(r,C)-eps;
if(fa*fr<0) b=r;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
public static double NTU_counter(double C,double eps)
{ return 1.0/(C-1.0)*Math.log((eps-1.0)/(eps*C-1.0));
}
public static double F(double C,double eps)
{return NTU_counter(C,eps)/NTU(C,eps);}

{ double mc=1; //kg/s
double mh=1; //kg/s
double Tc2;//degree C
double Th1=75.0;//degree C
double Th2=50;//degree C
double Ph=300.0; //kPa
double Th=(Th1+Th2)/2.0;
System.out.println("Th average = "+Th);
double a[]=st.propertyC("tp",Th,Ph);
double Cph=a[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
double Q=mh*Cph*(Th1-Th2);
//Assuming Cph=Cpc
Tc2=Tc1+Q/(mc*Cph);
double Tc=(Tc1+Tc2)/2.0;
a=st.propertyC("tp",Tc,Pc);
Tc2=Tc1+Q/(mc*Cpc);
System.out.println("Cph = "+Cph+" J/kgK");
double Cc=mc*Cpc;
double Ch=mh*Cph;
double C=0,Cmin=0;
double Qmax=Cmin*(Th1-Tc1);
System.out.println("Qmax="+Qmax+" Watt");
double eps=Q/Qmax;
double NTU_counter=NTU_counter(C,eps);
System.out.println("NTU_counter="+NTU_counter);
double F=F(C,eps);
double dT1=Th1-Tc2;
double dT2=Th2-Tc1;
double dTln=F*(dT1-dT2)/Math.log(dT1/dT2);
System.out.println("dTln="+dTln);
double A=Q/(U*dTln);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_LMTD_F_cross
Th average = 62.5
Cph = 4183.459304365295 J/kgK
Cpc = 4178.868474471499 J/kgK
C=0.9989026235084909Cc=4178.868474471499Ch=4183.459304365295Cmin=4178.868474471499
Qmax=229837.76609593246 Watt
eps=0.4550448100225566
919
NTU=0.86796401463449
NTU_counter=0.8346309227567256
F=0.9615962282816513
dTln=28.83467992826911
A=7.254214915463464 m^2
PROBLEM: A One shell two tube pass shell & tube heat exchanger is to be designed to cool m h=10
kg/s water from T1h=75 C to T2h=50 C with cooling water entering the tube side at T1c=20 C at a rate
mc=10 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface is U o=500 W/m2K.
Calculate the heat transfer area by using LMTD method. Pressure is P h=300kPa and Pc=300kPa
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class HT_LMTD_F_shell_and_tube{
public static double NTU(double C,double eps) //Shell & tube
{double E=(2.0/eps-(1.0+C))/Math.sqrt(1.0+C*C);
double N=-1.0/Math.sqrt(1.0+C*C)*Math.log((E-1.0)/(E+1.0));
return N;
}
public static double NTU_counter(double C,double eps)
{ return 1.0/(C-1.0)*Math.log((eps-1.0)/(eps*C-1.0));
}
public static double F(double C,double eps)
{return NTU_counter(C,eps)/NTU(C,eps);}

{ double mc=1; //kg/s
double mh=1; //kg/s
double Tc2;//degree C
double Th1=75.0;//degree C
double Th2=50;//degree C
double Ph=300.0; //kPa
double Th=(Th1+Th2)/2.0;
System.out.println("Th average = "+Th);
double a[]=st.propertyC("tp",Th,Ph);
double Cph=a[7]*1e3; //J/kgK
double Q=mh*Cph*(Th1-Th2);
//Assuming Cph=Cpc
Tc2=Tc1+Q/(mc*Cph);
double Tc=(Tc1+Tc2)/2.0;
a=st.propertyC("tp",Tc,Pc);
Tc2=Tc1+Q/(mc*Cpc);
System.out.println("Cph = "+Cph+" J/kgK");
double Cc=mc*Cpc;
double Ch=mh*Cph;
double C=0,Cmin=0;
double Qmax=Cmin*(Th1-Tc1);
System.out.println("Qmax="+Qmax+" Watt");
double eps=Q/Qmax;
double NTU_counter=NTU_counter(C,eps);
System.out.println("NTU_counter="+NTU_counter);
double F=F(C,eps);
double dT1=Th1-Tc2;
double dT2=Th2-Tc1;
double dTln=F*(dT1-dT2)/Math.log(dT1/dT2);
920
System.out.println("dTln="+dTln);
double A=Q/(U*dTln);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_LMTD_F_shell_and_tube
Th average = 62.5
Cph = 4183.459304365295 J/kgK
Cpc = 4178.868474471499 J/kgK
C=0.9989026235084909Cc=4178.868474471499Ch=4183.459304365295Cmin=4178.868474471499
Qmax=229837.76609593246 Watt
eps=0.4550448100225566
NTU=0.9585637148222919
NTU_counter=0.8346309227567256
F=0.870709906760301
dTln=26.109338549165557
A=8.011423377286203 m^2
16.5 FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROACH
As a simple first example let us consider a parallel flow double pipe heat exchanger. Assume that heat
transfer area for a final difference step is ∆𝐴𝑖 and temperature profiles for this finite element piece is 𝑇ℎ𝑖
and 𝑇𝑐𝑖 . If heat transfer of finite difference piece is defined as a function of physical properties:
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 , 𝑇𝑐𝑖 , 𝑚ℎ , 𝑚𝑐 , 𝐷ℎ , 𝐷𝑐 , 𝜀ℎ , 𝜀𝑐 ) where 𝑚ℎ ⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑚𝑐 are mass flow rates of fluids, 𝐷ℎ and 𝐷𝑐 are
dimeter or hydrolic diameter of pipes, 𝜀ℎ , 𝜀𝑐 are surface roughness. From conservation of energy for
surface ∆𝐴𝑖 heat transfer will be
∆𝑄𝑖 = −(𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ ) [𝑇ℎ𝑖+1 − 𝑇ℎ𝑖 ] = (𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ) [𝑇𝑐𝑖+1 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ]
𝑖 𝑖
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 , 𝑇𝑐𝑖 , 𝑚ℎ , 𝑚𝑐 , 𝐴ℎ , 𝐴)∆𝐴𝑖 [𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ]
Note that U is changing in every step and is not constant throughout.
For parallel flow heat exchanger starting from i=0 (entering temperatures of 𝑇ℎ0 and 𝑇𝑐0 will be known)
∆𝑄𝑖 is calculated from heat transfer equation. In order to do that properties are calculated from the given
temperatures and flow conditions and remain constant only for this single calculation step. Related heat
transfer and overall heat transfer equations are taken according to given geometry and conditions. Once
∆𝑄𝑖 is known for the finite difference step 𝑇ℎ𝑖+1 and 𝑇𝑐𝑖+1 is calculated from the conservation of energy
equations.
∆𝑄𝑖 ∆𝑄𝑖
𝑇ℎ𝑖+1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − and 𝑇𝑐𝑖+1 = 𝑇𝑐𝑖 +
(𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ ) (𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 )
𝑖 𝑖
Pressure drop is also an important parameter for heat exchangers, therefore it should also be calculated in
each step
2 2
∆𝑥𝑖 𝑈ℎ𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑖 𝑈𝑐𝑖
∆𝑃ℎ𝑖 = 𝑓ℎ𝑖 𝜌ℎ𝑖 ∆𝑃𝑐𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐𝑖 𝜌𝑐𝑖
𝐷 2 𝐷 2
Calculation continues stepwise to the end of heat exchanger. So total heat transfer can be obtained as:
𝑄 = ∑𝑁𝑖=0 ∆𝑄𝑖
𝑃ℎ = ∑𝑁𝑖=0 ∆𝑃ℎ𝑖 𝑃𝑐 = ∑𝑁
𝑖=0 ∆𝑃𝑐𝑖
In counter heat exchanger profile usually inlet temperatures of two sides are given, but this temperatures
exists in the opposite directions of the heat exchanger in order to solve this problem shooting method is
used. A guest value is assigned to the unknown initil value, problem is solved and final value is observed,
then this procesure is repeated and enough values are obtained initial and final value relationship, then
actual value corresponding to the given final value is solved by using curve fitting or root finding methods.
921
Due to repeated solution requirements, this method is involved more computer time. In counterflow case
both pressure and temperature changes and , the problem is not and initial value problem, but boundary
value problem. Therefore, a system of equation for temperature and pressure should be solve to obtain
initial temperature and pressure values. Nelder-Mead optimisation method is used in this example to solve
non-linear system of equation.
Double pipe heat exchanger algorithm with pressure drop in each side, parallel and counter flow
cases both investigated
double_pipe_HE_with_PressureD
//This class adapting nonlinear system of equation

// function to optimisation problem function
ifi_xj ff1;
public f2(ifi_xj ffi) {ff1=ffi;}

{
double g=0.0;
for(int i=0;i<fa.length;i++) g+=fa[i]*fa[i];
return g;
}
}
// Double pipe heat exchanger with pressure drop in each
// finite difference step
public class double_pipe_HE_with_PressureD
{ public double din,dout; //iç ve dış çap
public double mh,mc; //sıcak ve soğuk sıvı iç sıcak dış soğuk
public double L;
public double dL;
public int n;
// both side of the heat exchanger utilises water as warking fluid
steamIAPWS_IF97 water; //water and steam properties
double Th[];
double Tc[];
double Ph[];
double Pc[];
double x[];
double Ah;
double Ac;
double dh;
double eps;
double dA;
public double Q;
public double dPh;
public double dPc;
public double_pipe_HE_with_PressureD(double dini,double douti,double mhi,double mci,double Li)
{din=dini;dout=douti;mh=mhi;mc=mci;L=Li;n=100;dL=L/(n-1);
water=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
Th=new double[n];
Tc=new double[n];
Ph=new double[n];
Pc=new double[n];
x=new double[n];
Ah=Math.PI*din*din/4.0;
Ac=Math.PI*(dout*dout-din*din)/4.0;
dh=dout-din;
eps=1.2e-4; //m
dA=dL*Math.PI*din;
}
// eps : pipe equivalent roughness m
// -------------------------------------------
// value of equivalent roughness for some pipes:
// Pipe equivalent rougness m
// ------------- ---------------------
// Riveted steel 0.9e-3 - 9e-3
// Concrete 0.3e-3 - 3e-3
// Wood stave 0.18e-3 - 0.9 e-3
// Cast iron 0.26e-3
922
// Galvanised iron 0.15e-3
// Commercial steel 0.045e-3
// wrought iron 0.045e-3
// drawn tubing 0.0015e-3
// Plastic,glass 0.0 (smooth)
// -------------------------------------------
public double f(double Re,double eod)
{
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public static double f_Haaland(double Re,double eod)
{double xx=-1.8*Math.log10(Math.pow((eod/3.7) ,1.11)+6.9/Re);
double f=1.0/(xx*xx);
return f;
}
return xx;
}
//Parallel flow
public void calculate_parallel(double Thi,double Tci,double Phi,double Pci)
{ Th[0]=Thi;
Tc[0]=Tci;
Ph[0]=Phi;
Pc[0]=Pci;
x[0]=0.0;
Q=0.0;
dPc=0.0;
dPh=0.0;
{ x[i]=dL*i;
double a[]=water.propertyC("tp",Th[i-1],Ph[i-1]);
double roh=1.0/a[2];
double vish=a[11];
double kh=a[12];
double Cph=a[7];
double Prh=a[14];//Cph*1e3*vish/kh;
double b[]=water.propertyC("tp",Tc[i-1],Pc[i-1]);
double roc=1.0/b[2];
double visc=b[11];
double kc=b[12];
double Cpc=b[7];
double Prc=b[14];//Cpc*1e3*visc/kc;
double Vc=mc/(roc*Ac); //cold site velocity m/s
double Vh=mh/(roh*Ah); //hot side velocity m/s
double Reh=roh*Vh*din/vish;
double Rec=roc*Vc*dh/visc;
double eodh=eps/din;
double eodc=eps/dh;
double fh=f(Reh,eodh);
double fc=f(Rec,eodc);
double Nuh=Nu(Reh,Prh,fh);
double Nuc=Nu(Rec,Prc,fc);
double hh=Nuh*kh/din;
double hc=Nuc*kc/dh;
double U=1.0/(1.0/hh+1.0/hc);
double dQ=U*dA*(Th[i-1]-Tc[i-1]);
double dPc1=fc*L/dh*roc*Vc*Vc/2.0;
double dPh1=fh*L/din*roh*Vh*Vh/2.0;
dPc+=dPc1*1e-3;
dPh+=dPh1*1e-3;
Pc[i]=Pc[i-1]-dPc1*1e-3;
Ph[i]=Ph[i-1]-dPh1*1e-3;
Q+=dQ;
Th[i]=Th[i-1]-dQ/(mh*Cph*1e3);
923
Tc[i]=Tc[i-1]+dQ/(mc*Cpc*1e3);
}
}
//Counter flow Thi (hot side inlet) and Tco (cold site outlet) is given
public double[] calculate1(double Thi,double Tco,double Phi,double Pco)
{ Th[0]=Thi;
Tc[0]=Tco;
Ph[0]=Phi;
Pc[0]=Pco;
x[0]=0.0;
Q=0.0;
{ x[i]=dL*i;
double a[]=water.propertyC("tp",Th[i-1],Ph[i-1]);
double roh=1.0/a[2];
double vish=a[11];
double kh=a[12];
double Cph=a[7];
double Prh=a[14];//Cph*1e3*vish/kh;
double b[]=water.propertyC("tp",Tc[i-1],Pc[i-1]);
double roc=1.0/b[2];
double visc=b[11];
double kc=b[12];
double Cpc=b[7];
double Prc=b[14];//Cpc*1e3*visc/kc;
double Vc=mc/(roc*Ac); //cold site velocity m/s
double Vh=mh/(roh*Ah); //hot side velocity m/s
double Reh=roh*Vh*din/vish;
double Rec=roc*Vc*dh/visc;
double eodh=eps/din;
double eodc=eps/dh;
double fh=f(Reh,eodh);
double fc=f_Haaland(Rec,eodc);
double Nuh=Nu(Reh,Prh,fh);
double Nuc=Nu(Rec,Prc,fc);
double hh=Nuh*kh/din;
double hc=Nuc*kc/dh;
double U=1.0/(1.0/hh+1.0/hc);
double dQ=U*dA*(Th[i-1]-Tc[i-1]);
Q+=dQ;
double dPc1=fc*L/dh*roc*Vc*Vc/2.0;
double dPh1=fh*L/din*roh*Vh*Vh/2.0;
dPc+=dPc1*1e-3;
dPh+=dPh1*1e-3;
Pc[i]=Pc[i-1]-dPc1*1e-3;
Ph[i]=Ph[i-1]-dPh1*1e-3;
Th[i]=Th[i-1]-dQ/(mh*Cph*1e3);
Tc[i]=Tc[i-1]-dQ/(mc*Cpc*1e3);
}
double d[]={Tc[n-1],Pc[n-1]};
return d;
}
//Counter flow Thi (hot side inlet) and Tci (cold site inlet) is given
//bisection root finding is applied in limits of Tci and Thi to find Tco
public void calculate_counter(double Thi,double Tci,double Phi,double Pci)
{ ifi_xj f1=(double x[])->{double a[]=calculate1(Thi,x[0],Phi,x[1]);
ff[0]=a[0]-Tci;
ff[1]=a[1]-Pci;
return ff;};
f2 f=new f2(f1);
double [] x0={(Thi+Tci)/2.0,Pci};
double [] dx0=new double[x0.length];
for(int i=0;i<x0.length;i++) dx0[i]=0.2*x0[i];
double a[]=nelderi.nelder(f,x0,dx0);
double Tco=a[0];
double Pco=a[1];
calculate1(Thi,Tco,Phi,Pci);
}
{ double dini=12.7e-3; //m
double douti=30e-3; //m
double mhi=0.02; //kg/s
double mci=0.05; //kg/s
double Li=10.0; //m
double_pipe_HE_with_PressureD ib=new double_pipe_HE_with_PressureD(dini,douti,mhi,mci,Li);
double Thi=70.0; //degree C
924
double Tci=20.0; //kPa
double Phi=200.0; //kPa
double Pci=300.0; //kPa
//Parallel flow heat exchanger
ib.calculate_parallel(Thi,Tci,Phi,Pci);
System.out.println("Q_parallel ="+ib.Q);
double cc[][]={ib.x,ib.Tc,ib.Th,ib.Pc,ib.Ph};
String s[]={"x m","cold water temp.","hot water temp.","cold water pressure","hot water pressure"};
Text.printT(cc,s,"Parallel flow heat exchanger");
Plot p=new Plot(ib.x,ib.Th);
p.addData(ib.x,ib.Tc);
p.setPlabel("Parallel Flow double pipe heat exchanger");
p.setXlabel("pipe length x m");
p.setYlabel("Temperature degree C");
p.plot();
Plot p1=new Plot(ib.x,ib.Ph);
p1.addData(ib.x,ib.Pc);
p1.setPlabel("Parallel Flow double pipe heat exchanger");
p1.setXlabel("pipe length x m");
p1.setYlabel("Pressure kPa");
p1.plot();
// counter flow heat exchanger
ib.calculate_counter(Thi,Tci,Phi,Pci);
System.out.println("Q_counter ="+ib.Q);
double cc1[][]={ib.x,ib.Tc,ib.Th};
String s1[]={"x m","cold water temp.","hot water temp."};
Text.printT(cc1,s1,"Counter flow heat exchanger");
Plot p2=new Plot(ib.x,ib.Th);
p2.addData(ib.x,ib.Tc);
p2.setPlabel("CounterFlow double pipe heat exchanger");
p2.setYlabel("Temperature degree C");
p2.plot();
Plot p3=new Plot(ib.x,ib.Ph);

p3.addData(ib.x,ib.Pc);
p3.setPlabel("Counter Flow double pipe heat exchanger");
p3.setYlabel("Pressure kPa");
p3.plot();
}
}
Nelder & Mead optimisation algorithm

import java.io.*;

{
int nn;
{
int n=ia.length;
a=new double[n];
seta(ia);
int i=-1;
try{
try {
while(fin != null)
{
i++;
}
nn=i;
xi=new double[nn];
925
yi=new double[nn];
a=ia;
}

{
a[ii]=ia[ii];
}
{
return a;
}

{a=ai;
double A1=ai[2]/T/Math.sinh(ai[2]/T);
double A2=a[3]/T/Math.cosh(ai[4]/T);
double cp=ai[0]+ai[1]*A1*A1+ai[3]*A2*A2;
return cp; //kJ/kgK
}

{
double ff=0;
double w;
double yy;
ff+=w*w;
}
return ff;
}
}
public class nelderi
{//2. Nelder ve Mead method(simpleks method)_______________________________________________________________
public static double[] nelder(if_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[],int maxiteration,double tolerance,int printlist)
{
{for(int j=0;j<x[0].length;j++)
{if(i==j){x[i][j]=a[j]+da[j];}
else {x[i][j]=a[j]; }
}
}
// Nelder mead multidimensional simplex minimisation method
// Nelder & Mead 1965 Computer J, v.7, 308-313.
// Giriş değişkenleri tanımlaması

// fnelder : abstract çok boyutlu fonksiyon f(x)
// x : for n boyutlu n+1 simlex noktasını içerir bağımsız değişken seti
// maxiteration : maximum iterasyon sayısı
// tolerance :
int FUNC = NDIMS;
int ncalls = 0;
////// başlangıç simplexini oluştur //////////////////
double p[][]=new double[NPTS][NPTS]; // [row][col] = [whichvx][coord,FUNC]
double best = 1E99;
//////////////// iilk fonksiyon değerlerini hesapla ////////////////
{
{p[i][j] = x[i][j];}
p[i][NDIMS] = fnelder.func(p[i]);
}
int iter=0;
{
/////////// lo, nhi, hi noktalarını tanımla //////////////
926
double fhi = flo;
double pavg,sterr;
{
}
double fnhi = flo;
inhi = ilo;
////////// çıkış kriteri //////////////
{
//yi nin standart hata kriteri set değerinden (tolerance)
// küçük olmalı
// ortalama değeri hesapla (en büyük değer de dahil olmak üzere)
pavg=0;
pavg+=p[i][FUNC];
pavg/=NPTS;
double tot=0;
if(printlist!=0)
for (int j=0; j<=NDIMS; j++)
}
{ for (int j=0; j<NDIMS; j++)
{ z[j]=p[ilo][j];}
//break;
}
}
///// ave[] vektorünü en büyük değeri hariç tutarak hesapla //////

ave[j] = 0;
if (i != ihi)
ave[j] += p[i][j];
ave[j] /= (NPTS-1);
///////// yansıt ////////////////

r[j] = 2*ave[j] - p[ihi][j];

{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
if (fr < flo) //// genişlet, else kabul et

{
e[j] = 3*ave[j] - 2*p[ihi][j];
if (fe < fr)
927
{
p[ihi][j] = e[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fe;
continue;
}
else
{
p[ihi][j] = r[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fr;
continue;
}
}
///////////// daralt:
if (fr < fhi)

{
c[j] = 1.5*ave[j] - 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fc <= fr)
{
p[ihi][j] = c[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fc;
continue;
}
else /////// daralt
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
continue;
}
}
if (fr >= fhi) ///

{
cc[j] = 0.5*ave[j] + 0.5*p[ihi][j];
if (fcc < fhi)
{
p[ihi][j] = cc[j];
p[ihi][FUNC] = fcc;
continue;
}
else /////////
{
if (i != ilo)
{
p[i][j] = 0.5*p[ilo][j] + 0.5*p[i][j];
}
}
}
}
return z;
}
public static double[] nelder(if_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[],double tolerance)
public static double[] nelder(if_xj fnelder,double a[],double da[])

// input data
//________________________________________________________________
928
{ String s2[]=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(s).split("\s+");
int m=s2.length;
{ a[i]=Double.parseDouble(s2[i]);}
return a;
}
{
double a[];
a=new double[5];
a[0] = 1.0;
a[1] = 1.0;
a[2] = 1.0;
a[3] = 1.0;
a[4] = 1.0;
double da[];
da=new double[5];
da[0] =0.3;
da[1] =0.3;
da[2] =0.3;
da[3] =0.3;
da[4] =0.3;
int i=0;
double p[]=nelder(f,a,da,1000,1e-15,0);
pp.addData(f.xi,y);
pp.plot();
}
}
Interface if_xj
interface if_xj extends iMathd
{
public double func(double x[]);
default double func(double x1,double y1)
{
x[0]=x1;
x[1]=y1;
return func(x);
}
default double[] dfunc(double x[])
{int n=x.length;
{c[i]=dfunc(x,i);}
return c;
}
default double[][] d2func(double x[])

{int n=x.length;
{ int xref[]={i,j};
}
}
929
return c;
}
default double d2func(double x[],int x_ref[])

double h0=0.0256;
int i,m;
int n=7;
double f1,f2;
double x1[];
double x2[];
{
x1[i]=x[i];
x2[i]=x[i];
}
double T[][];
T=new double[n][n];
double h[];
h=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
T[i][j]=0;
}
h[0]=h0;
double r=0.5;
for( i=1;i<n;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1[x_ref[1]]+=h[i];
x2[x_ref[1]]-=h[i];
T[i][0]=( f1 - f2)/(2.0*h[i]);
}
for(m=1;m<n;m++)
{
for(i=0;i<n-m;i++)
{
- h[i+m]*h[i+m]);
}
}
return xx;
}
default double dfunc(double x[],int x_ref)
double h0=0.0256;
int i,m;
int n=7;
double f1,f2;
double x1[];
double x2[];
{
x1[i]=x[i];
x2[i]=x[i];
}
double T[][];
T=new double[n][n];
double h[];
930
h=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
T[i][j]=0;
}
h[0]=h0;
double r=0.5;
for( i=1;i<n;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1[x_ref]+=h[i];
x2[x_ref]-=h[i];
f1=func(x1);
f2=func(x2);
T[i][0]=( f1 - f2)/(2.0*h[i]);
x1[x_ref]=x[x_ref];
x2[x_ref]=x[x_ref];
}
for(m=1;m<n;m++)
{
for(i=0;i<n-m;i++)
{
- h[i+m]*h[i+m]);
}
}
return xx;
}
}
Interface ifi_xj
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
interface ifi_xj
{ // multifunction multi independent variable
// vector of dependent variables are returned
// example f[0]=x[0]+sin(x[1])
// f[1]=x[0]*x[1]-x[1]
// func(x) returns the value of f[0] and f[1]
// as a two dimensional vector
public double[] func(double x[]);
//special case: time dependent functions
default double[] func(double x,double y)
{double xx[]={x,y};
return func(xx);
}
default double[] xp(double x[],double j,double m,double h)
{
//h = dx
//j=-4..4 multiplication factor
//m derivative taken value
int k=x.length;
double xx[]=new double[k];
{ if(i==m) xx[i]=x[i]+j*h;
else xx[i]=x[i];
}
return xx;
}
default double[][] dfunc(double x[])
{
double h=1.0e-12;
931
return dfunc(x,1,h);
}
default double[][] dfunc(double x[],int n)
{
double h=1.0e-12;
return dfunc(x,n,h);
}
default double[][] dfunc(double x[],int n,double h)

{
int k=x.length; //number of x values (dimension)
double df[][]=new double[k][k];
{ for(int j=0;j<k;j++)
{df[i][j]=dfunc(x,n,i,j,h);}
}
return df;
}
default double dfunc(double x[],int n,int j,int m)

{
double h=1.0e-12;
return dfunc(x,n,j,m,h);
}
default double dfunc(double x[],int n,int j,int m,double h)

{ // derivative of x[m]
//m derivative taken value
//jth equation
//nth derivative of the equation (n=0) function value
//n=1 first derivative n=2 second derivative..
int k=x.length; //number of x values (dimension)
double hh=1/h;
double ff[][]=new double[9][3];
double xp[][]=new double[9][3];
double df;
int j1;
double x1=0;
x1=x[m];
for(int jj=-4;jj<=4;jj++)
{ j1=jj+4;
xp[j1]=xp(x,jj,m,h);
ff[j1]=func(xp[j1]);
}
if(n==0)
{df=ff[4][j];}
else if(n==1)
{ df=(3.0*ff[0][j]-32.0*ff[1][j]+168.0*ff[2][j]-672.0*ff[3][j]+672.0*ff[5][j]-168.0*ff[6][j]+32.0*ff[7][j]-3.0*ff[8][j])/840.0*hh;}
else if(n==2)
{df=(-14350.0*ff[4][j]-9.0*ff[0][j]+128*ff[1][j]-1008*ff[2][j]+8064*ff[3][j]+8064.0*ff[5][j]-1008.0*ff[6][j]+128.0*ff[7][j]-
9.0*ff[8][j])/5040.0*hh*hh;}
else if(n==3)
{df=(-7.0*ff[0][j]+72.0*ff[1][j]-338.0*ff[2][j]+488.0*ff[3][j]-488.0*ff[5][j]+338.0*ff[6][j]-72.0*ff[7][j]+7.0*ff[8][j])/240.0*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==4)
{df=(2730.0*ff[4][j]+7.0*ff[0][j]-96.0*ff[1][j]+676.0*ff[2][j]-1952.0*ff[3][j]-1952.0*ff[5][j]+676.0*ff[6][j]-
96.0*ff[7][j]+7.0*ff[8][j])/240.0*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==5)
{df=(ff[0][j]-9.0*ff[1][j]+26.0*ff[2][j]-29.0*ff[3][j]+29.0*ff[5][j]-26.0*ff[6][j]+9.0*ff[7][j]-ff[8][j])/6.0*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==6)
{df=(-150.0*ff[4][j]-ff[0][j]+12.0*ff[1][j]-52.0*ff[2][j]+116.0*ff[3][j]+116.0*ff[5][j]-52.0*ff[6][j]+12.0*ff[7][j]-
ff[8][j])/4.0*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==7)
{df=(-ff[0][j]+6.0*ff[1][j]-14.0*ff[2][j]+14.0*ff[3][j]-14.0*ff[5][j]+14.0*ff[6][j]-6.0*ff[7][j]+ff[8][j])/2.0*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else if(n==8)
{df=(70.0*ff[4][j]+ff[0][j]-8.0*ff[1][j]+28.0*ff[2][j]-56.0*ff[3][j]-56.0*ff[5][j]+28.0*ff[6][j]-
8.0*ff[7][j]+ff[8][j])*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh*hh;}
else df=0;
return df;
}
default double[] secant2(double x[])
{
// Roots of nonlinear system of equations secant method
//ti : weight function
//x vector of independent variables
//y vector of dependent variables
//dy derivative vector of dependent variables
double ti=1.0;
932
int i;
int nmax=20;
double tolerance=1.0e-5;
int n=x.length;
double b[];
b=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
b[i]=1.0;
}
i=0;
while( i++ < nmax && Matrix.abs(b) > tolerance )
{ b=Matrix.multiply(Matrix.divide(func(x),dfunc(x)),-ti);
x=Matrix.add(x,b);
}
if(i >= nmax) System.out.println("Warning : Maximum number of iterations are exceeded \nResults may not be valid");
return x;
}
Results
Parallel Counter
Flow flow
Tc Th Tc Th
xm degree C degree C Pc kPa Ph kPa xm degree C degree C Pc kPa Ph kPa
0.0000 20.0000 70.0000 300.0000 200.0000 0.0000 32.4067 70.0000 300.0000 200.0000
0.1010 20.1868 69.5333 299.8727 199.5301 0.1010 32.1787 69.4312 299.8796 199.5301
0.2020 20.3731 69.0681 299.7456 199.0599 0.2020 31.9544 68.8715 299.7591 199.0598
0.3030 20.5586 68.6046 299.6187 198.5893 0.3030 31.7337 68.3209 299.6384 198.5890
0.4040 20.7434 68.1430 299.4919 198.1183 0.4040 31.5165 67.7789 299.5176 198.1178
0.5051 20.9274 67.6834 299.3653 197.6469 0.5051 31.3028 67.2456 299.3966 197.6461
0.6061 21.1105 67.2259 299.2388 197.1751 0.6061 31.0925 66.7206 299.2754 197.1740
0.7071 21.2928 66.7706 299.1125 196.7030 0.7071 30.8854 66.2038 299.1541 196.7014
0.8081 21.4740 66.3177 298.9863 196.2305 0.8081 30.6816 65.6950 299.0327 196.2284
0.9091 21.6542 65.8674 298.8603 195.7575 0.9091 30.4809 65.1941 298.9111 195.7549
1.0101 21.8334 65.4198 298.7345 195.2842 1.0101 30.2833 64.7008 298.7894 195.2810
1.1111 22.0115 64.9749 298.6087 194.8105 1.1111 30.0887 64.2150 298.6675 194.8067
1.2121 22.1884 64.5329 298.4832 194.3364 1.2121 29.8971 63.7365 298.5455 194.3319
933
1.3131 22.3640 64.0939 298.3577 193.8619 1.3131 29.7084 63.2651 298.4233 193.8566
1.4141 22.5385 63.6580 298.2324 193.3870 1.4141 29.5224 62.8008 298.3010 193.3809
1.5152 22.7116 63.2253 298.1073 192.9117 1.5152 29.3393 62.3434 298.1786 192.9048
1.6162 22.8834 62.7959 297.9823 192.4359 1.6162 29.1588 61.8927 298.0560 192.4282
1.7172 23.0538 62.3700 297.8574 191.9598 1.7172 28.9810 61.4485 297.9333 191.9512
1.8182 23.2229 61.9475 297.7326 191.4832 1.8182 28.8058 61.0108 297.8104 191.4737
1.9192 23.3905 61.5286 297.6080 191.0063 1.9192 28.6331 60.5794 297.6875 190.9958
2.0202 23.5566 61.1134 297.4836 190.5289 2.0202 28.4629 60.1542 297.5644 190.5175
2.1212 23.7213 60.7019 297.3592 190.0511 2.1212 28.2951 59.7351 297.4411 190.0388
2.2222 23.8844 60.2942 297.2350 189.5729 2.2222 28.1297 59.3218 297.3177 189.5596
2.3232 24.0459 59.8904 297.1109 189.0943 2.3232 27.9667 58.9144 297.1943 189.0800
2.4242 24.2059 59.4905 296.9869 188.6153 2.4242 27.8059 58.5127 297.0706 188.5999
2.5253 24.3643 59.0947 296.8631 188.1358 2.5253 27.6474 58.1165 296.9469 188.1194
2.6263 24.5210 58.7028 296.7393 187.6560 2.6263 27.4910 57.7258 296.8230 187.6385
2.7273 24.6762 58.3150 296.6157 187.1757 2.7273 27.3369 57.3405 296.6990 187.1572
2.8283 24.8296 57.9314 296.4922 186.6950 2.8283 27.1848 56.9604 296.5749 186.6754
2.9293 24.9814 57.5520 296.3688 186.2139 2.9293 27.0348 56.5855 296.4507 186.1932
3.0303 25.1315 57.1768 296.2456 185.7323 3.0303 26.8868 56.2156 296.3263 185.7106
3.1313 25.2799 56.8058 296.1224 185.2504 3.1313 26.7408 55.8507 296.2018 185.2276
3.2323 25.4266 56.4391 295.9993 184.7680 3.2323 26.5968 55.4906 296.0772 184.7441
3.3333 25.5716 56.0767 295.8764 184.2853 3.3333 26.4547 55.1353 295.9525 184.2603
3.4343 25.7148 55.7186 295.7536 183.8021 3.4343 26.3144 54.7847 295.8277 183.7760
3.5354 25.8563 55.3648 295.6308 183.3185 3.5354 26.1760 54.4387 295.7028 183.2913
3.6364 25.9961 55.0154 295.5082 182.8345 3.6364 26.0394 54.0971 295.5777 182.8062
3.7374 26.1341 54.6704 295.3857 182.3501 3.7374 25.9046 53.7600 295.4525 182.3207
3.8384 26.2703 54.3297 295.2633 181.8652 3.8384 25.7715 53.4272 295.3273 181.8348
3.9394 26.4048 53.9935 295.1409 181.3800 3.9394 25.6401 53.0987 295.2019 181.3484
4.0404 26.5376 53.6616 295.0187 180.8944 4.0404 25.5103 52.7743 295.0764 180.8617
4.1414 26.6686 53.3340 294.8965 180.4083 4.1414 25.3823 52.4540 294.9508 180.3746
4.2424 26.7978 53.0109 294.7745 179.9219 4.2424 25.2558 52.1378 294.8250 179.8870
4.3434 26.9253 52.6921 294.6525 179.4350 4.3434 25.1309 51.8255 294.6992 179.3991
4.4444 27.0511 52.3777 294.5307 178.9478 4.4444 25.0076 51.5171 294.5733 178.9107
4.5455 27.1751 52.0676 294.4089 178.4601 4.5455 24.8858 51.2125 294.4473 178.4220
4.6465 27.2974 51.7619 294.2872 177.9721 4.6465 24.7655 50.9117 294.3211 177.9328
4.7475 27.4179 51.4605 294.1656 177.4837 4.7475 24.6467 50.6145 294.1949 177.4433
4.8485 27.5367 51.1633 294.0441 176.9948 4.8485 24.5294 50.3209 294.0686 176.9534
4.9495 27.6539 50.8705 293.9226 176.5056 4.9495 24.4134 50.0309 293.9421 176.4631
5.0505 27.7693 50.5819 293.8013 176.0161 5.0505 24.2989 49.7444 293.8156 175.9724
5.1515 27.8830 50.2975 293.6800 175.5261 5.1515 24.1857 49.4613 293.6889 175.4813
5.2525 27.9950 50.0174 293.5588 175.0357 5.2525 24.0739 49.1815 293.5622 174.9898
5.3535 28.1054 49.7414 293.4377 174.5450 5.3535 23.9634 48.9051 293.4353 174.4979
5.4545 28.2141 49.4696 293.3166 174.0539 5.4545 23.8542 48.6320 293.3084 174.0057
5.5556 28.3212 49.2019 293.1957 173.5624 5.5556 23.7462 48.3620 293.1814 173.5130
5.6566 28.4266 48.9383 293.0747 173.0706 5.6566 23.6396 48.0952 293.0542 173.0200
5.7576 28.5304 48.6787 292.9539 172.5784 5.7576 23.5342 47.8314 292.9270 172.5267
5.8586 28.6326 48.4232 292.8331 172.0859 5.8586 23.4300 47.5707 292.7997 172.0329
5.9596 28.7332 48.1717 292.7125 171.5929 5.9596 23.3270 47.3130 292.6723 171.5388
934
6.0606 28.8322 47.9241 292.5918 171.0997 6.0606 23.2251 47.0583 292.5448 171.0443
6.1616 28.9297 47.6804 292.4713 170.6060 6.1616 23.1245 46.8064 292.4172 170.5494
6.2626 29.0256 47.4406 292.3508 170.1121 6.2626 23.0249 46.5573 292.2895 170.0541
6.3636 29.1199 47.2046 292.2303 169.6177 6.3636 22.9265 46.3111 292.1617 169.5585
6.4646 29.2128 46.9724 292.1100 169.1231 6.4646 22.8292 46.0676 292.0339 169.0626
6.5657 29.3041 46.7440 291.9897 168.6281 6.5657 22.7330 45.8269 291.9059 168.5662
6.6667 29.3940 46.5193 291.8694 168.1327 6.6667 22.6378 45.5887 291.7779 168.0695
6.7677 29.4824 46.2982 291.7492 167.6371 6.7677 22.5437 45.3533 291.6498 167.5724
6.8687 29.5693 46.0808 291.6291 167.1411 6.8687 22.4506 45.1204 291.5215 167.0750
6.9697 29.6549 45.8670 291.5090 166.6448 6.9697 22.3586 44.8900 291.3932 166.5772
7.0707 29.7389 45.6568 291.3890 166.1481 7.0707 22.2675 44.6621 291.2649 166.0791
7.1717 29.8216 45.4500 291.2690 165.6511 7.1717 22.1775 44.4367 291.1364 165.5806
7.2727 29.9029 45.2467 291.1491 165.1539 7.2727 22.0884 44.2137 291.0078 165.0818
7.3737 29.9829 45.0468 291.0292 164.6563 7.3737 22.0002 43.9931 290.8792 164.5826
7.4747 30.0615 44.8503 290.9094 164.1584 7.4747 21.9130 43.7749 290.7505 164.0830
7.5758 30.1387 44.6571 290.7897 163.6602 7.5758 21.8267 43.5589 290.6217 163.5832
7.6768 30.2147 44.4672 290.6700 163.1617 7.6768 21.7413 43.3452 290.4928 163.0829
7.7778 30.2893 44.2805 290.5503 162.6629 7.7778 21.6568 43.1338 290.3638 162.5824
7.8788 30.3627 44.0971 290.4307 162.1638 7.8788 21.5733 42.9246 290.2348 162.0814
7.9798 30.4348 43.9168 290.3111 161.6644 7.9798 21.4905 42.7175 290.1057 161.5802
8.0808 30.5056 43.7396 290.1916 161.1648 8.0808 21.4087 42.5126 289.9765 161.0786
8.1818 30.5753 43.5655 290.0721 160.6648 8.1818 21.3276 42.3098 289.8472 160.5766
8.2828 30.6437 43.3943 289.9527 160.1646 8.2828 21.2474 42.1091 289.7179 160.0744
8.3838 30.7110 43.2262 289.8333 159.6641 8.3838 21.1681 41.9104 289.5884 159.5718
8.4848 30.7770 43.0610 289.7140 159.1633 8.4848 21.0895 41.7138 289.4589 159.0688
8.5859 30.8419 42.8987 289.5947 158.6623 8.5859 21.0117 41.5191 289.3293 158.5655
8.6869 30.9057 42.7393 289.4754 158.1610 8.6869 20.9347 41.3264 289.1997 158.0619
8.7879 30.9683 42.5826 289.3562 157.6594 8.7879 20.8585 41.1356 289.0699 157.5580
8.8889 31.0299 42.4288 289.2370 157.1576 8.8889 20.7830 40.9467 288.9401 157.0538
8.9899 31.0903 42.2776 289.1179 156.6555 8.9899 20.7083 40.7597 288.8103 156.5492
9.0909 31.1497 42.1291 288.9988 156.1532 9.0909 20.6344 40.5745 288.6803 156.0443
9.1919 31.2080 41.9833 288.8797 155.6506 9.1919 20.5611 40.3912 288.5503 155.5391
9.2929 31.2653 41.8401 288.7607 155.1478 9.2929 20.4886 40.2096 288.4202 155.0335
9.3939 31.3216 41.6994 288.6417 154.6448 9.3939 20.4168 40.0298 288.2900 154.5276
9.4949 31.3768 41.5612 288.5227 154.1415 9.4949 20.3456 39.8518 288.1598 154.0215
9.5960 31.4311 41.4255 288.4038 153.6379 9.5960 20.2752 39.6755 288.0295 153.5150
9.6970 31.4844 41.2923 288.2849 153.1342 9.6970 20.2054 39.5008 287.8991 153.0082
9.7980 31.5367 41.1614 288.1660 152.6302 9.7980 20.1364 39.3279 287.7686 152.5010
9.8990 31.5881 41.0330 288.0472 152.1260 9.8990 20.0679 39.1566 287.6381 151.9936
10.0000 31.6386 40.9068 287.9284 151.6215 10.0000 20.0002 38.9869 287.5075 151.4858
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\Users\Turhan
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" double_pipe_HE_with_PressureD
Q_parallel =2433.168966973114
Q_counter =2593.6128222553075
935
936
When results of parallel flow and counter flow cases are compared, Pressure drop values are relatively
similar, But heat transfer of counter flow is better in counter flow heat exchanger (2433.168966973114
W vs. 2593.6128222553075 W)
Natural convective finned type heat exchangers will be modelled as a finite difference model. This type
of heat exchangers with smaller distances within fins are commonly used in refrigeration and heating
systems as forced convection applications. In natural convection applications fin spacing should be
larger in order to allow natural convective flows passing through the fins. General view of the device is
shown in the figures. Water flows inside pipes, which usually made of copper or aliminium and outside
937
air is heated up through finned surfaces and pipes of heat exchanger. Fins are made of aliminium and
connected to tubes by plastic deformation by appliying pressure from inside of tubes. In order to
simulate heat transfer mechanism in the finned heat exchanger, natural convection finite difference
model is considered.
Staggered
configuration
We will consider a single fin and a single pipe section. In this case fin will be exposed to natural
convection. Pipe section will also exposed to natural convection, but different heat transfer equations
will be used for pipe and fin. Furthermore for fins, fin efficiency should be taken into effect.
938
𝐿
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑁
Where L= pipe length
N= number of finite difference division
𝑑𝑄𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 𝑑𝐴𝑖 (𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )
1 1 𝑡𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 1
= + +
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑖 𝑘𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛⁡𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟⁡𝑖
2ℎ𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝑀=
𝑘𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛
tanh⁡(𝑀)
𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ( )
𝑀
𝑑𝑄𝑖 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑖 )(𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑖 − 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑖+1 )
In natural convection air flow rate is difficult parameter, Velocity profile can be approximated as:
𝑈𝑎𝑖𝑟 = √2𝑔𝑑𝑧𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )
import java.util.Arrays;
public class HT_pipe_finned_natural
{ //all pipes connected serial Natural convective heat exchanger
air_PG_CS air;
steamIAPWS_IF97 water;
double L_fin;
double D;
double L_pipe;
double L_total;
int n_pipe; // number of pipes
int n_fin; //number of fins
double P; // air pressure kPA
double a[]; // property vector
double b[]; // property vector
double avis;
double ak;
double aCp;
double aro;
double aPr;
double wvis;
double wk;
double wCp;
double wro;
double wPr;
double g; // gravitational constant m/s^2
double D_fin; //fin outside radius
double t_fin; //fin thickness
double k_pipe;
double k_fin;
double m;//kg/s water mass flow rate
double s_fin; //distance between fins
double A_pipe; // pipe area
double A_fin; // fin area
double A_in; //internal area
double A_cross_pipe; //pipe cross-sectional areas
double T_water[];
double x_pipe[];
double P_water; //water presure
double eps; //surface quality m
double eod; //eps/D
double H; //height of the fin
double W; //width of the fin
double dx; pipe thickness;
public HT_pipe_finned_natural(double mi,double Pi)
{air=new air_PG_CS();P=Pi; g=9.806; //m/s^2
m=mi;
D_fin = 60.0e-3;
D = 18e-3;
H=160e-3; //m fin
939
W=103.93e-3;
dx=0.8e-3; //mm pipe thickness
t_fin=0.79e-3; //fin thickness
s_fin=6.85e-3;//72e-3; //distance between fins
A_cross_pipe=Math.PI*D*D/4.0; //pipe inlet crossectional area
A_pipe=Math.PI*D*s_fin; // pipe area
A_in=Math.PI*D*(s_fin+t_fin);
A_fin=W*H;//Math.PI*(D_fin*D_fin)/4.0*2.0; // fin area
L_pipe=1.0; //m
n_pipe=12;
L_total=L_pipe*n_pipe;
n_fin=(int)(L_pipe/(t_fin+s_fin));
k_pipe=360.0; //W/mK
k_fin=220.0;// W/mK
water= new steamIAPWS_IF97();
T_water=new double[ n_fin*n_pipe];
x_pipe=new double[ n_fin*n_pipe];
P_water=200.0; //kPa
eps=0.26e-3; //surface rougness m cast iron
eod=eps/D;
}
//Rayleigh number for plate
public double Ra_L(double Ts,double Tinf)
a=air.property("tp",(T+273.15),P);
avis=a[11];
ak=a[12];
aCp=a[7];
aro=a[15];
aPr=a[14];
double beta=1/T;
double alpha=ak/(aro*aCp);
double Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)* D_fin*D_fin*D_fin/alpha/avis;
return Ra;
}
public double Ra_SH(double Ts,double Tinf)

avis=a[11];
ak=a[12];
aCp=a[7];
aro=a[15];
aPr=a[14];
double beta=1/T;
double Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)* (s_fin/H)* (s_fin/H)*(s_fin/H)/alpha/avis;
return Ra;
}
//Rayleigh number for horizontal pipe
public double Ra_D(double Ts,double Tinf)
avis=a[11];
ak=a[12];
aCp=a[7];
aro=a[15];
aPr=a[14];
double beta=1/T;
double Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)* D* D* D/alpha/avis;
return Ra;
}
//Fin efficiency
public double eta_fin(double h)
{
double rb=D_fin/2.0; //fin outside radius
double rt=D/2.0; //din radius
double Rb=rb/rt; //dimensionless pipe outside diameter
double t=t_fin; //fin thickness
double Rt=1.0; //dimensionless fin diameter
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k_fin*t))*rt;
return eta1;
}
940
public double Nu_SH(double Ts,double Tinf)
{ double T=(Tinf+Ts)/2.0;
double Ra=Ra_SH(Ts,Tinf);
double Pr=a[14];
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
Nu=1.0/Math.sqrt(576/(Ra*Ra)+2.87/Math.sqrt(Ra));
return Nu;
}
//Nusselt number
//outside of thepipe Nu number
public double Nu_L(double Ts,double Tinf,int select)
{//Nusselt number
double Ra=Ra_L(Ts,Tinf);
double Pr=a[14];
double Gr=Ra/Pr;
double Nu=0.0;
Nu=Nu*Nu;
}
else
4*Pr)/Math.pow((1.222236219+1.010421489*Pr_05+1.389905434*Pr),(1.0/4.0));
}
return Nu;
}
//inside of the pipe Nu number
public double Nu_D(double Ts,double Tinf,int select)
{//Nusselt number of pipe
double Ra=Ra_D(Ts,Tinf);
double aPr=a[14];
double Gr=Ra/aPr;
double Nu=0.0;
double C=0,n=0;
double Pr_05=Math.sqrt(aPr);
if(select==1) {
double x1=0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0));
Nu=(0.60+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.559/aPr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));
Nu=Nu*Nu;
}
else if(select==2)
{ if(Ra>=1e-10 && Ra<1e-2) {C=0.675;n=0.058;}
else if(Ra>=1e-2 && Ra<1e2) {C=1.02;n=0.148;}
else if(Ra>=1e2 && Ra<1e4) {C=0.85;n=0.188;}
else if(Ra>=1e4 && Ra<1e7) {C=0.480;n=0.250;}
else if(Ra>=1e7 && Ra<=1e12){C=0.125;n=0.333;}
}
return Nu;
}
{
double b=eod/3.7;
941
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
double Nu=0;
double x=Re/1000;
double f=0;
if(Re<2300) Nu=3.66;
}
return Nu;
}
public double calculate(double T_air,double Twater_in)
{ double TT= Twater_in;
//double Ts=(10.0*T_air+1000.0*Twater_in)/1010.0;
double Ts=(3.0*T_air+150*Twater_in)/153;
double Q=0.0;
T_water[0]=Twater_in;
for(int i=0;i<n_fin*n_pipe-1;i++)
{ x_pipe[i+1]=L_pipe/(n_fin-1)*i;
a=air.property("tp",(T_air+273.15),P);
b=water.propertyC("tp",T_water[i],P_water);
ak=a[12];
double h_D=Nu_D(Ts,T_air,1)*ak/D;
double h_L=Nu_L(Ts,T_air,4)*ak/H;
wvis=b[11];
wk=b[12];
wCp=b[7];
wro=b[15];
wPr=b[14];
double V=wro*A_cross_pipe*m; //i nternal velocity
double wRe=V*wro*D/wvis; // 's number
double h_w=Nu(wRe,eod,wPr)*wk/D; // internal heat transfer coefficients W/m^2K h_w="+h_w);
double eta=eta_fin(h_D);
System.out.println("h_D="+h_D+" h_L="+h_L+" h_w="+h_w+"eta="+eta);
double U1=(h_D*A_pipe+h_L*A_fin*eta_fin(h_L)); //
double U=1.0/(A_in/U1+1.0/h_w);
double dQ=U*A_in*(T_water[i]-T_air);
T_water[i+1]=T_water[i]-dQ/(wCp*1e3*m);
Q+=dQ;
}
return Q ;
}
{ double m=21.751e-3;
double Pi=120.0;
HT_pipe_finned_natural heater=new HT_pipe_finned_natural(m,Pi);
double T_air=20.0; //degree C
double Twater_in=75.0;
double Q=heater.calculate(T_air,Twater_in);
double cc[][]={heater.x_pipe,heater.T_water};
String s[]={"x m","water temp."};
Text.printT(cc,s,"natural convection heat exchanger");
Plot p=new Plot(heater.x_pipe,heater.T_water);
p.setPlabel("natural convection pipe heat exchanger");
p.setXlabel("pipe length x m");
p.plot();
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "C:\Users\Turhan
0933\jre\bin\javaw.exe" HT_pipe_finned_natural
Q=926.110009550031
942
Fin and tube heat exchanger thermal performance measurements are carried out according to EN 442-2
standard for testing radiators and convectors. According to this standard, Measurements are carried out
for three different temperature zones
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = (30⁡ ∓ 2.5)𝐾
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = (50⁡ ∓ 2.5)𝐾
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = (60⁡ ∓ 2.5)𝐾
Where 𝑇𝑚 is the arithmetic average temperature between inlet and exit of water
𝑇𝑤_𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇𝑤_𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑚 =
2
And 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 is the room temperatures. Room temperature and experiment wall temperatures should be set
to a constant temperature of 20 ℃. In order to carry out this test, a laboratuary design with the
specification of standards is required. Test results will be fit into a simple curvefitting equation in the
form of
𝑄 = 𝑚̇(ℎ𝑤_𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑤_𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 𝐾𝑀 ∆𝑇𝑛
Where Q is the heat transfer, 𝑚̇ is the mass flow rate of water flowing through radiator, ℎ𝑤 is the water
enthalpies at inlet and outlet. 𝐾𝑀 and n are the cırve fitting coefficients obtained as a result of
experiments. In order to reduce measurements uncertainities, measuremnts of each point should be
carried out several times (minimum of three times). A laboratory system according to EN 442-2 is
developed and a wide range of radiators are measured by using this facility. Measurement results and
curve fitting coefficients are given in below table.
Test Raport No: 2022-227

Test Raport Date: 2.12.2022
Model Name Test date Measuremen points

S B
Fin and tube H.E.
2.12.2022 1 2 3
prototype
Test Measurement info
P kPa 101.373 101.316 101.413

Air Pressure
943
Referance Air Temperature t °C 19.968 20.004 20.007
t1 °C 86.380 74.987 52.406

Water Inlet Temperature
t2 °C 73.667 65.012 47.566

Water Outlet Temperature
t1-t2 °C 12.713 9.975 4.840

Temperature Difference
h1 j/kg 361.823 313.974 219.407

Inlet Water Enthalpy
h2 j/kg 308.443 272.169 199.165

Outlet Water Enthalpy
Δh j/kg 53.380 41.806 20.242

Enthalpy Difference
tm °C 80.024 69.999 49.986

Mean Water Enthalpy
Δt °C 60.056 49.995 29.979

Temperature difference
qm g/s 21.751 21.751 21.751

Water mass flow rate
Φ W 1161.1 909.3 440.3

Thermal Output Measured
Thermal Output for standard air Φme W 1166.0 913.5 441.7

pressure
Km n
Δ 60 Δ 50 Δ 30
3.689111471 1.407316089 47
1173.1 907.6 442.3
Prototype tube-fin heat exchanger has the following properties:
Water mass flow rate 21.751x10-3 kg/s

Tube Length 1 m
Tube diameter 18x10-3 m
HE Height 160x10-3 m
HE Width 103.93x10-3 m
Fin thickness 0.79x10-3 m
Distance between fins 6.85x10-3 m
Pipe thickness 0.8x10-3 m
Number of tubes (connected serial) 12
Pipe material copper
Fin material Aliminium
Temperature profile for water inside tubes.

944
945
Air Pressure P kPa 101.373 101.316 101.413
Referance Air Temperature (measured and

t °C 19.968 20.004 20.007
simulated)
Water Inlet Temperature (measured and

t1 °C 86.380 74.987 52.406
simulated)
946
Water Outlet Temperature (measured) t2 °C 73.667 65.012 47.566
Water Flow (measured and simulated) qm g/s 21.751 21.751 21.751
Thermal Output (measured) Φ W 1161.1 909.3 440.3
Thermal Output (Corrected) Φme W 1166.0 913.5 441.7
Km n
Δ 60 Δ 50 Δ 30
3.689111471 1.407316089 47
1173.1 907.6 442.3
Thermal Output (simulation) Φme W 1166.0 913.5 441.7
Water outlet Temperature (simulation) t2 °C 73.921 64.824 46.700
As a result, simulated temperature and heat transfer profile is closely representing the actual measured
values. The model will be an imporant tool to predict performance and paremeter changes and their
effects. It can be used as a first estimation toolsmfor this type of heat excahngers. Model used here has a
specific geometry , bu simialar simualtion models can be developed for different geometries as well.
When a two phase heat exchanger finite difference model is designed, basic changing parameter should
be enthalpy instead of temperature. An active equation of state should be part of the program to
determine phase of fluid that changes the phase. In two phase region basic parameter to be change will
be quality, in the one phase region, it still will be temperature.
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 , 𝑇𝑐𝑖 , 𝑚ℎ , 𝑚𝑐 , 𝐷ℎ , 𝐷𝑐 , 𝜀ℎ , 𝜀𝑐 , 𝑥) where 𝑚ℎ ⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑚𝑐 are mass flow rates of fluids, 𝐷ℎ and 𝐷𝑐 are
dimeter or hydrolic diameter of pipes, 𝜀ℎ , 𝜀𝑐 are surface roughness. x is quality(will be 𝑥 ≤ 0 for liquid,
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1⁡for saturation region and x>1 for vapor. From conservation of energy for surface ∆𝐴𝑖 heat
transfer for a condenser will be
∆𝑄𝑖 = −(𝑚ℎ )𝑖 [ℎℎ𝑖+1 − ℎℎ𝑖 ] = (𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ) [𝑇𝑐𝑖+1 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ]
𝑖
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 , 𝑇𝑐𝑖 , 𝑚ℎ , 𝑚𝑐 , 𝐷ℎ , 𝐷𝑐 , 𝜀ℎ , 𝜀𝑐 )∆𝐴𝑖 [𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ]
∆𝑄𝑖 ∆𝑄𝑖
ℎℎ𝑖+1 = ℎℎ𝑖 − and 𝑇𝑐𝑖+1 = 𝑇𝑐𝑖 − from ℎℎ𝑖+1 and Pressure calculate thermodynamic state
𝑚ℎ (𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 )
𝑖
and if it is one phase fluid (gas or vapor) determine temperature, if it is saturated mixture determine
quality. Properties and convective heat transfer equation will be used accordingly
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
947
public class doublepipecondenser

{ refrigerant hot_fluid;
liquid_CS cold_fluid; //(boru dışı)
double d0,di; // inside pipe insede and outside diamecounter
double D; // outside pipe diameter
double L; // pipe length
double mi; // refISO mass flow rate
double md; // cooling fluid mass flow rate;
double k; // thermal conductivity
double eps;
double Tcold[];
double Thot[];
double x[];
double dL;
double dh;
double Q;
double dP;
double Uortalama;
double A0,Ai;
double ts; //saturation temperature
double Ri,R0;//fouling resistances;
double dPi,dPd;//pressure drop;
int N; //finite difference division
double eod; // eps/di
double P; // refrigerant pressure kPa
public double xs; //refrigerant quality x<0 liquid, 0<=x<=1 saturation x>1 gas
double Cportalama;
boolean phasechange=false;
String phase;
double LMTD;
double Qlmtd;
public doublepipecondenser(String fluid1, String fluid2,double Pi,double mii,double mdi,double d0i,double dii,double Di,doubl e
Li,double dLi)
{ //fluid1 : refISO
//fluid2 : cooling fluid
//mi : mass flow rate refrigerant
//md : Mass flow rate cooling fluid
//di : inside diameter
//d0 : outside diameter
//D : Outside pipe inside diameter
//L : total pipe length;
//dL : finite difference length
d0=d0i;di=dii;D=Di;L=Li;mi=mii;md=mdi;
dL=dLi;
P=Pi;
N=(int)(L/dLi+0.000001);
Tcold=new double[N+1];
Thot=new double[N+1];
x=new double[N+1];
eps=45e-6;
k=54.0;
Ri=0.000176;
R0=0.000352;
hot_fluid=new refrigerant(fluid1);
cold_fluid=new liquid_CS(fluid2);
dh=D-d0;
phase="liquid";
}
///Diğer programdan
// boru içi
public double f(double Re)
{
//Haaland equation
//double f1=-1.8*Math.log10(Math.pow((eod/3.7),1.11)+6.9/ Re);
//f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//double A=Math.log10(eod/3.7+5.74/Math.pow(Re,0.9));
//double f1=0.25/(A*A);
//double A1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+12.0/Re);
//double B1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+2.51*A1/Re);
//double C1=-2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+2.51*B1/Re);
//double f1=A1-((B1-A1)*(B1-A1))/(C1-2.0*B1+A1);
948
//f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
//boru içi
public double fx(double X,double Re)
{
// colebrook equation to solve
// friction factor for turbulent flow 2000 < Re
double xx=2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+2.51/Re*X)+X;
return xx;
}
//boru içi
public double dfx(double X,double Re)
{
//derivative of colebrook equation
double xx;
xx = 1+2.0/(eod/3.7+2.51/Re*X)/Math.log(10.0)*2.51/Re;
return xx;
}
//boru içi
public double fcol(double Re)
{
// solution of the colebrook equation
// by using newton method
double fi=f(Re);
double xx=1.0/ Math.pow(fi,0.5);
int nmax=50;
for(int i=0;i<nmax;i++)
{
double fx1=fx(xx,Re);
xx-=fx1/dfx(xx,Re);
if(Math.abs(fx1)<tolerance)
{double ff=1.0/(xx*xx);
return ff;}
}
double ff=1.0/(xx*xx);
return ff;
}
//boru içi
public double velocity(double t)
{
// avarage velocity of the pipe m/x
double x=0.0;
double mboru=mi;
double a[];
if(xs>=0 && xs<=1) a=hot_fluid.property("tx",t,xs);
else a=hot_fluid.property("tp",t,P);
double ro=a[7];
double A=Math.PI*di*di/4.0;
return mboru/ro/A;
}
public double x(double xs)

{double x=0;
if(xs>1) x=1;
else if(xs<0) x=0;
else x=xs;
return x;
}
public double velocityl(double t)

{
949
double x=0.0;
double mboru=mi;
double a[];
double rol=hot_fluid.r.rol(t);
return (1-x(xs))*mboru/rol/A;
}
public double velocityv(double t)
{
double x=0.0;
double mboru=mi;
double a[];
double rov=hot_fluid.r.rov(t);
return x(xs)*mboru/rov/A;
}
//boru içi Ref
public double Re(double t)
{
return Rel(t)+Rev(t);
}
public double Rel(double t)
{
// Reynold's number boru içi liquid
double visl=hot_fluid.r.viscosity_l(t);
double vv=velocityl(t);
double res=(di*vv*rol/visl);
return res;
}
public double Rev(double t)
{
// Reynold's number boru içi vapor
double a[];
double visv=hot_fluid.r.viscosity_v(t);
double vv=velocityv(t);
double res=(di*vv*rov/visv);
return res;
}
//boru içi
public double hc(double t)
{
//convective heat transfer coefficient
double Rey;
double kt;
double Nu=0;
double Prt=0;
double ss=0;
if(xs>=1) { kt=hot_fluid.r.k_v(t);Rey=Rev(t);Prt=hot_fluid.r.Pr_v(t);}
else if(xs<=0) {kt=hot_fluid.r.k_l(t);Rey=Rel(t);Prt=hot_fluid.r.Pr_l(t);}
else
{ kt=(hot_fluid.r.k_l(t)*(1-x(xs))+hot_fluid.r.k_v(t)*x(xs));Rey=Rel(t);Prt=(hot_fluid.r.Pr_v(t)*x(xs)+hot_fluid.r.Pr_l(t)*(1.0-
x(xs)));}
if(xs>=1 || xs<=0) // single phase heat transfer
{
if(Rey<=2300) {Nu=3.66;} //Laminar region
else if(Rey>2300 && Rey<=3100)
{ //Referans : Heat transfer in all pipe flow regimes:laminar,transitional/intermittent, and turbulent
// J.P. Abraham, E.M. Sparrow, J.C.K. Tong, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 52(2009) 557-563
double Re1=(Rey/1000.0);
Nu=2.2407*Re1*Re1*Re1*Re1-29.499*Re1*Re1*Re1+142.32*Re1*Re1-292.51*Re1+219.88;
}
else //one phase heat transfer
{ double fr = f(Rey);
//Prt = hot_fluid.r.Pr(t);
// Turbulent region Gnielinski equation
// Referance:
// V. Gnielinski, New equations for heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe and
//channel flow, Int. Chem. Eng. 16 (1976) 359–367.
// Valid for 2000 < Re <5e5, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Nu=fr/8.0*(Rey-1000.0)*Prt/
(1+12.7* Math.sqrt(fr/8.0)*( Math.pow(Prt,(2.0/3.0))-1.0));
}
950
if(xs>=1) kt=hot_fluid.r.k_v(t);
if(xs<=0) kt=hot_fluid.r.k_l(t);
ss=Nu*kt/di;
}
else
{//Travis ve arkadaşları formülü
double a[]=hot_fluid.property("tx",t,xs);
double ro=a[7];
double visv=hot_fluid.r.viscosity_v(t);
double visl=hot_fluid.r.viscosity_l(t);
double vis=(1.0-xs)*visl+xs*visv;
Rey=Rel(t);
double Xtt=Math.pow(((1-xs)/xs),0.9)*Math.sqrt(rov/ro)*Math.pow((vis/visv),0.1);
double Ftt=0.15*(1.0/Xtt+2.85*Math.pow(Xtt,-0.467));
double F2=0;
double x1=0;
if(Rey<50)
{F2=0.707*Prt*Rey;}
else if(Rey>=50 && Rey<=1125)
{x1=1+Prt*(0.09636*Math.pow(Rey,0.585)-1.0);F2=5.0*Prt+5.0*Math.log(x1);}
else
{x1=0.00313*Math.pow(Rey,0.812);F2=1.0+5*Math.log(1+5.0*Prt)+2.5*Math.log(x1);}
Nu=Prt*Math.pow(Rey,0.9)/F2*Ftt;
kt=hot_fluid.r.k_l(t);
ss=Nu*kt/di;
}
return ss;
}
///========================
public double f(double Re,double eod)
{
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
//boru dışı ısı transferi
public double Vd(double t)
{ double ro=cold_fluid.ro(t);
double Ad=Math.PI*(D*D-d0*d0)/4.0;
double v=md/ro/Ad;
return v;
}
public double Red(double t)

{
double mud=cold_fluid.vis(t);
double ro=cold_fluid.ro(t);
double Vd=Vd(t);
double Re=ro*Vd*dh/mud;
return Re;
}
public double dPd(double t)
{
double Re=Red(t);
double eod=eps/d0;
double f=f(Re,eod);
double ro=cold_fluid.ro(t);
double v=Vd(t);
double dP=dL/d0*f*ro*v*v/2.0;
return dP;
}
public double Nud(double t)

{
951
double eod=eps/dh;
double Re=Red(t);
double f=f(Re,eod);
double Pr=cold_fluid.Pr(t);
double Nu=(f/8.0)*(Re-1000.0)*Pr;
double A=1.0+12.7*Math.sqrt(f/8.0)*(Math.pow(Pr,(2.0/3.0))-1.0);
Nu/=A;
return Nu;
}
public double hd(double t)

{ double Nu=Nud(t);
double k=cold_fluid.k(t);
double h=Nu*k/dh;
return h;
}
public double U0(double Ti,double Td)

{ double Ai=Math.PI*di*di/4.0;
double A0=Math.PI*d0*d0/4.0;
double hi=hc(Ti);
double hd=hd(Td);
double U=A0*(1.0/(hi*Ai)+Ri/Ai+Math.log(d0/di)/(2.0*Math.PI*k*dL)+R0/A0+1.0/(hd*A0));
return 1.0/U;
}

{String s="";
s+="saturation liquid (internal pipe) = "+hot_fluid.r.refrigerantName+"\n";
s+="cold liquid (outside pipe) = "+cold_fluid.liquidName+"\n";
s+="saturation liquid temperatures (internal pipe) = "+Thot[0]+" "+Thot[N]+"\n";
s+="cold liquid temperatres (outside pipe) = "+Tcold[0]+" "+Tcold[N]+"\n";
//s+="sıcak sıvı pressure drop (outside pipe) = "+dPd+" Pa\n";
//s+="soğuk sıvı pressure drop (internal pipe) = "+dPi+" Pa\n";
s+="Heat transfer = "+Q+"Watt \n";
s+="surface area = "+Math.PI*d0*L+" m^2 \n";
return s;
}
public double calculate1(double tic, double tdis1)

{ //tic : refISO inlet temperature degree C
//tdis1: cooling water inlet temp degree C
Q=0;
double xx=0;
double dtic=0;
double dhic=0;
double ticp1=0;
double hicp1=0;
double hic=0;
double xsp1=0;
double xsp2=0;
double hv=0,hf=0;
double Cps,CpsP1;
double a[],a1[],a2[],a3[];
double dq=0;
double roavg=0;
double Vavg=0;
double h1,h2;
double rocold=cold_fluid.ro(tdis1);
Ai=Math.PI*di*L;
A0=Math.PI*d0*L;
a1=hot_fluid.property("px",P,1.0);
a2=hot_fluid.property("px",P,0.0);
ts=a1[1];
if(ts>tic) {phase="liquid";phasechange=false;}
else if(ts<tic) {phase="vapor";phasechange=false;}
hv=a1[3];
hf=a2[3];
a=hot_fluid.property("tp",tic,P);
h1=a[3];
xsp2=(h1-hf)/(hv-hf);
xs=xsp2;
a=hot_fluid.property("tp",tic,P);
a1=hot_fluid.property("tp",(tic-0.1),P);
Cps=(a[3]-a1[3])/0.1;
h1=a[3];
hic=h1;
952
dP=0;
double dxs=0;
double dtdis1=0;
double Cp=0;
Uortalama=0;
Vavg=0;
double uu=0;
double dA=A0/N;
double dAi=Ai/N;
double dq1=0;
Thot[0]=tic;
Tcold[0]=tdis1;
x[0]=xx;
double Dq1=0;
Q=0;
{ Cp=cold_fluid.Cp(tdis1);
Cportalama+=Cp;
double Rey=Re(tic);
double f=fcol(Rey);
Vavg+=velocity(tic);
uu=U0(tic,tdis1);
Uortalama+=uu;
dq=uu*1e-3*dAi*(tic-tdis1);
dq1+=dq;
dhic=dq/mi;
hicp1=hic+dhic;
xsp1=(hicp1-hf)/(hv-hf);
if(xsp1<0) {phasechange=false;phase="liquid";}
else if (xsp1>1) {phasechange=false;phase="vapor";}
else {phasechange=true;phase="saturated";}
if(!phasechange) { ticp1=tic+dhic/Cps;}
else {a=hot_fluid.property("px",P,xsp1); ticp1=a[1];}
hic=hicp1;
//cold liquid
Dq1=mi*dhic;
dtdis1=Dq1/(md*Cp);
Q+=dq1;
tdis1+=dtdis1;
Thot[i]=tic;
Tcold[i]=tdis1;
xx+=dL;
x[i]=xx;
tic=ticp1;
xs=xsp1;
//System.out.println("phase = "+phase+"xx="+xx+"ts="+ts+"tic="+tic+"tdis1 = "+tdis1+"hv="+hv+"hf="+hf+" hic="+hic+" pc
"+phasechange+" xsp1="+xsp1+" xs="+xs);
}
roavg/=N;
Vavg/=N;
Uortalama/=N;
Cportalama/=N;
return tic;
}
public void calculate_counter(double tic, double tdis)
{
//counter flow system
//tic : cold liquid inlet temperature
//tdis : hot liquid inlet temperature
double dT=(ts-tdis)/30;
double tin[]=new double[25];
double tout[]=new double[25];
{tout[i]=tdis+dT*(i+1)+30.0;
tin[i]=calculate1(tout[i],tdis);
System.out.println("i="+i+"tout="+tout[i]+"tin="+tin[i]);
}
double e[]=EKK(tin,tout,7);
double tic1=funcEKK(e,tic);
double tic2=calculate1(tic1,tdis);
double dT1=Thot[0]-Tcold[0];
double dT2=Thot[N-1]-Tcold[N-1];
LMTD=(dT1-dT2)/Math.log(dT1/dT2);
Qlmtd=Uortalama*A0*LMTD;
}
953
//EKK
//en kucuk kareler metodu
int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
}
}
954
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
return X;
}

{
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
public void plot()
{
Plot pp=new Plot(x,Tcold);
pp.addData(x,Thot);
Locale us=new Locale("US");
String s1="Q = %4.1f kW A = %4.1f m^2 dP = %4.1f kPA U = %4.0f W/m^2K";
//String s4=String.format(us,s1,Q*1e-3,A0);
pp.setPlabel("double pipe condenser");
pp.setXlabel("x, m");
pp.setYlabel("T temperature , degree C");
pp.plot();
}

{ String fluid1="R134a";
String fluid2="su";
double Pi=1500.0; //kPa
//di : inside diameter
955
double di=25.4e-3;
double d0=di*1.02;
double D=1.2*d0;
double L=20.0;
double dL=0.05;
double mi=0.2; //kg/s
double md=0.8; //kg/s;
//d0 : outside diameter
//D : Outside pipe inside diameter
//L : total pipe length;
//dL : finite difference length
doublepipecondenser iy=new doublepipecondenser(fluid1,fluid2,Pi,mi,md,d0,di,D,L,dL);
double tdis=20.0;
double tic=70;
iy.calculate_counter(tic,tdis);
iy.plot();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,""+iy);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" doublepipecondenser
i=0tout=49.33333333333333tin=83.7625122497982
i=1tout=48.66666666666667tin=81.13717141300293
i=2tout=48.0tin=79.77844621840916
i=3tout=47.33333333333333tin=78.64875546855869
i=4tout=46.66666666666667tin=76.77207535750125
i=5tout=46.0tin=75.00567494331504
i=6tout=45.333333333333336tin=73.6733194237354
i=7tout=44.66666666666667tin=72.71120003438882
i=8tout=44.0tin=70.48355439330206
i=9tout=43.333333333333336tin=69.58201239349478
i=10tout=42.66666666666667tin=68.18803099955473
i=11tout=42.0tin=66.80060461199444
i=12tout=41.333333333333336tin=65.73364561235323
i=13tout=40.66666666666667tin=64.28606408927867
i=14tout=40.0tin=62.98735151866717
i=15tout=39.333333333333336tin=61.833038394321015
i=16tout=38.66666666666667tin=60.660785045863776
i=17tout=38.0tin=59.19679514902403
i=18tout=37.333333333333336tin=58.3363361340472
i=19tout=36.66666666666667tin=56.96242061158853
i=20tout=36.0tin=55.84439441539124
i=21tout=35.333333333333336tin=55.232788492883934
i=22tout=34.66666666666667tin=55.232788492883934
i=23tout=34.0tin=55.232788492883934
i=24tout=33.333333333333336tin=55.232788492883934
956
Now lets look at a two dimensional finite difference heat exchanger problem. In order to recover waste
heat from exhaust gases or worm air going out of building we use energy recovery heat exchangers
called recuperators. Recuperators are cross flow heat exchangers. By considering a two two dimensional
grid, we can investigate temperature profile and energy distribution of this devices. In the representation
basic geometry of the finite difference model is shown Plates has an area of W*X and we will be
looking two dimensional grid m,n
The basic heat transfer equations can be written as (heat transfer in z direction)
∆𝑄𝑚,𝑛 = 𝑈𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝐴𝑚,𝑛 [𝑇ℎ𝑚,𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑚,𝑛 ]
𝑥 = 𝑚 ∗ ∆𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑛 ∗ ∆𝑦
Boundary conditions for the problem
𝑇ℎ𝑚,𝑛 = 𝑇𝑦0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
957
𝑇𝑐𝑚,𝑛 = 𝑇𝑥0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Note that instead of constant a variable profile can be taken.
Thickness of the plate = ∆𝑧
∆𝑧
Due to symmetry between the plates distance will be taken in each side of a single plate and adiabatic
2
boundary will be assumed at this thickness. Therefore mass flow rate for the channels will be taken as
1 𝑚ℎ 1 𝑚𝑐 1 𝑚𝑐
∆𝑚ℎ𝑚,𝑛 = ∆𝑚𝑐𝑚,𝑛 = if it is assumed that W=L then ∆𝑚𝑐𝑚,𝑛 = also ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦
2 𝐿 2 𝑊 2 𝐿
∆𝑧 ∆𝑧
∆𝑚ℎ𝑚,𝑛 = 𝜌ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥𝑉ℎ𝑚,𝑛 ∆𝑚𝑐𝑚,𝑛 = 𝜌𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑥𝑉𝑐𝑚,𝑛
2 2
∆𝑄𝑚,𝑛 = ∆𝑚ℎ𝑚,𝑛 𝐶𝑝ℎ𝑚,𝑛 (𝑇ℎ(𝑚+1),𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ𝑚,𝑛 ) ∆𝑄𝑚,𝑛 = ∆𝑚𝑐𝑚,𝑛 𝐶𝑝𝑐𝑚,𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑚,(𝑛+1) − 𝑇ℎ𝑚,𝑛 )
Since temperature of one corner is known for both cold and hot sides, all temperature and heat transfer
profile can be calculated.
PROBLEM: A recuperator has the following properties:⁡𝑚ℎ = 0.636⁡𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝑚𝑐 = 0.54⁡𝑘𝑔/𝑠 W=0.5 m

L=0.5 m channel heigh dZ=2.25 mm, number of plates N=140 and temperature are 80 C and 30 C.
Calculate temperature profile and heat transfer
public class recuperator1

{ // recuperator
Gas hot_sivi; // cold liquid
Gas cold_sivi; // hot liquid
double Thot[][];
double Tcold[][];
double x[]; // x dimension coordinates
double y[]; //y dimension coordinates
double Q; // heat transfer
double Qlmtd; // heat transfer LMTD
double LMTD;
double KL; // local pressure drop coefficient
double A; // surface area
double mhot; // mass flow rate
double mcold; // mass flow rate
double dmhot;
double dmcold;
double Ric,Rdis; // fouling resistances
double klevha; // thermal conductivity of plate
double dL; // finite difference step size
int n_x; // finite difference x direction number of states
int n_y; // finite difference y direction number of states
double L,W,dz,Z;
int nplate;
double kboru;
double platethickness;
double eod=1e-4;
double Thotin,Thotout;
double Tcoldin,Tcoldout;
double UU[][];
public recuperator1(String ihot_sivi,
String icold_sivi,double mhoti,double mcoldi,double Li, double Wi,double dzi,double dLi,int nplatei)
{hot_sivi=new Gas(ihot_sivi);
cold_sivi=new Gas(icold_sivi);
L=Li;
W=Wi;
dL=dLi;
n_x=(int)(L/dL)+1;
n_y=(int)(W/dL)+1;
W=Wi;
dL=dLi;
nplate=nplatei;
dz=dzi;
Z=dz*nplate;
mhot=mhoti;
mcold=mcoldi;
dmhot=mhot/nplate;
dmcold=mcold/nplate;
kboru=210.0; //(w/mK)
958
platethickness=1e-3; //m
System.out.println("n_x="+n_x+"n_y="+n_y+"L="+L+"W="+W);
Thot=new double[n_x][n_y];
Tcold=new double[n_x][n_y];
UU=new double[n_x][n_y];
Thotin=0;
Thotout=0;
Tcoldin=0;
Tcoldout=0;
}
// -------------------------------------------
// ------------- ---------------------
// Wood stave 0.18e-3 - 0.9 e-3
// -------------------------------------------
// boru içi
{
//Haaland equation
//f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//double f1=0.25/(A*A);
//f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//System.out.println("Sergides equation f1="+f1);
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//System.out.println("Goudar equation f1="+f1);
return f1;
}
//boru içi
//boru içi
public double velocity_x(double t)
{
// velocity of the pipe m/x
double x=0.0;
double mboru=dmhot/2.0;
double T=t+273.15;
double aa[]=hot_sivi.property(T,1.01325);
double ro=aa[15]/aa[2];
double A=W*dz/2.0;
return (mboru/ro/A);
}
public double velocity_y(double t)
{
double x=0.0;
double mboru=dmcold/2.0;
959
double T=t+273.15;
double aa[]=cold_sivi.property(T,1.01325);
double A=L*dz/2.0;
return (mboru/ro/A);
}
//boru içi
public double Re_x(double t)
{
// reynold's number boru içi
double T=t+273.15;
double vis=aa[13];
double vv=velocity_x(t);
double A=W*dz/2.0;
double P=2.0*W+dz;
double dh=4*A/P;
double res=(dh*vv*ro/vis);
return res;
}
public double Re_y(double t)
{
double T=t+273.15;
double vis=aa[13];
double vv=velocity_x(t);
double A=W*dz/2.0;
double P=2.0*W+dz;
double dh=4*A/P;
double res=(dh*vv*ro/vis);
return res;
}
//boru içi
public double h_x(double t)
{
double Rey=Re_x(t);
double Nu=0;
double Prt=1.0;
double T=t+273.15;
double A=W*dz/2.0;
double P=2.0*W+dz;
double dh=4*A/P;
if(Rey<2300)
{ Nu=3.66; }
else
{
//double fr = f(m,t);
double fr = f(Rey);
//System.out.println("f="+fr);
Prt = aa[16];
// Gnielinski equation
// Gnielinski, V, Int. Chem Eng., 16, 359,1976
// Valid for 2000 < Re <5e5, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Nu=fr/8.0*(Rey-1000.0)*Prt/
}
double kt = aa[14];
double ss=Nu*kt/dh;
//System.out.println("Re="+Rey+"Nu="+Nu+"h="+ss+"Prt="+Prt+"kt="+kt+"di="+di);
return ss;
}
public double h_y(double t)
{
double Rey=Re_y(t);
double Nu=0;
double Prt=1.0;
double T=t+273.15;
double A=L*dz/2.0;
double P=2.0*L+dz;
double dh=4*A/P;
960
if(Rey<2300)
{ Nu=3.66; }
else
{
//double fr = f(m,t);
double fr = f(Rey);
//System.out.println("f="+fr);
Prt = aa[16];
// Valid for 2000 < Re <5e5, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Nu=fr/8.0*(Rey-1000.0)*Prt/
}
double kt = aa[14];
double ss=Nu*kt/dh;
return ss;
}
public double U0(double t_x,double t_y)

{
double hi=h_x(t_x); // boru içi ısı transferi
double ho=h_y(t_y); // boru dışı ısı transferi
double Uboru=1.0/(1.0/ho+1.0/hi+platethickness/kboru);
//System.out.println("hi="+hi+"h0="+ho+"Uboru="+Uboru);
return Uboru;
}
public void hesapla(double t_x, double t_y)

{ Thotin=t_x;
Tcoldin=t_y;
double Q=0;
double dQ=0;
double dA=dL*dL;
double Cphot=0.0;
double Cpcold=0.0;
double U=0;
int i,j;
for(j=0;j<n_y;j++)
{Thot[0][j]=t_y;}
for(i=0;i<n_x;i++)
{Tcold[i][0]=t_x;}
for(j=1;j<n_y;j++)
{for(i=1;i<n_x;i++)
{
U=U0(Thot[i-1][j-1],Tcold[i-1][j-1]);
UU[i][j-1]=U;
if(j==1 && i==1) UU[i-1][j-1]=U;
dQ=U*dA*(Tcold[i-1][j-1]-Thot[i-1][j-1]);
double aa[]=hot_sivi.property((Thot[i-1][j-1]+273.15),1.01325);
Cphot=aa[9]/aa[15]*1e3;
Thot[i][j-1]=Thot[i-1][j-1]+dQ/(Cphot*dmhot/2.0);
}
for(i=1;i<n_x+1;i++)
{
U=U0(Thot[i-1][j-1],Tcold[i-1][j-1]);
UU[i-1][j]=U;
Q+=dQ;
double aa1[]=cold_sivi.property((Tcold[i-1][j-1]+273.15),1.01325);
Cpcold=aa1[9]/aa1[15]*1e3;
Tcold[i-1][j]=Tcold[i-1][j-1]-dQ/(Cpcold*dmcold/2.0);
}
}
j=n_y;
for(i=1;i<n_x;i++)
{U=U0(Thot[i-1][j-1],Tcold[i-1][j-1]);
UU[i][j-1]=U;
double aa[]=hot_sivi.property((Thot[i-1][j-1]+273.15),1.01325);
Cphot=aa[9]/aa[15]*1e3;
Thot[i][j-1]=Thot[i-1][j-1]+dQ/(Cphot*dmhot/2.0);
}
961
Q*=nplate;
Thotout=0;
Tcoldout=0;
for(j=0;j<n_y;j++)
{Thotout+=Thot[n_x-1][j];
UU[n_x-1][j]=U;
//System.out.println("Thotout="+Thotout);
}
Thotout/=n_y;
System.out.println("Thotout="+Thotout);
for(i=0;i<n_x;i++)
{Tcoldout+=Tcold[i][n_y-1];
UU[i][n_y-1]=U;
}
Tcoldout/=n_x;
System.out.println("Tcoldout="+Tcoldout);
}
/*
import visad.*;
*/
import java.awt.*;
public class recuperator1test
{
{ String ihot_sivi="air";
String icold_sivi="air";
double mhoti=0.01;//kg/s
double mcoldi=0.01;//kg/s
double Li=0.8; //m
double Wi=0.4; //m
double dzi=2.0e-3;//m
double dLi=0.02; //m
int nplatei=40;
recuperator1 r=new recuperator1(ihot_sivi,icold_sivi,mhoti,mcoldi,Li,Wi,dzi,dLi,nplatei);
r.hesapla(30.0,80.0);
System.out.println("Thot inlet="+r.Thotin+"Thor exit="+r.Thotout);
System.out.println("Tcold inlet="+r.Tcoldin+"Tcold exit="+r.Tcoldout);
Text.print(r.Tcold);
Text.print(r.Thot);
Text.print(r.UU);
ContourPlot h=new ContourPlot(r.Tcold,0.0,Li,0.0,Wi,80,false,"T_hot degree C Recuperator hot side","x, m","y, m");
ContourPlot c=new ContourPlot(r.Thot,0.0,Li,0.0,Wi,80,false,"T_cold degree C Recuperator cold side","x, m","y, m");
//ContourPlot u=new ContourPlot(r.UU,0.0,Li,0.0,Wi,40,true,"U ısı transfer katsayısı W/(m2K)","x, m","y, m");
h.plot();
c.plot();
double b1[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(-1.0,2.0,-1.0,1.0,r.Thot);
surfacePlot p1=new surfacePlot(b1,"x","y","Thot");
p1.plot();
double b2[][]=surfacePlot.dataformat(-1.0,2.0,-1.0,1.0,r.Tcold);
surfacePlot p2=new surfacePlot(b2,"x","y","Tcold");
p2.plot();
//Plot3D.data(r.Tcold,0,r.L,0,r.W,40,"x","y","T");
//Plot3D.data(r.Thot,0,r.L,0,r.W,40,"x","y","T");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" recuperator1test
n_x=41n_y=21L=0.8W=0.4
Thotout=37.86538192287644
Tcoldout=50.925562100756515
Q=-4313.188435010662
Thot inlet=30.0Thor exit=37.86538192287644
Tcold inlet=80.0Tcold exit=50.925562100756515
962
963
16.6 FINNED SURFACES HEAT TRANSFER FOR HEAT EXCHANGER APPLICATIONS
Now let us looked at a finned surface heat exchanger. In this geometry tubes connected to the fins
throufg a bended region of the plate called çöller. In most of the heat exchangers fin and pipe
connection based only touching contact by expanding pipe diameter by applying high internal pressure.
Braze connections are also used but not as common. For finned heat exchangers a set of equation
[70],[71]
964
Can be given as:
1 1 𝛿 1 𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑤
= + 𝑤 + + + where ℎ0 average fin site heat transfer coefficient, 0 fin
𝑈𝐴 0 ℎ0 𝐴0 𝑘𝑤𝐴𝑤 𝐴𝑖 ℎ 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑤
efficiency 𝐴0 fin site total area (including pipe), 𝐴𝑖 inside area, U is overall heat transfer coefficient and
𝑅𝑖 and 𝑅𝑤 internal and external fouling factors. 𝛿𝑤 is fin thickness and 𝛿𝑓 fin thickness
tanh⁡(𝑚𝑟) 2ℎ0
0 = 𝑚=√
𝑚𝑟 𝑘𝑓 𝛿𝑓
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑋𝐿 𝑅𝑒𝑞
= [ − 1] [ − 0.35𝑙𝑛 ( )]
𝑟 𝑋𝑀 𝑟
Staggered configuration
Aligned configuration
For staggered pipes:

𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑋𝑀 𝑋𝐿 1/2
= 1.27 [𝑋 − 0.3] where r is the pipe radius
𝑟 𝑟 𝑀
𝑃𝑡 2 𝑃
𝑋𝐿 = √( ) + 𝑃𝑙2 𝑋𝑀 = ( 𝑡 ) where Pt is vertical distance between the pipes, P l is horizontal
2 2
distance between the pipes
For aligned pipes:
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑋𝑀 𝑋𝐿 1/2
= 1.28 [𝑋 − 0.2]
𝑟 𝑟 𝑀
For this composition

𝑃
𝑋𝐿 = ( 𝑇 )
2
ℎ 𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑐
For plain fins:𝑆𝑡 = stanton number 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = where 𝐷𝑐 is fin collar outside diameter 𝐷𝐻 =
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝜇
2𝑅𝑒𝑞
ℎ
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 Colburn module
𝐺𝐶𝑝
General geometric properties of the fin heat transfer is shown in below
Where Pd waffle height

Fp fin pitch
S fin spacing
965
Xf projected fin pattern length
𝛿𝑓 fin thickness
𝜃 corrugation angle
Dc Fin collar outside diameter
Plain fins
Single raw plain fin (N=1)
ℎ 𝑃 𝑃1 𝐷 1.161 𝐷 1.035 𝐹 𝑃2
𝑝
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 0.173𝑅𝑒𝐷−0.346 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑐
(𝐹 ) ℎ
(𝐹 ) (𝑃 )
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑃 𝑙 𝑝 𝑝 𝑡
𝑃1 = −0.22 ln(𝑅𝑒𝐷 ) + 1.88
𝑃2 = 0.106 ln(𝑅𝑒𝐷 )
Two or more raws (𝑁 ≥ 2)
𝑃5 1.026
ℎ 𝐹 𝑃
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 0.1078𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑃3 𝑁 𝑃4 ( 𝑝 ) (𝐹𝑡 )
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝐷 ℎ 𝑝
𝐹𝑝 0.42
𝑃3 = 0.16 ln (𝑁 ( ) ) − 0.349
𝐷 𝑐
𝑃 1.38
−0.094( 𝑙 )
𝐷ℎ
𝑃3 = − 1.405
ln(𝑅𝑒𝐷)
𝑅𝑒𝐷
𝑃4 = 1.263𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 5.97
𝑁
4𝐴𝑐𝐿
𝐷ℎ = hydraulic diameter
𝐴0
Fanning friction factor:
𝑃 1.959 𝐹𝑝 𝑃7
𝑓 = 0.0146𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑃6 ( 𝑡 ) (𝐷 ) 𝑁 0.021
𝑃 𝑙 𝑐
0.01166 𝐹
𝑃4 = −0.0535 + 𝑃
+ 0.123 ( 𝑝 )
𝑙𝑛(𝑃𝑡) 𝐷 𝑐
𝑙
19.59
𝑃7 = 2.319 −
ln(𝑅𝑒𝐷 )
wavy fins:
−0.456 −1.343 𝑃 0.317
ℎ 𝑃 𝐹
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = −0.17017 − 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑊1 ( 𝑙 ) 𝑁 −0.27 ( 𝑝) 𝑑
(𝑋 )
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝛿 𝑓 𝐷𝑐 𝑓
−0.493 −0.0296
𝑃 𝐹𝑝 −0.886 𝑃
𝑊1 = −0.1707 − 1.374 ( 𝑙 ) (𝐷 ) 𝑁 −0.143 ( 𝑑 )
𝛿 𝑓 𝑐 𝑋 𝑓
𝑓2 −2.726
𝐹𝑝 𝑓3 0.1325
𝑓1 𝑃 𝐴 𝐷
𝑓 = 0.05273𝑅𝑒𝐷 ( 𝑑 ) (𝑃 ) (𝑙𝑛 (𝐴0)) ( 𝐷ℎ ) 𝑁 0.02305
𝑋 𝑓 𝑡 𝑡 𝑐
0.25 −0.2
𝐹 𝐴 𝑃
𝑓1 = 0.1714 − 0.07372 ( 𝑝) 𝑙𝑛 ( 0) ( 𝑑 )
𝑃 𝑙 𝐴 𝑋𝑡 𝑓
𝐹𝑝 0.3 𝐴0
𝑓2 = 0.426 ( ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑃 𝑡 𝐴 𝑡
−10.2192
𝑓3 =
ln(𝑅𝑒𝐷)
Fanning friction factor:

Correlations for lower fins:
966
type I Louver type II Louver
type III Louver Type IV Louver
type V Louver type VI Louver
Type I,III,IV and VI 𝑅𝑒𝐷 < 1000

−0.177 −0.254
ℎ 𝑃 1.44 𝐹𝑝 0.322 𝐿 𝐿
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 0.501𝑅𝑒𝐷0.094 ( 𝑙 ) (𝐷 ) 𝑁 −0.809 ( 𝑝) (𝐿ℎ )
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑃 𝑡 𝑐 𝐹 𝑝 𝑝
𝐹𝑝 𝐹𝑝
Equation valid for 𝑁 ≥ 4 ≥ 0.14 or 𝑁 = 2,3 < 0.14
𝐷𝑐 𝐷𝑐
Type II, and lover fins with re-direction louver and N=1 and lover fins with re-direction louver 𝑅𝑒𝐷 >
1000
−1.51 𝐹 −0.107 −0.433
ℎ 𝑃 𝑝 𝐿
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 0.962𝑅𝑒𝐷𝐿1 ( 𝑙 ) (𝐷 ) 𝑁 −1.06 ( ℎ )
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑃 𝑡 𝑐 𝐿 𝑝
967
−0.424 −0.127
𝑃 𝐿
𝐿1 = [−0.501 ( 𝑙 ) 𝑁 −0.253 ( ℎ ) ]
𝑃 𝑡 𝐿 𝑝
Correlation of fanning friction factor

𝑍2 0.352 1.69
𝐹 𝐿 𝐿𝑝
𝑓 = 0.72𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑍1 ( 𝑝) 𝑁 0.322 ( ℎ ) (𝐹 )
𝐷 𝑐 𝐿 𝑝 𝑝
0.352 0.63
𝑃𝑙 −0.726 0.0782 𝐿ℎ 𝐿𝑝
𝑍1 = −0.392 ( ) 𝑁 ( ) ( )
𝑃𝑡 𝐿𝑝 𝐹𝑝
−1
𝑃𝑙 𝑃𝑙 −2
𝑍2 = −3.3 + 3.72 ( ) − 1.29 ( )
𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡
Now let us look at another finned structure: tube with a fin. In this type of fnned surfaces fin can be
integral part of the tube , or welded or brazed to the tube surface. A general wiew of this type of finned
tube is given above. Where s=distance between fins, tf fin thickness, dr pipe external diameter, lf fin
height and df total diameter. Nf number of fins in 1 m tube length. Heat transfer equation for few
different geometries are given below:
Low fin height and frequent fins (Briggs & Young Correlation[95],[97]) :
0.164 0.075
𝑠 𝑠
Nu = 0.1507𝑅𝑒𝑑0.667 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( ) (𝑡 ) 1000 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 20000 for Staggered configuration
𝑙 𝑓 𝑓
High-fin tube banks

0.296
𝑠
Nu = 0.1378𝑅𝑒𝑑0718 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( )
𝑙 𝑓
For all fin heights:
0.2 0.1134
𝑠 𝑠
Nu = 0.134𝑅𝑒𝑑0.681 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( ) (𝑡 )
𝑙 𝑓 𝑓
0.2 0.1134
ℎ 𝑠 𝑠
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 0.134𝑅𝑒𝑑−0.3191 ( ) (𝑡 )
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑑 𝑓 𝑓
Small fin height and frequent fins (Rabas, Eckel and Sabatino equation) :
0.257 0.7717
ℎ 𝑠 𝑡𝑓 0.666 𝑑𝑓 0.473 𝑑𝑓
𝑗 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 𝑃𝑟 2/3 = 0.292𝑅𝑒𝑑−𝑚 ( ) (𝑠) (𝑑 ) (𝑡 ) 𝛼ℎ 𝛼𝑛
𝐺𝐶𝑝 𝑑 𝑓 𝑟 𝑓
𝑑
𝑚 = 0.415 − 0.0346𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑓)
𝑠
𝑇𝑏 +273.15 0.25
𝛼ℎ = ( )
𝑇𝑤+273.15
Pr⁡(𝑇𝑏 ) 0.25
𝛼𝑛 = ( )
Pr⁡(𝑇𝑤)
Fanning friction factor
0.2251
𝑠 𝑙𝑓 0.759 𝑑𝑟 0.709 𝑃𝑙 0.379
𝑓 = 3.805𝑅𝑒𝑑−0.234 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( ) (𝑠 ) (𝑃 ) (𝑃 )
𝑑 𝑓 𝑡 𝑡
968
lf < 6.35 mm, 1000<Re<25000 4.76<d<33.75 mm, 246<N f<1181fin/m, 15.08<Pt<111 mm, Pl <= Pt
10.32<Pl<96.11 mm , df/s<40 ve Nr>6 for Staggered configuration
A sample program: circular fin heat exchanger

public class circular_fin_HE_FD

{ // circular fin heat exchanger
liquid_CS soguk_sivi; // cold fluid (inside tubes)
Gmix sicak_sivi; // hot fluid (outside tubes)
steam st1; // water - steam Eqaution of state
String g[]; // gas names in the mixture
double gn[]; // mol numbers in the gas mixtures
double s; //distance between fins
int nkanat;
double delta; //fin thickness
double hf; //fin height
int n_sira; //number of rows (vertical)
int n_boru; //number of lines (horizontal)
double eps; //surface roughness
double di; //pipe internal diameter
double dout; //pipe external diameter
double D; //fin diameter
double fi;
double st; // borular arası dikey mesafe
double sl; // borular arası yatay mesafe
double dP; // basınç düşümü
double Uortalama;
double Cportalama;
double L; //fin height
double W; //channel w
double H; //chnnel height
double eod; // eps/di
double Tsoguk[];
double Tsicak[];
double x[]; // heat exchanger length coordinate
double Qlmtd; // heat transfer LMTD mehod
double LMTD;
double KL; // local pressure drop coefficient
double Aboru; // pipe surface area
double msoguk; // cold fluid mass flow rate
double Vsicak; //hot gas velocity m/s
double msicak; // hot gas mass flow rate
double Ric,Rdis; // fouling factors
double kboru; // pipe and fin thermal conductivity
double dL; // finite difference length
int n_finite; // finite difference step
double rosicak; // hot gas temp.
public circular_fin_HE_FD(String isoguk_sivi,
String isicak_sivi,String gi[],double gni[],
double si,double deltai,double Di,int n_sirai,int n_borui, double epsi,
double dii, double douti, double Li, double Wi, double Hi,double Vsicaki,
double msoguki,double Kboru, double Rici, double Rdisi,double KLi,
double dLi)
{soguk_sivi=new liquid_CS(isoguk_sivi);
sicak_sivi=new Gmix(isicak_sivi,gi,gni);
st1=new steam();
double nsteam=0;
for(int i=0;i<gi.length;i++)
{if(gi[i].equals("h2o")) nsteam=gni[i];}
s=si;
delta=deltai;
D=Di;
n_sira=n_sirai;
n_boru=n_borui;
eps=epsi;
di=dii;
dout=douti;
fi=(D/dout-1)*(1+0.35*Math.log(D/dout));
hf=(D-dout)/2.0;
L=Li;
W=Wi;
969
H=Hi;
nkanat=(int)(L/(s+delta));
Ric=Rici;
Rdis=Rdisi;
dL=dLi;
KL=KLi;
n_finite=(int)(L/dL+0.0001)+1;
Tsoguk=new double[n_finite*n_sira];
// pipes connected in series
Tsicak=new double[n_finite*n_sira]; //each row has a constant temperature
x=new double[n_finite*n_sira];
Q=0;
Vsicak=Vsicaki;
kboru=209; //Aliminium W/mK
msoguk=msoguki;
}
// -------------------------------------------
// ------------- ---------------------
// Wood stave 0.18e-3 - 0.9 e-3
// -------------------------------------------
// inside tube
{
//Haaland equation
//f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//double f1=0.25/(A*A);
//f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//System.out.println("Sergides equation f1="+f1);
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
//System.out.println("Goudar equation f1="+f1);
return f1;
}
//boru içi
public double fx(double X,double Re)
{
// colebrook equation to solve
// friction factor for turbulent flow 2000 < Re
double xx=2.0*Math.log10(eod/3.7+2.51/Re*X)+X;
return xx;
}
//boru içi
public double dfx(double X,double Re)
{
//derivative of colebrook equation
double xx;
xx = 1+2.0/(eod/3.7+2.51/Re*X)/Math.log(10.0)*2.51/Re;
return xx;
970
}
//boru içi
public double fcol(double Re)
{
// solution of the colebrook equation
// by using newton method
double fi=f(Re);
double xx=1.0/ Math.pow(fi,0.5);
int nmax=50;
{
double fx1=fx(xx,Re);
xx-=fx1/dfx(xx,Re);
if(Math.abs(fx1)<tolerance)
{double ff=1.0/(xx*xx);
return ff;}
}
double ff=1.0/(xx*xx);
//System.out.println("fcol="+ff);
return ff;
}
//inside tube
{
double x=0.0;
double mboru=msoguk/n_boru;
double ro=soguk_sivi.rd.rol(t+273.15);
return mboru/ro/A;
}
//inside tube
{
double vis=soguk_sivi.rd.viscosity_l(t+273.15);
double vv=velocity(t);
double res=(di*vv*ro/vis);
return res;
}
//inside tube
{
double Rey=Re(t);
double Nu=0;
double Prt=1.0;
if(Rey<=2300)
{ //Laminar region
Nu=3.66;
}
Nu=2.2407*Re1*Re1*Re1*Re1-29.499*Re1*Re1*Re1+142.32*Re1*Re1-292.51*Re1+219.88;}
else
{
double fr = f(Rey);
Prt = soguk_sivi.rd.Pr(t+273.15);
// Referance:
// Valid for 2000 < Re <5e5, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Nu=fr/8.0*(Rey-1000.0)*Prt/
}
double kt = soguk_sivi.rd.k_l(t+273.15);
double ss=Nu*kt/di;
return ss;
}
971
// outside tube
public double Reout(double t)
{
//======= Reynold sayısı boru dışı ==========
//x : % karışım miktarı
//t sıvı sıcaklığı
//boru geçiş alanı
double As=L*W-n_boru*((L-nkanat*delta)*dout+D*delta*nkanat); //m^2 giriş alanı
double A=L*W;
double V=Vsicak*A/As; //düzeltilmiş hız
double ro=sicak_sivi.M/sicak_sivi.v((t+273.15),1.01325);
double vis=sicak_sivi.vis(t+273.15);
double res=V*ro*dout/vis;
msicak=ro*V*A;
//System.out.println("As="+As+"L="+L+"W="+W+"n_boru="+n_boru+"nkanat"+nkanat+"delta="+delta+"dout="+dout+"A="+A+"
V="+V+"Vsicak="+Vsicak+"Re="+res+"ro="+ro+"dout="+dout);
return res;
}
public double hout(double t)
{
// t sıvı sıcaklığı
//===== Boru dışı taşınım ısı transferi katsayısı W/M^2 K ===========
// kanatlı boru dizini
double Re=Reout(t);
double vis=sicak_sivi.vis(t);
double k=sicak_sivi.k(t);
double Pr=sicak_sivi.Prandtl(t);
double A_At0_ratio=1.0+2.0*hf*(hf+dout+delta)/(s*dout);
double Nu=0.134*Math.pow(Re,0.681)*Math.pow((s/hf),0.2)*Math.pow((s/delta),0.1134)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0));
double ho=k/dout*Nu;
//System.out.println("Re="+Re+"vis="+vis+"k="+k+"Pr="+Pr+"A_At0_ratio="+A_At0_ratio+"Nu="+Nu+"ho="+ho);
return ho;
}
public double X(double t)

{double hm=hout(t);
return fi*dout/2.0*Math.sqrt(2.0*hm/(kboru*delta));
}
public double eta(double t)
{ //kanat verimi
double x=X(t);
return Math.tanh(x)/x;
}
public double houtv(double t)

{ double eta=eta(t);
double Af=2.0*Math.PI/4.0*(D*D-dout*dout)*nkanat;
double A=Math.PI*dout*(L-nkanat*delta)+Af;
return hout(t)*(1-(1-eta)*Af/A);
}
public double U0(double tic,double tdis)

{
double hi=hc(tic); // boru içi ısı transferi
double ho=houtv(tdis); // boru dışı ısı transferi
double Ai=Math.PI*di*L;
Aboru=A*n_boru*n_sira;
double Uboru=1.0/(1.0/ho+A/Ai*(1.0/hi+(dout-di)/(2.0*kboru)));
return Uboru;
}
public void hesapla(double tic, double tdis)

{ Q=0;
double dq=0;
double roavg=0;
double Vavg=0;
double ms=msoguk/n_boru; //bir borudaki kütlesel debi
double rosicak=sicak_sivi.M/sicak_sivi.v((tic+273.15),1.01325);
msicak=rosicak*Vsicak*L*W; //sabit
double msic=msicak/n_boru;
dP=0;
double xx=0;
972
double dtic=0;
double dtdis=0;
double Cp=0;
Uortalama=0;
Vavg=0;
double uu=0;
double dA=A/n_finite;
double dq1=0;
for(int k=0;k<n_sira;k++)
{
Cp=sicak_sivi.Cp(tdis+273.15)/sicak_sivi.M;
Cportalama+=Cp;
for(int i=0;i<n_finite;i++)
{ double Rey=Re(tic);
double f=fcol(Rey);
uu=U0(tic,tdis);
Uortalama+=uu;
dq=uu*dA*(tic-tdis);
dq1+=dq;
dtic=dq/(ms*soguk_sivi.rd.Cpl(tic+273.15)*1.0e3);
dtdis=dq/(msic*Cp*1.0e3);
Tsoguk[k*n_finite+i]=tic;
Tsicak[k*n_finite+i]=tdis;
x[k*n_finite+i]=xx;
tic-=dtic;
tdis+=dtdis;
xx+=dL;
}
Q+=dq1;
//dtdis=dq1/(msic*Cp*1.0e3);
tdis-=dtdis;
}
Q*=n_boru;
roavg/=n_finite;
Vavg/=n_finite;
Uortalama/=(n_finite*n_boru);
Cportalama/=n_boru;
double dT1=Tsoguk[0]-Tsicak[0];
double dT2=Tsoguk[n_finite*n_boru-1]-Tsicak[n_finite*n_boru-1];
Qlmtd=Uortalama*Aboru*LMTD;
dP+=KL*roavg*Vavg*Vavg/2.0;
}
public double hesapla_ters1(double tic, double tdisa)

{
Q=0;
double dq=0;
double roavg=0;
double Vavg=0;
double ms=msoguk/n_boru; //bir borudaki kütlesel debi
double rosicak=sicak_sivi.M/sicak_sivi.v((tic+273.15),1.01325);
msicak=rosicak*Vsicak*L*W; //sabit
double msic=msicak/n_boru;
//System.out.println("A="+A+"Aboru="+Aboru+"Af="+Af+"D="+D+"dout="+dout+"L="+L+"nkanat="+nkanat+"delta="+delta);
dP=0;
double xx=0;
double dtic=0;
double dtdis=0;
double Cp=0;
Uortalama=0;
Vavg=0;
double uu=0;
double dA=A/n_finite;
double dq1=0;
for(int k=0;k<n_sira;k++)
{
Cp=sicak_sivi.Cp(tdisa+273.15)/sicak_sivi.M;
Cportalama+=Cp;
for(int i=0;i<n_finite;i++)
{ double Rey=Re(tic);
double f=fcol(Rey);
973
uu=U0(tic,tdisa);
Uortalama+=uu;
dq=uu*dA*(tic-tdisa);
dq1+=dq;
dtic=dq/(ms*soguk_sivi.rd.Cpl(tic+273.15)*1.0e3);
dtdis=dq/(msic*Cp*1.0e3);
Tsoguk[k*n_finite+i]=tic;
Tsicak[k*n_finite+i]=tdisa;
x[k*n_finite+i]=xx;
tic+=dtic;
tdisa+=dtdis;
xx+=dL;
}
Q+=dq1;
}
Q*=n_boru;
roavg/=n_finite;
Vavg/=n_finite;
Uortalama/=(n_finite*n_boru);
Cportalama/=n_boru;
double dT1=Tsicak[0]-Tsoguk[0];
double dT2=Tsicak[n_finite*n_boru-1]-Tsoguk[n_finite*n_boru-1];
dP+=KL*roavg*Vavg*Vavg/2.0;
return Tsoguk[n_boru*n_finite-1];
}
public void plot()
{
Plot pp=new Plot(x,Tsoguk);
pp.addData(x,Tsicak);
String s1="Q = %4.1f kW A = %4.1f m^2 dP = %4.1f kPA U = %4.0f W/m^2K";
String s4=String.format(us,s1,Q*1e-3,Aboru,dP*1e-3,Uortalama);
pp.setPlabel(s4);
pp.setYlabel("T sıcaklık , derece C");
pp.plot();
}

{String s="Heat transfer round fin \n";
s+="internal fluid = "+soguk_sivi.rd.liquidName+"\n";
s+="external fluid = "+sicak_sivi.gasName+"\n";
s+=sicak_sivi.toString(sicak_sivi.gasName)+"\n";
s+="m_internal = "+msoguk+"\n kg/s";
s+="m_external = "+msicak+"\n kg/s";
s+="inside pipe surface roughness : "+eps+"\n";
s+="internal diameter : "+di+"\n";
s+="external diameter : "+dout+"\n";
s+="Pressure drop : "+dP+"\n";
s+="average heat transfer coefficient : "+Uortalama+"\n";
s+="average heat capacity = "+Cportalama+"kJ/kg K\n";
s+="Heat transfer : "+Q+"\n";
s+="heat transfer area : "+Aboru+"\n";
s+="cold fluid inlet-exit temperatures : "+"\n";
s+=Tsoguk[0]+" "+Tsoguk[n_boru*n_finite-1]+"\n";
s+="hot fluid inlet-exit temperatures : "+"\n";
s+=Tsicak[0]+" "+Tsicak[n_boru*n_finite-1]+"\n";
s+="LMTD ="+LMTD+"derece K\n";
s+="Q_LMTD ="+Qlmtd+"W\n";
return s;
}
public void hesapla_ters(double tic, double tdis)

{
//ters akışlı sistem
//tic : soğuk sıvı giriş sıcaklığı
//tdis : sıcak sıvı giriş sıcaklığı
double dT=(tic-tdis)/30;
double Tgir[]=new double[30];
double Tcik[]=new double[30];
{ Tgir[i]=tic-dT*i;
974
Tcik[i]=hesapla_ters1(Tgir[i],tdis);
//System.out.println("i="+i+" "+Tcik[i]+" "+Tgir[i]);
}
double e[]=EKK(Tcik,Tgir,7);
double tgir1=funcEKK(e,tic);
double tdis2=hesapla_ters1(tgir1,tdis);
double dT1=Tsoguk[0]-Tsicak[0];
double dT2=Tsoguk[n_boru*n_finite-1]-Tsicak[n_boru*n_finite-1];
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss eleme
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}

{
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
975
}
}
//X=B/A;
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
return X;
}

{
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
System.out.println("katsayılar :\n"+Matrix.toStringT(E));
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
976
class circular_fin_HE_FDtest{
{
String isoguk_sivi="water"; //water
String isicak_sivi="air"; //air
String gi[]={"air"};
double gni[]={1.0};
double si=1.2e-3;//distance between fins
double deltai=0.1e-3; // fin thickness
double Di=32e-3; // fin diameter
int n_sirai=4; // fin rows
int n_borui=2; // number of pipes in each row
double epsi=1.0e-4; // pipe inlet surface roughness m
double dii=9.0e-3; // pipe inlet diameter
double douti=10.0e-3; // pipe outlet diameter
double Li=0.275*3; // pipe length in a row
double Wi=0.08; // heat exchanger width
double Hi=0.61; // heat exchanger height
double Vsicaki=5; // gas velocity m/s
double msoguki=0.1; // water mass flow rate kg/s
double Kboru=50; // boru
double Rici=0.0; // fouling resistance inside pipe
double Rdisi=0.0; // fouling resistanceoutside pipe
double KLi=5.0; // local pressure drop coefficient
double dLi=25e-3; // finite difference step length
circular_fin_HE_FD id1=new circular_fin_HE_FD(isoguk_sivi,
isicak_sivi,gi,gni,si,deltai,Di,n_sirai,n_borui,epsi,
dii, douti, Li, Wi, Hi,Vsicaki,msoguki,Kboru, Rici, Rdisi,KLi,dLi);
id1.hesapla(90,25);
id1.plot();
System.out.println(id1.toString());
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" circular_fin_HE_FDtest
Heat transfer round fin
internal fluid = su
external fluid = air
m_internal = 0.1
kg/sm_external = 0.5317654376668579
kg/sinside pipe surface roughness : 1.0E-4
internal diameter : 0.009
external diameter : 0.01
Pressure drop : 0.0
average heat transfer coefficient : 18.400592953827353
average heat capacity = 2.009772585324642kJ/kg K
Heat transfer : 9540.765388934233
heat transfer area : 7.552991925019351
cold fluid inlet-exit temperatures :
90.0 85.46983956870368
hot fluid inlet-exit temperatures :
25.0 30.81973790314732
LMTD =59.675538523677126derece K
Q_LMTD =8293.678296268454W
977
A finned heat exchanger: panel radiator
Panel radiators are finned natural convective heat exchangers. General view of the device and fin profile
is shown in the figures. Water flows inside chanels and outside air is heated up through finned and bare
surfaces of heat exchanger. Basic simulation is similar to the previous ones except natural convection is
considered.
public class HT_radiator_elba

{ public double Ra,Gr,Re,U,m,Ts,Tw;
public double Pr,mu,nu,ro,Cp,k,beta,n,alpha,g,kmetal; //m/s^2
//input variables
public double l_fin; // length of fin
public double l_base1; // length outside region
public double L; // length of radiator
public double t_fin; // fin thickness
public double t_panel; // panel thickness
public double P; // pressure
public double dx; // finite element height of one step
public int N; // number of finite element steps
public double m_water; // water mass flow rate
public double km; // Thermal conductivity of metal
public double AC1; // cross sectional area AC1
public double AC2; // cross sectional area AC2
public double ACW; // water channel area
public double l_water; // length of the
public double A1; // fin+base facial area 1
public double A2; // fin+base facial area 2
public double Twi; //water inlet temperature
public double Tai; //air inlet temperature
public double Dh; //hydrolic diameter of water channel
public double Uair; //natural convection air velocity
public double Rea1,Rea2,Rew; //air channels and water reynolds numbers
double eps;
double eod;
steamIAPWS_IF97 st;
public HT_radiator_elba(double l_fini,double l_base1i,double l_base2i,double Li,double t_fini,double t_paneli,double Pi,in t Ni,
978
double m_wateri,double AC1i,double AC2i,double ACWi,double l_wateri,double epsi)
{st=new steamIAPWS_IF97();
l_fin=l_fini;
eps=epsi;
l_base1=l_base1i;
L=Li;
t_fin=t_fini;
t_panel=t_paneli;
P=Pi;
N=Ni;
m_water=m_wateri;
AC1=AC1i;
AC2=AC2i;
ACW=ACWi;
l_water=l_wateri;
Dh=4*ACW/l_water;
eod=eps/Dh;
}
// air viscosity P=101.325 kPa
{double a[]={-7.00796942E-01,
8.85836561E-02,
-1.20909367E-04,
1.73074497E-07,
-1.45011707E-10,
-4.33936641E-14,
3.14868466E-16,
-4.41548734E-19,
3.25615211E-22,
-1.28963912E-25,
2.16661936E-29};
y*=1e-6;
return y;
}
//air thermal conductivity P=101.325 kPa
{double a[]={-5.96297846E-01,
1.00247973E-01,
7.32722776E-05,
-1.02111800E-06,
4.21691040E-09,
-1.04115589E-11,
1.67088379E-14,
-1.75371889E-17,
1.16134919E-20,
-4.40290627E-24,
7.28284943E-28};
y*=1e-3;
return y;
}
//air Prandtl number P=101.325 kPa
{double a[]={1.47352515E+00,
-1.73708682E-02,
1.80473009E-04,
-1.07436904E-06,
3.99304707E-09,
-9.67956666E-12,
1.55567247E-14,
-1.64359568E-17,
1.09674418E-20,
-4.18869082E-24,
6.97523663E-28};
return y;
}
// air specific heat P=101.325 kPa
{double a[]={1.89668613E+00,
-2.23937197E-02,
979
2.40885259E-04,
-1.45254290E-06,
5.43552393E-09,
-1.32310554E-11,
2.13239465E-14,
-2.25744420E-17,
1.50864395E-20,
-5.76865768E-24,
9.61540784E-28};
return y*1e3;
}
//air density ro(T,P)
{ double M=2.8965000E+01;
double R=8314.5/M;
return P*1e3/R/T;
}
// air Nusselt number

public double h(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L,double D)
{//Nusselt number
this.Ts=Ts;
double T=(Tinf+Ts)/2;
double dx=L/N;
Ra=Ra(Ts,Tinf,P,dx);
Pr=Pr(T+273.15);
k=k(T+273.15);
Gr=Ra/Pr;
Re=Math.sqrt(Gr);
ro=ro(T+273.15,P);
Uair=Re*mu/(ro*D);
double Nu=0.0;
if(Ra>Racritic )
{Nu=(0.825+0.387*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/6.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.492/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(8.0/27.0)));Nu=Nu*Nu;}
else
{ Nu=(0.68+0.67*Math.pow(Ra,(1.0/4.0))/Math.pow((1+Math.pow((0.492/Pr),(9.0/16.0))),(4.0/9.0)));}
double h=Nu*k/dx;
return h;
}
//metal thermal conductivity

public double kmetal(double t)
{double T=t;
double a=71.62587939698594-0.03447361809045638*T-7.927135678388277E-6*T*T;
return a;
}
//fin efficiency
public double eta_fin(double Ts,double h,double l_fin,double l_base,double t_fin)
{ double M=Math.sqrt(2*h/kmetal(Ts)/t_fin)*l_fin;
double eta=(l_fin*Math.tanh(M)/M+l_base)/(l_fin+l_base);
return eta;
}
//heat transfer
public double Q_fin(double Ts,double Tinf,double dx,double h, double k,double l_fin,double l_base,double t_fin)
{ // Ts surface temperature
// Tinf air temperature
// dx finite difference length
// h convective heat transfer coefficient
// k thermal conductivity of metal
// l_fin length of fin
// A area
double eta=eta_fin(Ts,h,l_fin,l_base,t_fin);
double A=(l_fin+l_base)*dx;
double Q=eta*A*h*(Ts-Tinf);
return Q;
}
public double Ra(double Ts,double Tinf,double P,double L)

{ // Ts surface temperature
// Tinf air temperature
// T average temperature
// P air pressure
// L radiator length (full length)
980
double T=(Ts+Tinf)/2.0;
mu=mu(T+273.15);
ro=ro(T+273.15,P);
Cp=Cp(T+273.15);
k=k(T+273.15);
beta=1/(T+273.15);
nu=mu/ro;
alpha=k/(ro*Cp);
g=9.806; //m/s^2
Ra=g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)*L*L*L/alpha/nu;
return Ra;
}
//pipe inlet region

{
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}

{
double x=0.0;
double a[]=st.propertyC("pt",P,t);
//double mpipe=mass_flow_rate_inlet/n;
double ro=a[15]; //kg/m^3
return m_water/(ro*ACW);
}

{
// reynold's number pipe inlet
//double mpipe=mass_flow_rate_inlet/n;
double ro=a[15]; //kg/m^3
double vis=a[11];
double vv=velocity(t);
double res=(Dh*vv*ro/vis);
return res;
}

{
// convective heat transfer coefficient
double Rey=Re(t);
double Nu=0;
if(Rey<2300)
{ Nu=3.66; }
else
{
double fr = f(Rey);
double Prt = a[14];
// Valid for 2000 < Re <5e5, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Nu=(fr/2.0)*(Rey)*Prt/(1+8.7* Math.sqrt(fr/2.0)*(Prt-1.0));
}
double kt = a[12];
double ss=Nu*kt/Dh;
return ss;
}

981
{
double L=535e-3; // m
int N=100;
double dx=L/N;
double W=1;
double l_fin=41.6e-2;
double l_base1=19.76e-3;
double l_base2=3.53e-3;
double t_fin=0.35e-3;
double t_panel=1.3e-3*2;
double m_water=0.0014; // kg/s
double m_air1,m_air2;
double V1=0,V2=0;
double AC1=275.4958e-6; //m^2
double AC2=1372.8645e-6/4.0; //m^2
double ACW=60e-6; //m^2
double l_water=22e-3; //m
double eps=1e-6;
HT_radiator_elba hte=new HT_radiator_elba(l_fin,l_base1,l_base2,L,t_fin,t_panel,P,N,m_water,AC1,AC2,ACW,l_water,eps);
double tw=90;
double ts1=20;
double ts2=20;
double ts3=20;
double hw,dha1,dha2,Nu1,k1,h1,U1,Nu2,h2,k2,U2,Nu3,h3,k3,U3,eta1,eta2,dA1,dA2,dA3,dQ1=0,dQ2=0,dQ3=0,dQ=0;
double Q1=0;
double Q2=0;
double Q3=0;
double Q=0;
double Cpw=0;
dA1=(l_fin+l_base1)*dx;
dA2=(l_fin+l_base2)*dx;
dA3=(l_base1+l_base2)*dx;
double T1[]=new double[hte.N];
double T2[]=new double[hte.N];
double xx[]=new double[hte.N];
double TW[]=new double[hte.N];
for(int i=0;i<hte.N;i++)
{ TW[i]=tw;
T1[i]=ts1;
T2[i]=ts2;
xx[i]=i*dx;
double a[]=hte.st.propertyC("pt",P,tw);
Cpw=a[7]*1e3;
hw=hte.hc(tw);
dha1=4.0*AC1/(l_fin+l_base1);
dha2=4.0*AC2/(l_fin+l_base2);
h1=hte.h(tw,ts1,P,L,dha1);
V1+=hte.Uair;
U1=1.0/(1.0/hw+1/h1);
V2+=hte.Uair;
U2=1.0/(1.0/hw+1/h2);
U3=1.0/(1.0/hw+1/h3);
eta1=hte.eta_fin(ts1,h1,l_fin,l_base1,t_fin);
eta2=hte.eta_fin(ts2,h2,l_fin,l_base2,t_fin);
dQ1=dA1*eta1*U1*(tw-ts1);
Q1+=dQ1;
dQ2=dA2*eta2*U2*(tw-ts2);
Q2+=dQ2;
dQ3=dA3*U3*(tw-ts3);
Q3+=dQ3;
dQ=dQ1+dQ2+dQ3;
Q+=dQ;
tw=tw-dQ/(Cpw*m_water);
m_air1=V1*ro(ts1+273.15,P)*AC1;
double Cp= Cp(ts1+273.15);
ts1=ts1+dQ1/(m_air1*Cp);
if(ts1>tw) ts1=tw-0.01;
m_air2=V2*ro(ts2+273.15,P)*AC2;
Cp= Cp(ts1+273.15);
ts2=ts2+dQ2/(m_air2*Cp);
if(ts2>tw) ts2=tw-0.01;
}
Plot p=new Plot(xx,TW);
p.addData(xx,T1);
982
p.addData(xx,T2);
p.setPlabel("Panel radiator temperature profile");
p.setXlabel("Height H m");
p.plot();
System.out.println("dQ1="+dQ1+"dQ2="+dQ2+"dQ3="+dQ3+"dQ="+dQ);
System.out.println("Q1="+Q1+"Q2="+Q2+"Q="+Q);
System.out.println("total Q="+(29*(Q1+Q2)+30*Q3));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" HT_radiator_elba
dQ1=0.1678773262658881dQ2=0.12554780100475665dQ3=0.12261414738580062dQ=0.41603927465644536
Q1=19.76832797361413Q2=14.233562872437522Q=47.15275114510011
16.7 CHEVRON PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER HEAT TRANSFER

Şevron Levha tipi condenser ısı transferi denklemleri içinde ısı transferi ve basınç düşümü
denklemlerine göz atalım. In chevron type plate heat exchangers chevron angle  is an important
property for overall heat transfer and pressure drop.
Friction factor can be calculated s :

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
= +
√𝑓 √0.045𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽+0.09𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽+𝑓0 /𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 √3.8𝑓1
f0, in this equation
20
𝑓0 = for 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2000
𝑅𝑒
𝑓0 = (1.56 ln(𝑅𝑒) − 3.0)−2 for Re>2000
f1, in this eqaution
149
𝑓1 = + 9.965 for 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2000
𝑅𝑒
9.75
𝑓1 = for Re>2000
𝑅𝑒 0.289
2𝑏
Hydrolic diameter: 𝑑ℎ = where  is an area increment factor

1 2𝜋𝑏
(X)= (1 + √1 + 𝑋 2 + 4√1 + 𝑋 2 /2) X=
6 
where b is the distance from center of chevron to the top of chenron (as shown in the figure),  is the
length of each chevron wave. Velocity can be defined as
983
𝑚
U= where fluid mass flow rate, b is the chevrin height and w is the plate width
𝜌𝑏𝑤
With this definition we can use standart Re number definition for equations
𝜌𝑈𝑑ℎ
Re=
𝜇
Nu number can be calculated as:
𝜇𝑚 1/6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.205𝑃𝑟 1/3 ( ) [𝑓𝑅𝑒 2 sin⁡(2𝛽)]0.374 (for liquids)
𝜇𝑤
𝑁𝑢 = 0.205𝑃𝑟 1/3 [𝑓𝑅𝑒 2 sin⁡(2𝛽)]0.374 (for gases)
Error range of the equation for chevron angle of 10-80 degree is in the range of +/- 20%
public class chevron_plate_heat_exchanger

{ liquid_CS soguk_sivi; //cold liquid
liquid_CS sicak_sivi; //hot liquid
String akis;
double b; // channel chevron height
double fi; // chevron angle
double lambda; // chevron wave length
double Lp; // length of plate
double Bp; // width of plate
double dP; // pressure drop
double t; // metal thickness
double Uortalama;//average heat transfer coefficient
double Tsoguk[];
double Tsicak[];
double x[]; // heat transfer length coordinate
double Qlmtd; // heat transfer LMTD method
double LMTD;
double di; //hydraulic diameter
double dL; // finite difference length
int nboru; // finite difference step number
int n; // number of plates
double msoguk; // cold fluid flow rate
double msicak; // hot fluid flow rate
984
double Ric,Rdis; // fouling factors
double klevha; // plate thermal conductivity
double Aboru; // total plate area
double dP_soguk_sivi;
double dP_sicak_sivi;
double Uavg;
public chevron_plate_heat_exchanger(String isoguk_sivi,

String isicak_sivi,
double bi, double fii,double lambdai, double Lpi,double Bpi,
double imsoguk,
double imsicak,
double dLi,
int ni,
double klevhai,
double ti)
{soguk_sivi=new liquid_CS(isoguk_sivi);
sicak_sivi=new liquid_CS(isicak_sivi);
akis="tanımsız";
b=bi;
fi=fii;
lambda=lambdai;
Lp=Lpi;
Bp=Bpi;
Uortalama=0;
dL=dLi;
n=ni;
nboru=(int)(Lp/dL+0.0001)+1;
Tsoguk=new double[nboru];
Tsicak=new double[nboru];
x=new double[nboru]; //sıcaklık koordinatı
Q=0;
t=ti;
Ric=0.00001;
Rdis=0.00001;
msoguk=imsoguk;
msicak=imsicak;
klevha=klevhai;
double X=2.0*Math.PI*b/lambda;
double F=1.0/6.0*(1+Math.sqrt(1+X*X)+4.0*Math.sqrt(1.0+X*X/2.0));
di=2*b/F;
}
public double hiz_soguk_sivi(double t)

{
double mlevha=msoguk/n;
return (mlevha/ro/b/Bp);
}
public double hiz_sicak_sivi(double t)

{
double mlevha=msicak/n;
double ro=sicak_sivi.rd.rol(t+273.15);
return (mlevha/ro/b/Bp);
}
public double Re_soguk_sivi(double t)

{
double vis=soguk_sivi.rd.viscosity_l(t+273.15);
double vv=hiz_soguk_sivi(t);
return res;
}
public double Re_sicak_sivi(double t)
{
double vis=sicak_sivi.rd.viscosity_l(t+273.15);
double vv=hiz_sicak_sivi(t);
return res;
}
public double f_soguk_sivi(double t)

{
985
double Re=Re_soguk_sivi(t);
double f0,f1;
double xx=1.0;
if(Re<2000) f0=20.0/Re;
else {xx=1.56*Math.log(Re)-3.0;f0=1.0/(xx*xx);}
if(Re<2000) {f1=149.0/Re+0.9625;}
else {f1=9.75/Math.pow(Re,0.289);}
xx=Math.cos(fi)/Math.sqrt(0.045*Math.tan(fi)+0.09*Math.sin(fi)+f0/Math.cos(fi))+
(1-Math.cos(fi))/Math.sqrt(3.8*f1);
return f;
}
public double f_sicak_sivi(double t)

{
double Re=Re_sicak_sivi(t);
double f0,f1;
double xx=1.0;
if(Re<2000) f0=20.0/Re;
else {xx=1.56*Math.log(Re)-3.0;f0=1.0/(xx*xx);}
if(Re<2000) {f1=149.0/Re+0.9625;}
else {f1=9.75/Math.pow(Re,0.289);}
xx=Math.cos(fi)/Math.sqrt(0.045*Math.tan(fi)+0.09*Math.sin(fi)+f0/Math.cos(fi))+
(1-Math.cos(fi))/Math.sqrt(3.8*f1);
return f;
}
public double h_soguk_sivi(double t,double tw)

{
double Re=Re_soguk_sivi(t);
double Pr = soguk_sivi.rd.Pr(t+273.15);
double visw=sicak_sivi.rd.viscosity_l(tw+273.15);
double kt = sicak_sivi.rd.k_l(t+273.15);
double f=f_soguk_sivi(t);
double Nu=0.205*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((visw/vis),(1.0/6.0))*Math.pow((f*Re*Re*Math.sin(2.0*fi)),0.374);
double ss=Nu*kt/di;
return ss;
}
public double h_sicak_sivi(double t,double tw)
{
double Re=Re_sicak_sivi(t);
double Pr = sicak_sivi.rd.Pr(t+273.15);
double visw=sicak_sivi.rd.viscosity_l(tw+273.15);
double kt = sicak_sivi.rd.k_l(t+273.15);
double f=f_sicak_sivi(t);
double Nu=0.205*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((visw/vis),(1.0/6.0))*Math.pow((f*Re*Re*Math.sin(2.0*fi)),0.374);
double ss=Nu*kt/di;
return ss;
}
public double dP_soguk_sivi(double t)

{
double V=hiz_soguk_sivi(t);
double dP=f*dL/di*ro*V*V/2.0;
return dP;
}
public double dP_sicak_sivi(double t)

{
double V=hiz_sicak_sivi(t);
double dP=f*dL/di*ro*V*V/2.0;
return dP;
}
public double U0(double tc,double th)

{
double tw=(tc+th)/2.0;
double hi=h_soguk_sivi(tc,tw); // boru içi ısı transferi
double ho=h_sicak_sivi(th,tw); // boru dışı ısı transferi
986
double Uboru=1.0/(1.0/hi+Ric+t/klevha+Rdis+1/ho);
//System.out.println("tw="+tw+"hi="+hi+"h0="+ho+"U0="+Uboru);
return Uboru;
}
public void calculate_parallel(double tc, double th)

{
Q=0;
double dq=0;
double dA=Bp*dL*F;
double roavg=0;
double Vavg=0;
akis="paralel";
Aboru=nboru*dA;
dP_soguk_sivi=0.0;
dP_sicak_sivi=0.0;
double xx=0;
Uavg=0;
double uu=0;
double mlevha_soguk=msoguk/n;
double mlevha_sicak=msoguk/n;
for(int k=0;k<nboru;k++)
{ uu=U0(tc,th);
Uavg+=uu;
dq=uu*dA*(th-tc);
dP_soguk_sivi+=dP_soguk_sivi(tc);
dP_sicak_sivi+=dP_sicak_sivi(th);
Q+=dq;
Tsoguk[k]=tc;
Tsicak[k]=th;
x[k]=xx;
double dtc=dq/(mlevha_soguk*soguk_sivi.rd.Cpl(tc+273.15)*1.0e3);
double dth=dq/(mlevha_sicak*sicak_sivi.rd.Cpl(th+273.15)*1.0e3);
tc+=dtc;
th-=dth;
xx+=dL;
System.out.println("k="+k+"u="+uu+"dq="+dq+"dtc="+dtc);
}
roavg/=nboru;
Vavg/=nboru;
Uavg/=nboru;
double dT2=Tsicak[nboru-1]-Tsoguk[nboru-1];
Aboru=Bp*Lp*F*n;
Qlmtd=Uavg*Aboru*LMTD;
}
public double calculate_counter1(double tc, double th1)

{
Q=0;
double dq=0;
double dA=Bp*dL*F;
double roavg=0;
double Vavg=0;
akis="ters";
double Aboru=nboru*dA;
dP_soguk_sivi=0.0;
dP_sicak_sivi=0.0;
double xx=0;
Uavg=0;
double uu=0;
double mlevha_soguk=msoguk/n;
double mlevha_sicak=msoguk/n;
double dtc,dth;
for(int k=0;k<nboru;k++)
{ uu=U0(tc,th1);
Uavg+=uu;
dq=uu*dA*(th1-tc);
dP_soguk_sivi+=dP_soguk_sivi(tc);
dP_sicak_sivi+=dP_sicak_sivi(th1);
//System.out.println("dP="+dP+"f="+f+"dout="+dout+"ro="+ro);
987
Q+=dq;
Tsoguk[k]=tc;
Tsicak[k]=th1;
x[k]=xx;
dtc=dq/(mlevha_soguk*soguk_sivi.rd.Cpl(tc+273.15)*1.0e3);
dth=dq/(mlevha_sicak*sicak_sivi.rd.Cpl(th1+273.15)*1.0e3);
tc+=dtc;
th1+=dth;
xx+=dL;
}
roavg/=nboru;
Vavg/=nboru;
Uavg/=nboru;
Aboru=Bp*Lp*F*n;
Qlmtd=Uavg*Aboru*LMTD;
return Tsicak[nboru-1];
}
public void calculate_counter(double tc, double th)

{
//counter flow sistem
//tic : cold liquid inlet temp.
//tdis : hot liquid inlet temp.
double dT=(th-tc)/30.0;
double Tgir[]=new double[25];
double Tcik[]=new double[25];
akis="ters";
{Tcik[i]=th-dT*i;
Tgir[i]=calculate_counter1(tc, Tcik[i]);
}
double e[]=EKK(Tgir,Tcik,7);
double tdis1=funcEKK(e,th);
double tdis2=calculate_counter1(tc,tdis1);
}
public void plot()

{
Plot pp=new Plot(x,Tsoguk);
pp.addData(x,Tsicak);
String s1="Q = %4.1f kW A = %4.1f m^2 U = %4.0f W/m^2K";
String s4=String.format(us,s1,Q*1e-3,Aboru,dP_soguk_sivi*1e-3,Uavg);
pp.setPlabel(s4);
pp.setYlabel("T temperature , degree C");
pp.plot();
}

int n=b.length;
double carpan=0;
double toplam=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ //pivotlama
p=k;
}
if(p!=k)
988
{ dummy=a[p][jj];
a[p][jj]=a[k][jj];
a[k][jj]=dummy;
}
dummy=b[p];
b[p]=b[k];
b[k]=dummy;
}
//solving gauss elimination
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
a[i][k]=0;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
}
}
//back subsitution
x[n-1]=b[n-1]/a[n-1][n-1];
for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--)
{
toplam=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
}
return x;
}
{
int l=xi.length;
int i,j,k;
int np1=n+1;
double A[][];
double B[];
B=new double[np1];
double X[];
X=new double[np1];
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
{ for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{if(i==0 && j==0) A[i][j]=l;
}
}
double max=0;
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
for(i=0;i<n+1;i++)
return X;
}

{
int n=e.length;
double ff;
if(n!=0.0)
{ ff=e[n-1];
{ ff=ff*x+e[i]; }
}
else
ff=0;
return ff;
}

{
double n=x.length;
int k;
989
double total=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
}
return total;
}

{
int n=xi.length;
System.out.println("katsayılar :\n"+Matrix.toStringT(E));
double dx=0;
int k=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
}
return z;
}
{String s="Chevron plate heat exchanger \n";
s+="cold fluid = "+soguk_sivi.rd.liquidName+"\n";
s+="hot fluid = "+sicak_sivi.rd.liquidName+"\n";
s+="m cold = "+msoguk+"kg/s \n ";
s+="m hot = "+msicak+"kg/s \n ";
s+="b channel chevron height : "+b+" m\n";
s+="lambda chevron wave length: "+lambda+" m\n";
s+="Lp plate length: "+Lp+" m\n";
s+="Bp plate width: "+Bp+" m\n";
s+="t plate thickness: "+t+" m\n";
s+="pressure drop cold fluid: "+dP_soguk_sivi+" kPa\n";
s+="pressure drop hot fluid: "+dP_sicak_sivi+" kPa\n";
s+="heat transfer : "+Q+" W\n";
s+="LMTD logaritmik mean temperature difference : "+LMTD+" K\n";
s+="cold fluid inlet-exit temp. : "+"\n";
s+=Tsoguk[0]+" "+Tsoguk[nboru-1]+"\n";
s+="hot fluid inlet-exit temp. : "+"\n";
s+=Tsicak[0]+" "+Tsicak[nboru-1]+"\n";
return s;
}
}
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class chevron_plate_heat_exchanger_test{
{
String isoguk_sivi="water";
String isicak_sivi="water";
double bi=5e-3;//chevron height (depth)
double fii=Math.PI/4.0;//chevron angle
double lambdai=8e-3;//shevron wave length
double Lpi=140e-3;//length of plate heat exchanger
double Bpi=70e-3;//width of plate heat exchanger
double imsoguk=0.69/3.6; //kg/s cold fluid
double imsicak=0.69/3.6; //kg/s hot fluid
double dLi=1e-3; //finite difference length
int ni=30; // number of plates
double klevhai=25.0;//plate thermal conductivity
double ti=3.0e-3;//plate thickness
chevron_plate_heat_exchanger lid=new chevron_plate_heat_exchanger(isoguk_sivi,isicak_sivi,
bi,fii,lambdai,Lpi,Bpi,imsoguk,imsicak,dLi,
ni,klevhai,ti);
990
double th=90.0;
double tc=10.0;
lid.calculate_parallel(tc,th);
//lid.calculate_counter(tc,th);
lid.plot();
System.out.println(lid.toString());
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" chevron_plate_heat_exchanger_test
Chevron plate heat exchanger
cold fluid = water
hot fluid = water
m cold = 0.19166666666666665kg/s
m hot = 0.19166666666666665kg/s
b channel chevron height : 0.005 m
lambda chevron wave length: 0.008 m
Lp plate length: 0.14 m
Bp plate width: 0.07 m
t plate thickness: 0.003 m
pressure drop cold fluid: 5.3187934970577855 kPa
pressure drop hot fluid: 3.272772495332654 kPa
heat transfer : 833.764856105945 W
LMTD logaritmik mean temperature difference : 41.46083695554668 K
cold fluid inlet-exit temp. :
10.0 41.09641705190255
hot fluid inlet-exit temp. :
90.0 58.978381611543945
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class chevron_plate_heat_exchanger_test{
{
String isoguk_sivi="water";
String isicak_sivi="water";
double bi=5e-3;//chevron height (depth)
double fii=Math.PI/4.0;//chevron angle
double lambdai=8e-3;//shevron wave length
double Lpi=140e-3;//length of plate heat exchanger
double Bpi=70e-3;//width of plate heat exchanger
double imsoguk=0.69/3.6; //kg/s cold fluid
double imsicak=0.69/3.6; //kg/s hot fluid
double dLi=1e-3; //finite difference length
int ni=30; // number of plates
double klevhai=25.0;//plate thermal conductivity
double ti=3.0e-3;//plate thickness
chevron_plate_heat_exchanger lid=new chevron_plate_heat_exchanger(isoguk_sivi,isicak_sivi,
bi,fii,lambdai,Lpi,Bpi,imsoguk,imsicak,dLi,
ni,klevhai,ti);
991
double th=90.0;
double tc=10.0;
//lid.calculate_parallel(tc,th);
lid.calculate_counter(tc,th);
lid.plot();
System.out.println(lid.toString());
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" chevron_plate_heat_exchanger_test
Chevron plate heat exchanger
cold fluid = water
hot fluid = water
m cold = 0.19166666666666665kg/s
m hot = 0.19166666666666665kg/s
b channel chevron height : 0.005 m
lambda chevron wave length: 0.008 m
Lp plate length: 0.14 m
Bp plate width: 0.07 m
t plate thickness: 0.003 m
pressure drop cold fluid: 5.563468421506597 kPa
pressure drop hot fluid: 3.2381046919934056 kPa
heat transfer : 919.3408504385529 W
LMTD logaritmik mean temperature difference : 45.89967762091959 K
cold fluid inlet-exit temp. :
10.0 44.13851908482931
hot fluid inlet-exit temp. :
55.938037509195716 89.99985817799062
Muley and Manglik[80] suggested the following equation:

𝐹1 = [0.2668 − 0.006967𝛽 + 7.244𝑥10−5 𝛽2 ]
𝐹2 = [20.78 − 50.94 + 41.162 − 10.513 ]
𝐹3 = [0.728 + 0.0543𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝜋𝛽/45) + 3.7]] where 𝛽 should be taken in degrees
𝜇 0.14
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑅𝑒𝐹3 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( )
𝜇 𝑤
𝐹4 = [2.917 − 0.1277𝛽 + 2.016𝑥10−3 𝛽2 ]
𝐹5 = [5.474 − 19.02 + 18.932 − 5.3413 ]
𝐹6 = [0.2 + 0.0577𝑠𝑖𝑛[(𝜋𝛽/45) + 2.1]]
𝑓 = 𝐹4 𝐹5 𝑅𝑒 −𝐹6
In this equations angle  will be taken as degree. Equation is valid for the range of 30 to 60 degrees
Re > 1000
Dong at al [73] suggested following correlations for R410A ve R22 condensers
992
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐴1 𝑅𝑒 𝐴3 𝑃𝑟1/3
 −2.83 𝜋 −4.5
𝐴1 = 11.22 ( ) (2 − 𝛽)
2𝑑ℎ
 0.23 𝜋 1.48
𝐴2 = 0.35 ( ) (2 − 𝛽)
2𝑑ℎ
𝑓 = 𝐴3 𝑅𝑒 𝐴4
 4.17 𝜋 −7.75
𝐴3 = 3521.1 ( ) (2 − 𝛽)
2𝑑ℎ
 0.0925 𝜋 −1.3
𝐴4 = −1.024 ( ) (2 − 𝛽)
2𝑑ℎ
0.5
𝜌
𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 𝑚 [1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( 𝑓 ) ]
𝜌 𝑔
𝐺𝑒𝑞𝑑ℎ
𝑅𝑒 = equations are valid for 300 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 4000
𝜇𝑓
Muthuraman[74] is given the following correlations for liquid
𝜋 0.09
h𝑤 = 0.295𝑅𝑒𝑑0.64 𝑃𝑟 0.32 ( − 𝛽)
2
Akturk et al [72] is given the following correlation for liquids
𝜇 0.14
Nu = 0.32592𝑅𝑒 0.1625 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( ) 450 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 5250 𝛽 = 30⁡𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝜇 𝑤
Friction factor:
f = 4291𝑅𝑒 −1.278 + 0.3343
They also listed results of another similar equation form other researchers
Kumar[77] equation:
𝜇 0.17
Nu = 0.348𝑅𝑒 0.663 𝑃𝑟1/3 ( ) 410 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 𝛽 = 30⁡𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝜇 𝑤
Focke[75] equation:
Nu = 1.112𝑅𝑒 0.6 𝑃𝑟 0.5 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡600 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 16000 𝛽 = 30⁡𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
Okada[76] equation:
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT AIR COOLED CONDENSER MODELLING

Air cooled, finned pipe condensers are widely used in geothermal power plants. Air passsed through
finned pipes forced by fans. A secondary fluid wih relatively low saturation temperature condenses
inside of the pipes.
993
public class HT_pipe_round_finned
{ // round finned pipes
public double s; //distance between fins
public double tf; //fin thickness
public int n_fin; //number of fins in length L
public double df; //fin diameter
public double dr; //pipe outside dimension
public double di; //pipe inlet dimension
public double lf; //fin length
public double L; //pipe length;
double k; //Thermal conductivity of pipe
double T; //temperature degree K
double P; //pressure kPa
double avis;
double ak;
double aCp;
double aro;
double Pr;
double Re;
double Pt; //vertical distance between pipe
double Pl; //horizontal distance between two row of pipesin
double A_fin; //fin area per pipe
double A_pipe_base; //pipe area per pipe
double A; // corrected pipe area=a_pipe_base+eta_fin*A_fin per pipe
994
// - 0 0 0
// Pt
// 0 0
// |Pl |
double a[];// properties of gas
String material;
// working fluid: air
air_PG_CS air;
//constructor method
public HT_pipe_round_finned(String materiali,double dri,double dii,double dfi,double si,double tfi,double Li,dou
Pli)
{s=si;dr=dri;di=dii;df=dfi;tf=tfi;lf=(df-dr)/2.0;air=new air_PG_CS();L=Li;
material=materiali;
if(material.equals("copper") ) k=360.0;
else if(material.equals("steel")) k=50.0;
//else k=50.0;
T=29.0+273.15; //degree K
P=101.325; //kPa
n_fin=(int)(L/(s+tf));
System.out.println("n_fin="+n_fin);
}
//setting of temperature and pressure of gas
public void setTP(double Ti,double Pi)
{ T=Ti;
P=Pi;
a=air.property("tp",T,P);
avis=a[11];
ak=a[12];
aCp=a[7];
aro=a[15];
Pr=a[14];
}
//Re numbers
public double Re(double Ui,double Ti,double Pi)
{setTP(Ti,Pi);
return aro*Ui*dr/avis;
}
//outside heat transfer correlations
// Low fin height and frequent fins (Briggs & Young Correlation[95])
// 95. Briggs, D.E. and Young, E.H. , Convection heat transfer and pressure drop of air flowing across
// triangular pitch banks of finned tubes, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser., 59, 1-10 (1963)
public double h1(double Ui,double Ti,double Pi)
{ double T1=Ti+273.15;
Re=Re(Ui,T1,Pi);
double Nu=0.1505*Math.pow(Re,0.667)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((s/lf),0.164)*Math.pow((s/t
return Nu*ak/dr;
}
// High fin tube banks
Re=Re(Ui,T1,Pi);
double Nu=0.1378*Math.pow(Re,0.718)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((s/lf),0.296);
return Nu*ak/dr;
}
//For all fin heights
995
Re=Re(Ui,T1,Pi);
double Nu=0.134*Math.pow(Re,0.681)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((s/lf),0.2)*Math.pow((s/tf),0
return Nu*ak/dr;
}
// Fanning friction factor
public double f(double Ui,double Ti,double Pi)
Re=Re(Ui,T1,Pi);
double f=3.805*Math.pow(Re,-
0.234)*Math.pow(Pr,(1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((s/df),0.2251)*Math.pow((lf/s),0.759)*Math.pow((dr/Pt),0.709)*Math.po
return f;
}
//fin efficiency
public double eta_fin(double h)
{
double rb=dr/2.0; //pipe outside radius
double rt=df/2.0; //din radius
double Rb=rb/rt; //dimensionless pipe outside diameter
double t=tf; //fin thickness
double Rt=1.0; //dimensionless fin diameter
double M1=Math.sqrt(2.0*h/(k*t))*rt;
Mathd.K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(1.0,M*Rb))/(Mathd.I(1.0,M)*Mathd.K(0.0,M*Rb)+Mathd.K(1.0,M)*Mathd.I(0.0,M*Rb)
A_fin=eta1*n_fin*Math.PI*(df*df-dr*dr)/4.0;
A_pipe_base=n_fin*s*Math.PI*dr;
A=A_fin+A_pipe_base; //area per pipe
//System.out.println("A_fin = "+A_fin+"A_pipe_base="+A_pipe_base+"A="+A);
return eta1;
}
{ double dri=25.4e-3; //m pipe outlet diameter
double dii=24.3e-3; //m pipe inlet diameter
double dfi=57e-3; // fin diameter
double si=1.651e-3; //m distance between fins
double tfi=0.88e-3; // m fin thickness
double Li=18.292; // m pipe length
String materiali="copper"; // m/s
double U=5.0;
double T=29.0; //degree K
double Pt=50.8356912e-3; //
double Pl=58.7e-3; //m
HT_pipe_round_finned pipe=new HT_pipe_round_finned(materiali,dri,dii,dfi,si,tfi,Li,Pt,Pl);
double h1=pipe.h1(U,T,P);
double eta1=pipe.eta_fin(h1);
System.out.println("h1="+h1+"W/m K");
996
}
}
public class HT_inside_pipe_condensing
{
public refrigerant re;
public String flow_pattern;
public double xs; //soğutucu akışkan fazı x<0 sıvı, 0<=x<=1 karışım x>1 gaz
public double mi; // internal fluid mass flow rate kg/s
public double di; //internal pipe diameter
public double eps; //surface quality
public double eod;
public double L; //pipe length
public double A;
public HT_inside_pipe_condensing(String namei,double mii,double dic,double Li,double epsi)
{re=new refrigerant(namei);mi=mii;di=dic;eps=epsi;eod=eps/di;L=Li;A=Math.PI*di*L;}
// Dobson and Chato equation

// 108. Dobson, M.K. and Chato, J.C. (1998). Condensation in Smooth Horizontal Tubes, J. Heat
// tranfer Vol. 120, No. 1, pp. 193-213.
public double h_condensing_chato(double x, double tsat,double tw)
// Dobson & Chato
double D=di;
double muv=re.r.viscosity_v(tf);
double rov=re.r.rov(tf);
double G=mi/A;
double Rev=mi*D/(A*muv);
double Rel=mi*(1.0-x)*D/(A*mul);
double dT=tsat-tw;
double Nuanuular=0.0;
double Nustratified_wavy=0.0;
double hh=0;
Nuanuular=0.023*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4)*(1.0+2.22/Math.pow(Xtt,0.89));
if(G>500) hh=Nuanuular*(kl/D);
else
{double eps1=1.0/(1.0+(1.0-x)/x*Math.pow((rov/rol),2.0/3.0));
double teta_strat=1.0-Math.acos(2.0*eps1-1.0);
double Gal=g*rol*(rol-rov)*D*D*D/(mul*mul);
double Jal=Cpl*(tsat-tw)/hfg;
double Frl=mi*mi/(rol*rol*g*D);
997
double Frso=0.0;
double C1=0.0,C2=0.0;
if(Frl<=0.7)
{C1=4.172+5.48*Frl-1.564*Frl*Frl;
C2=1.773-0.169*Frl;
}
else
{C1=7.242;C2=1.655;}
double Nustrat=0.0195*Math.pow(Rel,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4)*(1.376+C1/Math.pow(Xtt,C2));
Nustratified_wavy=0.23*Math.pow(Rev,0.12)/(1.0+1.11*Math.pow(Xtt,0.58)*Math.pow((Gal*Prl/Jal),0.25))+(1
teta_strat/Math.PI)*Nustrat;
if(Rel<=1250)
else
if(G<=500 && Frso<20) {hh=Nustratified_wavy*(kl/D);}
else if(G<=500 && (Frso<20 && Frso>=7)) {hh=(kl/D)*(Nuanuular+(Frso-7.0)/13.0*(Nustratified_wavy-Nuanu
}
return hh;
}
//Rohsenov equation
public double h_condensing_Rohsenov(double x, double tsat,double tw)
// m mass flow rate
// x vapor quality
// Reference: Traviss, D.P., Rohseno
// Rohsenow equation
// w, W.M. and Baron A.B.,
// Forced convection condensation inside tubes:a heat trasnfer equation for
// condenser design, ASHRAE Transactions, 79, part1, 157-165 (1973)
double D=di;
double tf=(tsat+tw)/2.0;
double mul=re.r.viscosity_l(tsat);
double Rev=mi*x*D/(A*muv);
double dT=tsat-tw;
double hh=0.0;
double F=0;
double hL=0;
double FXtt=0.15*(1.0/Xtt+2.85/Math.pow(Xtt,0.476));
if(Rel>=1125.0) F=5.0*Prl+5.0*Math.log(1.0+5.0*Prl)+2.5*Math.log(0.00313*Math.pow(Rel,0.812));
else if(Rel>50 && Rel<1125) F=5.0*Prl+5.0*Math.log(1.0+Prl*(0.09636*Math.pow(Rel,0.585)-1.0));
else F=0.707*Prl*Math.sqrt(Rel);
if(FXtt>=0.1 && FXtt<=1.0)
998
{hL=(kl/D)*Rel*Prl/F*FXtt;}
else if(FXtt>1 && FXtt<=15.0)
{hL=(kl/D)*Rel*Prl/F*Math.pow(FXtt,1.15);}
return hL;
}
//Shah (2009) correlation
public double h_condensing_Shah(double x, double tsat,double tw)
// m mass flow rate
// x vapor quality
// Shah, M.M. (1979). A General Correlation for Heat Transfer during Film
// Condensation inside of Pipes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 22, pp. 547-556.
double D=di;
double Ps=re.Psb(tsat);
double Pc=re.r.Pc;
Double Pr=Ps/Pc;
double muf=re.r.viscosity_l(tf);
double mug=re.r.viscosity_l(tsat);
double rog=re.r.rov(tsat);
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double G=mi/A;
double Relt=mi*D/(A*muf);
double Rels=mi*D*(1.0-x)/(A*muf);
double Z=Math.pow((1.0/x-1),0.8)*Math.pow(Pr,0.4);
double hlt=0.023*(kl/D)*Math.pow(Relt,0.8)*Math.pow(Prl,0.4);
double hI=hlt*Math.pow((muf/(14.0*mug)),(0.0058+0.557*Pr))*(1.0+3.8/Math.pow(Z,1.8));
double hNu=1.32*Math.pow(Rels,(-1.0/3.0))*Math.pow((rol*(rol-rog)*g*kl*kl*kl/muf/muf),(1.0/3.0));
double Jg=x*G/Math.sqrt(g*D*rog*(rol-rog));
double hTP=0;
if(Jg>=1.0/(2.4*Z+0.73)) hTP=hI;
else if(Jg<= (0.89-0.93*Math.exp(-0.087*Math.pow(Z,-1.17)))) hTP=hNu;
else hTP=hI+hNu;
return hTP;
}
// El Hajal, Thome & Cavallini correlation
public double h_condensing_ElHajal(double x, double tsat,double tw)
// m mass flow rate of refrigerant kg(s
// x vapor quality of refrigerant kg vapor/kg total
// El Hajal, J., Thome, J.R. and Cavallini, A.(2003).Condensation in Horizontal Tubes, Part 1: Two-
// Phase Flow Pattern Map, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, pp. 3349-3363.
// Condensation in Horizontal Tubes, Part 2: Two Phase Flow Pattern Map, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,
// Vol. 46, pp. 3365-3387.
double D=di;
999
double G=mi/A;
double Rev=mi*D/(A*muv);
double dT=tsat-tw;
double g=9.806; //m/s^2
double sigma=re.r.sigma(tsat);
//Homegeneous void fraction
double epsh=1.0/(1+(1.0-x)/x*(rov/rol));
//Non-homegeneous void fraction
double epsra=x/rov/((1.0+0.12*(1.0-x))*(x/rov+(1.0-x)/rol)+
1.18*(1.0-x)*Math.pow((g*sigma*(rol-rov)),0.25)/G/Math.sqrt(rol));
double eps=(epsh-epsra)/Math.log(epsh/epsra);
double Al=A*(1.0-eps);
double Av=A*eps;
double Ald=Al/(D*D);
double Avd=Av/(D*D);
double ul=G*(1.0-x)/(rol*(1.0-eps));
double uv=G*x/(rov*eps);
double teta=0;
double teta_strat=2.0*Math.PI-2.0*(Math.PI*(1.0-eps)+Math.pow(1.5*Math.PI,(1.0/3.0))*(1.0-2.0*(1.0-eps)+Ma
eps),(1.0/3.0))-Math.pow(eps,1.0/3.0))-
1.0/200.0*(1.0-eps)*eps*(1.0-2.0*(1.0-eps))*(1.0+4.0*((1.0-eps)*(1.0-eps)+eps*eps)));
if_x f2=tet->Ald-1.0/8.0*((2.0*Math.PI-tet)-Math.sin(2.0*Math.PI-tet));
teta_strat=bisection(f2,0.0,1.5*Math.PI);
double hld=0.5*(1.0-Math.cos((2.0*Math.PI-teta)/2.0));
double Pid=Math.sin((2.0*Math.PI-teta)/2.0);
double Gwavy=(16.0*Avd*Avd*Avd*g*D*rol*rov/(x*x*Math.PI*Math.PI*Math.sqrt(1.0-(2.0*hld-1.0)*(2.0*hld
(Math.PI*Math.PI/(25.0*hld*hld)*Math.pow((g*D*D*rol/sigma),-1.023)+1.0)+50.0-75.0*Math.exp((-x*x-0.97)/
double Gstrat=Math.pow((51211.69*Ald*rov*(rol-rov)*mul*g)/(x*x*(1.0-x)*Math.PI*Math.PI*Math.PI),(1.0/3.0
double xIA=1.0/((0.2914*Math.pow((rov/rol),(-1.0/1.75))*Math.pow((muv/mul),(-1.0/7.0)))+1.0);
double Gmist=Math.sqrt(7680.0*Avd*Avd*g*D*rol*Math.pow((1.138+2.0*Math.log(Math.PI/(1.5*Ald))),2.0)/
(x*x*Math.PI*Math.PI*(g*D*D*rol/sigma)));
if(G>Gwavy & G<Gmist && x>xIA)
{flow_pattern="annular";}
else if(G>Gwavy & G<Gmist && x<xIA)
{flow_pattern="intermittent";}
else if(G<Gwavy & G>Gstrat)
{flow_pattern="Stratified_wavy";}
else if(G<Gstrat)
{flow_pattern="Fully_Stratified";}
else
{flow_pattern="Mist";}
System.out.println("flow pattern = "+flow_pattern);
double htp=0;
double hc=0,hf=0;
double delta=0;
1000
if(flow_pattern.equals("annular") || flow_pattern.equals("intermittent") || flow_pattern.equals("Mist"))
{ teta=0.0;
htp=hc;
}
else if(flow_pattern.equals("Stratified_wavy"))
{teta=teta_strat*Math.sqrt((Gwavy-G)/(Gwavy-Gstrat));
}
else if(flow_pattern.equals("Fully_Stratified"))
{teta=teta_strat;
}
return htp;
}
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
if(i>=nmax) r=bisection(f,a,b1);
return r;
}
public double Rel(double T)
{
// Reynold's number boru içi liquid
double rol=re.r.rol(T);
double visl=re.r.viscosity_l(T);
double vv=velocityl(T);
double res=(di*vv*rol/visl);
return res;
}
//velocities
1001
public double velocityl(double T)
{
double mboru=mi;
double a[];
double rol=re.r.rol(T);
double Vl= (1.0-xs)*mboru/rol/A;
return Vl;
}
{
//Goudar equation
double b=eod/3.7;
f1=1.0/(f1*f1);
return f1;
}
public double velocityv(double T)
{
double x=0.0;
double a[];
double rov=re.r.rov(T);
x=xs;
double y=x*mi/rov/A;
return y;
}
public double Rev(double T)
{
// Reynold's number boru içi vapor
double a[];
double rov=re.r.rov(T);
double visv=re.r.viscosity_v(T);
double vv=velocityv(T);
double res=(di*vv*rov/visv);
return res;
}
//boru içi
// single phase internal pipe convective heat trasnfer
public double hc(double T)
{
// convective heat transfer coefficient
double Rey=0.0;
double kt;
double Nu=0;
double Prt=0;
1002
double ss=0;
double fr=0;
if(xs>=1) { kt=re.r.k_v(T);Rey=Rev(T);Prt=re.r.Pr_v(T);}
else if(xs<=0) {kt=re.r.k_l(T);Rey=Rel(T);Prt=re.r.Pr_l(T);}
else
{ kt=(re.r.k_l(T)*(1-xs)+re.r.k_v(T)*xs);Rey=Rel(T);Prt=(re.r.Pr_v(T)*xs+re.r.Pr_l(T)*(1.0-xs));}
if(Rey<=2300) {Nu=3.66;
//System.out.println("Re="+Rey+"Laminar flow");
} //Laminar region
Nu=2.2407*Re1*Re1*Re1*Re1-29.499*Re1*Re1*Re1+142.32*Re1*Re1-292.51*Re1+219.88;
//System.out.println("Re="+Rey+"transitional/intermittent, flow");
}
else //one phase heat transfer
{ fr = f(Rey);
//System.out.println("Re="+Rey+"turbulent flow");
//Prt = sicak_sivi.cs.Pr(t);
// Referance:
// Valid for 2000 < Re <5e5, 0.5 < Pr < 2000
Nu=fr/8.0*(Rey-1000.0)*Prt/
}
if(xs>=1) kt=re.r.k_v(T);
if(xs<=0) kt=re.r.k_l(T);
else kt=re.r.k_l(T)*(1-xs)+re.r.k_v(T)*xs;
ss=Nu*kt/di;
return ss;
}
{double mi=0.01;// kg/s;
double xi=0.999;
double epsi=1e-4;
String name="R134a";
double tsat=70.0;
double tw=20.0;
HT_inside_pipe_condensing htpc=new HT_inside_pipe_condensing(name,mi,dii,Li,epsi);
double h1=htpc.h_condensing_chato(xi, tsat,tw);
System.out.println("chato h1="+h1);
double h2=htpc.h_condensing_Rohsenov(xi, tsat,tw);
System.out.println(" Rohsenov h2="+h2);
double h3=htpc.h_condensing_Shah(xi, tsat,tw);
System.out.println(" Shah h3="+h3);
double h4=htpc.h_condensing_ElHajal(xi, tsat,tw);
System.out.println("El hajal h4="+h4);
htpc.xs=1.1;
1003
double h5=htpc.hc(tsat);
System.out.println("di="+htpc.di+"single phase liquid h5="+h5);
}
}
// refrigerant property values
// r[0] P Basınç kPa
// r[1] t Sıcaklık derece C
// r[2] v Özgül hacim m^3/kg
// r[3] h KJ/kg
// r[4] u KJ/kg
// r[5] s KJ/kgK
// r[6] x kg buhar/kg toplam
// r[7] ro yoğunluk kg/m^3
import java.util.Arrays;
public class HT_geothermal_condenser
{ HT_pipe_round_finned p_out;
HT_inside_pipe_condensing p_in;
int n; //number of division in finite difference
public double T[]; // temperature internal pipe degree C
public double P[]; // pressure inernal pipe kPa
public double s[]; // entrpy internal pipe kJ/kgK
public double h[]; // enthalpy internal pipe kJ/kg
public double x[]; //quality internal pipe kg vapor/kg mix
public double Cp[]; //specific heat
double hp,xp,tp; //properties at t+dt
double Ta1; //boundary layer temperature for air side
double dT; //temperature increment for test
// namei : binary cycle working fluid name
// epsi : pipe internal surface
double ar[]; //property loading array for refrigerant
double ar1[]; //property loading array for refrigerant
double ar2[]; //property loading array for refrigerant
double aa[]; //property loading array for refrigerant
double ha; //convective heat transfer coefficient for air site
double hr; //convective heat transsfer coefficient for secondary fluid site
double hv,hl; //saturated vapor and liquid entalpies;
double xx[]; // x coordinate
public HT_geothermal_condenser(int ni)
{ //air site of the condenser (outside of the pipe)
n=ni;
T=new double[n];
h=new double[n];
s=new double[n];
P=new double[n];
x=new double[n];
Cp=new double[n];
xx=new double[n];
double dri=25.4e-3; //m pipe outlet diameter
double dfi=57e-3; // fin diameter
double si=1.651e-3; //m distance between fins
double tfi=0.88e-3; // m fin thickness
String materiali="copper"; // m/s
double U=5.0;
double T_air=29.0+273.15; //degree K
1004
double P_air=101.325; //kPa
double Pt=50.8356912e-3; //
double Pl=58.7e-3; //m
dT=0.1;
p_out=new HT_pipe_round_finned(materiali,dri,dii,dfi,si,tfi,Li,Pt,Pl);
//power plant working fluid (condensation) site of the condenser (inner pipe)
double mi=0.015;// kg/s;
double xi=0.1;
double epsi=1e-4;
String name="R134a";
p_in=new HT_inside_pipe_condensing(name,mi,dii,Li,epsi);
}
public void calculate(double T_air,double P_air,double Twater_in,double Pwater_in,double U)
{ T[0]=Twater_in;
P[0]=Pwater_in;
ar=p_in.re.property("tp",T[0],P[0]);
ar1=p_in.re.property("tp",(T[0]+dT),P[0]);
h[0]=ar[3];
s[0]=ar[5];
x[0]=ar[6];
xx[0]=0.0;
hp=ar1[3];
xp=ar1[3];
Cp[0]=(hp-h[0])/dT;
double tw=(T[0]*1000.0+T_air*10.0)/1100.0;
System.out.println("tw="+tw);
if(x[0]>=0 &&x[0]<=1)
{//hr=p_in.h_condensing_chato(x[0], T[0],tw);
hr=p_in.h_condensing_chato(x[0], T[0],tw);
}
else
{hr=p_in.hc((T[0]+tw)/2.0);}
p_out.setTP(T_air,P_air);
ha=p_out.h3(U,T_air,P_air); //air convective heat transfer coefficient
p_out.eta_fin(ha);
double dQ=0.0;
// =================for ============
{xx[i]=p_in.L/n*i;
double UU=1.0/(1.0/(hr)+p_in.A*Math.log(p_out.dr/p_out.di)/(2.0*Math.PI*p_out.k*p_out.L)+p_in.A/(h
dQ=UU*p_in.A/n*(T[i-1]-T_air);
h[i]=h[i-1]-dQ*1e-3/p_in.mi;
ar1=p_in.re.property("px",P[0],0.0);
ar2=p_in.re.property("px",P[0],1.0);
hl=ar1[3];
hv=ar2[3];
x[i]=(h[i]-hl)/(hv-hl);
if(x[i]>=0 && x[i]<=1) //saturation zone
{T[i]=ar[1];
//hr=h_condensing_ElHajal(x[0], T[0],tw);
hr=p_in.h_condensing_chato(x[i], T[i],tw);
System.out.println("saturation i="+i+"x="+x[i]+"T="+T[i]);
}
else if(x[i]>1) //vapor zone
{ ar=p_in.re.property("ph",P[0],h[i]);
T[i]=ar[1]; s[i]=ar[5];
1005
x[i]=ar[6];hr=p_in.hc((T[i]+tw)/2.0);
System.out.println("vapor zone i="+i+"x="+x[i]+"T="+T[i]);
}
else if(x[i]<0) //liquid zone
{ ar=p_in.re.property("ph",P[0],h[i]);
T[i]=ar[1]; s[i]=ar[5];
x[i]=ar[6];hr=p_in.hc((T[i]+tw)/2.0);
System.out.println("liquid zone i="+i+"x="+x[i]+"T="+T[i]);
}
//==properties==
p_out.setTP(tw,P_air);
// weighted average
tw=(p_out.A*ha*T_air+p_in.A*hr*T[0])/(p_out.A*ha+p_in.A*hr);
//tw=(10.0*T_air+1000.0*T[0])/(T_air+T[0]);
System.out.println("i="+i+"tw="+tw+"Ti="+T[i]+"tw="+tw);
if(x[i]>=0 &&x[i]<=1)
{hr=p_in.h_condensing_chato(x[i], T[0],tw);}
else
{hr=p_in.hc((T[i]+tw)/2.0);}
p_out.setTP(tw,P_air);
}
double bb[][]={xx,T};
Text.printT(bb);
graph2D p=new graph2D();
p.addData(xx,T);
p.addPoint(xx,T);
//Plot p=new Plot(xx,T);
p.plot();
}

{HT_geothermal_condenser htgc=new HT_geothermal_condenser(100);
double T_air=20.0; //degree C
double T_ref_in=80.0;
double P_ref_in=1400.0;
double P_air_in=100.0;
double U=5.0; //air velocity m/s
htgc.calculate(T_air,P_air_in,T_ref_in,P_ref_in,U);
}
}
1006
x m pipe
length T degree C x quality
0 80 1.216183334
0.18292 76.3621003 1.18904021
0.36584 73.2921337 1.165968341
0.54876 70.4434689 1.144397529
1007
0.73168 67.7869695 1.124111427
0.9146 65.3083272 1.105005313
1.09752 62.9940794 1.086981359
1.28044 60.8324205 1.069954722
1.46336 58.8130548 1.053852525
1.64628 56.92673 1.038610332
1.8292 55.1644104 1.024165504
2.01212 53.517217 1.010456407
2.19504 52.4227524 0.997428374
2.37796 52.4227524 0.997428374
2.56088 52.4227524 0.965402255
2.7438 52.4227524 0.965402255
2.92672 52.4227524 0.933617489
3.10964 52.4227524 0.933617489
3.29256 52.4227524 0.902020116
3.47548 52.4227524 0.902020116
3.6584 52.4227524 0.87059749
3.84132 52.4227524 0.87059749
4.02424 52.4227524 0.839346074
4.20716 52.4227524 0.839346074
4.39008 52.4227524 0.808266583
4.573 52.4227524 0.808266583
4.75592 52.4227524 0.777362282
4.93884 52.4227524 0.777362282
5.12176 52.4227524 0.746638205
5.30468 52.4227524 0.746638205
5.4876 52.4227524 0.716100719
5.67052 52.4227524 0.716100719
5.85344 52.4227524 0.685757257
6.03636 52.4227524 0.685757257
6.21928 52.4227524 0.655616119
6.4022 52.4227524 0.655616119
6.58512 52.4227524 0.62568631
6.76804 52.4227524 0.62568631
6.95096 52.4227524 0.595977377
7.13388 52.4227524 0.595977377
7.3168 52.4227524 0.566499248
7.49972 52.4227524 0.566499248
7.68264 52.4227524 0.537262042
7.86556 52.4227524 0.537262042
8.04848 52.4227524 0.508275849
8.2314 52.4227524 0.508275849
8.41432 52.4227524 0.479550476
8.59724 52.4227524 0.479550476
8.78016 52.4227524 0.451095145
8.96308 52.4227524 0.451095145
9.146 52.4227524 0.422918148
1008
9.32892 52.4227524 0.422918148
9.51184 52.4227524 0.395026444
9.69476 52.4227524 0.395026444
9.87768 52.4227524 0.367425223
10.0606 52.4227524 0.367425223
10.24352 52.4227524 0.340117415
10.42644 52.4227524 0.340117415
10.60936 52.4227524 0.313103178
10.79228 52.4227524 0.313103178
10.9752 52.4227524 0.286379359
11.15812 52.4227524 0.286379359
11.34104 52.4227524 0.259938962
11.52396 52.4227524 0.259938962
11.70688 52.4227524 0.233770627
11.8898 52.4227524 0.233770627
12.07272 52.4227524 0.20785815
12.25564 52.4227524 0.20785815
12.43856 52.4227524 0.182180041
12.62148 52.4227524 0.182180041
12.8044 52.4227524 0.156709143
12.98732 52.4227524 0.156709143
13.17024 52.4227524 0.131412267
13.35316 52.4227524 0.131412267
13.53608 52.4227524 0.106249802
13.719 52.4227524 0.106249802
13.90192 52.4227524 0.106249802
14.08484 52.4227524 0.081175127
14.26776 52.4227524 0.081175127
14.45068 52.4227524 0.056133468
14.6336 52.4227524 0.056133468
14.81652 52.4227524 0.031059104
14.99944 52.4227524 0.031059104
15.18236 52.4227524 0.005866698
15.36528 52.4227524 0.005866698
15.5482 48.6307628 -0.01960128
15.73112 46.9922738 -0.0306058
15.91404 45.4498128 -0.04096536
16.09696 43.9994963 -0.05070606
16.27988 42.6353316 -0.05986814
16.4628 41.3517821 -0.06848879
16.64572 40.143804 -0.07660188
16.82864 39.006751 -0.08423862
17.01156 37.9362326 -0.0914285
17.19448 36.9280758 -0.09819954
17.3774 35.9783486 -0.10457815
17.56032 35.0833939 -0.1105889
17.74324 34.2398586 -0.1162543
1009
17.92616 33.4446522 -0.12159511
18.10908 32.6949086 -0.12663058
1010
PART III RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
17.0 RADIATION BASIC DEFINITIONS

Thermal rediative energy may be viewed as consisting of electromagnetic waves (as predictited by
electromagnetic theory) or as consisting of massless photons (as predicted by quantum mechanics). All
electromagnetic waves, or photons, are known to propogate through any medium at high velocities. This
velocity is known as speed of light. Spped of light depends o the medium through which it travels.
𝑐
c = 0 where c is speed of light, c0=2.998x108 m/s is speed of light in vacuum an n is refractive index.
𝑛
Some of the basic definition for electromagnetic radiation is as follows
Frequency  (measured in cycles/s = Hz);
Wavelength,  (measured in m=10-6m
Wavenumber, (measured in 1/cm)
Angular frequency,  (measured in radian/s)
𝜔 𝑐
 = = = 𝑐
2𝜋 
Each photon carries with it an amount of energy , , determined from quantum mechanics as
 = h where h=6.626069934x10-34 J/K is Plank’s constant. Electromagnetic spectrum is shown in the
following figure.
Detailed information about refraction index of different mediums are given at internet side
https://refractiveindex.info/?shelf=main&book=Ag&page=Johnson
It should be note that refraction index is also function of wavelength (or other related properties). Some
example common material refractive indexes are given here
substance n n() formula

Standard air: dry air at 15 1.00027316 0.05792105 0.00167917
n−1 = −2 + −2
°C, 101.325 kPa and with 238.0185− 57.362−
450 ppm CO2 content.

(=1.69⁡μm)
Methane CH4 1.00043647
(=1.69⁡μm)
Ethane (=1.69⁡μm) 1.0007483
Glass BK7 (=1.69⁡μm) 1.5140 1.039612122 0.2317923442
n2 − 1 = + +
2 −0.00600069867 2 −0.0200179144
1.010469452
2 −103.560653
1011
Glass Fused slica (quartz) 1.4561 n2 = 1.7606279 − 0.00790502 − 0.00663814 +
(=1.69⁡μm) 0.00646123 0.000111406
2 + 4
 
Carbondioxide (CO2) 1.001
(=0.58929⁡μm)
Water (H2O) 1.33
2
0.69616632 0.40794262
(=0.58929⁡μm) n −1= +
2 − 0.004679148 2 − 0.013512063
0.89747942
+ 2
 − 97.93400254
Each photon carries with it an amount of energy , determined from quantum mechanics as ε=h where
h=6.626x10-34 Js and known as Plank’s constant. Electromagnetic waves has a range from =0⁡μm to
=∞⁡μm. Smaller wavelengths(bigger frequencies) carries more energy. Ranges of wavelengths
(electromagnetic spectrum) and specific names given to the electromagnetic radiation in that particular
wavelengths are given in the figure below.
Electromagnetic spectrum.
17.1 SOLID ANGLE AND SPECTRAL RADIATIVE INTENSITY

Radiative transfer happens between surfaces in three dimensional space (volume), therefore angular
relations of the directions defined with solid angles. The unit of solid angle is steradians. Definition of
solid angle for a semispherical surface can be given as
𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)𝑑
𝑑= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑 The integral of ⁡𝑑W over all angles of surrounding hemisphere yields
𝑟2
2 steradians
𝜋/2 2𝜋
= ∫ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑 = 2𝜋⁡⁡⁡𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝜃=0 =0
1012
The spectral radiative intensity I is defined as the spectral radiative energy rate at time t, 𝑑𝑄 (𝑆,,t),⁡⁡
per unit projected area dA along path S, per unit solid angle 𝑑 around ,⁡ and between a small
wavelength interval d at at around 
𝑑𝑄 (𝑆, ,t)
𝐼 (𝑆, ,t)=lim [ ] In this definition lim means all properties ar efor small intervals. The unit of
𝑑𝐴𝑑d 
spectral radiative intensity is W/(m2 m sr). It should be note that the measurable quantitiy is energy which
requires of integration of spectral radiative intensity over time t, solid angle ⁡and path S yielding the
units f Joule. The spectral intensity is a function of seven independent parameters, including three space
coordinates (x, y, z) along S, two angular coordinates (θ, ϕ) for direction Ω, one wavelength (λ) (or,
frequency, ν), and one time (t). It is always specified at a wavelength λ per unit wavelength interval around
that λ. The temperature dependence of intensity is implicit in these expressions, as temperature is specified
with the spatial coordinates within the medium. Specifically, the spectral intensity refers to radiation in
an interval dλ around a single wavelength, while the total intensity refers to combined radiation including
all wavelengths. Radiative energy may loses some of its strength as it propogates through a path dS due
to scattering and absorbtion. Some of the gases on the path such as carbondioxide
, water, methane are absorbed and emit significant amount of radiation.
Every material at finite temperature (a temperature above 0 K) emits radiative energy. In principle
emission is directional in natura and ia a function of local material properties, placement geometry and
temperature:
𝐸 = 𝑓(𝑇, 𝜃,) where T(x,y,z) An ideal body would emit maximum energy uniformly in all
direction(independent of direction) . Such a body is called blackbody. An ideal blackbody also absorbs
all the radiative energy coming into it.
In calculation of radiative energy loss by a surface, the angular profile of emmisison needs to be
determined over a hemispherical envelop placed over a black surface. The hemispherical spectral
emmissive power E,b, is the energy emitted by a black surface per unit time per unit area and per unit
wavelength interval around 
𝐼,b cos(𝜃) 𝑑d=𝐼,b cos(𝜃) sin⁡(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑d
To obtain the blackbody spectral emission passing through the entire hemisphere in terms of the
blackbody intensity above equation is integrated over all solid angles of hemisphere to give
2𝜋 𝜋/2
𝐸,b d = 𝐼,b d ∫=0 ∫𝜃=0 sin⁡(𝜃) cos(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑=π𝐼,b d
1013
Which is a remarkably simple relation: The blackbody hemispherical emissive power is  times the
blackbody intensity. If emission is desired only part of the hemispherical space from 𝜃1 to 𝜃2 and 1 to
2
𝐸,b (𝜃1 ⁡to⁡𝜃2 ,1 to⁡2 )d =
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃2 )−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃1)
𝐼,b d ∫= ] 𝐼,b d
𝜃
2 2
∫𝜃=𝜃 sin⁡(𝜃) cos(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑=(2 − 1 ) [
1 1 2
As it is seen so far several variables are existed to define intensities and emissive powers of blackbody
radiation. In order to reduce confusion a list of blackbody radiation related quantities are given as a list[98]
Symbol Name Definition Geometry Formula

𝐼,b (𝑇) Spectral Emission in any direction 𝐶1 /𝜋
intensity per unit of projected area 𝑛2 5[𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝐶2 /(𝑛) − 1]
normal to that direction, and
per unit time, wavelength
interval about λ, and solid
angle
⁡𝐼b (𝑇) Total intensity Emission, including all
wavelengths in any direction 𝜎𝑇 4/𝜋
per unit of projected area
normal to that direction, and
per unit time and solid angle
𝐸,b (θ,𝑇) Directional Emission per unit solid 𝐼,b (𝑇)cos(θ)
spectral angle in direction θ per unit
emissive power surface area, wavelength
interval, and time
𝐸b (θ,𝑇) Directional total Emission, including all 𝜎𝑇 4/𝜋cos(θ)

emissive power wavelengths, in direction θ
per unit surface area, solid
angle, and time
𝐸,b (𝜃1 → 𝜃2,1 → 2,T) Finite solid Emission in solid angle θ1 ≤ ⁡ 𝐼,b (𝑇)(2 − 1 )
angle spectral θ ≤ θ2, ϕ1 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ2 per unit 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃2 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃1 )
emissive power surface area, wavelength [ ]
2
interval, and time
𝐸b (𝜃1 → 𝜃2,1 → 2,T) Finite solid Emission, including all 𝜎𝑇 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃2 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃1 )
angle total wave lengths, in solid angle [ ] (2 − 1 )
𝜋 2
emissive power θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ2, ϕ1 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ2 per
unit surface area and time.
𝐸,b (1 → 2,𝜃1 → 𝜃2,1→ 2,T) Finite solid- Emission in solid angle θ1 ≤ 𝜎𝑇 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃2 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃1 )
angle band θ ≤ θ2,ϕ1 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ2 and [ ]
𝜋 2
emissive power wavelength band λ1 → λ2
(2 − 2)(𝐹0→  − 𝐹0→ )
per unit surface area and 2 1
time
𝐸,b (T) Hemispherical Emission into hemispherical 𝜋𝐼,b (𝑇)
spectral solid angle per unit surface
emissive power area, wavelength interval,
and time
𝐸,b (1 → 2,T) Hemispherical Emission in wavelength (𝐹0→ − 𝐹0→ )𝜎𝑇 4

2 1
band emissive band λ1 → λ2 into
power hemispherical solid angle
per unit surface area and
time
𝐸b (T) Hemispherical Emission, including all 𝜎𝑇 4

total emissive wavelengths, into
power hemispherical solid angle
per unit surface area and
time
1014
18 BLACK BODY RADIATION FUNCTION
Blackbody spectral diffuse emissive power (Plank’s law )
2𝜋ℎ𝑐02
𝜋𝐼,b ()=𝐸,b ()= 5
𝑛2  [𝑒𝑥𝑝(ℎ𝑐0 /(𝑛k) − 1]
Coefficients used in the equations : k=1.380649x10-23 J/K is Boltsmann’s constant, h=6.62607015x10-34

Js is Planck’ constant, c0= 2.99792458x108 m/s is the speed of light. N is the refraction index. Note that
above values of Planck’ constant, Boltsmann’s constant and speed of light is now SI standards(Plank’
constant, Boltsmann’s constant are effective from 20 May 2019, speed of light is already in effect) .
Latest NIST- National Institutes of Standarts and Technology of USA measure for Plank’s constant is h=
6.626069934 x10-34 Js with 34 parts per billion uncertinity. Combining constants together:
𝐶1
𝜋𝐼,b ()=𝐸,b ()⁡=⁡ 5
𝑛2  [𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝐶2 /(𝑛) − 1]
𝐸 () 𝐶1
=
𝑛3 𝑇 5 (𝑛T)5 [𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝐶2 /(𝑛) − 1]
h Plank’s constant 6.6260701500E-34 Js

k Boltzman’s constant 1.3806490000E-23 J/K
co Speed of light in vacuum 2.9979245800E+08 m/s
C1 2𝜋ℎ𝑐02 3.7417718522E-16 Wm2 3.7417718522E+08 W m4/m2
C2 ℎ𝑐0 1.4387768775E-02 W/mK 1.4387768775E+04 W/mK
import java.io.*;

{ public double T;
double C1,C2;
//lambda mikrometers
public f4(double Ti)
{T=Ti;
C1=3.7417718522e8; // Wmikrometre^4/m^2
C2=1.4387768775e4; // mikrometre K
}
public void setT(double Ti)
{T=Ti;}
public double func(double lambda)
{
double ff;
double l5=lambda*lambda*lambda*lambda*lambda;
ff= C1/l5/(Math.exp(C2/lambda/T)-1);
return ff; //maksimum testi
}
}
class PlotT03
{public static void main (String args[]) throws IOException
{
double T[]={50,100,300,800,1000,2000,5800}; //K
f4 f1=new f4(T[0]);
Plot pp=new Plot(f1,0.1,100.0);
for(int i=0;i<T.length;i++)
{f1.setT(T[i]);
pp.addFunction(f1,0.1,100.0,200);
}
pp.setYlogScaleOn();
String sp="Spectral black body emissive power";
String sx="Wavelength, "+'\u03BB'+"("+'\u03BC'+"m)";
1015
String sy="Spectral emissive power, E,"+'\u03BB'+"b(W/m^2"+'\u03BC'+"m)";
pp.setPlabel(sp);
pp.setXlabel(sx);
pp.setYlabel(sy);
pp.plot();
}}
𝐸 () 𝐶1
=
𝑛3 𝑇5 5
(𝑛T) [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝐶2 /(𝑛) −1]
Derivative of this function will give the maximum curve

𝑑 𝐸 () 𝑑 𝐶 1 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝑑(𝑛T)
( 𝑛3 𝑇 5
) = 𝑑(𝑛T) ((𝑛T)5[𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝐶1 ) = − 𝑢2 [5𝑥 4 (exp ( 𝑥2) − 1) + 𝑥 5 (− 𝑥22) exp ( 𝑥2)] = 0
2 /(𝑛)−1]
𝐶
𝑥 = 𝑛T 𝑢 = 𝑥 5 [exp ( 2) − 1]
𝑥
///Numerical Analysis
// Secant method with one root estimation
// Linear difference formula
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
//============= function definition ================
class fb extends f_x

{ public double C2= 1.4387768775E+04;
public double func (double x)
{ return 5*x*x*x*x*(Math.exp(C2/x)-1.0)+x*x*x*x*x*(-C2/(x*x)*Math.exp(C2/x));}
}
public class NA8
{
public static double secant(f_x f,double x)
{
int nmax=100;
double fx,dfx;
double dx=0.01;
{
1016
fx=f.func(x);
dfx=(f.func(x+dx)-f.func(x-dx))/(2.0*dx);
x-=fx/dfx;
if(Math.abs(fx)<tolerance) { return x;}
}
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Warning : Maximum number of iteration is exceeded \n"+
" result may not be valid","MAXİMUM ITERATION NUMBER WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return x;
}

{
fb f=new fb();
double x0;
x0=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" First estimation for the root : "));
double r= secant(f,x0);
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null," the root : "+r+"\nFunction value : "+f.func(r),
"root of the function by Secant method : ",JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
System.exit(0);
}
}
So (𝑛T)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2897.77195⁡𝜇𝑚𝐾 This is called Wien’s displacement law
We can also see this maximum by looking normalized function plotted directly
public class Black_body_radiation

{ public static double E(double x)
{ double C1=3.7417718522E+08;
double C2=1.4387768775E+04;
double y=C2/x;
double E=C1/(x*x*x*x*x*(Math.exp(C2/x)-1.0));
return E;
}
{
int i=0;
for(double x=0.0001;x<=20000;x+=10)
{xx[i]=x;ff[i]=E(x);i++;}
String s="Spectral normalized distribution Blackbody hemispherical emissive power";
String s1[]={"n"+'\u03BB'+"T","E"+'\u03BB'+"b/T^5"};
double a[][]={xx,ff};
Text.printT(a,s1,s);
Plot p=new Plot(xx,ff);
p.setPlabel(s);
p.setXlabel(s1[0]);
p.setYlabel(s1[1]);
p.plot();
}
}
1017
Now we would like to integrate Blackbody spectral diffuse power equation for all the wavelengths to
find the total blackbody power for all spectrum.
𝐸𝑏 () ∞ 𝐶1 𝑑
= ∫=0 ( Converting variables gives:
𝑛3 𝑇5 5
𝑛𝑇) [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝐶2 /(𝑛) −1]
𝐶2
=
𝐶2
nT
= 𝑑=-
𝐶2
n2 T
𝑑
nT
𝐸𝑏 () 0 𝐶1 5 𝐶2
=⁡= ∫=∞ (- 𝑑)
𝑛3 𝑇 5 𝐶25 2 T
𝐶 ∞ 3
𝐸b (𝑇) = [( 14 ) 𝑛2 𝑇 4 ∫=0 [ 𝑑]
𝐶2 𝑒𝑥𝑝()−1]
∞ 3 ∞ 𝑒 − 3 ∞ 𝑒 − 3 ∞
∫=0 [exp⁡()−1] 𝑑 = ∫=0 𝑒 −[𝑒 −1] 𝑑= ∫=0 [1−𝑒 −] 𝑑= ∫=0 3 ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑒 −𝑛 𝑑
In order to solve the integral a new variable change will be applied. Each summation in the integral can
be evaluated seperately.
𝑢 = 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛𝑑
∞ 1 ∞
∫=0 3 ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑒 −𝑛 𝑑= 𝑛4 ∫𝑢=0 𝑢3 𝑒−𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
∫𝑢=0 𝑢3 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑢3 𝑒 −𝑢 |∞ 2 −𝑢
𝑢=0 + 3 ∫𝑢=0 𝑢 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
∫𝑢=0 𝑢2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑢2 𝑒 −𝑢 |∞
𝑢=0 + 2 ∫𝑢=0 𝑢𝑒
−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
∞ ∞
∫𝑢=0 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 |∞
𝑢=0 + 2 ∫𝑢=0 𝑒
−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
∞
∫𝑢=0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑢 |∞
𝑢=0 = −(0 − 1) = 1
∞ 6 𝜋4 𝜋4
∫=0 3 ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑒 −𝑛 𝑑 = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛4 = 6 90 = 15
Therefore
𝐶 𝜋4
𝐸b (𝑇) = [( 14 ) ] 𝑛2 𝑇 4 = 𝜎𝑛2 𝑇 4
𝐶2 15
𝐶 𝜋4
𝜎 = [( 14 ) ] =5.6703744192x10-8 W/m2K4
𝐶2 15
This equation is called Stephan-Boltzmann law and constant 𝜎 is called Stephan-Boltzmann constant.
𝐶 𝜋 4 𝑛2 𝑇4 𝜎𝑛2 𝑇4
So 𝐼b (𝑇) = [( 14 ) ] =
𝐶2 15 𝜋 𝜋
1018
If an emissive power of a spectral band is required only,
1
𝐸(→1),b (𝑇) = ∫=0 𝐸,b (𝑇)𝑑
Black body emmissive power of a spectral band is usually given as a ratio to total black body emmissive
power. This ratio is called blackbody radiation function
1 1
𝐸(→1),b(𝑇) ∫=0 𝐸,b (𝑇)𝑑 ∫=0 𝐸,b (𝑇)𝑑
𝐹(→1) (𝑇) = = ∞ =
𝐸b (𝑇) ∫=0 𝐸,b (𝑇)𝑑 𝜎𝑛2 𝑇4
𝐶2
=
𝐶2
nT
= 𝑑=-
𝐶2
𝑛2 T
𝑑
nT
𝐶1 ∞ 3
[( 4 ) ∫=1 [  𝑑] 𝑛2 𝑇 4 ∞
𝐸(→1),b (𝑇) 𝐶2 𝑒 −1 ] 15 3
𝐹(→1) (𝑇) = = = 4 ∫  𝑑
𝐸b (𝑇) 𝐶1 𝜋 4 2 4 𝜋 [𝑒 − 1]
[( 4 ) ] 𝑛 𝑇 =1
𝐶2 15
15 1 3 −𝑛15 1
𝐹(→1) (𝑇) = 1 − ∫ 𝑑=1 − 4 ∫ 3 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑒 𝑑
𝜋 4 =0 [𝑒  −1] 𝜋 =0
𝑢 = 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛𝑑
1 1 u1
∫=0 3 ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑒 −𝑛 𝑑= 𝑛4 ∫𝑢=0 𝑢3 𝑒−𝑢 𝑑𝑢
u1 u1
∫𝑢=0 𝑢3 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑢3 𝑒 −𝑢 |𝑢1 2 −𝑢
𝑢=0 + 3 ∫𝑢=0 𝑢 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
u1 u1
∫𝑢=0 𝑢2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑢2 𝑒 −𝑢 |𝑢1
𝑢=0 + 2 ∫𝑢=0 𝑢𝑒
−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
u1 u1
∫𝑢=0 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 |𝑢1
𝑢=0 + 2 ∫𝑢=0 𝑒
−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
u1
∫𝑢=0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑢 |𝑢1
𝑢=0 = −(𝑒
−𝑢1
− 1) = −𝑒 −𝑢1 + 1
u1
∫𝑢=0 𝑢3 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑢1 (𝑢13 + 3𝑢12 + 6𝑢1 + 6) + 1
15 1
𝐹(→1) (𝑇) = 1 − ∑∞
𝑛=1 [−𝑒−𝑛 ((𝑛)3 + 3(𝑛)2 + 6(𝑛) + 6)] − 1
𝜋4 𝑛4
15 𝑒−𝑛 32 6 6
𝐹(→1) (𝑇) = 4
∑∞
𝑛=1 [(3 + + + )] where =
𝐶2
T
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
A java code for the function

public class F_radiation
{ public static double F(double x)
{double C2=1.438769e4;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
{total+=Math.exp(-n*y)/n*(y*y*y+3.0*y*y/n+6.0*y/(n*n)+6.0/(n*n*n));}
double pi=Math.PI;
1019
total=15.0/(pi*pi*pi*pi)*total;
return total;
}
{
int i=0;
for(double x=200;x<=14000;x+=200)
{xx[i]=x;ff[i]=F(x);i++;}
String s="Blackbody Radiation Function";
String s1[]={"n"+'\u03BB'+"T","F(n"+'\u03BB'+"T)"};
double a[][]={xx,ff};
Text.printT(a,s1,s);
Plot p=new Plot(xx,ff);
p.setPlabel(s);
p.setXlabel(s1[0]);
p.setYlabel(s1[1]);
p.plot();
}
}
Blackbody radiation function values listed

nT F(0->nT) nT F(0->nT) nT F(0->nT) nT F(0->nT)
200 3.4208698924E-27 17800 9.8023063374E-01 35400 9.9705067896E-01 53000 9.9907388328E-01
400 1.8652896018E-12 18000 9.8081267065E-01 35600 9.9709751893E-01 53200 9.9908392844E-01
600 9.2944420531E-08 18200 9.8137220988E-01 35800 9.9714337356E-01 53400 9.9909382893E-01
800 1.6436330973E-05 18400 9.8191032141E-01 36000 9.9718826859E-01 53600 9.9910358735E-01
1000 3.2079017070E-04 18600 9.8242801514E-01 36200 9.9723222895E-01 53800 9.9911320624E-01
1200 2.1343161517E-03 18800 9.8292624476E-01 36400 9.9727527882E-01 54000 9.9912268807E-01
1400 7.7907129692E-03 19000 9.8340591133E-01 36600 9.9731744162E-01 54200 9.9913203527E-01
1600 1.9719854672E-02 19200 9.8386786664E-01 36800 9.9735874004E-01 54400 9.9914125024E-01
1800 3.9343321141E-02 19400 9.8431291627E-01 37000 9.9739919609E-01 54600 9.9915033529E-01
2000 6.6731637674E-02 19600 9.8474182249E-01 37200 9.9743883112E-01 54800 9.9915929271E-01
2200 1.0089198163E-01 19800 9.8515530693E-01 37400 9.9747766582E-01 55000 9.9916812473E-01
2400 1.4026010230E-01 20000 9.8555405307E-01 37600 9.9751572027E-01 55200 9.9917683354E-01
2600 1.8312374980E-01 20200 9.8593870856E-01 37800 9.9755301394E-01 55400 9.9918542127E-01
2800 2.2789309407E-01 20400 9.8630988737E-01 38000 9.9758956572E-01 55600 9.9919389001E-01
3000 2.7323297650E-01 20600 9.8666817181E-01 38200 9.9762539395E-01 55800 9.9920224184E-01
3200 3.1810106319E-01 20800 9.8701411442E-01 38400 9.9766051643E-01 56000 9.9921047874E-01
3400 3.6173287444E-01 21000 9.8734823971E-01 38600 9.9769495042E-01 56200 9.9921860270E-01
3600 4.0360249961E-01 21200 9.8767104578E-01 38800 9.9772871269E-01 56400 9.9922661563E-01
3800 4.4337629438E-01 21400 9.8798300587E-01 39000 9.9776181953E-01 56600 9.9923451944E-01
4000 4.8086862061E-01 21600 9.8828456980E-01 39200 9.9779428675E-01 56800 9.9924231596E-01
4200 5.1600357981E-01 21800 9.8857616528E-01 39400 9.9782612969E-01 57000 9.9925000702E-01
4400 5.4878384176E-01 22000 9.8885819916E-01 39600 9.9785736329E-01 57200 9.9925759439E-01
4600 5.7926624918E-01 22200 9.8913105862E-01 39800 9.9788800202E-01 57400 9.9926507980E-01
4800 6.0754328332E-01 22400 9.8939511226E-01 40000 9.9791805996E-01 57600 9.9927246497E-01
5000 6.3372931881E-01 22600 9.8965071111E-01 40200 9.9794755081E-01 57800 9.9927975157E-01
5200 6.5795065026E-01 22800 9.8989818964E-01 40400 9.9797648785E-01 58000 9.9928694124E-01
5400 6.8033841345E-01 23000 9.9013786659E-01 40600 9.9800488401E-01 58200 9.9929403557E-01
5600 7.0102368458E-01 23200 9.9037004589E-01 40800 9.9803275186E-01 58400 9.9930103615E-01
5800 7.2013419210E-01 23400 9.9059501742E-01 41000 9.9806010362E-01 58600 9.9930794452E-01
6000 7.3779220558E-01 23600 9.9081305775E-01 41200 9.9808695115E-01 58800 9.9931476219E-01
6200 7.5411327148E-01 23800 9.9102443089E-01 41400 9.9811330603E-01 59000 9.9932149064E-01
6400 7.6920554939E-01 24000 9.9122938888E-01 41600 9.9813917948E-01 59200 9.9932813134E-01
6600 7.8316956612E-01 24200 9.9142817248E-01 41800 9.9816458244E-01 59400 9.9933468569E-01
6800 7.9609825444E-01 24400 9.9162101172E-01 42000 9.9818952554E-01 59600 9.9934115510E-01
7000 8.0807717942E-01 24600 9.9180812644E-01 42200 9.9821401913E-01 59800 9.9934754095E-01
7200 8.1918488310E-01 24800 9.9198972685E-01 42400 9.9823807328E-01 60000 9.9935384457E-01
7400 8.2949329782E-01 25000 9.9216601398E-01 42600 9.9826169781E-01 60200 9.9936006729E-01
7600 8.3906819390E-01 25200 9.9233718017E-01 42800 9.9828490223E-01 60400 9.9936621040E-01
7800 8.4796963762E-01 25400 9.9250340948E-01 43000 9.9830769585E-01 60600 9.9937227516E-01
8000 8.5625244362E-01 25600 9.9266487811E-01 43200 9.9833008770E-01 60800 9.9937826283E-01
8200 8.6396661120E-01 25800 9.9282175481E-01 43400 9.9835208659E-01 61000 9.9938417461E-01
1020
8400 8.7115773819E-01 26000 9.9297420120E-01 43600 9.9837370110E-01 61200 9.9939001172E-01
8600 8.7786740859E-01 26200 9.9312237217E-01 43800 9.9839493958E-01 61400 9.9939577532E-01
8800 8.8413355265E-01 26400 9.9326641613E-01 44000 9.9841581016E-01 61600 9.9940146656E-01
9000 8.8999077867E-01 26600 9.9340647542E-01 44200 9.9843632076E-01 61800 9.9940708659E-01
9200 8.9547067750E-01 26800 9.9354268650E-01 44400 9.9845647911E-01 62000 9.9941263650E-01
9400 9.0060210052E-01 27000 9.9367518032E-01 44600 9.9847629273E-01 62200 9.9941811739E-01
9600 9.0541141294E-01 27200 9.9380408250E-01 44800 9.9849576895E-01 62400 9.9942353033E-01
9800 9.0992272378E-01 27400 9.9392951362E-01 45000 9.9851491492E-01 62600 9.9942887637E-01
10000 9.1415809451E-01 27600 9.9405158945E-01 45200 9.9853373761E-01 62800 9.9943415653E-01
10200 9.1813772793E-01 27800 9.9417042118E-01 45400 9.9855224379E-01 63000 9.9943937183E-01
10400 9.2188013913E-01 28000 9.9428611560E-01 45600 9.9857044009E-01 63200 9.9944452327E-01
10600 9.2540231002E-01 28200 9.9439877533E-01 45800 9.9858833297E-01 63400 9.9944961180E-01
10800 9.2871982903E-01 28400 9.9450849899E-01 46000 9.9860592871E-01 63600 9.9945463840E-01
11000 9.3184701733E-01 28600 9.9461538141E-01 46200 9.9862323346E-01 63800 9.9945960400E-01
11200 9.3479704294E-01 28800 9.9471951375E-01 46400 9.9864025320E-01 64000 9.9946450952E-01
11400 9.3758202377E-01 29000 9.9482098371E-01 46600 9.9865699376E-01 64200 9.9946935587E-01
11600 9.4021312086E-01 29200 9.9491987564E-01 46800 9.9867346086E-01 64400 9.9947414393E-01
11800 9.4270062263E-01 29400 9.9501627074E-01 47000 9.9868966003E-01 64600 9.9947887459E-01
12000 9.4505402119E-01 29600 9.9511024715E-01 47200 9.9870559672E-01 64800 9.9948354869E-01
12200 9.4728208131E-01 29800 9.9520188009E-01 47400 9.9872127620E-01 65000 9.9948816709E-01
12400 9.4939290295E-01 30000 9.9529124202E-01 47600 9.9873670364E-01 65200 9.9949273060E-01
12600 9.5139397793E-01 30200 9.9537840273E-01 47800 9.9875188408E-01 65400 9.9949724004E-01
12800 9.5329224128E-01 30400 9.9546342943E-01 48000 9.9876682244E-01 65600 9.9950169621E-01
13000 9.5509411788E-01 30600 9.9554638691E-01 48200 9.9878152353E-01 65800 9.9950609990E-01
13200 9.5680556478E-01 30800 9.9562733763E-01 48400 9.9879599202E-01 66000 9.9951045186E-01
13400 9.5843210967E-01 31000 9.9570634179E-01 48600 9.9881023251E-01 66200 9.9951475286E-01
13600 9.5997888590E-01 31200 9.9578345742E-01 48800 9.9882424947E-01 66400 9.9951900365E-01
13800 9.6145066427E-01 31400 9.9585874054E-01 49000 9.9883804725E-01 66600 9.9952320495E-01
14000 9.6285188206E-01 31600 9.9593224514E-01 49200 9.9885163012E-01 66800 9.9952735748E-01
14200 9.6418666950E-01 31800 9.9600402335E-01 49400 9.9886500225E-01 67000 9.9953146194E-01
14400 9.6545887382E-01 32000 9.9607412547E-01 49600 9.9887816770E-01 67200 9.9953551904E-01
14600 9.6667208131E-01 32200 9.9614260005E-01 49800 9.9889113045E-01 67400 9.9953952945E-01
14800 9.6782963745E-01 32400 9.9620949398E-01 50000 9.9890389439E-01 67600 9.9954349383E-01
15000 9.6893466525E-01 32600 9.9627485251E-01 50200 9.9891646331E-01 67800 9.9954741285E-01
15200 9.6999008214E-01 32800 9.9633871939E-01 50400 9.9892884091E-01 68000 9.9955128716E-01
15400 9.7099861536E-01 33000 9.9640113685E-01 50600 9.9894103082E-01 68200 9.9955511739E-01
15600 9.7196281608E-01 33200 9.9646214572E-01 50800 9.9895303659E-01 68400 9.9955890417E-01
15800 9.7288507238E-01 33400 9.9652178543E-01 51000 9.9896486167E-01 68600 9.9956264810E-01
16000 9.7376762113E-01 33600 9.9658009413E-01 51200 9.9897650944E-01 68800 9.9956634980E-01
16200 9.7461255892E-01 33800 9.9663710868E-01 51400 9.9898798323E-01 69000 9.9957000985E-01
16400 9.7542185211E-01 34000 9.9669286474E-01 51600 9.9899928625E-01 69200 9.9957362884E-01
16600 9.7619734610E-01 34200 9.9674739678E-01 51800 9.9901042168E-01 69400 9.9957720735E-01
16800 9.7694077377E-01 34400 9.9680073815E-01 52000 9.9902139261E-01 69600 9.9958074594E-01
17000 9.7765376339E-01 34600 9.9685292114E-01 52200 9.9903220206E-01 69800 9.9958424517E-01
17200 9.7833784581E-01 34800 9.9690397697E-01 52400 9.9904285299E-01 70000 9.9958770557E-01
17400 9.7899446114E-01 35000 9.9695393586E-01 52600 9.9905334829E-01
17600 9.7962496490E-01 35200 9.9700282708E-01 52800 9.9906369080E-01
1021
So the blackbody band radiation for a given temperature and wavelength band
𝐸(1→2),b (𝑇) = [𝐹(→2) (𝑇) − 𝐹(→1) (𝑇)]𝐸b (𝑇) =

[𝐹(→2) (𝑇) − 𝐹(→1) (𝑇)]𝜎𝑇 4
An excel program calculating this property

Blackbody Radiation Function
T 1.5000000000E+03 K
 2.0000000000E+00  4.0000000000E+00
 3.0000000000E+03  6.0000000000E+03
 5.6703744192E-08 W/m^2K^4
 4.7958966667E+00  2.3979483333E+00
Eb 2.8706922510E+05 W/m^2
F(0-1T) 2.7323297650E-01 F(0-T) 7.3779220558E-01
dF 4.6455922908E-01
E 1.3336065791E+05 W/m^2
n
1 2.7242585552E-01 7.1988811110E-01
2 8.0313721143E-04 1.7026615970E-02
3 3.9603714755E-06 8.2359974015E-04
4 2.3238728400E-08 5.0196075715E-05
5 1.4871107285E-10 3.4148965482E-06
6 1.0022356324E-12 2.4752321722E-07
7 6.9909368369E-15 1.8691757440E-08
8 4.9973174841E-17 1.4524205250E-09
9 3.6382617989E-19 1.1525588039E-10
10 2.6867330663E-21 9.2944420529E-12
11 2.0067095438E-23 7.5910716249E-13
12 1.5127637318E-25 6.2639727024E-14
13 1.1492340212E-27 5.2129638574E-15
14 8.7877493416E-30 4.3693355231E-16
15 6.7572738615E-32 3.6845226702E-17
16 5.2211332410E-34 3.1233234276E-18
1022
17 4.0512911780E-36 2.6596722913E-19
18 3.1552982343E-38 2.2739136243E-20
19 2.4656127175E-40 1.9509901703E-21
20 1.9323896195E-42 1.6792081664E-22
21 1.5185207619E-44 1.4493763322E-23
22 1.1961684119E-46 1.2541934649E-24
23 9.4430869380E-49 1.0878050825E-25
24 7.4696924982E-51 9.4547733238E-27
25 5.9195128242E-53 8.2335371692E-28
26 4.6989398519E-55 7.1827126325E-29
27 3.7358381180E-57 6.2761998985E-30
28 2.9744064467E-59 5.4923433385E-31
29 2.3713296432E-61 4.8130846016E-32
30 1.8928787453E-63 4.2232961635E-33
31 1.5127140020E-65 3.7102526405E-34
32 1.2102119866E-67 3.2632082756E-35
33 9.6918604397E-70 2.8730569669E-36
34 7.7690355840E-72 2.5320569863E-37
35 6.2332834938E-74 2.2336067819E-38
36 5.0053460982E-76 1.9720613964E-39
37 4.0225211118E-78 1.7425813923E-40
38 3.2351224666E-80 1.5410079484E-41
39 2.6037181461E-82 1.3637591476E-42
40 2.0969693252E-84 1.2077435122E-43
Java program to calculate bandwise blackbody emissive power

import java.io.*;
class radiation_ch1_P2
{
public static double Eb(double lambda,double T)
{ //lambda in micrometers
double C1=3.741774892e8; // W/(mikrometer)^4/(m^2sr)
double C2=14387.69; //mikrometer K
double l5=lambda*lambda*lambda*lambda*lambda;
double e=C1/(Math.exp(C2/(lambda*T))-1.0)/l5;
return e;
}
public static double F(double x)
{
double C2=14387.69;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}

{ //Gauss-Legendre integral of any desired point (general)
double T=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("T degree K="));
double l1=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("lambda1 mikrometers"));
double l2=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("lambda2 mikrometers"));
double PI=Math.PI;
double C1=3.741774892e8; // W/(mikrometer)^4/(m^2sr)
double sigma=C1/(C2*C2*C2*C2)*PI*PI*PI*PI/15.0;
double x1=C2/(l1*T);
double x2=C2/(l2*T);
double dF=F(T*l2)-F(T*l1);
double Eb=sigma*T*T*T*T;
char lambda='\u03BB';
char sq='\u00B2';
char mu='\u03BC';
String ss1="";
ss1+="T ="+T+" degree K\n";
ss1+="Hemispherical total blackbody emmissive power Eb = "+Eb+" W/(m"+sq+")\n";
1023
ss1+="Hemispherical total("+l1+" to "+l2+" "+mu+"m wavelength range) blackbody emmissive power Eb = "+Eb*dF+"
W/(m"+sq+")\n";
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,ss1);
double l[]=Mathd.setX(0.0,0.01,l2+1.0);
double E[]=new double[l.length];
double emax=-1.0e40;
double emin=1.0e40;
for(int i=0;i<l.length;i++) {E[i]=Eb(l[i],T);if(E[i]<emin) emin=E[i];if(E[i]>emax) emax=E[i];}
Plot pp=new Plot(l,E);
double y1[]={emin,Eb(l1,T)};
double y2[]={emin,Eb(l2,T)};
double xx1[]={l1,l1};
double xx2[]={l2,l2};
pp.addData(xx1,y1);
pp.addData(xx2,y2);
pp.setYlogScaleOn();
pp.setXlabel("wavelength "+mu+"meters");
String s1="e"+lambda+"b("+lambda+",T) W/(m"+sq+mu+"m)";
String s="Hemispherical spectral emmissive power e"+lambda+"b("+lambda+",T) W/(m"+sq+mu+"m)";
pp.setYlabel(s1);
pp.setPlabel(s);
pp.plot();
}}
PROBLEM: A light bulb filament is 3600 K. Assuming that filament radiates as blackbody, what
fraction of it emmission is in the visible rigion (visible region is within =0.4 to 0.7 m)
Black body Radiation function
C2 1.43876900E+04
T 3.60000000E+03 1T 1440 1
1 4.00000000E-01 2T 2520 2
2 7.00000000E-01
n
1 6.24055738E-02 1.07447621E+00
2 1.21914357E-06 1.34217121E-03
1024
3 3.53354128E-11 2.70387408E-06
4 1.18272559E-15 6.42174979E-09
5 4.26663125E-20 1.65720949E-11
6 1.61157201E-24 4.49581244E-14
7 6.27942884E-29 1.26104852E-16
8 2.50228909E-33 3.62255408E-19
9 1.01419395E-37 1.05942511E-21
10 4.16550459E-42 3.14175074E-24
11 1.72920418E-46 9.42128891E-27
12 7.24151189E-51 2.85106134E-29
13 3.05486836E-55 8.69362139E-32
14 1.29674305E-59 2.66799670E-34
15 5.53392602E-64 8.23306379E-37
16 2.37260611E-68 2.55276172E-39
17 1.02136797E-72 7.94826766E-42
18 4.41263398E-77 2.48390308E-44
19 1.91249931E-81 7.78787370E-47
20 8.31280890E-86 2.44892491E-49
21 3.62254945E-90 7.72106224E-52
22 1.58232316E-94 2.44013886E-54
23 6.92626314E-99 7.72847328E-57
24 3.03770889E-103 2.45263333E-59
25 1.33464871E-107 7.79757580E-62
26 5.87354139E-112 2.48319925E-64
27 2.58875508E-116 7.92013738E-67
28 1.14259254E-120 2.52972580E-69
29 5.04961265E-125 8.09076327E-72
30 2.23435520E-129 2.59084332E-74
31 9.89780518E-134 8.30601459E-77
32 4.38921189E-138 2.66570353E-79
33 1.94834795E-142 8.56385652E-82
34 8.65670809E-147 2.75384005E-84
35 3.84965266E-151 8.86330311E-87
36 1.71336979E-155 2.85507745E-89
37 7.63170391E-160 9.20418375E-92
38 3.40184440E-164 2.96947105E-94
39 1.51744519E-168 9.58698735E-97
40 6.77332049E-173 3.09726659E-99
total 6.24067930E-02 1.07582109E+00
F(0->T) 9.61000544E-03 1.65665403E-01 0.1560554
PROBLEM:The sun radiaties as a blackbody at an effective temperature of T=5762 K. What fraction

of the total energy is in
a) Ultraviolet (UV) range (𝜆1 = 0.01⁡𝜇𝑚 − ⁡ 𝜆2 = 0.4⁡𝜇𝑚)
b) Visible light range (𝜆2 = 0.4⁡𝜇𝑚 −⁡ 𝜆3 = 0.7⁡𝜇𝑚)
c) Infrared region (𝜆3 = 0.7⁡𝜇𝑚 −⁡ 𝜆4 = 1000⁡𝜇𝑚)
T 5.7620000000E+03 K
 1.0000000000E-02  4.0000000000E-01
 5.7620000000E+01  2.3048000000E+03
 5.6705032119E-08 W/m^2K^4
 2.4969958348E+02  6.2424895869E+00
Eb 6.2504979425E+07 W/m^2
F(0-1T) 8.7462553396E-103 F(0-T) 1.2098038007E-01
dF 1.2098038007E-01
E 7.5618761670E+06 W/m^2
n
1 8.7462553396E-103 1.2088944367E-01
2 1.5668385700E-211 9.0827998461E-05
3 0.0000000000E+00 1.0825095675E-07
4 0.0000000000E+00 1.5147024468E-10
1025
5 0.0000000000E+00 2.2991576623E-13
6 0.0000000000E+00 3.6657750704E-16
7 0.0000000000E+00 6.0402801032E-19
8 0.0000000000E+00 1.0190245244E-21
9 0.0000000000E+00 1.7498583627E-24
10 0.0000000000E+00 3.0465647297E-27
11 0.0000000000E+00 5.3630753370E-30
12 0.0000000000E+00 9.5267391166E-33
13 0.0000000000E+00 1.7050965792E-35
14 0.0000000000E+00 3.0713238596E-38
15 0.0000000000E+00 5.5626164713E-41
16 0.0000000000E+00 1.0122627693E-43
17 0.0000000000E+00 1.8497412561E-46
18 0.0000000000E+00 3.3925048494E-49
19 0.0000000000E+00 6.2423078278E-52
20 0.0000000000E+00 1.1519572446E-54
21 0.0000000000E+00 2.1314127186E-57
22 0.0000000000E+00 3.9530320557E-60
23 0.0000000000E+00 7.3473554469E-63
24 0.0000000000E+00 1.3683217699E-65
25 0.0000000000E+00 2.5528811975E-68
26 0.0000000000E+00 4.7708461223E-71
27 0.0000000000E+00 8.9294998884E-74
28 0.0000000000E+00 1.6736954417E-76
29 0.0000000000E+00 3.1412263401E-79
30 0.0000000000E+00 5.9027720466E-82
31 0.0000000000E+00 1.1104811983E-84
32 0.0000000000E+00 2.0913787710E-87
33 0.0000000000E+00 3.9426783562E-90
34 0.0000000000E+00 7.4397903211E-93
35 0.0000000000E+00 1.4051302906E-95
36 0.0000000000E+00 2.6560544664E-98
37 0.0000000000E+00 5.0246012596E-101
38 0.0000000000E+00 9.5124388813E-104
39 0.0000000000E+00 1.8021489282E-106
40 0.0000000000E+00 3.4165059920E-109

T 5.7620000000E+03 K
 4.0000000000E-01  7.0000000000E-01
 2.3048000000E+03  4.0334000000E+03
 5.6705032119E-08 W/m^2K^4
 6.2424895869E+00  3.5671369068E+00
Eb 6.2504979425E+07 W/m^2
F(0-2T) 1.2098038007E-01 F(0-T) 4.8690088115E-01
dF 3.6592050108E-01
E 2.2871853391E+07 W/m^2

T 5.7620000000E+03 K
 7.0000000000E-01  1.0000000000E+03
 4.0334000000E+03  5.7620000000E+06
 5.6705032119E-08 W/m^2K^4
 3.5671369068E+00  2.4969958348E-03
Eb 6.2504979425E+07 W/m^2
F(0-T) 4.8690088115E-01 F(0-T) 9.9999536521E-01
dF 5.1309448407E-01
E 3.2070960170E+07 W/m^2
public class F_radiation1B

1026
{double C2=1.438769e4;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}

{
double lambda1=0.01;
double lambda2=0.4;
double lambda3=0.7;
double lambda4=1000;
double n=1.0; //refractive index for space(vacuum)
double x1=n*lambda1*T;
double x4=lambda4*T;
double F1=F(x1);
double F2=F(x2);
double F3=F(x3);
double F4=F(x4);
double dF1=(F2-F1);
double dF2=(F3-F2);
double dF3=(F4-F3);
System.out.println("Ultraviolet percentage dF1="+dF1);
System.out.println("Visible light percentage dF2="+dF2);
System.out.println("Infrared percentage dF3="+dF3);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" F_radiation1B
Ultraviolet percentage dF1=0.12098038006833149
Visible light percentage dF2=0.36592050107794827
Infrared percentage dF3=0.5130985058495146
PROBLEM: Iron at 1200 C. If it is assumed that electromagnetic radiation emmision is assumed to be

blackbody radiative emmision. What fraction of the total energy is in
a) Ultraviolet (UV) range (𝜆1 = 0.01⁡𝜇𝑚 − ⁡ 𝜆2 = 0.4⁡𝜇𝑚)
b) Visible light range (𝜆2 = 0.4⁡𝜇𝑚 −⁡ 𝜆3 = 0.7⁡𝜇𝑚)
c) Infrared region (𝜆3 = 0.7⁡𝜇𝑚 −⁡ 𝜆4 = 1000⁡𝜇𝑚)
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" F_radiation1B
Ultraviolet percentage dF1=4.407445556522024E-10
Visible light percentage dF2=3.372543669769459E-5
Infrared percentage dF3=0.999965617221291
If blackbody radiation function is given and nT is required numerical root finding methods can be
used to achieve this.
PROBLEM : In air we have a blackbody source of T=500 K. Which wavelength (m) would be
transfer 10% of the total blackbody radiation (𝐹0→𝑛T = 0.1⁡⁡=?⁡)
Function interface if_x to define lambda variable functions

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
// example f=x*x
1027
// pages 699-706
//interface version
interface if_x
{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=1;
int M=10;
}
{double h=1.0e-3;
int n=2;
int M=10;
}
double c[][][];
double alpha[];
double h;
int M;
h=0.01;
double x0=0;
M=20;
double alphai[]={0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,13,-13,14,-14,15,
-15,16,-16,17,-17,18,-18,19,-19,20,-20,21,-21,22,-22,23,-23,24,-24,25,-25,26,-26,27,-27,28,-28,29,-29,30,-30,
31,-31,32,-32,33,-33,34,-34,35,-35,36,-36,37,-37,38,-38,39,-39,40,-40,41,-41,42,-42,43,-43,44,-44,45,-45,46,
-46,47,-47,48,-48,49,-49,50,-50,51,-51,52,-52,53,-53,54,-54,55,-55,56,-56,57,-57,58,-58,59,-59,60,-60,
-61,61,-62,62,-63,63,-64,64,-65,65,-66,66,-67,67,-68,68,-70,70,-71,71,-72,72,-73,73,-74,74,-75,75,
-76,76,-77,77,-78,78,-79,79,-80,80,-81,81,-82,82,-83,83,-84,84,-85,85,-86,86,-87,87,
-88,88,-89,89,-90,90,-91,91,-92,92,-93,93,-94,94,-95,95,-96,96,-97,97,-98,98,-99,99,-100,100};
alpha=alphai;
double c1,c2,c3;
delta[0][0][0]=1.0;
c1=1.0;
{ c2=1;
c2=c2*c3;
{
if(m==0)
else
}//next m
}//next nu
{ if(m==0)
else
}//next m
c1=c2;
}//next n
c=delta;
if(Mi<N) M=N;
else M=Mi;
h=hi;
double deriv=0;
double h1=1/h;
1028
double h2=1;
{h2*=h1;}
return deriv*h2;}
}
public class F_radiation1

{double C2=1.438769e4;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}
{double b1=2.0*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-8;
int nmax=100;
int i=0;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;
i++;
}
return r;
}
{
double F1=0.1;
double n=1.00027316; //refractive index for air
if_x f1=x->F(x)-F1;
double a=0.0;
double b=250.0;
double x=bisection(f1,a,b);
System.out.println("x="+x);
double lambda=x/(n*T);
System.out.println("lambda="+lambda+" micrometers");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" F_radiation1
x=2195.176601409912
lambda=4.389154261441768 micrometers
19 EMMISIVITY
In real surfacess emissive Power values are less than the black surface emissive power values. The ratio
of actual emissive power to black body emissive power is called emissivity. Emissivity specifies
radiation from a real surface as compared with emission from a blackbody at the same temperature. It
can be spectral, and in general depends on surface temperature and direction. In detailed radiative
exchange calculations, data for spectral directional emissivity at the correct surface temperature is
needed. Such detailed data for particular materials is scarce. Most available data are for a limited
spectral range, and are mostly for the normal direction. Because of this, averaged emissivity
values are often used. Averages may be over direction, wavelength, or both. Averages for both direction
and wavelength is called total emissivity.
1029
Unlike the intensity from a blackbody, the intensity emitted from a real body does depend on direction.
The energy leaving a real surface dA of temperature T per unit time in the wavelength interval dλ and
within the solid angle dΩ = sinθdθdφ is then given by
Directional spectral emissivity 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)
𝐼 (θ,,𝑇) 𝐸 (θ,,𝑇)
𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇) = =
𝐼b (𝑇) 𝐸,b (𝑇)
Directional total emissivity 𝜀(θ,, 𝑇):
∞ ∞
𝐼 (θ,,𝑇) 𝜋 ∫=0 𝐼 (θ,,𝑇)𝑑 𝜋 ∫=0 𝐼 (θ,,𝑇)𝑑
𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇) = = =
𝐼b ( 𝑇 ) 𝐸b (𝑇) 𝜎𝑛2 𝑇4
Directional total emissivity in terms of directional spectral emissivity:
∞ ∞
𝜋 ∫=0 𝜀 (θ,,𝑇)𝐼b (𝑇)𝑑 ∫=0 𝜀 (θ,,𝑇)𝐸b (𝑇)𝑑
𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇) = =
𝜎𝑛2𝑇4 𝜎𝑛2𝑇4
Hemispherical spectral emissivity 𝜀 (𝑇)
hemispherical spectral emissive power found by integrating the spectral energy per unit solid angle over
all solid angles.
2𝜋 𝜋/2
𝐸 (T) = ∫=0 ∫𝜃=0 𝐼 (θ,, 𝑇)sin⁡(𝜃) cos(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑⁡=⁡
⁡ ⁡
∫ 𝐼 (θ,, 𝑇)cos⁡( 𝜃)𝑑=𝐼b (𝑇) ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)cos⁡(𝜃)𝑑
Hemispherical spectral emissivity (in terms of directional spectral emissivity)
𝐸 (𝑇) 1 ⁡
𝜀 (𝑇) = = ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)cos⁡(𝜃)𝑑
𝐸b (𝑇) 𝜋
Hemispherical total emissivity 𝜀(𝑇)
∞ ⁡
𝐸(𝑇) ∫=0 ∫[𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)𝐼b (𝑇)𝑑]cos⁡(𝜃)𝑑
𝜀(𝑇) = =
𝐸𝑏 (𝑇) 𝜎𝑛2 𝑇 4
Hemispherical total emissivity (in terms of directional total emissivity)
1 ⁡ 1 2𝜋 𝜋/2
𝜀(𝑇) = ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)cos⁡(𝜃)𝑑= ∫=0 ∫𝜃=0 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)sin⁡(𝜃) cos(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑⁡
𝜋 𝜋
Hemispherical total emissivity (in terms of hemispherical spectral emissivity)
1030
∞ ∞
𝜋 ∫=0 𝜀 (𝑇)𝐼b (𝑇)𝑑 ∫=0 𝜀 (𝑇)𝐸b (𝑇)𝑑
𝜀(𝑇) = =
𝜎𝑛2 𝑇4 𝜎𝑛2 𝑇4
If geometry dependence is uniform in everywhere, this type of surface is called grey surface.
Total emmisivities of some substances are given in the table below:

Alloys
20Ni-25Cr-55Fe, oxidized..........................................200.............................0.90
.................................................................................500.............................0.97
60Ni-12Cr-28Fe, oxidized..........................................270.............................0.89
.................................................................................560.............................0.82
80Ni-20Cr, oxidized...................................................100.............................0.87
.................................................................................600.............................0.87
...............................................................................1300.................. ...........0.89
Aluminum
Polished....................................................................100.............................0.095
Highly Polished ...........................................................50-500......................0.04-0.06
Unoxidized..................................................................25.............................0.022
.................................................................................100.............................0.028
.................................................................................500.............................0.060
Oxidized....................................................................200.............................0.11
.................................................................................600.............................0.19
Commercial Sheet.....................................................100.............................0.090
Anodized Sheet, Chromic Acid Proc..........................100.............................0.55
Heavily Oxidized .........................................................93-504......................0.2-0.31
Aluminum Oxide........................................................500-827......................0.42-0.26
Asbestos
Board..........................................................................20.............................0.96
Cement........................................................................ 0-200......................0.96
Cloth ...........................................................................93.............................0.90
Paper........................................................................... 0-100......................0.95
Asphalt.....................................................................Ambient.............................0.90 -0.98
Oil, on polished metal
.001” Thick ......................................................Ambient.............................0.27
.002” Thick ......................................................Ambient.............................0.46
.005” Thick ......................................................Ambient.............................0.72
Bismuth, Unoxidized..........................................................25.............................0.048
.................................................................................100.............................0.061
Brass
Polished....................................................................200.............................0.03
Unoxidized..................................................................25.............................0.035
.................................................................................100.............................0.035
Oxidized....................................................................200.............................0.61
.................................................................................600.............................0.59
Rolled Sheet ...............................................................20.............................0.06
Brick
Building...................................................................1000.............................0.450
Red, rough, no gross irregularities...............................20.............................0.930
Grog, Brick, glazed..................................................1100.............................0.750
Silica Brick ..............................................................1000.............................0.80
...............................................................................1100.............................0.85
Fire Brick ................................................................1000.............................0.750
Plate, heated long time, covered
with thick oxide layer ...................................................25.............................0.78
Plate, heated at 600°C ..............................................200-600......................0.570
Cuprous Oxide..........................................................800-1100....................0.66-0.54
Polished......................................................................50-100......................0.02-.05
Oxidized......................................................................50.............................0.6 -0.7
.................................................................................200.............................0.60
1031
.................................................................................500.............................0.88
Unoxidized................................................................100.............................0.02
............................................................................. Liquid.............................0.15
Dow Metal .......................................................................232-400......................0.24-0.20
Enamel, White, fused on Iron.............................................19.............................0.900
Glass
Smooth ........................................................................ 0-200......................0.95
.................................................................................250 -1000....................0.87-0.72
...............................................................................1100 -1500....................0.70-0.67
Fused Quartz ............................................................320.............................0.75
Covex D Glass ..........................................................320.............................0.76
Nonex Glass .............................................................320.............................0.82
Pyrex ........................................................................... 0-300......................0.90
Gold
Pure, highly polished .................................................100.............................0.02
Carefully Polished .....................................................200-600......................0.02-0.03
Unoxidized................................................................100.............................0.02
.................................................................................500.............................0.03
Enamel .....................................................................100.............................0.37
Graphite ............................................................................. 0 -3600....................0.70-0.80
Gypsum 0.02” thick on smooth
or blackened plate.......................................................20.............................0.93
Human Skin ......................................................................36-7-37.2..................0.985
Inconel
Type X ........................................................................... .............................0.550-0.780
Type B ......................................................................450-1620....................0.350-0.550
Iron
Cast
Oxidized....................................................................200-600......................0.64-0.78
Strongly Oxidized........................................................40.............................0.95
.................................................................................250.............................0.95
Unoxidized................................................................100.............................0.21
Polished....................................................................200.............................0.210
Newly Turned..............................................................22.............................0.440
Turned and Heated ...................................................882-990......................0.600-0.700
Liquid Unoxidized......................................................... --.............................0.29
Rusted ........................................................................25.............................0.65
Wrought, Dull ............................................................100.............................0.50
Wrought Iron, dull oxidized ..........................................21-360......................0.940
Wrought, highly polished .............................................38-250......................0.280
Oxidized....................................................................100.............................0.74
.................................................................................500.............................0.84
Unoxidized..............................................................1200.............................0.89
Plate, pickled, then rusted red .....................................20.............................0.610
Plate, completely rusted ..............................................19.............................0.690
Smooth oxidized electrolytic iron ...............................127-527......................0.780-0.820
Iron Oxide .................................................................500-1200....................0.85-0.89
Rough-ingot iron .......................................................927-1116....................0.870-0.950
Cast Plate, oxidized, smooth .......................................23.............................0.8
Cast Plate, oxidized, rough..........................................23.............................0.82
Molten Pure Iron .....................................................1516-1771....................0.420-0.450
Molten Armco Iron...................................................1521-1689....................0.400-0.410
Lead
Pure (99.96%) Unoxidized.........................................127-227......................0.057-0.075
Oxidized....................................................................200.............................0.63
Oxidized, Gray ............................................................24.............................0.280
Magnesium
Magnesium Oxide .....................................................227-826......................0.550-0.200
Magnesium Oxide .....................................................900-1704....................0.200
Magnesite
Refractory Brick ......................................................1000.............................0.380
Marble, Light Grey Polished................................................ 0-100......................0.903
Mercury, Unoxidized........................................................... 0.............................0.09
...................................................................................25.............................0.10
.................................................................................100.............................0.12
Molybdenum
Polished....................................................................538.............................0.05
...............................................................................1482.............................0.17
Oxidized....................................................................538.............................0.82
Unoxidized..............................................................1000.............................0.13
...............................................................................1500.............................0.19
...............................................................................2000.............................0.24
Filament....................................................................827-2593....................0.096-0.202
Monel Metal, Oxidized .....................................................200.............................0.43
.................................................................................600.............................0.43
Nichrome Wire
Clean ..........................................................................50.............................0.65
1032
.................................................................................500 -1000....................0.71-0.79
Oxidized......................................................................50-500......................0.95-0.98
Nickel
Polished.................................................................... low.............................0.12
...............................................................................1204.............................0.32
Oxidized....................................................................200.............................0.37
.................................................................................871.............................0.85
...............................................................................1200.............................0.85
Unoxidized..................................................................25.............................0.045
.................................................................................100.............................0.06
.................................................................................500.............................0.12
...............................................................................1000.............................0.19
Electroplated, Polished................................................23.............................0.045
Electroplated, not Polished ..........................................20.............................0.110
Wire..........................................................................187-1007....................0.096-0.186
Plate, oxidized by heating at 600°C ...........................200-600................0370-0.480
Nickel Oxide..............................................................650-1254....................0.590-0.860
Chromnickel................................................................52-1034....................0.640-0.760
Nickel-Silver Polished................................................100.............................0.135
Oak, Planed ......................................................................21.............................0.900
Oil Layers on Aluminum Foil
(Linseed Oil)
Aluminum Foil ...........................................................100.............................0.087
+1, 2 coats oil............................................................100.............................0.561 -0.574
Paint, Lacquers, Varnishes
Alum. Paint .................................................................. 0-100......................0.55
Bronze Paint ................................................................ 0-100......................0.80
Black Glass Paint ......................................................... 0-100......................0.90
White Lacquer.............................................................. 0-100......................0.95
Green Paint.................................................................. 0-100......................0.95
Gray Paint.................................................................... 0-100......................0.95
Lamp Black.................................................................. 0-100......................0.95
Gold Enamel ................................................................ 0-100......................0.37
Snow White Enamel varnish on
rough iron plate ...........................................................23.............................0.906
Black Shiny Lacquer, sprayed
on iron.........................................................................24.............................0.875
Black Shiny shellac on
tinned iron sheet..........................................................21.............................0.821
Black Matte shellac .....................................................77-146......................0.910
Black on White Lacquer...............................................38-93........................0.800-0.950
Flat Black Lacquer ......................................................38-93........................0.960-0.980
Oil Paints, 16 diff. (all colors) .....................................100.............................0.920-0.960
rough or smooth surface............................................100.............................0.520
Other A1 paints, varying age and
Al content..................................................................100.............................0.270-0.670
A1 Lacquer, Varnish binder on
rough plate..................................................................21.............................0.390
A1 Paint after heating to 326°C .................................150-316......................0.350
Radiator Paint: ................................................................100.............................0.790, 0.770, 0.840
White, Cream, Bleach
Radiator Paint, bronze.....................................................100.............................0.510
Lacquer coatings, 0.001-0.015”
thick on Alum. alloys....................................................38-150......................0.870-0.970
3M Nextel101-C10 ....................................................... 0-300.........................98
Mikron High Temp Test Paint
(Spirex SP102)............................................Ambient-650.............................0.999
Clear Silicone Vehicle Coating
0.001-0.150” thick:
On mild steels ...........................................................260.............................0.660
On stainless steels 316, 301, 347..............................260.............................0.680, 0.750, 0.750
On Dow Metal ...........................................................260.............................0.740
On Al Alloys, 24ST, 75ST..........................................260.............................0.770, 0.820
Aluminum Paint with silicone
vehicle paint on Inconel.............................................260.............................0.290
Dull Black Varnish .......................................................40-100......................0.80-0.95
Glossy Black Varnish sprayed on
iron .............................................................................20.............................0.87
...................................................................................40.............................0.96 -0.98
Paper, Any Color................................................................ 0-100......................0.94
Thinipasted on Tinned or
Blackened Plate ................................................................19.............................0.920 -0.940
Plaster................................................................................ 0-200......................0.91
Plastics, Opaque any color ................................................25.............................0.950
Platinum
Cleaned Polished ......................................................200-600......................0.05-0.10
Filament......................................................................27-1227....................0.036-0.192
1033
Unoxidized..................................................................25.............................0.037
.................................................................................100.............................0.047
.................................................................................5 00.............................0.096
...............................................................................1000.............................0.152
...............................................................................1500.................. ...........0.191
Wire............................................................................50-200......................0.06-0.07
.................................................................................500 -1000....................0.10-0.16
...............................................................................1400.............................0.18
Propellant:
Liquid rocket engine ..................................................600-4500....................0.900
Quartz
Rough, fused...............................................................21.............................0.930
Glass, 1.98mm Thick.................................................282-838......................0.900-0.410
Glass, 6.88mm Thick.................................................300-838......................0.930-0.470
Opaque.....................................................................300-838......................0.920-0.680
Roofing Paper ...................................................................21.............................0.910
Silica (98 Si O2, Fe-free) effect of
grain size, microns
10 microns ..............................................................1010-1566....................0.420-0.330
70-600 microns .......................................................1010-1566....................0.620-0.460
Silver
Polished....................................................................100.............................0.052
Cleaned Polished ......................................................200-600......................0.02-0.03
Unoxidized................................................................100.............................0.02
.................................................................................500.............................0.035
Stainless Steel 18-8
Buffed .........................................................................20.............................0.160
Polished......................................................................93.............................0.16
.................................................................................371.............................0.19
Oxidized......................................................................93-371......................0.83
Stainless Steel 303..........................................................316.............................0.74
Oxidized..................................................................1093.............................0.87
Stainless Steel 304 (8Cri 18Ni)
light silvery, rough brown,
after heating..............................................................216-490......................0.440-0.360
After 42 hours of heating at 527°C.............................216-527......................0.620-0.730
Stainless Steel 310 (25Cr, 20Ni)
Brown, splotched, oxidized from
furnace service..........................................................216-527......................0.900-0.970
Stainless Steel
Allegheny metal No. 4, polished ................................100.............................0.130
Allegheny metal No. 66, polished ..............................100.............................0.110
Steel
Alloyed (8%Ni, 18%Cr)..............................................500.............................0.35
Aluminized ..................................................................50-500......................0.79
Table of Emissivity of Various Surfaces For Infrared Thermometry Page 9
Dull Nickel Plated ........................................................20.............................0.11
Flat, Rough Surface ....................................................50.............................0.95 -0.98
Cast, Polished...........................................................750-1050....................0.52-0.56
Calorized, Oxidized ...................................................200.............................0.52
.................................................................................600.............................0.57
Sheet Steel, Ground..................................................938-1100....................0.550-0.610
Sheet Steel, Rolled .....................................................21.............................0.660
Sheet Steel, Strong, Rough Oxide
Layer...........................................................................24.............................0.800
Sheet with Shiny layer of oxide....................................20.............................0.82
Oxidized......................................................................25.............................0.80
.................................................................................200.............................0.79
.................................................................................600.............................0.79
Unoxidized................................................................100.............................0.08
Molten Steel............................................................1500-1650....................0.420-0.530
...............................................................................1520 -1650....................0.430-0.40
Molten Mild Steel ....................................................1600-1800....................0.280
Molten Steel, various with
0.25-1.2% (slightly oxidized
surfaces.) ................................................................1560-1710....................0.270-0.390
Molten Steel, unoxidized ....................................... Liquid.............................0.280
Steel Plate, Rough ......................................................40.............................0.94
.................................................................................400.............................0.97
.................................................................................600.............................0.57
Tantalum
Unoxidized..............................................................1500.............................0.21
...............................................................................2000.............................0.26
Filament..................................................................1327-3000....................0.190-0.310
Thorium Oxide ..........................................................277-500......................0.580-0.360
Tin
Unoxidized..................................................................25.............................0.05
1034
Commercial tin-plated sheet iron ...............................100.............................0.070-0.080
Tungsten
Filament, aged ............................................................27-3316....................0.320-0.350
Filament..................................................................3316.............................0.390
Unoxidized..................................................................25.............................0.024
.................................................................................100.............................0.032
.................................................................................500.............................0.071
...............................................................................1000.............................0.15
...............................................................................1500.............................0.23
...............................................................................2000.............................0.28
Turbojet Engine Operating...............................................350-600......................0.900
Water .......................................................................Ambient.............................0.96
Wood
Spruce, sanded...........................................................93.............................0.82
Oak, planed ................................................................. 0-200......................0.89
Some of the spectral emissivity values

Iron
T=1078 K T=1122 K T=1321 K T=1418 K
       
1.2 0.31 0.99 0.324 1.15 0.26 0.65 0.4705714
1.35 0.285 1.18 0.264 1.6 0.24 1 0.7427143
1.5 0.27 1.41 0.264 2 0.22 1.1 0.8648571
2 0.235 1.57 0.244 2.9 0.29 1.2 1.0684286
2.5 0.22 1.77 0.24 4 0.18 1.3 1.2514286
3 0.205 1.99 0.226 5 0.155 1.4 1.4408571
3.5 0.19 2.16 0.218 6.2 0.15 1.5 1.6968571
4 0.18 2.55 0.205 7 0.14 1.75 1.9207143
5 0.155 2.76 0.194 8 0.135 2 2.0634286
6 0.14 2.96 0.188 9 0.13 2.25 2.2054286
7 0.13 3.45 0.175 9.6 0.125 2.5 2.2314286
8 0.125 3.97 0.169 11 0.12 2.75 2.4862857
9.6 0.115 4.48 0.166 12 0.12 3 2.4587143
12 0.115 4.92 0.164 13 0.115 3.25 2.1991429
14 0.11 5.42 0.147
5.97 0.134
6.38 0.135
6.87 0.134
7.41 0.135
7.91 0.126
8.45 0.123
8.89 0.122
9.51 0.117
9.84 0.117
10.20 0.115
10.90 0.115
11.30 0.114
11.80 0.112
12.40 0.105
13.40 0.107
99.6 Al, 0.11 Fe, 0.11 Si, 001 Cu, 0.11 Mg cylindrical tube heated for 15 hours polished with Carnu and Selvyt cloth; surface
roughness 3 m
Aluminium
T=599 K T=697 K T=805
     
1.8 0.11 1.7 0.1 1.7 0.13
2 0.1 2 0.09 2 0.11
2.5 0.086 2.5 0.075 2.5 0.094
3 0.076 3 0.067 3 0.083
3.5 0.068 3.5 0.061 3.5 0.075
4 0.062 4 0.057 4 0.068
4.5 0.057 4.5 0.053 4.5 0.065
5 0.053 5 0.05 5 0.061
1035
5.5 0.05 5.5 0.048 5.5 0.058
6 0.048 6 0.046 6 0.056
6.5 0.046 6.5 0.044 6.5 0.054
7 0.044 7 0.043 7 0.052
7.5 0.042 7.5 0.042 7.5 0.051
8 0.041 8 0.041 8 0.05
8.5 0.039 8.5 0.04 8.5 0.049
9 0.038 9 0.039 9 0.048
9.5 0.037 9.5 0.038 9.5 0.047
10 0.04 10 0.039 10 0.049
10.5 0.054 10.6 0.041 10.5 0.057
10.7 0.056 11 0.04 10.9 0.059
11 0.054 11.5 0.038 11.3 0.055
11.5 0.044 12 0.037 11.5 0.051
12 0.039 12.5 0.036 12 0.049
12.5 0.036 13 0.035 12.5 0.047
13.5 0.035 13 0.045
14 0.034 13.5 0.043
14 0.042
99.6 Al, 0.11 Fe, 0.11 Si, 001 Cu, 0.11 Mg cylindtrical tube heated for 25 hours roughened andknurled with grade 180 slicon
carbide paper; surface roughness 115 m
Aliminium
T=462 T=599 T=715 T=803
       
1.8 0.25 2 0.284 1.25 0.33 3.5 0.284
2 0.26 2.5 0.28 1.5 0.34 4 0.282
2.5 0.264 3 0.277 2 0.33 4.5 0.277
3 0.261 3.5 0.273 2.5 0.319 5 0.268
3.5 0.258 4 0.271 3 0.31 5.5 0.274
4 0.254 4.5 0.27 3.5 0.301 6 0.272
4.5 0.251 5 0.27 4 0.292 6.2 0.272
5 0.247 5.5 0.266 4.5 0.28 6.7 0.271
5.5 0.244 6 0.266 5.1 0.274 7.4 0.272
6 0.241 6.5 0.265 5.6 0.28 7.6 0.272
6.5 0.238 7 0.264 5.9 0.281 8 0.263
7 0.235 7.5 0.263 6.5 0.276 8.5 0.268
7.5 0.233 8 0.262 7 0.273 9 0.27
8 0.233 8.5 0.266 7.5 0.271 9.4 0.27
8.5 0.238 9 0.268 8 0.27 9.6 0.272
9 0.239 9.4 0.267 8.5 0.272 10 0.282
9.5 0.237 10 0.27 8.8 0.272 10.5 0.345
10 0.246 10.6 0.288 9.4 0.272 11 0.384
10.5 0.256 11 0.28 10 0.279 12 0.343
11 0.248 12 0.269 10.5 0.312 12.6 0.337
12 0.234 12.6 0.266 11 0.328 13 0.339
12.5 0.233 13.1 0.273 12 0.308 13.4 0.339
13 0.233 13.5 0.271 12.5 0.294 14 0.333
13.5 0.233 14 0.269 13 0.31 14.5 0.328
14 0.233 13.3 0.312
14.5 0.231 13.6 0.31
14 0.304
14.5 0.301
99.9 copper steel-shot blasted preheted roughness 348 microinches

Copper
T=652 K T=757 K T=867 K T=913 K
       
1036
1.5 0.262 1.5 0.28 1.5 0.227
2 0.228 2 0.214 2 0.229 2 0.231
4 0.145 4 0.146 4 0.154 4 0.16
6 0.102 6 0.111 6 0.119 6 0.124
8 0.088 8 0.095 8 0.106 8 0.111
10 0.08 10 0.097 10 0.108 10 0.109
99.9 Cu precleaned, electropolished, cold water rinsed, alcohol rinsed, surface roughness 5.2 mikroinches
Copper
T=755 K T=865 K T=915 K T=1035 K
       
1.5 0.024 1.5 0.026 1.5 0.031
2 0.019 2 0.022 2 0.026 2 0.029
4 0.018 4 0.022 4 0.024 4 0.025
6 0.018 6 0.02 6 0.023 6 0.023
8 0.013 8 0.016 8 0.023 8 0.023
10 0.012 10 0.017 10 0.021 10 0.021
99.9 Cu Glass-shot blasted surface roughness 76 microinches

Copper
T=636 K T=763 K T=873 K T=907 K
       
1.5 0.07 1.5 0.104 1.5 0.104
2 0.063 2 0.063 2 0.076 2 0.081
4 0.039 4 0.059 4 0.053 4 0.053
6 0.031 6 0.06 6 0.047 6 0.042
8 0.026 8 0.06 8 0.04 8 0.037
10 0.063 10 0.047 10 0.051
For a grey surface

𝐸 (, 𝑇)
𝜀 (, 𝑇) =
𝐸,b (, 𝑇)
∞ ∞
∫ 𝐸 (, 𝑇)𝑑 ∫=0 𝜀 (, 𝑇)𝐸,b (, 𝑇)𝑑
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = =0 =
𝐸b (𝑇) 𝐸b (𝑇)
𝐶1 2 4 ⁡ 𝜀()3
∞
∫= 𝐸 (, 𝑇)𝑑 [( ) 𝑛 𝑇 ∫=0 [  𝑑] ∞
𝐶24 𝑒 − 1] 15 𝜀 ()3
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = = = 4 ∫  𝑑
𝐸 (𝑇) 𝐶1 𝜋 4 2 4 𝜋 [𝑒 − 1]
[( 4 ) ] 𝑛 𝑇 =
𝐶2 15
An analytical solution is not available integral can be solved by using numerical integration methods
such as Gauss-Legendre method or numerical finite difference method.
In finite difference methods, spectral emissivity values are assumed to be constant for a finite difference
band of spectrum. Therefore integration can be converted to a summation process as a function of black
body radiation function.
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = ∑ (𝐹(→i) (𝑇) − 𝐹(→i+1) (𝑇)) 𝜀i (i, 𝑇)

𝑖=0
1037
It should also be note that spectrumwise available numerical datas are limited . Therefore normalizing
the data will also be applied into the equations.
15 2 𝜀()3 𝐶2
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = ∫ 𝑑 where = nT
𝜋 4(𝐹(→2)(𝑇)−𝐹(→1)(𝑇)) =1 [𝑒  −1]
𝑖=0 (𝐹(→i) (𝑇 ) − 𝐹(→i+1) (𝑇 )) 𝜀i (i, 𝑇 )

∑∞
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) =
(𝐹(→2) (𝑇) − 𝐹(→1) (𝑇))
PROBLEM
Surface temperature of a substance is T=1000 K, and spectral emmisivity can be approximated as the
figure below. Calculate the total emissivity coefficient.
c.txt data for spectral emissivity

0 0.1
1 0.1
2 0.1
2.001 0.4
3 0.4
4 0.4
5 0.4
6 0.4
6.001 0.2
7 0.2
8 0.2
9 0.2
10 0.2
50 0.2
100 0.2
//======================================================
// Radiation heat transfer
// total emmissivity (wavelength based emmisisvity is given as
// data- partial continuous pulynomial curve fittin ids applied)
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
{ double func(double x,int n)
{ double xx=1.0;
if(n==0) xx=1.0;
else if(n==1) xx=x;
else if(n==2) xx=x*x;
else if(n==3) xx=x*x*x;
else if(n==4) xx=x*x*x*x;
else if(n==5) xx=x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==6) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==7) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==8) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==9) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else
{ for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) xx*=x;}
return xx;
}
}
1038
{ public double C1=3.741774892e8; // W/(mikrometer)^4/(m^2sr)
public double C2=14387.69; //mikrometer K
public double sigma=C1/(C2*C2*C2*C2)*PI*PI*PI*PI/15.0;
double a[][]; //coefficients of partial continuous curve fitting
double T;
double xmin,xmax;
double ymin,ymax;
static char lambda='\u03BB';
static char epsilon='\u03B5';
static char ksi='\u03BE';
static String s1=""+lambda+"*T";
static String s2=""+epsilon+"_"+lambda+"*T";
fh f2;
public f1(double x[][],double Ti)
{ T=Ti;
f2=new fh();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
for(int i=0;i<x[0].length;i++)
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
if(x[0][i]<xmin) {xmin=x[0][i];ymin=x[1][i];}
if(x[0][i]>xmax) {xmax=x[0][i];ymax=x[1][i];}
}
String label[]={s1,s2};
Text.printT(x,label,"data read");
a=partial_continuous.EKKgeneral(f2,x[0],x[1],10,6);
Text.print(a,"a");
partial_continuous.funcEKKPlot(f2,x[0],x[1],10,6);
}
public f1(String name,double Ti)
{double x[][]=Text.readDoubleT(name);T=Ti;
T=Ti;
f2=new fh();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
}
Text.print(a,"a");
}
{ T=Ti;
double x[][]=Text.readDoubleT("copper1.txt");T=Ti;
T=Ti;
f2=new fh();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
if(x[0][i]<xmin) xmin=x[0][i];
if(x[0][i]>xmax) xmax=x[0][i];
}
Text.print(a,"a");
}
{//x ksi
return eps(x)*15.0/(PI*PI*PI*PI)*x*x*x/(exp(x)-1.0);}
public double eps(double x)

{//x ksi
//y lambda*T
//z lambda
double eps=0;
double y=C2/x;
1039
double z=y/T;
if(y<xmin) eps=ymin;
else if(y>xmax) eps=ymax;
else eps=partial_continuous.funcEKKgeneral(f2,a,y);
return eps;
}
}
{
{
if(x<=0) return 0;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}
{
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
{
// for [x1,x2] band
double z=0;
{ z+=a[1][i]*f_xnt.func(a[0][i]);}
return z;
}
public static double total_emmissivity(String name,double T,double lambda1,double lambda2)
{ // integration method
f1 b1=new f1(name,T);
double x1=C2/(lambda1*T);
double dF=F(lambda2*T)-F(lambda1*T);
double z=integral(b1,x2,x1,200)/dF;
return z;
1040
}
public static double total_emmissivity_FD(String name,double T,double lambda1,double lambda2)
{return total_emmissivity_FD(name,T,lambda1,lambda2,300);}
public static double total_emmissivity_FD(String name,double T,double lambda1,double lambda2,int n)
{ //finite difference addition (euler integration) method
double dlambdaT=(lambda2-lambda1)*T/(double)(n-1);
double z=0;
double lambdaT=lambda1*T;
double lambdaT1;
double y;
double eps;
{ y=C2/(lambdaT+dlambdaT/2.0);
lambdaT1=lambdaT+dlambdaT;
z+=b1.eps(y)*(F(lambdaT1)-F(lambdaT));
lambdaT=lambdaT1;
}
z/=dF;
return z;
}
{ double eps=total_emmissivity("c.txt",1000.0,0.01,100.0);
System.out.println("eps total = "+eps);
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD("c.txt",1000.0,0.01,100.0);
System.out.println("eps1 total = "+eps1);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" radiation_ch1_P3
eps total = 0.32564263508764707
eps1 total = 0.3251220240080172
Spectral emissivity values can be given as a function as well

//======================================================
// total emmissivity (wavelength based emmisisvity is given as a function)
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
1041
double T;
{T=Ti;}
{//x ksi
{//x ksi
//y lambda*T
//z lambda
double eps=0;
double y=C2/x;
double z=y/T;
if(z<2) eps=0.1;
else if(z>=2 && z<6) eps=0.4;
else eps=0.2;
return eps;
}
}
{
{
if(x<=0) return 0;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}
public static double total_emmissivity(double T,double lambda1,double lambda2)
f3 b1=new f3(T);
double z=radiation_ch1_P3.integral(b1,x2,x1,200)/dF;
return z;
}
public static double total_emmissivity_FD(double T,double lambda1,double lambda2)
{return total_emmissivity_FD(T,lambda1,lambda2,300);}
public static double total_emmissivity_FD(double T,double lambda1,double lambda2,int n)
f3 b1=new f3(T);
double z=0;
double lambdaT1;
double y;
double eps;
lambdaT=lambdaT1;
}
z/=dF;
return z;
}
1042
{ double eps=total_emmissivity(1000,0.01,100.0);
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD(1000.0,0.01,100.0);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

eps total = 0.3263737765962589
eps1 total = 0.3272811064431412
PROBLEM
Surface temperature of a substance is T=650 K, and spectral emmisivity can be approximated as the
figure below. Calculate the total emissivity coefficient.

{ double eps=total_emmissivity("d.txt",650.0,0.01,20.0);
1043
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD("d.txt",650.0,0.01,20.0);
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

eps total = 0.5824152853506223
eps1 total = 0.5819970639553191
Spectral emissivities are given as function:

{//x ksi
{//x ksi
//y lambda*T
//z lambda
double eps=0;
double y=C2/x;
double z=y/T;
if(z<3.5) eps=0.9;
else if(z>=3.5 && z<9.5) eps=1.27917-0.10833*z;
else eps=0.25;
return eps;
}
}
{ double eps=total_emmissivity(650,0.01,20.0);
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD(650.0,0.01,20.0);
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

eps total = 0.5824154554285608
eps1 total = 0.5819971034613677
Actual datas are not change that smooth all the time. Actual datas can be read to the computer
environmet than tha same programs can be used to evaluate total emissivity. If the data is in graphic
format, digitizing of the data might be required.
PROBLEM. Let us consider total emissivity of aluminium oxide data is given the the figure below.
1044
Program called digitizer is given below.
import java.awt.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.filechooser.*;
public class digitizer extends JApplet implements ActionListener

{
private JButton B[];
private JLabel l[];
JLabel altbar;
private JTextField t[];
private JTextArea ta;
private String S[]={"input page","graphic digitizing page"};
private Container c;
private JPanel J[];
scanP fp;
double xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax;
String resim,dosya;
JTabbedPane jtp;
public void init()

{
xmin=0.0;
xmax=8.0;
ymin=0.0;
ymax=1.0;
resim="emmisivity.JPG";
dosya="a.txt";
c=getContentPane();
c.setLayout(new BorderLayout(5,5));
B=new JButton[2];
l=new JLabel[8];
t=new JTextField[6];
altbar=new JLabel();
ta=new JTextArea(toString());
jtp=new JTabbedPane();
J=new JPanel[3];
J[0]=new JPanel();
1045
J[0].setLayout(new GridLayout(4,4));
J[1]=new JPanel();
J[2]=new JPanel();
B[0]=new JButton("JFileChoser reading picture");
B[1]=new JButton("JFileChoser output file");
l[0]=new JLabel("minimum x");
l[1]=new JLabel("minimum y");
l[2]=new JLabel("maximum x");
l[3]=new JLabel("maxsimum y");
l[4]=new JLabel("graphic (input) file");
l[5]=new JLabel("graphic (output) file");
l[6]=new JLabel("graphic (input) file");
l[7]=new JLabel("graphic (output) file");
t[0]=new JTextField(""+xmin);
t[1]=new JTextField(""+ymin);
t[2]=new JTextField(""+xmax);
t[3]=new JTextField(""+ymax);
t[4]=new JTextField(resim);
t[5]=new JTextField(dosya);
for(int i=0;i<5;i++) t[i].addActionListener(this);
for(int i=0;i<2;i++) B[i].addActionListener(this);
J[0].add(l[0]);
J[0].add(t[0]);
J[0].add(l[1]);
J[0].add(t[1]);
J[0].add(l[2]);
J[0].add(t[2]);
J[0].add(l[3]);
J[0].add(t[3]);
J[0].add(l[4]);
J[0].add(t[4]);
J[0].add(l[5]);
J[0].add(t[5]);
J[0].add(l[6]);
J[0].add(B[0]);
J[0].add(l[7]);
J[0].add(B[1]);
J[1].add(J[0],BorderLayout.NORTH);
J[1].add(ta,BorderLayout.CENTER);
jtp.addTab(S[0],J[1]);
fp=new scanP(resim,dosya,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax);
//fp.setSize(1000,600);
//J[2].setLayout(new FlowLayout());
J[2].add(fp,BorderLayout.CENTER);
//J[2].add(fp.jp,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
jtp.addTab(S[1],fp);
c.add(jtp);
}

{String s;
s=" Turhan ÇOBAN EGE Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fak. Makina Müh.\n";
s+="=========================================================================================\n";
s+="Command structure : first two tkics to mouse defines minimum and maximum data points\n";
s+="After this each left mouse click converted to x and y coordinates according to given maximum \n";
s+="and minimum values. A picture of the graphics placed on the screen as a picture\n";
s+="when right hand button of mouse is pushed process stops and all the values are recorded \n";
s+="into the given file.\n";
s+="=========================================================================================\n";
return s;
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

{
if(e.getSource()==t[0])
{ Double V0=new Double(t[0].getText());
xmin=V0.doubleValue();
}
else if(e.getSource()==t[1])
ymin=V0.doubleValue();
}
xmax=V0.doubleValue();
}
1046
ymax=V0.doubleValue();
}
{ resim=t[4].getText();
fp.setResimismi(resim);}
{ dosya=t[4].getText();
fp.setDosyaismi(dosya);
}
else if(e.getSource()==B[0])
{ File file=new File("emmisivity.jpg");
JFileChooser fc=new JFileChooser();
if (fc.showOpenDialog(null) == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {file = fc.getSelectedFile();resim=file.getName();}
t[4].setText(resim);
fp.setResimismi(resim);
}
else if(e.getSource()==B[1])
{ File file=new File("a.txt");
JFileChooser fc=new JFileChooser();
if (fc.showOpenDialog(null) == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {file = fc.getSelectedFile();dosya=file.getName();}
t[5].setText(dosya);
fp.setDosyaismi(dosya);
}
System.out.println("xmin = "+xmin+"xmax="+xmax+"ymin="+ymin+"ymax="+ymax);
fp.setMinMax(xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax);
repaint();
}
public static void main(String s[])

{
JFrame f = new JFrame("digitizer program");
JApplet applet = new digitizer();
applet.init();
f.add(applet);
f.pack();
f.setSize(1600,1000);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
1047
Data is recorded into file a.txt. data range is between 0.9055472263868065 and 7.988005997001499
mikrometer, and temperature is 1200 K So:
{ double eps=total_emmissivity(“a.txt",1200,0.91,7.98);
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD(“a.txt",1200,0.91,7.98);
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

eps total = 0.26101710218117774
eps1 total = 0.2617421719867452
It should also be note that both approximation methods are given close values.
PROBLEM: Directional total emissivity (,T) values are given in the table below as a function of . 
is independent of  angle and Temperature is T=1000 K. Find hemispherical total emissivity (T)
Hemispherical total emissivity (in terms of directional total emissivity)
1048
⁡ 2𝜋 𝜋/2
1 1
𝜀(𝑇) = ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)cos⁡(𝜃)𝑑= ∫ ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇)sin⁡(𝜃) cos(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑⁡
𝜋 𝜋
 =0 𝜃=0
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
𝜀(𝑇) = 2 ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇) sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝜀 (θ,, 𝑇) sin(2𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝜃=0 𝜃=0
 (radian) (,T) (,T)sin(2)
0 0.8476727 0
0.0399355 0.8462623
8 0.067519976
0.07745067 4
0.8476727 0.130781172
0.1125455 8
0.8476727 0.189196382
0.1488505 8
0.8476727 0.248642014
0.181525 8
0.8406205 0.298527132
0.210569 0.8307475
9 0.339608995
0.239613 0.8222849
3 0.379149405
0.2650265 1
0.8180536 0.413590774
0.29649083 0.8166431 0.456369705
0.33279583 6
0.8180536 0.505168232
0.35457883 0.8222849 0.53546761
0.37999233 0.8124118
1 0.559678913
0.40540583 0.7968970
5 0.57762809
0.4320295 4
0.7842031 0.596374347
0.464704 0.7715091 0.618183973
0.493748 7
0.7658674 0.63923081
0.5264225 2
0.7503526 0.651932835
0.559097 0.7263751
1 0.653238007
0.59419183 0.7080394
8 0.656895695
0.61476466 9
0.7080394 0.667207833
0.6425985 9
0.6911142 0.663119262
0.67648316 5
0.6657263 0.649994402
0.72125933 8
0.6417489 0.636476138
0.7587745 0.6177715
4 0.616895939
0.7878185 0.6093088
1 0.609301747
0.8168625 9
0.6008462 0.599656974
0.84832683 6
0.5825105 0.577903161
0.87979116 8
0.5585331 0.548609568
0.90883516 5
0.5303244 0.514245533
0.9402995 0.5021156 0.478211812
0.9766045 0.4612129
6 0.427898191
1.0056485 8
0.4301833 0.389117321
1.04074333 6
0.3949224 0.344533206
1.067367 3
0.3596615 0.3039704
1.09520083 0.3427362 0.279024222
1.13150583 0.3201692
5 0.246477171
1.16418033 0.3018335
5 0.219285662
1.20169549 7
0.2919605 0.196477395
1.23800049 1
0.2637517 0.162873206
1.26704449 6
0.2425952 0.138478088
1.30092916 0.2157969 0.110899775
1.32876299 0.1946403 0.090582199
1.35780699 0.1748942
4 0.072268422
1.38685099 2
0.1495063 0.053769664
1.41226449 5
0.1255289 0.039137146
1.45583049 1
0.1029619 0.023466153
1.49213549 2
0.0846262 0.013258689
1.52359983 0.0648801
3 0.006115138
1.54901333 0.0437235
1 0.001904258
1.56474549 5
0.0267983 0.000324296
1.57079633 1
0 0
Data can be plotted to see the variation
import java.io.*;
class PlotT1
{ public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{Plot pp=new Plot("b.txt");
pp.setPlabel("Directional total emissivity at T=1000 K");
pp.setXlabel("Angle from normal "+'\u03B8'+"(radian)");
pp.setYlabel("Directional total emissivity "+'\u03B5'+"("+'\u03B8'+",1000 K)");
pp.plot();}}
1049
Direct data integration with cubic spline interpolation will be used to solve the problem.
Cubic spline interpolation equation:
[(𝑥−𝑥𝑘 )3 𝑐𝑘+1 +(𝑥𝑘+1 −𝑥)3 𝑐𝑘 ]
𝑠𝑘 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑘 ) + 𝑏𝑘 (𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥) + 1≤𝑘≤𝑛
6ℎ𝑘
Defining hk=xk+1-xk 1  k  n
derivative equations:
s’k(x)=ak- bk+ [(x-xk)2 ck+1 - (xk+1-x)2 ck]/(2hk) 1 k  n
s”k(x)=[(x-xk) ck+1 + (xk+1-x) ck]/hk 1 k  n
ak ve bk coefficients can be expressed as a function of ck
bk=[6yk-hkck]/(6hk), 1 k  n
2
ak=[6yk+1-hk ck+1]/(6hk), 1 k  n
In this case only ck terms left in the system of equations to be solved.
1 k
𝑦𝑘+1 −𝑦𝑘 𝑦𝑘 −𝑦𝑘−1
ℎ𝑘−1 𝑐𝑘−1 + 2(ℎ𝑘−1 -ℎ𝑘 )𝑐𝑘 + ℎ𝑘 𝑐𝑘+1 = 6 [ − ] ,  n
ℎ𝑘 ℎ𝑘−1
This system of equation has only n-2 terms to be solved. By making definition
1 k
𝑦𝑘+1 −𝑦𝑘
𝑤𝑘 = ,  n
ℎ𝑘
System of equation becomes
1 0 0 ... 0 0 0   c0   A 
h 2(h + h ) h2 ... 0 0  
0   c1   6( w2 − w1 ) 
 
 1 1 2
0 h2 2(h2 + h3 ) ... 0 0 0   c2   6( w3 − w2 ) 
    
... ... ... ... ... ... ...   ...  =  ... 
0 0 0 ... 2(hn−3 + hn−2 ) hn−2  
0 cn − 2   6( wn−2 − wn−3 )
    
0 0 0 ... hn−2 2(hn−2 + hn−1 ) hn−1   cn−1   6( wn−1 − wn−2 ) 
0
 0 0 ... 0 0 1   cn   B 

Where A and B are the second derivative end conditions. A and B should be defined by user.
Integration of the equation could be described with the equation
( x − xk ) 2 ( xk +1 − x)2 ( x − xk )4 ( xk +1 − x)4
b b
a Sk ( x)dx = 
x=a
ak
2
− bk
2
+ ck
24hk
− dk
24hk
For a, x0, x1, x2,…. xn,.
1050
//======================================================
// Direct data integration by using cubic spline
// curve fitting
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
class NA79
{

{
//
int n=a.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
// c0 second derivative of the first point
1051
// cn second derivative of the last point
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
1052
}
return y;
}
// Derivative formulations
// =================
}

{
//derivative of the cubic spline formula
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}

{
//natural cubic spline formula
}
// Integration formulas
// ===================
{
//cubic spline integration
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
1053
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
//System.out.println("x1="+S[3][k]+"x2="+S[3][k+1]+"a="+a+"b="+b);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
{toplam=0;//System.out.println("şart 1 toplam = "+toplam);
}//şart1
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
//System.out.println("şart 2toplam = "+toplam+"y1="+y1+"y2="+y2);
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
//System.out.println("şart 3 toplam = "+toplam+"y1="+y1+"y2="+y2);
}
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
}

}
1054
{
double x[];
double y[];
String s1="a.txt";
//if (fc.showOpenDialog(null) == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {File file = fc.getSelectedFile();s1=file.getName();
}
x=a[0];
y=a[1];
int n=x.length;
double S[][]=cubic_spline(x,y,2.0,2.0);
System.out.println("s="+intSpline(S,0.0,10.0));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" NA79
s=0.5654504564547622
PROBLEM:
The spectral emmissivity of an opaque surface at T=1000 K is
𝜖𝜆 𝜆1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜇𝑚 𝜆2 ⁡⁡⁡𝜇𝑚
0.1 0 0.5
0.5 0.5 6
0.7 6 15
0.8 15 ∞
𝐸 (, 𝑇)
𝜀 (, 𝑇) =
𝐸,b (, 𝑇)
∞ ∞
∫ 𝐸 (, 𝑇)𝑑 ∫=0 𝜀 (, 𝑇)𝐸,b (, 𝑇)𝑑
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = =0 =
𝐸b (𝑇) 𝐸b (𝑇)
3
15 2 𝜀() 𝐶2
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = ∫=1 [𝑒 −1] 𝑑 where = nT
𝜋 4(𝐹 (→2)(𝑇)−𝐹(→1)(𝑇))
∞
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = ∑ (𝐹(→i) (𝑇) − 𝐹(→i+1) (𝑇)) 𝜀i (i, 𝑇)

𝑖=0
∞
𝜀⁡ (𝑇) = ∑ 𝑑𝐹(i+1→i) (𝑇)𝜀i (i, 𝑇)

𝑖=0
public class F_radiation1C

{double C2=1.438769e4;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}

{
double lambda[]={0,0.5,6,15,1000000};
double eps_lambda[]={0.1,0.5,0.7,0.8};
1055
int m=lambda.length;
double x[]=new double[m];
double F[]=new double[m];
double dF[]=new double[m-1];
F[0]=0.0;
{x[i]=n*T*lambda[i];
F[i]=F(x[i]);
System.out.println("i="+i+"F["+i+"]="+F[i]);
}
System.out.println("______________________");
{dF[i-1]=F[i]-F[i-1];
System.out.println("i="+(i-1)+"dF["+(i-1)+"]="+dF[i-1]);
}
double eps=0;
for(int i=0;i<m-1;i++)
{eps+=eps_lambda[i]*dF[i];}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" F_radiation1C
i=1F[1]=1.2988973795691605E-9
i=2F[2]=0.7377922055755127
i=3F[3]=0.9689346652512938
i=4F[4]=0.9999993871050767
______________________
i=0dF[0]=1.2988973795691605E-9
i=1dF[1]=0.7377922042766153
i=2dF[2]=0.23114245967578106
i=3dF[3]=0.03106472185378295
______________________
eps=0.5555476015242705
PROBLEM: Iron at T=1122 K emmisivity values are given below. Calculate total emmisivity by
a) Directly using the data (assumming in each step emmisivity remaining constatnt)
b) Apply least square curve fit and use finite difference
c) Apply least square curve fit and integration
d) Apply cubic spline interpolation and use cubic spline interpolation integration
T=1122 K

K 
0.99 0.324
1.18 0.264
1.41 0.264
1.57 0.244
1.77 0.24
1.99 0.226
2.16 0.218
2.55 0.205
2.76 0.194
2.96 0.188
3.45 0.175
3.97 0.169
4.48 0.166
4.92 0.164
5.42 0.147
5.97 0.134
6.38 0.135
6.87 0.134
7.41 0.135
7.91 0.126
1056
8.45 0.123
8.89 0.122
9.51 0.117
9.84 0.117
10.20 0.115
10.90 0.115
11.30 0.114
11.80 0.112
12.40 0.105
13.40 0.107
a. Directly using the data (assumming in each step emmisivity remaining constatnt)
public class F_radiation1D
{double C2=1.438769e4;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}

{
double a[][]=Text.readDoubleT("eps_iron.txt");
double lambda[]=a[0];
double eps_lambda[]=a[1];
int m=lambda.length+1;
double x[]=new double[m];
double F[]=new double[m];
double dF[]=new double[m-1];
F[0]=0.0;
{x[i]=T*lambda[i-1];
F[i]=F(x[i]);
System.out.println("i="+i+" F["+i+"]="+F[i]);
}
{dF[i-1]=F[i]-F[i-1];
System.out.println("i="+(i-1)+" dF["+(i-1)+"]="+dF[i-1]+" eps_lamda["+(i-1)+"]="+eps_lambda[i-1]);
}
double eps=0;
for(int i=0;i<m-1;i++)
{eps+=eps_lambda[i]*dF[i];}
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" F_radiation1D
i=1 F[1]=2.8526248893405985E-4
i=2 F[2]=0.0018238051620682269
i=3 F[3]=0.008221015569791568
i=4 F[4]=0.017459193679708145
i=5 F[5]=0.03589222142733151
i=6 F[6]=0.06518999874988675
i=7 F[7]=0.0935888502791333
i=8 F[8]=0.17217081906532306
i=9 F[9]=0.21885503730244477
i=10 F[10]=0.2641735875120476
i=11 F[11]=0.37238144747912416
i=12 F[12]=0.47539422214216537
i=13 F[13]=0.5612479989413174
i=14 F[14]=0.6234979145476536
i=15 F[15]=0.6824814103928024
i=16 F[16]=0.7352314762392873
i=17 F[17]=0.7677486920436554
i=18 F[18]=0.8003947489865475
i=19 F[19]=0.8299889420413478
i=20 F[20]=0.8525984339103343
i=21 F[21]=0.8728787509000688
i=22 F[22]=0.8868179517857215
i=23 F[23]=0.9032854923387336
i=24 F[24]=0.9107912010194025
i=25 F[25]=0.9181377279325369
i=26 F[26]=0.9303063657486972
1057
i=27 F[27]=0.9362094449944063
i=28 F[28]=0.9427006226303127
i=29 F[29]=0.9493929029462698
i=30 F[30]=0.9584321096731078
______________________
i=0 dF[0]=2.8526248893405985E-4 eps_lamda[0]=0.324
i=1 dF[1]=0.001538542673134167 eps_lamda[1]=0.264
i=2 dF[2]=0.006397210407723342 eps_lamda[2]=0.264
i=3 dF[3]=0.009238178109916577 eps_lamda[3]=0.244
i=4 dF[4]=0.018433027747623367 eps_lamda[4]=0.24
i=5 dF[5]=0.029297777322555237 eps_lamda[5]=0.226
i=6 dF[6]=0.028398851529246552 eps_lamda[6]=0.218
i=7 dF[7]=0.07858196878618975 eps_lamda[7]=0.205
i=8 dF[8]=0.04668421823712171 eps_lamda[8]=0.194
i=9 dF[9]=0.04531855020960285 eps_lamda[9]=0.188
i=10 dF[10]=0.10820785996707655 eps_lamda[10]=0.175
i=11 dF[11]=0.1030127746630412 eps_lamda[11]=0.169
i=12 dF[12]=0.08585377679915202 eps_lamda[12]=0.166
i=13 dF[13]=0.06224991560633619 eps_lamda[13]=0.164
i=14 dF[14]=0.05898349584514884 eps_lamda[14]=0.147
i=15 dF[15]=0.052750065846484895 eps_lamda[15]=0.134
i=16 dF[16]=0.03251721580436806 eps_lamda[16]=0.135
i=17 dF[17]=0.03264605694289213 eps_lamda[17]=0.134
i=18 dF[18]=0.029594193054800266 eps_lamda[18]=0.135
i=19 dF[19]=0.02260949186898653 eps_lamda[19]=0.126
i=20 dF[20]=0.020280316989734537 eps_lamda[20]=0.123
i=21 dF[21]=0.013939200885652703 eps_lamda[21]=0.122
i=22 dF[22]=0.016467540553012028 eps_lamda[22]=0.117
i=23 dF[23]=0.00750570868066891 eps_lamda[23]=0.117
i=24 dF[24]=0.007346526913134421 eps_lamda[24]=0.115
i=25 dF[25]=0.012168637816160288 eps_lamda[25]=0.115
i=26 dF[26]=0.0059030792457090975 eps_lamda[26]=0.114
i=27 dF[27]=0.006491177635906453 eps_lamda[27]=0.112
i=28 dF[28]=0.006692280315957033 eps_lamda[28]=0.105
i=29 dF[29]=0.009039206726838 eps_lamda[29]=0.107
______________________
eps=0.15983144378391959
b,c) Least square curve fitting method

/======================================================
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
{ double func(double x,int n)
{ double xx=1.0;
if(n==0) xx=1.0;
else if(n==1) xx=x;
else if(n==2) xx=x*x;
else if(n==3) xx=x*x*x;
else if(n==4) xx=x*x*x*x;
else if(n==5) xx=x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==6) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==7) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==8) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==9) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else if(n==10) xx=x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x;
else
{ for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) xx*=x;}
return xx;
}
}

double T;
double xmin,xmax;
double ymin,ymax;
1058
fh f2;
public f1(double x[][],double Ti)
{ T=Ti;
f2=new fh();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
}
Text.print(a,"a");
}
T=Ti;
f2=new fh();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
}
Text.print(a,"a");
}
{ T=Ti;
double x[][]=Text.readDoubleT("copper1.txt");T=Ti;
T=Ti;
f2=new fh();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
if(x[0][i]<xmin) xmin=x[0][i];
if(x[0][i]>xmax) xmax=x[0][i];
}
Text.print(a,"a");
}
{//x ksi

{//x ksi
//y lambda*T
//z lambda
double y=C2/x;
double z=y/T;
double eps=0;
else eps=partial_continuous.funcEKKgeneral(f2,a,y);
return eps;
}
}
class F_radiation1E
{
{
if(x<=0) return 0;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}
{
1059
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
{
// for [x1,x2] band
double z=0;
{ z+=a[1][i]*f_xnt.func(a[0][i]);}
return z;
}
return z;
}
double z=0;
double lambdaT1;
double y;
double eps;
lambdaT=lambdaT1;
}
z/=dF;
return z;
}
public static double min(double a[])
{ int n=a.length;
double max1=a[0];
{max1=Math.min(max1,a[i]);}
return max1;
}
public static double max(double a[])
{ int n=a.length;
double max1=a[0];
1060
{max1=Math.max(max1,a[i]);}
return max1;
}
{ String data_name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("data file name(eps_iron.txt) : ");
double T=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Temperature(1122 K) : "));
double a[][]=Text.readDoubleT(data_name);
double lambda_min=min(lambda);
double lambda_max=max(lambda);
double eps=total_emmissivity(data_name,T,lambda_min,lambda_max);
System.out.println("eps total (integral method) = "+eps);
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD("a.txt",1000.0,0.01,100.0);
System.out.println("eps1 total (Finite difference method) = "+eps1);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" F_radiation1E
eps total (integral method) = 0.17830279960933584
eps1 total (Finite difference method) = 0.16822785526819434
1061
d) Cubic spline interpoaltion:
if_x
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
// example f=x*x
// pages 699-706
//interface (empty function) version
interface if_x extends iMathd
{double h=1.0e-4;
int n=1;
int M=10;
}
default double dfunc(double x,double h)
{
int n=1;
int M=10;
}
{double h=1.0e-6;
int n=2;
int M=10;
}
double c[][][];
double alpha[];
double h;
int M=Mi;
h=0.01;
double x0=0;
double alphai[]={0,1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5,6,-6,7,-7,8,-8,9,-9,10,-10,11,-11,12,-12,13,-13,14,-14,15,
-15,16,-16,17,-17,18,-18,19,-19,20,-20,21,-21,22,-22,23,-23,24,-24,25,-25,26,-26,27,-27,28,-28,29,-29,30,-30,
31,-31,32,-32,33,-33,34,-34,35,-35,36,-36,37,-37,38,-38,39,-39,40,-40,41,-41,42,-42,43,-43,44,-44,45,-45,46,
-46,47,-47,48,-48,49,-49,50,-50,51,-51,52,-52,53,-53,54,-54,55,-55,56,-56,57,-57,58,-58,59,-59,60,-60,
-61,61,-62,62,-63,63,-64,64,-65,65,-66,66,-67,67,-68,68,-70,70,-71,71,-72,72,-73,73,-74,74,-75,75,
-76,76,-77,77,-78,78,-79,79,-80,80,-81,81,-82,82,-83,83,-84,84,-85,85,-86,86,-87,87,
1062
-88,88,-89,89,-90,90,-91,91,-92,92,-93,93,-94,94,-95,95,-96,96,-97,97,-98,98,-99,99,-100,100};
alpha=alphai;
double c1,c2,c3;
delta[0][0][0]=1.0;
c1=1.0;
{ c2=1;
c2=c2*c3;
{
if(m==0)
else
}//next m
}//next nu
{ if(m==0)
else
}//next m
c1=c2;
}//next n
c=delta;
if(Mi<N) M=N;
else M=Mi;
h=hi;
double deriv=0;
double h1=1/h;
double h2=1;
{h2*=h1;}
return deriv*h2;}
{int M=30;double h=0.01*N*N;return dfunc(x,N,M,h);}
default double[][] gauss_legendre_coefficients(double x1,double x2,int n)
{ //calculates legendre gauss-coefficients as coefficients of the integral
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-8;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++)
{ z=Math.cos(Math.PI*((i-0.25)/(n+0.5)));
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
default double integral(double x1,double x2)
{ int n=10;
return integral(x1,x2,n);
}
default double integral(double x1,double x2,int n)
{
1063
// for [x1,x2] band
double z=0;
{ z+=a[1][i]*func(a[0][i]);
}
return z;
}
default double bisection(double a,double b)
{double b1=1.1*b;
double r=(a+b)/2.0;
double eps=1.0e-6;
int nmax=100;
int i=1;
while(Math.abs(func(r))>eps && i<nmax)
{if(func(a)*func(r)<0) b=r;
else a=r;
r=(a+b)/2.0;;
i++;
}
if(i>=nmax) r=bisection(a,b1);
return r;
}
default double secant(double x)
{ double eps=1.0e-10;
double y=1.0;
double dy=0.0;
int miter=100;
int i=0;
while(abs(y)>eps && i<miter)
{y=func(x);
dy=dfunc(x);
x=x-y/dy;
i++;
}
if(i>=miter)
System.out.println("i="+i+"results may not be valid");
return x;
}
default double illinois(double xa,double xu)
{
//Modified False position root finding: Illinois method
double test;
double p=0;
double es,ea;
double fa,fp,fu;
es=0.000001;
ea=1.1*es;
double xold;
int ia=0,iu=0;
fa=func(xa);
fu=func(xu);
p=xu;
double xpold;
while(iter<maxit && ea>es)
{
xpold=p;
p=xu-fu*(xa-xu)/(fa-fu);
fp=func(p);
if(signum(fp)!=signum(fu))
{xa=xu;fa=fu;}
else
{fa=fa/2;}
xu=p;fu=fp;
iter++;
if(p!=0) ea=abs((p-xpold)/p)*100.0;
}
if(iter>=maxit) System.out.println("Maximum number of iteration is exceeded ");
return p;
}
default double newton_bisection(double x1, double x2)
{
int j;
double temp,b,a,r;
fl=func(x1);
1064
fh=func(x2);
if ((fl > 0.0 && fh > 0.0) || (fl < 0.0 && fh < 0.0))
if (fl < 0.0) { a=x1;b=x2;}
else { b=x1;a=x2;}
dx=dxold;
fr=func(r); //function value at midpoint
dfr=dfunc(r); //derivative of function value at midpoint
{
{ //bisection step
dxold=dx;
dx=0.5*(b-a);
r=a+dx;
}
dxold=dx;
dx=fr/dfr;
temp=r;
r -= dx;
}
fr=func(r);
dfr=dfunc(r);
if (fr < 0.0)
a=r;
else
b=r;
}
//dummy return
}
default double brent(double a,double b)
{
double test;
double p=0;
double es,ea;
double f1,f2,f3,fp;
double tol=1.0e-15;
es=0.0000001;
double x1=a;f1=func(x1);
double x2=b;f2=func(x2);
double x3=(x1+x2)/2.0;f3=func(x3);
if(f1==0) return x1;
if(f1*f2>0) System.out.println("No root is existed in the given region");
fp=func(p);
ea=Math.abs(x3-p);
{ if(Math.abs(f3)<tol) return x3;
if((p<x1) && (p>x2))
{p=(x1+x2)/2.0;
if(p>x3) {x1=x3;f1=f3;x3=p;f3=fp;}
}
else
{
if(p>x3) {x1=x3;f1=f3;x3=p;f3=fp;}
fp=func(p);
ea=Math.abs(x3-p);
}
iter++;
}
if(iter>=maxit) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Warning : MAximum number of iteration is exceeded \n"+
" result may not be valid","MAXIMUM ITERATION NUMBER WARNING",JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return p;
}
default double enlarge(double x0,double dx)
{ //enlarge region untill a root is existed
double x1=x0;
1065
double x2=x1+dx;
int NTRY=200;
double FACTOR=1.001;
int j;
double f1,f2;
if (x1 == x2) System.out.println("Giriş değerleri yanlış verildi");
f1=func(x1);
f2=func(x2);
for (j=1;j<=NTRY;j++)
{ if (f1*f2 < 0.0) {break;}
else {x2+=dx;f2=func(x2);}
}
return x2;
}
default void plot(double x1,double x2)
{Plot p=new Plot(this,x1,x2);
double x[]={x1,x2};
double y[]={0,0};
p.addData(x,y);
p.plot();}
}
public class f_eps implements if_x

{ double S[][];
double lambda[];
double x[];
double eps_lambda[];
double eps_min;
double eps_max;
double lambda_min;
double lambda_max;
public f_eps(String data_name,double T)

{ double a[][]=Text.readDoubleT(data_name);
double lambda1[]=a[0];
lambda=lambda1;
double eps_lambda1[]=a[1];
eps_lambda=eps_lambda1;
eps_min=dmin(eps_lambda);
eps_max=dmax(eps_lambda);
lambda_min=dmin(lambda);
lambda_max=dmax(lambda);
int m=lambda.length;
double x1[]=new double[m];
{x1[i]=T*lambda[i];
}
x=x1;
double S1[][]=cubic_spline(lambda,eps_lambda,0.0,0.0);
S=S1;
}
public double func(double xx)
{return funcSpline(S,xx);}

{
//
int n=a.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
int n=f.length;
{e[k]=e[k]/f[k-1];
f[k]=f[k]-e[k]*g[k-1];
1066
}
{r[k]=r[k]-e[k]*r[k-1];
}
x[n-1]=r[n-1]/f[n-1];
{x[k]=(r[k]-g[k]*x[k+1])/f[k];}
return x;
}

{
// c0 second derivative of the first point
// cn second derivative of the last point
int n=xi.length;
int k;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
w[k]=(yi[k+1]-yi[k])/h[k];
}
d[0]=c0;
d[n-1]=cn;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{d[k]=6.0*(w[k]-w[k-1]);}
f[0]=1.0;
f[n-1]=1.0;
g[0]=0.0;
g[n-1]=0.0;
e[0]=0.0;
e[n-1]=0.0;
for(k=1;k<(n-1);k++)
{f[k]=2.0*(h[k]+h[k-1]);e[k]=h[k-1];g[k]=h[k];}
S[3]=xi;
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{S[0][k]=(6.*yi[k+1]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k+1])/(6.0*h[k]);
S[1][k]=(6.*yi[k]-h[k]*h[k]*S[2][k])/(6.0*h[k]);
}
return S;
}

{
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}
// Derivative formulations
// =================
}

{
//derivative of the cubic spline formula
1067
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y=0;
double hk=0;
{if(S[3][k]<=x && x<=S[3][k+1])
{hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
break;
}
}
if(y==0 && S[3][n-2]<=x )
{
int k=n-2;
hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
xx1=(x-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-x);
}
return y;
}

{ double S[][]=cubic_spline(xi,yi,0,0);
}
// Integration formulas
// ===================
{
//cubic spline integration
int n=S[0].length;
double xx1=0;
double xx2=0;
double y1,y2;
double hk=0;
double toplam=0;
y1=0;y2=0;
{ hk=(S[3][k+1]-S[3][k]);
if(a>S[3][k+1])
{toplam=0;
}//şart1
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=(a-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-a);
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{
xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=hk;
xx2=0;
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
{xx1=0;
xx2=hk;
xx1=(b-S[3][k]);
xx2=(S[3][k+1]-b);
toplam+=(y2-y1);
}
else break;
}
return toplam;
1068
}

}
public static double dmin(double a[])

{ int n=a.length;
double max1=a[0];
return max1;
}
public static double dmax(double a[])
{ int n=a.length;
double max1=a[0];
return max1;
}
public void Plot()

{Plot p=new Plot(this,lambda_min,lambda_max);
p.addData(lambda,eps_lambda);
p.setPlotType(1,20);
p.plot();
}

{ double T=1122.0;
String data_name="eps_iron.txt";
f_eps f=new f_eps(data_name,T);
f.Plot();
}
}
//======================================================
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
class f1 implements if_x

double T;
double xmin,xmax;
double ymin,ymax;
f_eps f2;

T=Ti;
f2=new f_eps(name,Ti);
f2.Plot();
xmin=1.0e200;
xmax=0;
{x[0][i]=T*x[0][i];
}
}

{//x ksi

{//x ksi
1069
//y lambda*T
//z lambda
double y=C2/x;
double z=y/T;
double eps=0;
else eps=f2.func(x);
return eps;
}
}
class F_radiation1F
{
{
if(x<=0) return 0;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}
{
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
public static double integral(if_x f_xnt,double x1,double x2,int n)
{
// for [x1,x2] band
double z=0;
{ z+=a[1][i]*f_xnt.func(a[0][i]);}
return z;
}
return z;
}
1070
double z=0;
double lambdaT1;
double y;
double eps;
lambdaT=lambdaT1;
}
z/=dF;
return z;
}
public static double min(double a[])
{ int n=a.length;
double max1=a[0];
return max1;
}
public static double max(double a[])
{ int n=a.length;
double max1=a[0];
return max1;
}
{ String data_name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("data file name(eps_iron.txt) : ");
double T=Double.parseDouble(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Temperature(1122 K) : "));
double a[][]=Text.readDoubleT(data_name);
double lambda_min=min(lambda);
double lambda_max=max(lambda);
double eps=total_emmissivity(data_name,T,lambda_min,lambda_max);
System.out.println("eps total (integral method) = "+eps);
double eps1=total_emmissivity_FD("a.txt",1000.0,0.01,100.0);
System.out.println("eps1 total (Finite difference method) = "+eps1);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" F_radiation1F
eps total (integral method) = 0.1834149994763962
eps1 total (Finite difference method) = 0.17821932634920443
1071
20 ABSORPTION, REFLECTION, AND TRANSMISSION BY REAL SURFACES
In previus section, it is seen that emission from real surface is associated with surface property
emission. When emitted radiative enegies from sources of emitters came to another surface, some of it
will be absorbed, some will be reflected and some will be transmitted through the body (assuming that it
is transparent for the given wavelengths). Energy coming to the surface is called irradiation G and like
emitted energy it depends on direction and wavelength and temperatures. From energy balance it can be
written
𝐺 (𝜃,) = 𝐺,reflection (𝜃,) + 𝐺,absorbtion (𝜃,) + 𝐺,transmission (𝜃,)
Absorptivity:
Total absorbtivities of some materials
Metal
Aluminum:
Highly polished 0.10
Polished
Chromium, electroplated 0.40
Copper:
Clean 0.25
Tarnished 0.64
Oxidized 0.70
Galvanized iron 0.38
Gold, bright foil 0.29
Iron:
Ground with fine grit 0.36
Blued 0.55
Sandblasted 0.75
Magnesium, polished 0.19
Nickel:
Polished 0.36
Electrolytic 0.40
Platinum, bright 0.31
Silver:
Polished 0.13
Commercial sheet 0.30
Stainless steel #301, polished 0.37
Tungsten, highly polished 0.37
Dielectric
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 0.06–0.23
Asphalt pavement, dust-free 0.93
Brick, red 0.75
Clay 0.39
Concrete roofing tile:
Uncolored 0.73
Brown 0.91
Black 0.91
Earth, plowed field 0.75
Felt, black 0.82
Graphite 0.88
Grass 0.75–0.80
Gravel 0.29
Leaves, green 0.71–0.79
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.15
Marble, white 0.46
1072
Paint:
Aluminum 0.55
Oil, zinc white 0.30
Oil, light green 0.50
Oil, light gray 0.75
Oil, black on galvanized iron 0.90
Silicone, flat black 0.95–0.97
Velostat black plastic 0.96
Paper, white 0.28
Slate, blue gray 0.88
Snow, clean 0.2–0.35
Soot, coal 0.95
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 0.12
Zinc oxide 0.15
Zinc sulfide (ZnS) 0.21
Coating
Black coatings:
Anodize black 0.88
Carbon black paint NS-7 0.96
Ebanol C black 0.97
Martin black velvet paint 0.91
3M black velvet paint 0.97
Tedlar black plastic 0.94
Velostat black plastic 0.96
White coatings:
Barium sulfate with polyvinyl alcohol 0.06
Catalac white paint 0.23
Dow Corning white paint DC-007 0.19
Magnesium oxide white paint 0.09
Potassium fluorotitanate white paint 0.15
Tedlar white plastic 0.39
Titanium oxide white paint with methyl silicone 0.20
Zinc oxide with sodium silicate 0.15
Conversion coatings (values can vary significantly with coating thickness):
Alzac A-2 0.16
Black chrome 0.96
Black copper 0.98
Black irridite 0.62
Black nickel 0.91
Vapor-deposited coatings on glass substrates:
Aluminum 0.08
Chromium 0.56
Gold 0.19
Nickel 0.38
Silver 0.04
Titanium 0.52
Tungsten 0.60
Plastic films with metal backing:
Mylar film, 3-mil aluminum backing 0.17
Tedlar film, 1-mil gold backing 0.26
Teflon film, 2-mil aluminum backing 0.08
Teflon film, 1-mil gold backing 0.22
Teflon film, 2-mil silver backing 0.08
Directional spectral absorptivity 𝜶 (𝜽,,T)
1073
Figure illustrates energy incident on a surface element dA from (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) direction. The incident spectral
intensity passing through dAi is 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ).⁡This is the energy per unit area of the hemisphere, per unit
solid angle d Ω , per unit time, and per unit wavelength interval. The energy within the incident solid
angle d Ω strikes the
area dA of the absorbing surface. Hence
𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )
𝐺i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑=𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑𝐴𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑d=𝐼i(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑𝐴𝑖 d or
𝑅2
𝑑𝐴𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴𝑖
𝐺i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑=𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖 d=𝐼i(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑𝐴 d where 𝑑= and 𝑑𝑖 =
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅2
So Directional spectral absorptivity 𝛼 (𝜃,,T)
𝐺a (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖,𝑇)
𝛼 (𝜃,,T) =
𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑖d
Kirchoff’s law: If we consider a black enclosure in thermal equilibrium, then relation
𝛼 (𝜃,,T) = 𝜀 (𝜃,,T) will hold. This means in the enclosure absorbing and emmitting energies must be
equal.
Directional total absorptivity 𝜶(𝜽,,T)
The directional total absorptivity is the energy including all wavelengths that is absorbed from a
given direction, divided by the energy incident from that direction.
Radiation coming in all wavelengths
∞
𝐺i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )=𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖 ⁡ ∫=0 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )d
Radiation absorbed in all wavelengths
∞
𝐺a (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇𝑖 )=𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖 ⁡ ∫=0 𝛼 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ,T)𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )d
∞
𝐺a (𝜃𝑖,𝑖,𝑇𝑖 ) ∫=0 𝛼 (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖,T)𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)d
Directional total absorptivity 𝛼(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇𝑖 )= = ∞
𝐺i (𝜃𝑖,𝑖) ∫=0 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)d
Hemispherical spectral absorptivity 𝜶 (T)
The hemispherical spectral absorptivity is the fraction of the spectral energy that is absorbed from the
spectral energy that is incident from all directions of a surrounding hemisphere
⁡
𝐺i 𝑑=ddA ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
⁡
𝐺a 𝑑=ddA ∫ 𝛼 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ,T)𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
⁡
𝐺a ∫ 𝛼 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ,T)𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝛼 (T) = = ⁡
𝐺i ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
Hemispherical total absorptivity 𝜶(T)
The hemispherical total absorptivity represents the fraction of energy absorbed that is incident
from all directions of the enclosing hemisphere and for all wavelengths.
⁡ ∞
𝐺𝑖 = 𝑑𝐴 ∫ [ ∫ 𝐼𝑖 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑] 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑 𝑖

 =0
⁡ ∞
𝐺𝑎 = 𝑑𝐴 ∫[∫=0 𝛼 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ,T)𝐼𝑖 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑]𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑 𝑖
⁡ ∞
𝐺𝑎 ∫[∫=0 𝛼 (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖,T)𝐼𝑖(𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑]𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝛼(T) = = ⁡ ∞
𝐺𝑖 ∫[∫=0 𝐼𝑖 (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑]𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
Reflectivity
The reflective properties of a surface are more complicated to specify than the emissivity or
absorptivity. This is because reflected energy depends not only on the angle at which the incident
energy impinges on the surfaces but also on the direction being considered for the reflected energy.
1074
Spectral Reflectivity of copper Reflectivity of copper as a function of angle
reflectivity reflectivity Highly polished
copper copper 0.25 m
T=298 T=298K =1.2 T=298K =1.8
  angle deg.  angle deg. 
1 0.855 10 0.92 10 0.933
1.75 0.899 20 0.92 20 0.933
2 0.915 30 0.92 30 0.933
2.25 0.9 40 0.925 40 0.923
2.5 0.923 50 0.93 50 0.034
2.75 0.931 60 0.92 60 0.915
3 0.933 70 0.91 70 0.904
3.25 0.945 75 0.91 75 0.914
3.5 0.946
3.75 0.951 reflectivity sanded with emery paper
4.25 0.948 copper 1.3 m
4.75 0.961 T=298K =0.65 T=298K =1.2 T=298K =1.8
5 0.95 angle deg.  angle deg.  angle deg. 
5.25 0.96 10 0.739 10 0.83 10 0.833
5.5 0.955 20 0.739 20 0.824 20 0.822
5.75 0.964 30 0.734 30 0.82 30 0.809
6 0.96 40 0.725 40 0.811 40 0.808
6.25 0.967 50 0.715 50 0.799 50 0.808
6.5 0.953 60 0.711 60 0.781 60 0.799
7 0.953 70 0.709 70 0.77 70 0.794
7.25 0.96 75 0.709 75 0.765 75 0.784
7.75 0.951
8 0.959
8.25 0.952
8.5 0.96
9 0.96
9.25 0.965
9.5 0.965
9.75 0.955
10 0.955
10.25 0.951
10.5 0.953
10.75 0.951
11 0.962
11.5 0.953
11.75 0.959
12 0.959
12.25 0.971
12.5 0.96
12.75 0.971
13.25 0.949
13.5 0.949
13.75 0.958
Biderectional spectral reflectivity 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )

Coming radiation incident : 𝐼𝑖 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇𝑠 )
Reflecting radiation incident 𝐼𝑟 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇)
1075
𝑑𝐴𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )
𝐺i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑=𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖 d=𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑𝐴 d
𝑅2
𝐼𝑟(𝜃𝑟,𝑟,𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖,𝑇)
Biderectional spectral reflectivity 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) =
𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖)𝑑𝑖
Directional spectral reflectivities 𝜌 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ), ⁡𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 )
The directional-hemispherical spectral reflectivity is defined as the energy reflected into all solid
angles divided by the energy incident from a particular direction (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )
⁡
𝐺i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑=ddA ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
⁡
𝐺r (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑑=ddA ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑟 )𝑑𝑟 =
⁡
ddA 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) ∫ 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑟 )𝑑𝑟
⁡
𝐺r (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )
𝜌 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) = = ∫ 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑟 )𝑑𝑟
= 𝐺i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )

The hemispherical -directional spectral reflectivity is defined as the energy reflected into a particular
direction (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 )
⁡
∫ 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟,𝑟,𝜃𝑖,𝑖)𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 )= 1 ⁡
𝐼 (𝜃 , )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝜋 ∫ i 𝑖 𝑖
If incident intensity is uniform over all incident directions
⁡
𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 ) = ∫ 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑 𝑖
Hemispherical spherical reflectivity 𝝆
If the incident spectral radiation arrives from all angles of the hemisphere and teflects to all angles of the
hemisphere
⁡
𝐺i 𝑑=ddA ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖


1076
⁡
𝐺r 𝑑=ddA ∫ 𝜌 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖


⁡
𝐺r 𝑑 ∫ 𝜌 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝐼i(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝜌 = = ⁡
𝐺i 𝑑 ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
Bidirectional total reflectivity 𝜌(𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )
∞
∫=0 𝐼r (𝜃𝑟,𝑟,𝜃𝑖,𝑖)𝑑 𝐼r (𝜃𝑟,𝑟,𝜃𝑖,𝑖)
𝜌(𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) = ∞ =
cos⁡(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖 ∫=0 𝐼r (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖,𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
∞
∫=0 𝜌 (𝜃𝑟,𝑟,𝜃𝑖,𝑖)𝐼r (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑
𝜌(𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) = ∞
∫=0 𝐼r (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑
∞
∫=0 𝜌 (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝐼r (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑
Directional total reflectivity 𝜌(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) = ∞
∫=0 𝐼r (𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖)𝑑
Hemispherical total reflectivity 𝜌
∞
∫=0 𝜌 𝐼i 𝑑
𝜌= ∞
∫=0 𝐼i 𝑑
Transmissivities:
Bidirectional spectral transmissivity 𝜏 (𝜃𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )

The ratio of intensity that is transmitted across an interface into the direction (θt,ϕt) to the incident spectral energy
on the interface from a particular incident direction (θi,ϕi)
𝐼t(𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇)
𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) =
𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
1077
Directional hemispherical spectral transmissivity 𝜏 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )
The directional-hemispherical spectral reflectivity is the fraction of the incident spectral energy
that is transmitted across the interface into all directions
⁡
∫ 𝐼t (𝜃𝑡,𝑡,𝜃𝑖 ,𝑖,𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ⁡
𝜏 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) = = ∫ 𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 𝑢𝚤)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝐼i (,𝜃𝑖,𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖)𝑑𝑖
1078
Hemispherical directional spectral transmissivity 𝝉 (𝜽𝒊 , 𝒊 )
⁡
∫ 𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇)𝐼t (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 ) = 
1 ⁡
(𝜋) ∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
Hemispherical-directional spectral transmissivity (for uniform incident intensity)
⁡
𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖


Hemispherical spectral transmissivity 𝝉
The fraction of spectral energy incident on the surface from all directions that is transmitted across
the surface into all directions
⁡
∫ 𝐼t (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝜏 = ⁡
∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
Bidirectional total transmissivity 𝝉(𝜽𝒕 , 𝒕 , 𝜽𝒊 , 𝒊 )
𝐼 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )
𝜏(𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 , 𝑇) =
𝐼 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )cos⁡(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
Directional total transmissivity 𝝉(𝜽𝒊, 𝒊 )
⁡
∫ 𝐼t (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝜏 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) =
𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
⁡
𝜏 (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 ) = ∫ 𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖


Hemispherical-Directional total transmissivity 𝝉(𝜽𝒕 , 𝒕)
⁡
∫ 𝜏(𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 ) = 
1
𝐼 , )𝑑𝑖
𝜋 i (𝜃𝑖 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖
1079
⁡
𝜏 (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝜏(𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 , 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖


Hemispherical total transmissivity 𝝉
The fraction of total energy incident on the surface from all directions that is transmitted across the
surface into all directions
⁡
∫ 𝐼t (𝜃𝑡 , 𝑡 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
τ= ⁡
∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
⁡
∫ 𝜏(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
τ= ⁡
∫ 𝐼i (𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖
For uniform incident intensity:
⁡
τ = ∫ 𝜏(𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖 )𝑑𝑖


21 SHAPE FACTOR (CONFUGURATION FACTOR) FOR SURFACES SEPERATED BY A
TRANSPARENT MEDIUM
Consider two diferentially small surfaces in space seperated with a medium that does not interact with
the radiation.
Energy transfer from one differential surface to the other can be expressed as
𝑑𝑄𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 = 𝐼1 𝑑𝐴1 cos⁡(𝜃1 )𝑑1
Radiant energy in wavelength interval
𝑑𝑄𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 𝑑 = 𝐼,1 𝑑𝑑𝐴1 cos⁡(𝜃1 )𝑑1
Total radiant energy by integrating for all wavelengths
∞
𝑑𝑄𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 = 𝑑𝐴1 cos⁡(𝜃1 )𝑑1 ∫ 𝐼,1 𝑑

=0
The solid angle dΩ1 is related to the projected area of dA2 and the distance R between the differential
elements by
𝑑𝐴2 cos⁡(𝜃2 )
𝑑1 =
𝑅2
Substituting into the heat transfer equation gives
𝑑𝑄𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 = 𝐼1 𝑑𝐴1 cos⁡(𝜃1 )
𝑅2
Analogously heat transfer from surface dA2 to surface dA1 can be written as
1080
𝑑𝑄𝑑𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 = 𝐼2 𝑑𝐴2 cos⁡(𝜃2 )
𝑅2
Fraction of energy leaving surface dA1 that arrives at element dA2 is defined as shape factpr or
configuration factor
𝐼1 𝑑𝐴1 cos⁡(𝜃1 ) cos⁡(𝜃1 )cos⁡(𝜃2 ) cos⁡(𝜃1 )
𝑅2
𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 = = 𝑑𝐴2 =⁡ ⁡𝑑1
𝜋𝐼1 𝑑𝐴1 𝜋𝑅2 𝜋
Analogously form from surface dA2 to surface dA1 can be written as
𝐼2 𝑑𝐴2 cos⁡(𝜃2 ) cos⁡(𝜃1 )cos⁡(𝜃2 ) cos⁡(𝜃2 )
𝑅2
𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 = = 𝑑𝐴1 =⁡ ⁡𝑑2
𝜋𝐼2 𝑑𝐴2 𝜋𝑅2 𝜋
From these two equation, it can be written that
cos⁡(𝜃1 )cos⁡(𝜃2 )
𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 𝑑𝐴1 = 𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 = 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝜋𝑅 2
PROBLEM: Two surfaces 𝑑𝐴1 = 0.05 m and 𝑑𝐴2 = 0.08 m are separated by R=1 m distance and
angles of 𝜃1 = 60°⁡ and 𝜃2 = 30°⁡ as shown in the figure. Calculate the view factors between surfaces
Areas are relatively small so, they can be assumed to be differential areas
𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 𝑑𝐴1 = 𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 = 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝜋𝑅 2
cos⁡(𝜃1 )cos⁡(𝜃2 ) cos⁡(𝜋/3)cos⁡(𝜋/6)
𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 = 2
𝑑𝐴2 = 2
0.08 =0.011027
𝜋𝑅 𝜋1
𝑑𝐴1 0.05
𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 = 𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2 = 0.011027 =0.00689
𝑑𝐴2 0.08
If the surface is a real surface in one side and radiative energy be transferred from dA1 to A2 above
equation can be integrated for the area
1081
⁡ ⁡
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2
𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴2 𝐴2
Inverse relation can also be written (configuration factor from 𝐴2 to 𝑑𝐴1 )
⁡ ⁡
𝑑𝐴1 cos(𝜃1 ) cos(𝜃2 ) 𝑑𝐴1
𝐹𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑑𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝑑𝐴2
𝐴2 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐴2
𝐴2 𝐴2
or
𝐴2 𝐹𝐴2−𝑑𝐴1 = 𝑑𝐴1 𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2
PROBLEM: a small surface dA1=0.05 m2 is located parallel to around plate of radius R=1 m. The
distance between plates are L=1 m. Calculate configuration factor 𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 between surfaces
This problem can be solved by analytical integration or numerical integration

Analytical solution: Problem can be considered in cylindirical coordinate system.
𝑑𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜌
𝑟 = √𝜌2 + 𝐿2
𝐿 𝐿
cos(𝜃) = =
𝑟 √𝜌2 + 𝐿2
⁡
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴2
𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴2
1082
𝐿 𝐿
𝑅 2𝜋 𝑅 2𝜋
1 √𝜌2 + 𝐿 √𝜌 + 𝐿2
2 2 1 𝐿2
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜌 = ∫ ∫ 2 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜌
𝜋 √𝜌 2 + 𝐿2 √𝜌2 + 𝐿2 𝜋 (𝜌 + 𝐿2 )2
𝜌=0 𝜙=0 𝜌=0 𝜙=0
𝑅
2𝜋 𝐿2 𝑅2 1
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ 2 𝜌𝑑𝜌 = = = 0.5
𝜋 (𝜌 + 𝐿2 )2 𝑅 2 + 𝐿2 1 + 1
𝜌=0
Numerical solution: (2 dimensional Gauss-Legendre integration is used to solve configuration factor)
//======================================================
// variable number of coefficients and roots
// calculated by Legendre polynomials
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi

{
public double a,b;
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi()
{a=0;b=1;}
{a=ai;b=bi;}
}

{ public double L;
public f1(double ai,double bi,double Li)
{super(ai,bi);L=Li;}
//lower limit of inner integration
{return 0.0;}
//upper limit of inner integration
{return 2.0*Math.PI;}

{
double ff;
double x1=(x[0]*x[0]+L*L);
ff=1.0/Math.PI*L*L/(x1*x1)*x[0];
return ff;
}
}
class NA76
{
{
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
1083
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
public static double I(fdi f,int n,int m)

{
//integral f(x,y)dxdy
//coefficients are pre-calculated for n,m terms for [-1,1]
int i,j;
double rn[],cn[];
double rm[],cm[];
rn=new double[n];
rm=new double[m];
cn=new double[n];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(-1.0,1.0,n);
rn=a[0];
cn=a[1];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(-1.0,1.0,m);
rm=a[0];
cm=a[1];
x=new double[2];
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*rm[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
//4=========================
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
x[1]=k1*rn[j]+k2;
Q=f.f(x);
JX+=cn[j]*Q;
}
//System.out.println("JX="+JX);
//5=========================
J=J+cm[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
}
public static double I(fdi f,int n)

{return I(f,n,n);}

{return I(f,60,60);}

{
double R=1.0;
f1 ff=new f1(0.0,R,R);
System.out.println("integral of class f1 : "+I(ff));
1084
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" NA76
integral of class f1 : 0.4999999999999986
As an alternative integration method, Montecarlo integration can be used

monte-Carlo integration method is relativelly simple compare to Gauss-Legendre integration
public class Radiation_Shape3
{public static double F1(double L,double R)
{return R*R/(R*R+L*L);
}
public static double F(double R,double L)
{
int total_ray=0;
int N=10000000;
double teta=Math.atan(R/L);
double tetamax=Math.PI/2;
double teta1=0;
{teta1=tetamax*Math.random();
if(teta1<=teta) total_ray++;
}
return (double)total_ray/(double)N;
}
{
double R=1;
double L=1;
double F1=F(R,L);
double F2=F1(R,L);
System.out.println("F1="+F1+" F2="+F2);
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" Radiation_Shape3
F1=0.5002186 F2=0.5
PROBLEM: a small surface dA1 is located parallel to a rectangular plate of size L 1=1 m and L2=1 m
The distance between plates are D=1 m. Calculate configuration factor 𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 between surfaces
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑅 = 𝐷 + 𝑟 2 = 𝐷2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2 2
𝑅 = √𝐷 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐷
cos(𝜃) = cos(𝜃1 ) = cos(𝜃2 ) =
𝑅
1085
𝐷
cos(𝜃) =
√𝐷2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
⁡
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴2
𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴2
𝐿2
𝐷𝐿1
𝐷
√𝐷2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 √𝐷2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜋(𝐷 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝐿2 𝐿1
1 𝐷2
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜋 (𝐷 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
Analytical solution of this problem yields:
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑋= ⁡⁡⁡𝑌 =
𝐷 𝐷
1 𝑋 𝑌 𝑌 𝑋
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
2𝜋 √1 + 𝑋 2 √1 + 𝑋 2 √1 + 𝑌 2 √1 + 𝑋 2
//======================================================
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi

{
public double a,b;
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi()
{a=0;b=1;}
{a=ai;b=bi;}
}

{ public double L1,L2,D;
public f1(double ai,double bi,double L1i,double L2i,double Di)
{super(ai,bi);L1=L1i;L2=L2i;D=Di;}

{return 0.0;}

{return L1;}

{
double ff;
double x1=(x[0]*x[0]+x[1]*x[1]+D*D);
ff=1.0/Math.PI*D*D/(x1*x1);
return ff;
}
}
class NA76C
{
{
1086
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}

{
int i,j;
double rn[],cn[];
double rm[],cm[];
rn=new double[n];
rm=new double[m];
cn=new double[n];
rn=a[0];
cn=a[1];
rm=a[0];
cm=a[1];
x=new double[2];
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*rm[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
//4=========================
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
x[1]=k1*rn[j]+k2;
Q=f.f(x);
JX+=cn[j]*Q;
}
//5=========================
J=J+cm[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
1087
}
public static double Fa(double L1,double L2,double D)
{double X=L1/D;
double Y=L2/D;
double X1=X/(Math.sqrt(1.0+X*X));
double X2=Y/(Math.sqrt(1.0+X*X));
double Y1=Y/(Math.sqrt(1.0+Y*Y));
double Y2=X/(Math.sqrt(1.0+Y*Y));
double F1=1.0/(2.0*Math.PI)*(X1*Math.atan(X2)+Y1*Math.atan(Y2));
return F1;
}

{return I(f,n,n);}


{
double L1=1.0;
double L2=1.0;
double D=1.0;
f1 ff=new f1(0.0,L2,L1,L2,D);
System.out.println("F dA1-A2 integral result "+I(ff));
System.out.println("F dA1-A2_analytical formula="+Fa(L1,L2,D));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" NA76C
F dA1-A2 integral result 0.13853160599489256
F dA1-A2_analytical formula=0.13853160599489298
Configuration factor between two finite area involves multidimensional integration

⁡ ⁡
1 cos⁡(𝜃1 )cos⁡(𝜃2 )
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫∫ 𝑑𝐴2 𝑑𝐴1
𝐴1 𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴 1 𝐴2
Integrals can be calculated analytically or numerically.
PROBLEM: Two parallel round plates are located as in the figure. Configuration factor of two
parallel round plate will be calculated.
1088
Radiation shape factor is the percentage of radiative energy reached to surface A2, emitted from surface
A1. If the Radius of plates are R1 and R2, and the distance in between is h, the radiation shape factor
equation is given as:
2 2
h 2 r1r2 d 2 d 1dr2 dr1
R1 R 2
1
 2 R12 r1=0 r1=0  1=0  2=0 h 2 + r12 + r22 − 2r1r2 cos( 1 − 2 )
FA1− A2 =
 
This equation has an analytical solution as:
FA1− A2 =
R2
R1
(
X − X 2 −1 ) X=
h 2 + R12 + R22
2 R1R2
. In the following program numerical
solution by Gauss-Legendre integration is obtained and compared to the analytical solution.
four dimensional Gauss-Legendre integration

//======================================================
// 4 dimensional Gauss-Legendre integration
// written by: Hamza TAŞ
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi4
{
public double a,b;
public fdi4(double ai,double bi)
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi4()
{a=0;b=1;}
{a=ai;b=bi;}
abstract public double alfa(double x[]);
abstract public double beta(double x[]);
abstract public double gama(double x[]);
abstract public double teta(double x[]);
}
class f1 extends fdi4

{ double h,R1,R2;
public f1(double hi,double R1i, double R2i)
{h=hi;R1=R1i;R2=R2i;a=0;b=R1;}

{return 0;}

{return R2;}
public double alfa(double x[])

{return 0;}
public double beta(double x[])

public double gama(double x[])

{return 0.0;}
public double teta(double x[])


{
1089
double ff;
double z=(h*h+x[0]*x[0]+x[1]*x[1]-2.0*x[0]*x[1]*Math.cos(x[2]-x[3]));
ff=1.0/(Math.PI*Math.PI*R1*R1)*h*h*x[0]*x[1]/(z*z);
return ff;
}
public double F12(double h,double R1,double R2)
{double X=(h*h+R1*R1+R2*R2)/(2.0*R1*R2);
double F=R2/R1*(X-Math.sqrt(X*X-1));
return F;
}
}
class NA78A
{
{
//calculates legendre gauss-coefficients as coefficients of the integral for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
public static double I(fdi4 f,int n,int m,int p,int s)
{
int i,j,k,h;
double rn[],cn[];
double rm[],cm[];
double rp[],cp[];
double rs[],cs[];
rn=new double[n];
rm=new double[m];
rp=new double[p];
rs=new double[s];
cn=new double[n];
cm=new double[m];
cp=new double[p];
cs=new double[s];
rn=a[0];
cn=a[1];
rm=a[0];
cm=a[1];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(-1.0,1.0,p);
1090
rp=a[0];
cp=a[1];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(-1.0,1.0,s);
rs=a[0];
cs=a[1];
double x[],h1,h2,J,a1,b1,c1,d1,k1,k2,JX,JY,JZ,Q,l1,l2,alfa1,beta1,gama1,teta1,m1,m2;
x=new double[4];
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*rm[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
JY=0;
x[1]=k1*rn[j]+k2;
beta1=f.beta(x);
alfa1=f.alfa(x);
l1=(beta1-alfa1)/2.0;
l2=(beta1+alfa1)/2.0;
for(k=0;k<p;k++)
{
JZ=0;
x[2]=l1*rp[k]+l2;
teta1=f.teta(x);
gama1=f.gama(x);
m1=(teta1-gama1)/2.0;
m2=(teta1+gama1)/2.0;
for (h=0;h<s;h++)
{
x[3]=m1*rs[h]+m2;
Q=f.f(x);
JZ+=cs[h]*Q;
}
JY+=cp[k]*m1*JZ;
}
JX+=cn[j]*l1*JY;
}
J=J+cm[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
}
public static double I(fdi4 f,int n)
{return I(f,n,n,n,n);}
public static double I(fdi4 f)
{return I(f,60,60,60,60);}
{
double h=1.0;
double R1=1.0;
double R2=1.0;
f1 ff=new f1(h,R1,R2);
System.out.println("FA1-A2= "+I(ff)+" four dimensional auss Legendre integration ");
System.out.println("FA1-A2= "+ff.F12(h,R1,R2)+ " analytical solution ");
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "c:\java\bin\javaw.exe" NA78A
1091
FA1-A2= 0.3819660112501026 four dimensional Gauss-Legendre integration
FA1-A2= 0.3819660112501051 analytical solution
Area Integration Method for Configuration factor calculations:

General definition for the configuration integration in cartesian coordinate system
⁡ ⁡
1 cos⁡(𝜃𝑖 )cos⁡(𝜃𝑗 )
𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∫∫ 𝑑𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝐴𝑗
𝐴1 𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴 1 𝐴6
𝑅 2 = (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )2 + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )2 + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )2
𝑅 = √(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )2 + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )2 + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )2
Vector pointing from original to an arbitrary pont (x,y,z): 𝑟 = [𝑥𝚤⃗⁡ + 𝑦𝑗⃗⁡ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗]
Surface normal for area i: 𝑛𝑖 = [𝑙𝑖 𝚤⃗⁡ + 𝑚𝑖 𝑗⃗⁡ + 𝑛𝑖 𝑘⃗⃗] = [cos⁡(𝛼)𝑖 𝚤⃗⁡ + cos⁡(𝛽)𝑖 𝑗⃗⁡ + cos⁡(𝛾)𝑖 𝑘⃗⃗]
Surface normal for area j: 𝑛𝑗 = [𝑙𝑗 𝚤⃗⁡ + 𝑚𝑗 𝑗⃗⁡ + 𝑛𝑗 𝑘⃗⃗] = [cos⁡(𝛼)𝑗 𝚤⃗⁡ + cos⁡(𝛽)𝑗 𝑗⃗⁡ + cos⁡(𝛾)𝑗 𝑘⃗⃗]
Where l,m,n are direction cosines of the surface normal vector
cos(𝜃𝑖 ) = [(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝑙𝑖 ⁡ + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )𝑚𝑖 ⁡ + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )𝑛𝑖 ⁡ ]/𝑅
cos(𝜃𝑗 ) = [(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 )𝑙𝑗 ⁡ + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )𝑚𝑗 ⁡ + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑗 )𝑛𝑗 ⁡ ]/𝑅
PROBLEM:
Calculate shape factor 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴6 ⁡for the
given configuration
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴6 ⁡ ⁡
1 cos⁡(𝜃1 )cos⁡(𝜃6 )
= ∫∫ 𝑑𝐴6 𝑑𝐴1
𝐴1 𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴1 𝐴6
𝑅 = (𝑥6 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦6 − 𝑦1 )2
2
+ (𝑧6 − 𝑧1 )2
𝑥6 = 0 𝑧1 = 0
𝑅 2 = 𝑥12 + (𝑦6 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑧62
𝑛1 = 𝑘⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛6 = 𝚤⃗
𝑧 −𝑧 𝑧 −0 𝑧
cos(𝜃1 ) = 6 1 = 6 = 6
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑥1 −𝑥6 𝑥1 −0 𝑥
cos(𝜃6 ) = = = 1
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴6 =
𝑒 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 𝑥1 𝑧6 𝑑𝑧6 𝑑𝑦6 𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑥1
∫𝑥 ∫𝑦 ∫𝑦6=𝑎 ∫𝑧 2+(𝑦 −𝑦 )2 +𝑧 2]2
1 =0 1 =0 6 =𝑐 𝜋[𝑥1 6 1 6
General definition in numerical 4 dimensional integration formula
𝑏 𝑑(𝑥) 𝛽(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜃(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑐(𝑥) 𝛼(𝑥,𝑦) 𝛾(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
//======================================================
// Gauss integration of four dimensional function
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi4
{
public double a,b;
public fdi4(double ai,double bi)
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi4()
{a=0;b=1;}
{a=ai;b=bi;}
1092
abstract public double alfa(double x[]);
abstract public double beta(double x[]);
abstract public double gama(double x[]);
abstract public double teta(double x[]);
}
class f2 extends fdi4

{ double a,b,c,d,e;
public f2(double ai,double bi, double ci,double di,double ei)
{a=ai;b=bi;c=ci;d=di;e=ei;}

{return 0;}

{return a;}
public double alfa(double x[])

{return a;}
public double beta(double x[])

{return b;}
public double gama(double x[])

{return c;}
public double teta(double x[])

{return d;}

{
//function to be integrated
double ff;
// x1=x[0] y1=x[1] y6=x[2] z6=x[3]
double R2=x[0]*x[0]+(x[1]-x[2])*(x[1]-x[2])+x[3]*x[3];
double z=(x[0]*x[3])/(R2*R2);
return z;
}}
class NA78B
{
{
//calculates legendre gauss-coefficients as coefficients of the integral for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}
public static double I(fdi4 f,int n,int m,int p,int s)
{
int i,j,k,h;
1093
double rn[],cn[];
double rm[],cm[];
double rp[],cp[];
double rs[],cs[];
rn=new double[n];
rm=new double[m];
rp=new double[p];
rs=new double[s];
cn=new double[n];
cm=new double[m];
cp=new double[p];
cs=new double[s];
rn=a[0];
cn=a[1];
rm=a[0];
cm=a[1];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(-1.0,1.0,p);
rp=a[0];
cp=a[1];
a=gauss_legendre_coefficients(-1.0,1.0,s);
rs=a[0];
cs=a[1];
double x[],h1,h2,J,a1,b1,c1,d1,k1,k2,JX,JY,JZ,Q,l1,l2,alfa1,beta1,gama1,teta1,m1,m2;
x=new double[4];
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*rm[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
JY=0;
x[1]=k1*rn[j]+k2;
beta1=f.beta(x);
alfa1=f.alfa(x);
l1=(beta1-alfa1)/2.0;
l2=(beta1+alfa1)/2.0;
for(k=0;k<p;k++)
{
JZ=0;
x[2]=l1*rp[k]+l2;
teta1=f.teta(x);
gama1=f.gama(x);
m1=(teta1-gama1)/2.0;
m2=(teta1+gama1)/2.0;
for (h=0;h<s;h++)
{
x[3]=m1*rs[h]+m2;
Q=f.f(x);
JZ+=cs[h]*Q;
}
JY+=cp[k]*m1*JZ;
}
JX+=cn[j]*l1*JY;
}
J=J+cm[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
}
public static double I(fdi4 f,int n)
{return I(f,n,n,n,n);}
public static double I(fdi4 f)
{return I(f,60,60,60,60);}
{
1094
double a=1.0;
double b=3.0;
double c=1.0;
double d=2.0;
double e=2.0;
f2 ff=new f2(a,b,c,d,e);
System.out.println("FA1-A6= "+I(ff,100)+" numeric four dimensional gauss-legendre integral");
}}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" NA78B
FA1-A6= 0.0778761490540283 numeric four dimensional gauss-legendre integral
For an enclosure it can be written that ∑𝑁

𝑗=1 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 1 and 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝐴𝑗−𝐴𝑖
For sub-surfaces 𝐴𝑗 = ∑𝐾
𝑘=1 𝐴(𝑗,𝑘) 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∑𝐾
𝑘=1 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴(𝑗,𝑘)
This properties can be used to calculate shape factor of the unknown parts.
PROBLEM :
Determine configuration factor 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 for the given
shape, assuming that shape factor formula for two
perpendicular touching surface is known(𝐹𝐴1−𝐴3 and
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴3+𝐴2 )
Solution:
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 + 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴3 = 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴3+𝐴2
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴3+𝐴2 − 𝐹𝐴1−𝐴3
Contour Integration
Stoke’s theorem gives a way to reduce multiple integration to single integration. Consider the area A in
the figüre with countour boundary C. It is assumed that boundary is continuous or picewise- continuous.
Letus also consider an arbitrary point on the surface as P(x,y,z). Normal to this point can be written as
Vector pointing from original to an arbitrary point 𝑃(x, y, z) = [𝑥𝚤⃗⁡ + 𝑦𝑗⃗⁡ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗]
Surface normal for area: 𝑛 = [𝑙𝚤⃗⁡ + 𝑚𝑗⃗⁡ + 𝑛𝑘⃗⃗ ] = [cos⁡(𝛼)𝚤⃗⁡ + cos⁡(𝛽)𝑗⃗⁡ + cos⁡(𝛾)𝑘⃗⃗ ]
Where l,m,n are direction cosines of the surface normal vector, 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are angles of normal with x,y
and z axeses respectively. And also let P,Q, and W be any twice differentiable functions of (x,y,z).
Stokes’ theorem in three dimensions states that
⁡ ⁡
𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮(𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + 𝑊𝑑𝑧) = ∫ [( − )𝑙 +( − ) 𝑚 + ( − ) 𝑛] 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶 𝐴
1095
Now this theory can be apply to solve configuration factor problems. Let us consider configuration
factors between a differential area and a finite area
cos(𝜃𝑖 ) = [(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝑙𝑖 ⁡ + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )𝑚𝑖 ⁡ + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )𝑛𝑖 ⁡ ]/𝑅
cos(𝜃𝑗 ) = [(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 )𝑙𝑗 ⁡ + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )𝑚𝑗 ⁡ + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑗 )𝑛𝑗 ⁡ ]/𝑅
And
𝑅 2 = (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )2 + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )2 + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )2
𝑅 = √(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )2 + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )2 + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )2

⁡
cos⁡(𝜃𝑖 )cos⁡(𝜃𝑗 )
𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴𝑗
𝜋𝑅 2
𝐴2
𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗
⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡
1 [(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝑙𝑖 + (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )𝑚𝑖 + (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )𝑛𝑖 ][(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 )𝑙𝑗 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )𝑚𝑗 + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑗 )𝑛𝑗 ]
= ∫ 𝑑𝐴𝑗
𝜋 𝑅4
𝐴𝑗
[(𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖)𝑙𝑖⁡ +(𝑦𝑗 −𝑦𝑖)𝑚𝑖 ⁡ +(𝑧𝑗 −𝑧𝑖 )𝑛𝑖⁡ ]
Now let 𝑓 = then equation becomes
𝜋𝑅 4 ⁡
𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∫[(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 )𝑓𝑙𝑗 ⁡ + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )𝑓𝑚𝑗 ⁡ + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑗 )𝑓𝑛𝑗 ⁡ ]𝑑𝐴𝑗

𝐴𝑗
Comparison of this equation with Stokes’ equation gives
𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑄
( − ) = (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 )𝑓
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑊
( − ) = (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 )𝑓
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
( − ) = (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑗 )𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Useful solution of these equations[98,99] are:
1096
−𝑚𝑖 (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 ) + 𝑛𝑖 (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )
⁡⁡𝑃 =
2𝜋𝑅 2
𝑙𝑖 (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 ) − 𝑛𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑄=
2𝜋𝑅 2
−𝑙𝑖 (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 ) + 𝑚𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )
⁡⁡𝑊 =
⁡ 2𝜋𝑅 2
𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∮(𝑃𝑑𝑥𝑗 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦𝑗 + 𝑊𝑑𝑧𝑗 )
𝐶𝑗
⁡
−𝑚𝑖 (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 ) + 𝑛𝑖 (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 ) 𝑙𝑖 (𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 ) − 𝑛𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )
𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∮( 𝑑𝑥𝑗 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗
2𝜋𝑅 2 2𝜋𝑅 2
𝐶𝑗
−𝑙𝑖 (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 ) + 𝑚𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 )
+ 𝑑𝑧𝑗 )
2𝜋𝑅 2
𝑙𝑖 ⁡ (𝑧𝑗−𝑧𝑖)𝑑𝑦𝑗−(𝑦𝑗−𝑦𝑖)𝑑𝑧𝑗 𝑚𝑖 ⁡ (𝑥𝑗−𝑥𝑖)𝑑𝑧𝑗−(𝑧𝑗−𝑧𝑖)𝑑𝑥𝑗
𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∮ + ∮ +
2𝜋 𝐶 𝑗 𝑅2 2𝜋 𝐶 𝑗 𝑅2
𝑛𝑖 ⁡ (𝑦𝑗−𝑦𝑖 )𝑑𝑥𝑗−(𝑥𝑗−𝑥𝑖)𝑑𝑦𝑗
∮ ⁡
2𝜋 𝐶𝑗 𝑅2
PROBLEM:
The shape in the left side is given. By using contour
integration method find the shape factor analytically
and numerically
−1 ⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = −𝑘⃗⃗
𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 0 𝑛 𝑛1 = −1 𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∮ 𝑅2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 2
2𝜋 𝐶2 𝑅2
𝑏 𝑎 0 0
−1 𝑦 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = [ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥| + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦| + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥| + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦| ]
2𝜋 𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑅 𝑥=𝑏 𝑅 𝑦=𝑎 𝑅 𝑥=0
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑏 𝑥=𝑎
For the configuration 𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 ⁡given as

𝑎 𝑏
1 𝑏𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑑𝐴1−𝐴2 = ( ∫ 2 2 2
+ ∫ 2 )
2𝜋 𝑏 +𝑦 +𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2
𝑦=0 𝑥=0
Analytical solution gives
1 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
𝐹𝑑𝐴1 −𝐴2 = ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ))
2𝜋 √𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 √𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑐 2
Calculate first equation by using numerical integration and compare it with the analytical result
1097
a= 1 m b= 1 m and c= 1 m
//======================================================
// Gander and Gautschi adaptive Gauss-Lobatto integral
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
class fx extends f_x

{ double a,b,c;
public fx(double ai,double bi,double ci)
{a=ai;b=bi;c=ci;}
{return 1.0/(2.0*Math.PI)*a/(x*x+a*a+c*c);}
}
class fy extends f_x
{ double a,b,c;
public fy(double ai,double bi,double ci)
{a=ai;b=bi;c=ci;}
public double func(double y)
{return 1.0/(2.0*Math.PI)*b/(b*b+y*y+c*c);}
}
class NA71
{
public static double adaptive_Lobatto_integral(f_x ff,double a,double b)
{ int i;
double m=(a+b)/2.0; double h=(b-a)/2.0;
double alpha=Math.sqrt(2.0/3.0);
double beta=1.0/Math.sqrt(5.0);
double x1,x2,x3;
x1=0.94288241569547971905635175843185720232;
x2=0.64185334234578130578123554132903188354;
x3=0.23638319966214988028222377349205292599;
double A,B,C,D,E,F,G;
A=0.015827191973480183087169986733305510591;
B=0.094273840218850045531282505077108171960;
C=0.15507198733658539625363597980210298680;
D=0.18882157396018245442000533937297167125;
E=0.19977340522685852679206802206648840246;
F=0.22492646533333952701601768799639508076;
G=0.24261107190140773379964095790325635233;
double x[]={a,(m-x1*h),(m-alpha*h),(m-x2*h),(m-beta*h),(m-x3*h),m,(m+x3*h),(m+beta*h),(m+x2*h),(m+alpha*h),(m+x1*h),b};
int n=x.length;
double y[]=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++) y[i]=ff.func(x[i]);
double fa=y[0];
double fb=y[12];
double i2=(h/6.0)*(y[0]+y[12]+5.0*(y[4]+y[8]));
double i1=(h/1470.0)*(77.0*(y[0]+y[12])+432.0*(y[2]+y[10])+
625.0*(y[4]+y[8])+672.0*y[6]);
double is=h*(A*(y[0]+y[12])+B*(y[1]+y[11])+C*(y[2]+y[10])+D*(y[3]+y[9])+E*(y[4]+y[8])+F*(y[5]+y[7])+G*y[6]);
int s=(int)(is/Math.abs(is));
if(s==0) s=1;
double erri1=Math.abs(i1-is);
double erri2=Math.abs(i2-is);
double R;
R=erri1/erri2;
//if(R>0 && R<1) tol=tol/R;
//is=s*Math.abs(is)*tol/eps;
if(is==0) is=b-a;
double Q=0;
Q=Lobatto(ff,a,b,fa,fb,is);
return Q;
}
public static double Lobatto(f_x ff,double a,double b,double fa,double fb,double is)
{
double h=(b-a)/2;
double m=(a+b)/2;
double alpha=Math.sqrt(2.0/3.0);
double beta=1.0/Math.sqrt(5.0);
double mll=m-alpha*h;
double ml=m-beta*h;
1098
double mr=m+beta*h;
double mrr=m+alpha*h;
double x[]={mll,ml,m,mr,mrr};
int n=x.length;
double y[]=new double[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++) y[i]=ff.func(x[i]);
double fmll=y[0];
double fml=y[1];
double fm=y[2];
double fmr=y[3];
double fmrr=y[4];
double Q;
double i2=(h/6)*(fa+fb+5*(fml+fmr));
double i1=(h/1470)*(77*(fa+fb)+432*(fmll+fmrr)+625*(fml+fmr)+672*fm);
boolean c1,c2,c3;
double w1=i1-i2;;
double w2=is;
double w3=w2+w1;
c1=(w3==w2);
c2=(mll<=a);
c3=(b<=mrr);
if( c1|| c2 ||c3 )
{
if (((m <= a) || (b<=m)))
{
System.out.println("istenilen toleransa ulaşılamadı");
}
Q=i1;
}
else
{
Q=Lobatto(ff,a,mll,fa,fmll,is) + Lobatto(ff,mll,ml,fmll,fml,is)+
Lobatto(ff,ml,m,fml,fm,is) + Lobatto(ff,m,mr,fm,fmr,is)+
Lobatto(ff,mr,mrr,fmr,fmrr,is)+Lobatto(ff,mrr,b,fmrr,fb,is);
}
return Q;
}
public static double F(double a,double b, double c)
{ double A=b/Math.sqrt(b*b+c*c);
double B=a/Math.sqrt(b*b+c*c);
double C=a/Math.sqrt(a*a+c*c);
double D=b/Math.sqrt(a*a+c*c);
double f=1.0/(2.0*Math.PI)*(A*Math.atan(B)+C*Math.atan(D));
return f;
}
{double a=1;
double b=1;
double c=1;
fx x1=new fx(a,b,c);
fy y1=new fy(a,b,c);
double I=adaptive_Lobatto_integral(y1,0.0,a)+adaptive_Lobatto_integral(x1,0.0,b);
System.out.println("F_dA1_A2 numeric : "+I);
System.out.println("F_dA1_A2 analytical : "+F(a,b,c));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

F_dA1_A2 numeric : 0.13853160599489303
F_dA1_A2 analytical : 0.13853160599489298
Contour integration for configuration factor between finite areas

In order to calculate contour integration for finite areas, the previously find contour integration between
differential and finite area eqution integrated for area
⁡
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝐴𝑗−𝐴𝑖 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 𝑑𝐴𝑖

𝐴𝑖
1099
1 ⁡ ⁡ −𝑚𝑖(𝑧𝑗 −𝑧𝑖)+𝑛𝑖(𝑦𝑗 −𝑦𝑖) 𝑙𝑖(𝑧𝑗 −𝑧𝑖 )−𝑛𝑖(𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖 )
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝐴𝑗−𝐴𝑖 = ∮ ∫ [ 𝑑𝑥𝑗 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 +
2𝜋 𝐶𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝑅2 𝑅2
−𝑙𝑖(𝑦𝑗 −𝑦𝑖)+𝑚𝑖(𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖)
𝑑𝑧𝑗 )] 𝑑𝐴𝑖
𝑅2
1 ⁡ ⁡ −𝑚𝑖(𝑧𝑗 −𝑧𝑖)+𝑛𝑖(𝑦𝑗 −𝑦𝑖 ) ⁡ 𝑙𝑖(𝑧𝑗 −𝑧𝑖 )−𝑛𝑖(𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖 )
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝐴𝑗−𝐴𝑖 = ∮ [(∫𝐴 𝑑𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑗 + (∫𝐴 𝑑𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑗 +
2𝜋 𝐶𝑗 𝑖 𝑅2 𝑖 𝑅2
⁡ −𝑙𝑖(𝑦𝑗 −𝑦𝑖)+𝑚𝑖(𝑥𝑗 −𝑥𝑖)
(∫𝐴 𝑑𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑧𝑗 )]
𝑖 𝑅2
where the integrals have been rearranged, and dxj, dyj, and dzj have been factored out since they are
independent of the area integration over A1. Stokes’ theorem is applied in turn to each of the three area
integrals. Consider area integral
⁡ −𝑚 (𝑧 −𝑧 )+𝑛 (𝑦 −𝑦 )
𝑖 𝑗 𝑖 𝑖 𝑗 𝑖
∫𝐴 𝑑𝐴𝑖
𝑖 𝑅2
Integral in stokes theorem gives
𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑄
( − )=0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑊 −(𝑧𝑗 − 𝑧𝑖 )
( − )=
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑅2
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 )
( − )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑅2
Solution of this set of partial differential equations is P=ln(R) Q=0 and W=0 and
⁡ ⁡
1
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝐴𝑗 −𝐴𝑖 = ∮ ∮[ln(𝑅) 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + ln(𝑅) 𝑑𝑦𝑗 𝑑𝑦𝑖 + ln(𝑅) 𝑑𝑧𝑗 𝑑𝑧𝑖 ]
2𝜋
𝐶1 𝐶2
PROBLEM: Find configuration factor by using contour integration for two parallel rectangular shown
in the figure
1
1 ⁡ ⁡ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]2 ) 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥1 +
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴2−𝐴𝑖 = ∮ ∮ [ ]
2𝜋𝑎𝑏 𝐶1 𝐶2
ln([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]1/2 ) 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑𝑦1
Opening contour integral for area 2
1100
𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴2 −𝐴𝑖
𝑎 0
1 1
⁡
( ∫ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑏 − 𝑦1 )2 +𝑐 2 ]2
) 𝑑𝑥2) 𝑑𝑥1 + ( ∫ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (0 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]2 ) 𝑑𝑥2) 𝑑𝑥1 +
1 𝑥2 =0 𝑥2 =𝑎
= ∮ 𝑏 0
2𝜋𝑎𝑏
𝐶1
( ∫ ln([(0 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]1/2) 𝑑𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦1 + ( ∫ ln([(𝑎 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]1/2 ) 𝑑𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦1
[ 𝑦2 =0 𝑦2 =𝑏 ]
Opening contour integral for area 2
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴2−𝐴1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 0
1 1
∫ ( ∫ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑏 − 0)2 + 𝑐 2]2 ) 𝑑𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥1 + ∫ ( ∫ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (0 − 0)2 + 𝑐 2]2 ) 𝑑𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥1 +
𝑥1 =0 𝑥2 =0 𝑥1 =0 𝑥2 =𝑎
0 𝑎 0 0
1 1
∫ ( ∫ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑏 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑐 2]2 ) 𝑑𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥1 + ∫ ( ∫ ln ([(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (0 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑐 2 ]2) 𝑑𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥1 +
1 𝑥1 =𝑎 𝑥2 =0 𝑥1=𝑎 𝑥2 =𝑎
= 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 0
2𝜋𝑎𝑏 1 1
∫ ( ∫ ln ([(0 − 𝑎 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]2 ) 𝑑𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦1 + ∫ ( ∫ ln ([(𝑎 − 𝑎 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2]2 ) 𝑑𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦1 +
𝑦1 =0 𝑦2 =0 𝑦1 =0 𝑦2 =𝑏
0 𝑏 0 0
∫ ( ∫ ln([(0 − 0)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]1/2 ) 𝑑𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦1 + ∫ ( ∫ ln([(𝑎 − 0)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]1/2 ) 𝑑𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦1
[𝑦1=𝑏 𝑦2 =0 𝑦1 =𝑏 𝑦2 =𝑏 ]
𝑎 𝑎 1
1 [(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ]2
𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴2 −𝐴1 = [ ∫ ( ∫ ln ( 1 ) 𝑑𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥1
𝜋𝑎𝑏 [(𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]2
𝑥1 =0 𝑥2 =0 2 1
𝑏 𝑏 1
[𝑎2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2 ]2
+ ∫ ( ∫ ln ( ) 𝑑𝑥2) 𝑑𝑥1]
[(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + 𝑐 2]1/2
𝑦1 =0 𝑦2 =0
Analytical solution of the equation:
𝑎 𝑏
𝑋= 𝑌=
𝑐 𝑐
1/2
2 (1+𝑋 2 )(1+𝑌 2 ) 𝑋 𝑌
𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴2 −𝐴1 = {𝑙𝑛 [ ] + 𝑋√1 + 𝑌 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑌√1 + 𝑋 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )−
𝜋𝑋𝑌 (1+𝑋 2 +𝑌2 ) √1+𝑌 2 √1+𝑋 2
𝑋𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑋) − 𝑌𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1(𝑌 )}

In order to solve numerical integration Gauss-Legendre integration formula is used.
QUADRATURES: GAUSS-LEGENDRE
A problem known from antique times, is to create a rectangle with the same area with a polynomial.
IT is called a quadrature problem.
Figure a rectangle with the same area with a polynomial
1101
Figure A rectangle with the same area with a circle
If point x1 and x2 points intersecting the polynomial and rectangle is known, area calculation of the
polynomial can be interchange with the area calculation of the rectangle. Or in more general means
instead of integration process of summation can be substituted. As a general definition:
n
I w (−1,1)  −1 f ( x) w( x)dx   ck f ( xk )
1
k =1
Can be written. In this equation w(x) is the weight factor. In the first of a such formulation, Gauss-
Legendre integral formulation, weight factor can be taken as 1.
n
I w (−1,1)  −1 f ( x)dx   ck f ( xk )
1
k =1
If this integration is solved for a general polynamial equation. Following relation is found:
1 − (−1) k +1
−1 x dx 
1 k
k +1
This equation can be written in open form as:
1 − (−1) k +1
c1 x1k + c2 x2k + .... + cn xnk = , 0  k  2n For a special case of n=2 equation becomes :
k +1
f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+a3x3
1 1
I w (−1,1)   f ( x)dx  c1 f ( x1 ) + c2 f ( x2 ) =  (a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + a 3x 3 )dx
−1 −1
1 1 1
1
c1 (a 0 + a1 x1 + a 2 x1 + a 3 x1 ) + c2 f (a 0 + a1 x2 + a 2 x2 + a 3 x2 ) = a 0  dx + a1  xdx + a 2  x 2 dx + a 3  x 3dx
2 3 2 3
−1
−1 −1 −1
c1+c2=2
c1 x1+c2 x2=0
c1 x12+c2 x22=2/3
c1 x13+c2 x23=0
If this system of equation is solved roots and coefficients can be found as:
Roots: x1, 2 = 1/ 3 and Coefficients : c1,2=1 bulunur.
The general solution of this problem can be defined with the Legendre polynomials. Legendre
polynomials has a general definition as:
(k + 1) Pk +1 ( x) = (2k + 1) xPk ( x) − kPk −1 ( x), k  1 and P0(x)=1 ,P1(x)=x
The first 6 Legendre polynomials are giving in graphic form.
1102
The roots of Legendre Polynomials are the roots of the Gauss-Legendre integration Formula. For
example if P2(x) value is calculated from the above general form:
P2(x)=(3x2-1)/2. The root of this is equal to x1, 2 = 1/ 3 . In general roots can be calculated from
Legendre polynomials as follows:
n − k + 3/ 4
 n,k = 
n + 1/ 2
 1 1 1  28 
xn , k = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 
39 − 2  cos  n , k + E (n −5 )
sin  n , k 
 8n 8n 384n  
This equation contains an error level of n-5. In order to decrease the error Newton-Raphson root
finding method can be usefull.
1 − x2 Pn ( x )
x +1 = x −
n Pn −1 ( x ) − x Pn ( x )
After finding the roots coeficients can be calculated as
2
c1 x12 j + c2 x22 j + .... + cn xn2 j = , 0  j  n or
2 j +1
2(1 − xk2 )
ck =
[nPn−1 ( xk )]2
As a last concept, consider that Gauss-Legendre integration limits are -1 and 1

Region x=[-1,1] can be converted to z=[a,b] by changing the variables
b−a b+a
z = x +   = x+
 2   2 
b−a b+a
 =   = 
 2   2 
In this case, integration Formula will became :

n
f ( z )dx    ck f ( xk +  )
b
I w ( a, b)   a
k =1
First 10 Gauss-Legendre integration formulas are given in the table
Table Gauss – Legendre integration roots and coefficients

N xk ck
2 -0.577350269189625 1.000000000000000
0.577350269189625 1.000000000000000
3 -0.774596669241483 0.555555555555552
1103
0.000000000000000 0.888888888888888
0.774596669241483 Format long
4 -0.861136311594052 0.347854845137447
-0.339981043584856 0.652145154862546
0.339981043584856 0.652145154862546
0.861136311594052 0.347854845137447
5 -0.906179845938664 0.236926885056181
-0.538469310105683 0.478628670499366
0.000000000000000 0.568888888888888
0.538469310105683 0.478628670499366
0.906179845938664 0.236926885056181
6 -0.932469514203152 0.171324492379162
-0.661209386466264 0.360761573048138
-0.238619186083196 0.467913934572691
0.238619186083196 0.467913934572691
0.661209386466264 0.360761573048138
0.932469514203152 0.171324492379162
7 -0.949107912342758 0.129484966168862
-0.741531185599394 0.279705391489276
-0.405845151377397 0.381830050505119
0.000000000000000 0.417959183673469
0.405845151377397 0.381830050505119
0.741531185599394 0.279705391489276
0.949107912342758 0.129484966168862
8 -0.960289856497536 0.101228536290369
-0.796666477413626 0.222381034453374
-0.525532409916329 0.313706645877887
-0.183434642495649 0.362683783378362
0.183434642495649 0.362683783378362
0.525532409916329 0.313706645877887
0.796666477413626 0.222381034453374
0.960289856497536 0.101228536290369
9 -0.968160239507626 0.081274388361569
-0.836031107326635 0.180648160694857
-0.613371432700590 0.260610696402935
-0.324253423403808 0.312347077040002
0.000000000000000 0.330239355001259
0.324253423403808 0.312347077040002
0.613371432700590 0.260610696402935
0.836031107326635 0.180648160694857
0.968160239507626 0.081274388361569
10 -0.973906528517171 0.066671344308684
-0.865063366688984 0.149451349150580
-0.679409568299024 0.219086362515982
-0.433395394129247 0.269266719309996
-0.148874338981631 0.295524224714752
0.148874338981631 0.295524224714752
0.433395394129247 0.269266719309996
0.679409568299024 0.219086362515982
0.865063366688984 0.149451349150580
0.973906528517171 0.066671344308684
MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATION BY PARAMETRIC METHODS
A two dimensional integration

I(D) =  D f ( x, y )dydx
Where D is a region in xy plane. If this region is defined as a  x  b and c( x)  y  d ( x) , one way
two calculate two dimensional integration is to repeat one dimensional integration twice. In the first
step intehration function g(x) is calculated as an integration in y dimension and then function g(x) is
solved to get integration result.
b d ( x)
I =  f ( x, y)dydx
a c( x)
1104
d ( x)
g(x) =  f ( x, y)dy,
c( x)
a xb
b
I(D) =  g ( x)dx
a
Any integration formulation can be used for this purpose. All it has to be done is to evaluate
integration Formula twice onece for each independent variable. As our first example Gauss-
Legendre formulation will be used to evaluate double integration. Two code is defined. In the first
one Gauss-Legendre coefficients are defined as constants, in the second one they are calculated
through Legendre polynomials. In the two dimensional integration x dimesion limits are still given
as constant values, but y dimension limits c(x) and d(x) should be given as functions for proper
evaluation of the integral.
b d ( x) b
d ( x) − c( x) n (d ( x) − c( x))rn , j + d ( x) + c( x)
I =  f ( x, y )dy = 
2
J =1
c n , j f ( x,
2
)dx
a c( x) a
In this equation rn,j root values and cn,j are equation coefficients. These values can be calculated
from Legendre polynomials.
//======================================================
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi

{
public double a,b;
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi()
{a=0;b=1;}
{a=ai;b=bi;}
}
class fx extends fdi

{ double a1,b1,c1;
public fx(double ai,double bi,double a1i,double b1i,double c1i)
{super(ai,bi);a1=a1i;b1=b1i;c1=c1i;}

{return 0.0;}

{return b1;}

{
double ff;
double xx=x[1]-x[0];
double xx2=xx*xx;
ff=1.0/(Math.PI*a1*b1)*Math.log(Math.sqrt(xx2+b1*b1+c1*c1)/Math.sqrt(xx2+c1*c1));
return ff;
}
}
1105
class fy extends fdi
{ double a1,b1,c1;
public fy(double ai,double bi,double a1i,double b1i,double c1i)
{super(ai,bi);a1=a1i;b1=b1i;c1=c1i;}
public double c(double y)

{return 0.0;}
public double d(double y)

{return a1;}
public double f(double y[])

{
double ff;
double yy=y[1]-y[0];
double yy2=yy*yy;
ff=1.0/(Math.PI*a1*b1)*Math.log(Math.sqrt(a1*a1+yy2+c1*c1)/Math.sqrt(yy2+c1*c1));
return ff;
}
}
class NA76
{ public static double two_parallel_rect_shape_factor(double x[])
{double X=x[0]/x[2];
double Y=x[1]/x[2];
double x1=Math.sqrt(((1+X*X)*(1+Y*Y))/(1+X*X+Y*Y));
double x2=X*Math.sqrt(1+Y*Y);
double x3=Math.sqrt(1+Y*Y);
double x4=Y*Math.sqrt(1+X*X);
double x5=Math.sqrt(1+X*X);
double z=2.0/(Math.PI*X*Y)*(Math.log(x1)+x2*Math.atan2(X,x3)+x4*Math.atan2(Y,x5)
-X*Math.atan(X)-Y*Math.atan(Y));
return z;
}
{
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}

{
int i,j;
double rn[],cn[];
double rm[],cm[];
rn=new double[n];
1106
rm=new double[m];
cn=new double[n];
rn=a[0];
cn=a[1];
rm=a[0];
cm=a[1];
x=new double[2];
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*rm[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
//4=========================
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
x[1]=k1*rn[j]+k2;
Q=f.f(x);
JX+=cn[j]*Q;
}
//5=========================
J=J+cm[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
}

{return I(f,n,n);}


{
double a,b,c;
a=1;b=1;c=1;
fx fx1=new fx(0.0,b,a,b,c);
fy fy1=new fy(0.0,a,a,b,c);
double Ix=I(fx1);
double Iy=I(fy1);
double I=Ix+Iy;
double x[]={a,b,c};
System.out.println("a="+a+" m");
System.out.println("b="+b+" m");
System.out.println("c="+c+" m");
double F=two_parallel_rect_shape_factor(x);
System.out.println("analytical solution F="+F);
System.out.println("numerical integration solution F="+I);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

a=1.0 m
b=1.0 m
c=1.0 m
analytical solution F=0.19982489569838746
numerical integration solution F=0.19982489569838668
---------- Capture Output ----------
1107
a=0.5 m
b=0.5 m
c=1.0 m
---------- Capture Output ----------

a=1.0 m
b=1.0 m
c=0.5 m
PROBLEM:
Consider configuration factor between two parallel co-axial disks of radius R1 and R2, respectively. Use
contour integration to calculate it.
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠1 = 𝑅1 𝑑⁡𝜓1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜓1 𝚤⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓1 𝑗⃗)
𝑑𝑠2 = 𝑅2 𝑑⁡𝜓2 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜓2 𝚤⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓2 𝑗⃗)
𝑑𝑠1 𝑑𝑠2 = 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑑𝜓1 𝑑𝜓2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜓1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜓2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓2 )
𝑑𝑠1 𝑑𝑠2 = 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜓1 − 𝜓2 )𝑑𝜓1 𝑑𝜓2
𝑅 = [ℎ 2 + 𝑅12 + 𝑅2−2 − 2𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜓1 − 𝜓2 )]1/2
𝑅1 𝑅2 2𝜋 −2𝜋
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫ ∫ 𝑙𝑛[ℎ 2 + 𝑅12 + 𝑅22 − 2𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜓1 − 𝜓2 )]1/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜓1 − 𝜓2 )𝑑𝜓1 𝑑𝜓2 ⁡⁡
2𝜋(𝜋𝑅12 ) 𝜓1 =0 𝜓2 =0
Integrating by parts
𝑅2 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜓
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = −
𝜋𝑅1
[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜓𝑙𝑛[ℎ2 + 𝑅12 + 𝑅22 − 2𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓]1/2 |𝜓=0 − 𝑅1 𝑅2 ∫𝜓=0 ℎ 2+𝑅2+𝑅−2−2𝑅 𝑑 𝜓]
1 2 1 𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓
𝑅2 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜓 ℎ 2 +𝑅12 +𝑅22
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 = ∫𝜓=0 𝑋−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓 𝑑 𝜓 where 𝑋 =
𝜋𝑅1 2𝑅1 𝑅2
Analytical solution of the integral:
𝑅2
𝐹𝐴1−𝐴2 =
𝑅1
(𝑋 − √𝑋 2 − 1)
Lets now evaluate the double integral and analytical function and compare the results obtained.
For numerical calculations take 𝑅1 = 1 𝑅2 = 1 and h=1
//======================================================
1108
// Dr. Turhan Coban
// =====================================================
import java.io.*;
abstract class fdi

{
public double a,b;
{a=ai;b=bi;}
public fdi()
{a=0;b=1;}
{a=ai;b=bi;}
}
class fx extends fdi

{ public double a,b,c,d,h,R1,R2;
public fx(double ai,double bi,double ci,double di,double hi,double R1i,double R2i)
{super(ai,bi);a=ai;b=bi;c=ci;d=di;h=hi;R1=R1i;R2=R2i;}

{return c;}

{return d;}

{
double ff;
double fi1=x[0];double fi2=x[1];
double R=Math.sqrt(h*h+R1*R1+R2*R2-2.0*R1*R2*Math.cos(fi1-fi2));
ff=R1*R2/(2.0*Math.PI)/(Math.PI*R1*R1)*Math.log(R)*Math.cos(fi1-fi2);
return ff;
}
}
class NA76C
{ public static double two_parallel_disk_shape_factor(double h,double R1,double R2)
{double X=(h*h+R1*R1+R2*R2)/(2.0*R1*R2);
double z=R2/R1*(X-Math.sqrt(X*X-1));
return z;
}
{
//for n terms
double EPS=3.0e-15;
int m,j,i;
m=(n+1)/2;
xm=0.5*(x2+x1);
xl=0.5*(x2-x1);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) {
do {
p1=1.0;
p2=0.0;
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
p3=p2;
p2=p1;
p1=((2.0*j-1.0)*z*p2-(j-1.0)*p3)/j;
}
pp=n*(z*p1-p2)/(z*z-1.0);
z1=z;
z=z1-p1/pp;
a[0][i-1]=xm-xl*z;
a[0][n-i]=xm+xl*z;
a[1][i-1]=2.0*xl/((1.0-z*z)*pp*pp);
1109
a[1][n-i]=a[1][i-1];
}
return a;
}

{
int i,j;
double rn[],cn[];
double rm[],cm[];
rn=new double[n];
rm=new double[m];
cn=new double[n];
rn=a[0];
cn=a[1];
rm=a[0];
cm=a[1];
x=new double[2];
a1=f.a;
b1=f.b;
h1=(b1-a1)/2.0;
h2=(b1+a1)/2.0;
J=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
JX=0;
x[0]=h1*rm[i]+h2;
d1=f.d(x[0]);
c1=f.c(x[0]);
k1=(d1-c1)/2.0;
k2=(d1+c1)/2.0;
//4=========================
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
x[1]=k1*rn[j]+k2;
Q=f.f(x);
JX+=cn[j]*Q;
}
//5=========================
J=J+cm[i]*k1*JX;
}
J=h1*J;
return J;
}

{return I(f,n,n);}


{
double h,R1,R2;
h=1;R1=1;R2=1;
fx fx1=new fx(0.0,2.0*Math.PI,0.0,-2.0*Math.PI,h,R1,R2);
double I=I(fx1);
System.out.println("h="+h+" m");
System.out.println("R1="+R1+" m");
System.out.println("R2="+R2+" m");
double F=two_parallel_disk_shape_factor(h,R1,R2);
System.out.println("analytical solution F="+F);
System.out.println("numerical integration solution F="+I);
}
}
1110
---------- Capture Output ----------
> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" NA76C
h=1.0 m
R1=1.0 m
R2=1.0 m
A general Configuration factor example ShapeFactor.java

// equation source:
// http://www.thermalradiation.net/tablecon.html
// Radiation Heat Transfer 6th Edition John R. Howell, Robert Siegel,M. Pınar Mengüç
// Programmed by: M. Turhan ÇOBAN
import java.util.*;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import java.net.URL;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.*;
public class shapeFactor
{ String folder="images\\";
input6 i1;
char g[]=gr();
char Alpha=g[0];
char Beta=g[1];
char Eta=g[6];
char Ksi=g[5];
char Teta=g[7];
char Fi='\u03A6';
char Delta=g[3];
char Lambda=g[10];
char pi=g[15];
double PI=Math.PI;
public String[] namedd;
public String[] namedf;
public String[] nameff;
public static double ct(double x)
{return Math.cos(x);}
public static double st(double x)
{return Math.sin(x);}
public static double tt(double x)
{return Math.tan(x);}
public static double att(double x)
{return Math.atan(x);}
public static double act(double x)
{return Math.acos(x);}
public static double ast(double x)
{return Math.asin(x);}
public static double sqrt(double x)
{return Math.sqrt(x);}
public static double pow(double x,double y)
{return Math.pow(x,y);}
public static double ln(double x)
{return ln(x);}
public static char[] gr()

{char p[]=new char[25];
int i=0;
String s[]=new String[50];
for(char c='\u03B1';c<='\u03C9';c++)
{p[i]=c;s[i]="i="+i+"c="+c;i++;}
//Text.printT(s);
return p;
}
// Differential-Differential
// Factors Between Differential Elements
// Section A
//========================================
public double[] input_dd(int no)
{ String s=name_dd(no)+"\n enter : ";
String s1[]=varible_dd(no);
1111
for(int i=0;i<s1.length;i++) {s+=s1[i]+" ";}
i1=new input6(s,"Confiuration factor differential area to differential area",folder+"dd"+no+".jpg");
double a[]=i1.vericiktisi();
return a;
}
public String name_dd(int n)
{String x[]={"","Two elemental areas in arbitrary configuration",
"Two elemental areas lying on parallel lines",
"Elemental area of any length z to infinitely long parallel strip of differential width; plane containing element does not intersect strip",
"Corner element on end of square channel to sectional element on channel wall",
"Plane element to a differential coaxial ring parallel to the element",
"Plane element on and normal to axis to inside of coaxial differential circular ring",
"Element on interior surface of right circular cylinder to coaxial differential ring in cylinder base",
"Element on interior surface of right circular cone to coaxial differential ring in cone base",
"Differential element on interior of hemisphere to a coaxial differential ring element on the base",
"Parallel differential strip elements in intersecting planes",
"Strip element on outer surface of circular semicylinder to parallel strip element in plane passing through cylinder axis",
"Infinitely long differential bounding strip to opposed parallel strip",
"Strip of finite length and of differential width, to differential strip of same length on parallel generating line",
"Square strip element to opposed square strip element",
"1x2 rectangular strip element to opposed 1x2 strip element",
"Differential ring element to opposed ring element on coaxial disk",
"Differential ring element on circular disk to opposed coaxial ring element on coaxial disk separated by coaxial cylinder",
"Circumferential ring element on interior of right circular cylinder to coaxial ring element on base. (Corrected from original reference.)",
"Ring element on exterior of tube to coaxial annular element on circular fin",
"Two ring elements on the interior of a right circular cylinder",
"Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to differential ring on parallel cylinder of the same diameter",
"Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to differential ring on parallel cylinder of the same diameter. Cylinders are connected
through axes by thin parallel plate of width 2l",
"Ring element on interior of right circular cylinder to ring element on interior of coaxial right circular cone",
"Coaxial ring element to second coaxial ring element on the interior of a cone",
"Coaxial ring element on interior of right circular cone to coaxial ring element on the interior of a butted second cone",
"Differential Ring Element on the Surface of a Sphere to Differential Ring Element on Interior of Coaxial Cylinder",
"Differential Ring Element on the Surface of a Sphere to a Differential Ring Element in the Base of a Coaxial Cylinder",
"Differential Ring Element on Base of Cylinder to Ring Element on Interior of Cylinder with Blockage by Coaxial Sphere Within
Cylinder",
"Differential areas on the inside of a spherical cavity",
"Bounding element on wall of tapered duct to element further along duct"};
namedd=x;
return x[n];
}
public String[] varible_dd(int no)
{ String y[]={""};
char gr[]=gr();
if(no==1)
{String y1[]={""+Teta+"1",""+Teta+"2","S","dA2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==2)
{String y1[]={""+Beta,"d"+Beta,"a","x","dx"};y=y1;}
else if(no==3)
{String y1[]={""+Beta,"d"+Beta};y=y1;}
else if(no==4)
{String y1[]={"a","x","dx"};y=y1;}
else if(no==5)
{String y1[]={"h","r","dr"};y=y1;}
else if(no==6)
{String y1[]={"r","x","dx"};y=y1;}
else if(no==30)
{String y1[]={"a","b","z","h","d"+Ksi+"d"+Eta};y=y1;}
else if(no==7)
{String y1[]={"z","r1","r1","dr"};y=y1;}
else if(no==8)
{String y1[]={"z","r1","r1","dr",""+Alpha};y=y1;}
else if(no==9)
{String y1[]={"z","r1","r2","dr"};y=y1;}
else if(no==10)
{String y1[]={"x","y","dy",""+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==11)
{String y1[]={"r","x",""+Delta};y=y1;}
else if(no==12)
{String y1[]={"y","h","dy2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==13)
{String y1[]={"b","S",""+Fi,"d"+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==14)
{String y1[]={"h","y","dy2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==15)
{String y1[]={"h","y","dy2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==16)
1112
{String y1[]={"h","r1","r2","dr"};y=y1;}
else if(no==17)
{String y1[]={"h","r","r1","r2","dr2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==18)
{String y1[]={"x","r1","r2","dr"};y=y1;}
else if(no==19)
{String y1[]={"h","r1","r2","dr"};y=y1;}
else if(no==20)
{String y1[]={"x","r","dx2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==21)
{String y1[]={"z","l","dz"};y=y1;}
else if(no==22)
{String y1[]={"z","l","dz"};y=y1;}
else if(no==23)
{String y1[]={"h","dx","r1","r2",""+Alpha};y=y1;}
else if(no==24)
{String y1[]={"x",""+Ksi,"d"+Ksi,""+Teta};y=y1;}
else if(no==25)
{String y1[]={"x","h","r1","r2",""+Alpha+"1",""+Alpha+"2","dx"};y=y1;}
else if(no==26)
{String y1[]={"r","S","z","dz",""+Beta};y=y1;}
else if(no==27)
{String y1[]={"r1","r2","dr2",""+Beta};y=y1;}
else if(no==28)
{String y1[]={"r","r1","r2","z","dz"};y=y1;}
else if(no==29)
{String y1[]={"r","dA2"};y=y1;}
return y;
}
public double F_dd(int no,double x[])
{ double z=0;
if(no==1) //teta1=x[0] teta2=x[1]
{z=ct(x[0])*ct(x[1])/(PI*x[2]*x[2])*x[3];}
else if(no==2)
{ double X=x[3]/x[2]; // x/a
double beta=x[0];
double dbeta=x[1]; // dbeta
double dX=x[4]/x[2]; // dX
z=ct(beta)*dbeta*dX/(PI*(1.0+X*X)*(1.0+X*X));
}
else if(no==3)
{ double X=x[3]/x[2]; // x/a
double beta=x[0]; //beta
double dbeta=x[1]; // dbeta
z=ct(beta)*dbeta/2.0;
}
else if(no==4)
{ double X=x[1]/x[0]; // x/a
double dX=x[2]/x[0];
double x1=1.0+X*X;
double x2=sqrt(x1);
double x3=2.0+X*X;
z=X/(PI*x2*x2*x2)*(x2/x3+att(1.0/x2))*dX;
}
else if(no==5)
{ double R=x[1]/x[0]; // r/h
double dR=x[2]/x[0];
double x1=1.0+R*R;
z=2.0*R*dR/(x1*x1);
}
else if(no==6)
{ double X=x[1]/x[0]; // r/h
double dX=x[2]/x[0];
double x1=1.0+X*X;
z=2.0*X*dX/sqrt(x1);
}
else if(no==7)
{ double zz=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double R=r2/r1;
double Z=zz/r1;
double dr=x[3];
double dR=dr/r1;
double X=1.0+Z*Z+R*R; // r/h
z=2.0*Z*(X-2.0*R*R)*R*dR/(X*X-4.0*R*R);
}
1113
else if(no==8)
{ double zz=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double R=r2/r1;
double Z=zz/r1;
double dr=x[3];
double alpha=x[4];
double dR=dr/r1;
double A=1.0+Z*tt(alpha);
z=2.0*Z*ct(alpha)*(A*X-2.0*R*R)*R*dR/pow((X*X-4.0*R*R),1.5);
}
else if(no==9)
{ double zz=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double R=r2/r1;
double Z=zz/r1;
double dr=x[3];
double dR=dr/r1;
double x1=Z*Z+1.0;
double x2=Z*Z-1.0;
double x3=pow((X*X-4.0*R*R),1.5);
z=2.0*Z*(x1*x1+R*R*x2)*R*dR/sqrt(x1)/x3;
}
else if(no==10)
{ double xx=x[0];
double y=x[1];
double dy=x[2];
double fi=x[3];
double Y=y/xx;
double x1=1.0+Y*Y-2.0*Y*ct(fi);
double x2=st(fi);
z=Y*x2*x2/2.0/pow(x1,1.5);
}
else if(no==11)
{ double r=x[0];
double xx=x[1];
double delta=x[2];
double X=xx/r;
double x1=st(delta)*((1.0+X)*ct(delta)-1.0);
double x2=X*X+2.0*(X+1.0)*(1.0-ct(delta));
z=x1/2.0/pow(x2,1.5);
}
else if(no==12)
{ double y=x[0];
double h=x[1];
double dy2=x[2];
double Y=y/h;
double dY2=dy2/h;
double x1=Y*Y+1.0;
z=dY2/2.0/pow(x1,1.5);
}
else if(no==13)
{ double b=x[0];
double S=x[1];
double fi=x[2];
double dfi=x[3];
double B=b/S;
z=ct(fi)*dfi/PI*att(B);
}
else if(no==14)
{ double h=x[0];
double y=x[1];
double dy2=x[2];
double dY2=dy2/h;
double Y=y/h;
double A=Y*Y+1.0;
z=dY2/PI*(A*sqrt(A)*att(1.0/sqrt(A)+0.5*ln(A*A/(A+1.0)/Y/Y)));
}
else if(no==15)
{ double h=x[0];
double y=x[1];
double dy2=x[2];
double dY2=dy2/h;
1114
double Y=y/h;
double A=Y*Y+1.0;
double B=Y*Y+4.0;
double A3_2=pow(A,1.5);
double B3_2=pow(B,1.5);
double A0_5=sqrt(A);
double B0_5=sqrt(B);
double x1=4.0/B3_2*att(1.0/B0_5);
double x2=2.0/A3_2*att(2.0/A0_5);
double x3=ln(A*B/(B+1.0)/Y/Y);
z=dY2/3.0/PI*(x1+x2+x3)*dY2;
}
else if(no==16)
{ double h=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double dr=x[3];
double R=r2/r1;
double dR=dr/r1;
double H=h/r1;
double Y=H*H+R*R+1.0;
z=2.0*R*H*H*Y/pow((Y*Y-4.0*R*R),1.5)*dR;
}
else if(no==17)
{ double h=x[0];
double r=x[1];
double r1=x[2];
double r2=x[3];
double dr2=x[4];
double R1=r1/r;
double R2=r2/r;
double dR=dr2/r;
double dR2=dr2/r;
double H=h/r;
double X=R1*R1+R2*R2+H*H;
double FI=act(1.0/R1)+act(1.0/R2);
double x1=4.0*H*H*R2*dR2/PI/(X*X-4.0*R1*R1*R2*R2);
double x2=R1*R1*st(FI)/(X-2.0*R1*R2*ct(FI));
double x3=X/sqrt(X*X-4.0*R1*R1);
double x4=sqrt((X+2.0*R1*R1)/(X-2.0*R1*R1));
z=x1*(x2+x3*att(x4*tt(FI/2.0)));
}
else if(no==18)
{ double xx=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double dr2=x[3];
double X=xx/r1;
double R=r2/r1;
double dR=dr2/r1;
double x1=2.0*X*R-(1.0+X*X-R*R)*dR;
double x2=(1.0+X*X+R*R);
double x3=pow((x2*x2-4.0*R*R),1.5);
z=x1/x3;
}
else if(no==19)
{ double h=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double dr=x[3];
double H=h/r1;
double R=r2/r1;
double dR=dr/r1;
double Z=1.0+R*R+H*H;
double x1=2.0*H*R*dR/PI/(Z*Z-4.0*R*R);
double x2=sqrt(R*R-1.0);
double x3=2.0*(R*R-H*H-1.0)/sqrt(Z*Z-4.0*R*R);
double x4=sqrt((Z+2.0*R)/(Z-2.0*R)*(R-1.0)/(R+1.0));
z=x1*(x2+x3*att(x4));
}
else if(no==20)
{ double xx=x[0];
double r=x[1];
double dx2=x[2];
double X=xx/2.0/r;
double dX2=dx2/2.0/r;
double x1=2.0*X*X*X+3.0*X;
1115
double x2=2.0*pow((X*X+1.0),1.5);
z=(1-x1/x2)*dX2;
}
else if(no==21)
{ double l=x[0];
double r=x[1];
double dz=x[2];
double L=l/r;
double dZ=dz/r;
double x1=0.025155638551629955+0.546105936898297*L-2.4628095207264016*L*L+2.984308445284705*L*L*L;
double x2=0.06679989474230022-0.02530874640300365*L+0.00413283227337468*L*L-2.179672160149773E-4*L*L*L;
if(L>=0.01 && L<=0.5) z=x1*dZ;
else z=x2*dZ;
}
else if(no==22)
{ double l=x[0];
double r=x[1];
double dz=x[2];
double L=l/r;
double dZ=dz/r;
double x1=0.023657655445323677+0.4863850035806015*L-2.4070201828509528*L*L+3.0006738006841465*L*L*L;
double x2=0.05027657788789108-0.023820905295369482*L+0.00429557093715573*L*L-2.369026836015907E-4*L*L*L;
if(L>=0.01 && L<=0.5) z=x1*dZ;
else z=x2*dZ;
}
else if(no==23)
{ double h=x[0];
double dx=x[1];
double r1=x[2];
double r2=x[3];
double alpha=x[4];
double R1=r1/h;
double R2=r2/h;
double dX=dx/h;
double Y1=1.0+R1*R1+R2*R2;
double Y2=Y1*Y1-4.0*R1*R1*R2*R2;
double Z=ct(alpha)-R2*st(alpha);
double x1=dX/2.0/R1;
double x2=1.0-Y1*ct(alpha)+2.0*Z/(sqrt(Y2)*ct(alpha));
double x3=Y1*(2.0*Y1*Z+4.0*R1*R1*R2*st(alpha))/pow(Y2,1.5)/ct(alpha);
z=x1*(x2+x3);
}
else if(no==24)
{ double xx=x[0];
double fi=x[1];
double dfi=x[2];
double teta=x[3];
double X=fi/xx;
double dX=dfi/xx;
double cteta=ct(teta/2.0);
double steta=st(teta/2.0);
double x1=cteta*cteta/(2.0*steta*steta)*dX;
double x2=(X-1.0)*(X-1.0)+6.0*X*steta*steta;
double x3=(X-1.0)*(X-1.0)+4.0*X*steta*steta;
double x4=pow(x3,1.5);
double x5=Math.abs(X-1.0);
z=x1*(1.0-x5*x2/x4);
}
else if(no==25)
{ double xx=x[0];
double h=x[1];
double r1=x[2];
double r2=x[3];
double alpha1=x[4];
double alpha2=x[5];
double dx=x[6];
double dX=dx/h;
double X=xx/h;
double R1=r1/h;
double R2=r2/h;
double Y1=1.0+R1*R1+R2*R2;
double Y2=Y1*Y1-4.0*R1*R1*R2*R2;
double Z1=ct(alpha1)-R2*st(alpha1);
double Z2=ct(alpha2)-R2*st(alpha2);
double salpha1=st(alpha1);
double salpha2=st(alpha2);
double calpha1=ct(alpha1);
1116
double calpha2=ct(alpha2);
double x1=dX/(2.0*R1);
double x2=2.0*Z2*Z1+Y1*calpha1*calpha2-4.0*R1*R2*salpha1*salpha2;
double x3=sqrt(Y2)*calpha2;
double x4=(Y1*Z1+R1*R2*R2*salpha1)*(2.0*Y1*Z1+4.0*R1*R1*R2*salpha2);
z=x1*(calpha1-x2/x3+x4/x3);
}
else if(no==26)
{ double r=x[0];
double S=x[1];
double zz=x[2];
double dz=x[3];
double beta=x[4];
double fi=S/r;
double sbeta=st(beta);
double cbeta=ct(beta);
double alpha=Math.asin(zz*cbeta+sbeta*sbeta/fi/sbeta);
double a=fi*sbeta*sbeta;
double b=(fi*fi+sbeta*sbeta+zz*cbeta)*sbeta;
double c=fi*sbeta*sbeta-zz*fi*cbeta;
double e=fi*fi+zz*zz+sbeta*sbeta;
double h=-2.0*fi*sbeta;
double A=a/h;
double B=b/h;
double C=c/h;
double E=e/h;
double Z=z/h;
double dZ=dz/h;
double eps=sqrt(E*E-1.0);
double calpha=ct(alpha);
double salpha=st(alpha);
double x1=fi*dZ/PI;
double x2=(PI-2.0*alpha)*A;
double x3=(A+(A-C-E*B)/(eps*eps))*2.0*calpha/(E+salpha);
double x4=2.0/eps*((E*(A-C)-B)/(eps*eps)-A*E);
double x5=(1.0+E/tt(alpha/2.0))/eps;
double x6=(1.0+E*tt(alpha/2.0))/eps;
z=x1*(x2-x3+x4*(att(x5)-att(x6)));
}
else if(no==27)
{ double r1=x[0];
double r2=x[1];
double dr2=x[2];
double beta=x[3];
double R=r1/r2;
double sbeta=st(beta);
double cbeta=ct(beta);
double a=-2.0*R-sbeta;
double b=R*R+2.0*(1.0-cbeta);
double e=(1.0-cbeta)*(1.0-cbeta);
double g=R*sbeta*(1.0-cbeta);
double fi=Math.asin(tt(beta/a)/R);
double B=b/a;
double E=e/a;
double G=g/a;
double eps=sqrt(B*B-1.0);
double dR=dr2/r1;
double x1=R*dR/PI;
double x2=2.0*(E+G*B)/(eps*eps*(B+st(fi)));
double x3=4.0*(G+B*E)/(eps*eps);
double x4=(B-1.0)*tt(PI/4.0-fi/2.0);
z=x1*(x2-x3*att(x4));
}
else if(no==28)
{ double r=x[0];
double r1=x[1];
double r2=x[2];
double zz=x[3];
double dz=x[4];
double R=r1/r;
double fi=r2/r;
double Z=zz/r;
double dZ=dz/r;
double a=fi*fi+Z*Z+R*R;
double b=-2.0*R*fi;
double mu=act((Z-R*sqrt(fi*fi+Z*Z-2.0*Z))/(R*fi));
1117
double A=a/b;
double eps=sqrt(A*A-1.0);
double x1=2.0*Z*fi*dZ/(PI*eps*eps);
double x2=2.0*(A*fi+R)/eps;
double x3=tt((A-1.0)*tt(mu/2.0)/eps);
double x4=(fi+A*R)*st(mu)/(A+ct(mu));
z=x1*(x2*x3-x4);
}
else if(no==29)
{ double r=x[0];
double dA2=x[1];
z=dA2/(4.0*PI*r*r);
}
return z;
}
// Differential-Finite
// Factors Between Differential Area to Finite Area
// Section B
//========================================
public double[] input_df(int no)
{ String s=name_df(no)+"\n enter : ";
String s1[]=varible_df(no);
i1=new input6(s,"Confiuration factor differential area to finite area",folder+"df"+no+".jpg");
return a;
}
public String name_df(int n)

{String x[]=
{"","1. Differential element of any length to semi-infinite plane. Plane containing element and receiving semi-infinite plane intersect at
angle ? at edge of semiinfinite plane.",
"2. Differential planar element touching any convex one-, two-, or three-dimensional surface at tangent angle ?. ",
"3. Differential planar element to finite parallel rectangle. Normal to element passes through corner of rectangle.",
"4. Differential planar element to rectangle in plane 90° to plane of element and perpendicular to corner of plane. ",
"5. From differential element tilted at arbitrary angle to a finite rectangle. ",
"6. Planar element to rectangle with right triangle added. Vertex of added triangle at end of rectangle nearest element.",
"7. Planar element to rectangle with right triangle added. Vertex of added triangle at end of rectangle farthest from element.",
"8. Differential planar element to plane rectangle. Planes containing dA1 and A2 intersect at angle 0 < "+Fi+" < "+pi+" Element dA1 lies
on normal to line of intersection between planes with origin at one corner of rectangle.",
"9. Planar element to right triangle in plane parallel to plane containing element. Normal to element passes through vertex of triangle. ",
"10. Planar element to isosceles triangle in plane parallel to plane containing element. Normal to element passes through vertex of
triangle.",
"11. Planar element dA1 to regular n-sided polygon A2 lying in parallel plane. Normal to element passes through center of polygon. ",
"12. Planar element dA1 to circular disk A2 in parallel plane. Normal to element passes through center of disk. ",
"13. Differential tilted planar element dA1 to disk A2. Element lies on normal to disk passing through disk center.",
"14. Planar element dA1 to a circular disk A2 in a parallel plane. Element is offset from normal to disk center by distance a.",
"15. Planar element dA1 to a circular disk A2 in a perpendicular plane. ",
"16. Planar element dA1 to circular disk A2. Element is rotated at arbitrary angle q in x-z plane.",
"17. From differential element at coordinate system origin tilted at arbitrary angle to a disk bisected by the y-z plane. ",
"18. Planar element to elliptical plate in plane parallel to element. Normal to element passes through center of plate. ",
"19. Differential planar element dA1 to segment A2 of disk in parallel plane. Element lies on normal to disk passing through disk center.",
"20. Differential element to parallel disk segment. ",
"21. Plane element to sector of circular disk parallel to element.",
"22. Differential element or ring on disk 1 to coaxial parallel disk 2.",
"23. Differential sector on disk 1 to coaxial parallel disk 2. ",
"24. Plane element to ring sector on circular disk parallel to element.",
"25. Plane element to ring area in plane perpendicular to element. ",
"26. Element on coaxial annular disk to second annular disk separated by coaxial cylinder.",
"27. Plane element to annular disk with conical blockage of view. ",
"28. Plane element to interior of coaxial right circular cylinder. ",
"29. Planar or coaxial ring element in plane perpendicular to cylinder axis to right circular cylinder of finite length.",
"30. Differential element on annulus between coaxial cylinders to interior of outer cylinder. ",
"31. Plane element to right circular cylinder of finite length and radius, normal to element passes through one end of cylinder and is
perpendicular to cylinder axis.",
"32. Element on plane to exterior of right circular cylinder of finite length. Plane does not intersect cylinder. ",
"33. Front face of plane vertical element to circular cylinder tilted toward the element. ",
"34. Vertical or horizontal element to base of a tilted cylinder. ",
"35. Plane element on a ring to an inverted cone; ring and cone have the same axis and plane of ring does not intersect cone.",
"36. Plane element on a ring to an inverted cone; ring and cone have the same axis and plane of ring intersects cone. ",
"37. Plane element to exterior of right circular truncated cone; element and cone base are in the same plane. ",
"38. Differential element tilted in y-z plane to inverted cone. ",
"39. Plane element to sphere; normal to center of element passes through center of sphere.",
"40. Plane element to sphere; tangent to element passes through center of sphere. ",
"41. Differential planar element to sphere; element plane does not intersect sphere.",
"42. Differential planar element to sphere; element plane intersects sphere. ",
"43. Arbitrarily oriented differential planar element to a sphere ",
1118
"44. Area element to sphere; element lies in plane perpendicular to sphere axis.",
"45. Differential element on non-coaxial disk ring to sphere; plane of element does not intersect sphere. ",
"46. Plane element to sphere. ",
"47. Differential element parallel to sphere axis to sphere. ",
"48. From differential element at coordinate system origin tilted at arbitrrary angle to a hemisphere with base in the x-z plane and a center
at height z=h. ",
"49. Differential element on plane to standing standard person facing plane.",
"50. Differential element on vertical plane to seated standard person facing plane.",
"51. Element on longitudinal strip inside cylinder to inside cylinder surface.",
"52. Element on longitudinal strip on inside of right circular cylinder to base of cylinder.",
"53. Differential element on surface of right circular cylinder to disk on base of cylinder, r2 <rr.",
"54. Element on interior of coaxial right circular cylinder sitting atop a second cylinder of larger radius to base of lower cylinder. ",
"55. Element at end of outer cylinder to inside of outer coaxial cylinder. ",
"56. Element on strip inside cylinder to entire interior surface of outer concentric right circular cylinder. ",
"57. Element on parallel strip on interior of outer cylinder to exterior of concentric smaller right circular cylinder.",
"58. Differential element on interior of right circular cylinder of finite length to annular end enclosing space between coaxial cylinders.",
"59. Element on strip on exterior surface of inner coaxial right circular cylinder to inner surface of outer cylinder. ",
"60. Element on strip on exterior surface of inner coaxial cylinder to annular end enclosing space between cylinders.",
"61. Element on surface of cylinder at longitude a to sphere; axis of sphere bisects and is normal to cylinder axis. ",
"62. Element on internal surface of right circular cone to base of cone.",
"63. Element on interior of right circular cone to coaxial disk on base. ",
"64. Any differential area on the interior of a hemisphere to the entire base.",
"65. Element on interior of hemisphere to section from base to height l. ",
"66. Differential element or ring on interior of hemisphere to a coaxial disk in base.",
"67. Element or coaxial ring on surface of sphere to sphere. ",
"68. Differential planar element on ceiling, floor or any wall to cow. ",
"69. Differential area on the inside of a spherical cavity to finite area on interior of sphere.",
"70. Infinite strip to parallel infinite plane of finite width. Plane and plane containing strip intersect at arbitrary angle. ",
"71. Differential element of any length to surface generated by a line of infinite length parallel to the plane of the element, and moved
parallel to itself. Plane of element does not intersect surface.",
"72. Infinite differential bounding strip elements to infinitely long opposed strip. ",
"73. Infinitely long strip of differential width to parallel semi-cylinder. Strip element and cylinder axis are in the same plane. ",
"74. Infinitely long strip element to infinitely long parallel cylinder. ",
"75. Strip element to rectangle in plane parallel to strip; strip is opposite one edge of rectangle.",
"76. Strip element to rectangle in plane 90o to plane of strip.",
"77. Strip of finite length to opposed rectangle of infinite width. Plane containing strip intersects rectangle at angle ? .",
"78. A strip element to a rectangular plane intersecting at an angle ? . ",
"79. Strip element to parallel opposed right circular cylinder of same length as strip. ",
"80. Strip element on plane to exterior of right circular cylinder of finite length. Strip and cylinder are parallel, and of equal length. Plane
does not intersect cylinder. ",
"81. Vertical differential strip on plane contained in cylinder with axis parallel to strip. Strip and cylinder of equal length. Factor from strip
to entire inner surface of cylinder. ",
"82. Square strip element to opposed square. ",
"83. 1 x 2 rectangular strip to 1 x 2 opposed rectangle. ",
"84. Element of any length on exterior of cylinder to plane of infinite length and width. ",
"85. Infinitely long differential strip element on tube to fin. ",
"86. Longitudinal strip element on inside of right circular cylinder to entire inside cylinder surface. ",
"87. Longitudinal strip element on inside of right circular cylinder to base of cylinder. ",
"88. Strip on interior of outer cylinder to entire interior of outer right circular coaxial cylinder. ",
"89. Strip on interior of outer cylinder to exterior of inner opposed right circular coaxial cylinder.",
"90. Strip on interior of outer right circular cylinder of finite length to annular end enclosing space between coaxial cylinders. ",
"91. Differential ring element on surface of disk to coaxial sphere. ",
"92. Sector of differential ring element on surface of disk to coaxial sphere. ",
"93. Ring element on interior of right circular cylinder to circular disk at end of cylinder.",
"94. Ring element on base of right circular cylinder to finite circumferential ring on interior of cylinder.",
"95. Ring element on interior of right circular cone to end of frustum on cone. ",
"96. Ring element on interior of right circular cone to coaxial disk. ",
"97. Conical ring element to coaxial body of revolution (cone, paraboloid, or ellipsoid). ",
"98. Exterior of differential conical ring to coaxial sphere, Case I. ",
"99. Exterior of differential conical ring to coaxial sphere, Case II.",
"100. Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to finite area on surface of parallel cylinder of the same diameter. End of finite
area is opposite the ring. ",
"101. Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to finite area on surface of parallel cylinder of the same diameter. End of finite
area is opposite the ring. Axes of cylinders are connected by thin plate of width 2l. ",
"102. Differential ring element on base of cylinder to finite ring on interior of cylinder with blockage by coaxial sphere within cylinder.",
"103. Differential ring on interior of hemisphere to disk on base. ",
"104. Differential ring element on the surface of a sphere to finite ring on interior of coaxial cylinder. ",
"105. Differential ring sector to spherical segment.",
"106. Spherical point source to plane rectangle. Point source lies on corner of adjacent rectangle with common side and intersecting A2 at
angle ø ",
"107. Spherical point source to sphere. ",
"108. Element on surface of hemisphere to second hemisphere in contact.",
"109 3a. Differential planar element to finite parallel rectangle. Normal to element passes through center of rectangle. Rectangle is part ially
shaded by rectangle in parallel plane.",
"110 3e. Differential planar element to finite parallel rectangle. Normal to element passes through center of rectangle. Rectangle is partially
shaded by circular disk in parallel plane.",
"111 11a. Bounding element on wall of tapered duct to end plane of duct. ",
1119
"112 21a. Plane element to coaxial circular disk. Disk is partially shaded by disk in parallel plane.",
"113 21b . Plane element to coaxial circular disk. Disk is partially shaded by rectangle in parallel plane.",
"114 34a. Vertical or horizontal element to side of a tilted cylinder; element in plane of cylinder base.",
"115 93a. Ring element on exterior of right circular cylinder to coaxial circular disk displaced from cylinder. "};
namedf=x;
return x[n];
}
public String[] varible_df(int no)
{ String y[]={""};
if(no==1)
{String y1[]={""+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==2)
{String y1[]={""+Lambda};y=y1;}
else if(no==3)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c"};y=y1;}
else if(no==108)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c"};y=y1;}
else if(no==109)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c"};y=y1;}
else if(no==4)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c"};y=y1;}
else if(no==5)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c",Teta+"i",Teta+"j",Teta+"k"};y=y1;}
else if(no==6)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c",""+Teta,""+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==7)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c",""+Teta,""+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==8)
{String y1[]={"a","b","c",""+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==9)
{String y1[]={"d","h",""+Fi};y=y1;}
else if(no==10)
{String y1[]={"d","h","r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==11)
{String y1[]={"d","h","r","n"};y=y1;}
else if(no==12)
{String y1[]={"h","r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==13)
{String y1[]={"h","r",""+Teta};y=y1;}
else if(no==14)
{String y1[]={"h","r","a"};y=y1;}
else if(no==15)
{String y1[]={"h","r","a"};y=y1;}
else if(no==16)
{String y1[]={"h","r","a"+""+Teta};y=y1;}
else if(no==17)
{String y1[]={"h","r","a"+""+Teta+"i",""+Teta+"j",""+Teta+"k"};y=y1;}
else if(no==18)
{String y1[]={"a","b","h"};y=y1;}
else if(no==19)
{String y1[]={"h","r","d"};y=y1;}
else if(no==20)
{String y1[]={"x","r","h",""+Teta};y=y1;}
return y;
}
public double F_df(int no,double x[])
{ double z=0;
if(no==1) {z=0.5*(1.0+ct(x[0]));}
else if(no==2) {z=0.5*(1.0+ct(x[0]));}
else if(no==3)
{ double A=x[0]/x[2];double B=x[1]/x[2];double A1=sqrt(1+A*A);double B1=sqrt(1+B*B);
z=1.0/(2.0*PI)*(A/A1*att(B/A1)+B/B1*att(A/B1));}
else if(no==4)
{ double A=x[0]/x[1];double C=x[2]/x[1];double Y=sqrt(A*A+C*C);
z=1.0/(2.0*PI)*(att(1.0/C)-C/Y*att(1.0/Y)); }
else if(no==5)
{ double A=x[0]/x[2];double B=x[1]/x[2];double ti=x[3];double tj=x[4];double tk=x[5];double AA=sqrt(1.0+A*A);double
BB=sqrt(1.0+B*B);
z=1.0/(2.0*PI)*(att(B)*ct(ti)+att(A)*ct(tj)+(A*ct(tk)-ct(ti))/AA*att(B/AA)+(B*ct(tk)-ct(tj))/BB*att(A/BB)); }
else if(no==6)
{ double A=x[0]/x[1];double C=x[2]/x[1];double t=x[3];double f=x[4];double k=tt(t);double sf=st(f);double cf=ct(f);double Z=A-
C*cf;double X=sqrt((k*k+1.0)*C*C*sf*sf+Z*Z);double Y=sqrt(1.0+C*C*sf*sf);
z=1.0/(2.0*PI)*(att(1.0/C)+(A*cf-C)/X*(att(((k*k+1.0)+k*Z)/X)-att(k*Z/X))+cf/Y*(att(C*cf/Y)+att(Z+k)/Y)); }
else if(no==7)
{ double A=x[0]/x[1];double C=x[2]/x[1];double t=x[3];double f=x[4];double k=tt(t);double sf=st(f);double cf=ct(f);double Z=A-
C*cf;double X=sqrt((k*k+1.0)*C*C*sf*sf+Z*Z);double Y=sqrt(1.0+C*C*sf*sf);
z=1.0/(2.0*PI)*(att(1.0/C)+cf/Y*(att(Z/Y)+att(C*cf/Y))+((A+k)*cf-C)/X*(att((1.0-k*Z)/X)+att(k*(Z+k)/X))); }
1120
else if(no==8)
{ double A=x[0]/x[1];double C=x[2]/x[1];double f=x[4];double sf=st(f);double cf=ct(f);double X=sqrt(A*A+C*C*cf);double
Y=sqrt(1.0+C*C*sf*sf);
z=1.0/(2.0*PI)*(att(1.0/C)+X*(A*cf-C)*att(X)+cf/Y*(att((A-C*cf)/Y)+att(C*cf/Y))); }
else if(no==9)
{ double D=x[0]/x[1];double A=sqrt(1.0+D*D);double f=x[2];
z=D/(2.0*PI)*att(D*tt(f)/A); }
else if(no==10)
{ double D=x[0]/x[1];double R=x[2]/x[1];double A=sqrt((R*R-D*D)/(1.0+D*D));
z=D/(PI*sqrt(1.0+D*D))*att(A); }
else if(no==11)
{ double D=x[0]/x[1];double R=x[2]/x[1];double n=x[3];double A=sqrt((R*R-D*D)/(1.0+D*D));
z=D*n/(PI*sqrt(1.0+D*D))*att(A); }
else if(no==12)
{ double H=x[0]/x[1];z=1.0/(H*H+1); }
else if(no==13)
{ double t=x[2];double H=x[0]/x[1];double tt=1.0/tt(t);double ct=ct(t);double st=ct(t);double cot=att(H);double X=sqrt(1.0-H*H/(tt*tt));
if(t<=cot) {z=1.0/(1.0+H*H)*ct;}
else{z=-H*X*st/PI/(1.0+H*H)+1.0/PI*att(X*st/H)+ct/PI/(1+H*H)*(PI-act(H/tt(t)));}
}
else if(no==14)
{ double t=x[2];double H=x[0]/x[2];double R=x[1]/x[2];double Z=1.0+R*R+H*H;
z=0.5*(1.0-(Z-2.0*R*R)/sqrt(Z*Z-4.0*R*R));
}
else if(no==15)
{ double H=x[0]/x[2];double R=x[1]/x[2];double Z=1.0+R*R+H*H;
z=H/2.0*(Z/sqrt(Z*Z-4.0*R*R)-1.0);
}
else if(no==16)
{double H=x[0]/x[1];double A=x[2]/x[1];double t=x[3];double st=st(t);double ct=ct(t);double t1=att(H/(A+1.0));double t2=att(H/(A-1.0));
double X=1.0+A*A+H*H;double Z=sqrt(X*X-4.0*A*A);double Y=H/tt(t);
if(t>=t1 && t<=t2)
{z=0.5*(((1.0-A*A-H*H)/Z+1.0)*ct+H/A*(1.0-X/Z)*st);}
else if((t>=0 && t<=PI) || (t>=t2 && t<=t1))
{z=((1.0-A*A-H*H)*ct-X*H*st/A)*att(sqrt((X+2.0*A)/(X-2.0*A))/tt(act(Y)/2.0))+
1.0/(2.0*PI)*(ct+H/A*st)*(PI-act(Y))+1.0/PI*att(st/H*sqrt(1.0-Y*Y));}
}
else if(no==17)
{double H=x[0]/x[2];double R=x[1]/x[2];double Z=1.0+H*H+R*R;double P=sqrt(Z*Z-4.0*R*R);double ti=x[3];double tj=x[4];double
tk=x[5];double cti=ct(ti);double ctj=ct(tj);double ctk=ct(tk);
z=0.5*((ctk-H*cti)+(H*Z*ctj/P)-(1.0+H*H-R*R)/P*ctk);
}
else if(no==18)
{double A=x[0]/x[2];double B=x[1]/x[2];
z=A*B/sqrt((1+A*A)*(1+B*B));
}
else if(no==19)
{double R=x[1]/x[0];double D=x[2]/x[0];
z=1.0/PI*(R*R/(1.0+R*R)*act(D/R)-D/(1.0+D*D)*att(sqrt((R*R-D*D)/(1.0+D*D))));
}
//else if(no==20)
//{double X=x[0]/x[1];double H=x[2]/x[1];double M=(1.0+X*X+H*H)-4.0*X*X;double t=x[3];double st=st(t
// z=1.0/PI*(R*R/(1.0+R*R)*act(D/R)-D/(1.0+D*D)*att(sqrt((R*R-D*D)/(1.0+D*D))));
//}
return z;
}
// Finite-Finite
// Factors Between Finite Area to Finite Area
// Section C
//========================================
public double[] input_ff(int no)
{ String s=name_ff(no)+"\n enter : ";
String s1[]=varible_ff(no);
i1=new input6(s,"Configuration Factor finite area to finite area",folder+"ff"+no+".jpg");
return a;
}
public String name_ff(int n)
{String x[]=
{
"","Two infinitely long, directly opposed parallel plates of the same finite width.",
"Two infinitely long parallel plates of different widths; centerlines of plates are connected by perpendicular between plates.",
"Two infinitely long plates of unequal widths h and w, having one common edge, and at an angle of 90o to each other.",
"Two infinitely long plates of equal widths having one common edge and an included angle a.",
"Two infinitely long plates of unequal width having a common edge with an included angle a.",
"Infinitely long enclosure formed by three planar or convex surfaces.",
1121
"Infinite plane to row of parallel cylinders, or rows of in-line cylinders",
"Infinite plane to first, second, and first plus second rows of infinitely long parallel tubes of equal diameter in equilateral triangular array.",
"Top surface of finite rectangle tilted relative to an infinite plane.",
"Rectangles having a common edge and forming an arbitrary angle; one rectangle infinitely long.",
"Identical, parallel, directly opposed rectangles.",
"Coaxial parallel squares of different edge length.",
"Rectangle to rectangle in a parallel plane; all boundaries are parallel or perpendicular to x and x boundaries.",
"Two finite rectangles of same length, having one common edge, and at an angle of 90o to each other.",
"Rectangle to disk in perpendicular plane. Disk is symmetrically centered with rectangle, and touches rectangle center",
"Two rectangles with one common edge and included angle of o.",
"Rectangle 1 to rectangle 2 in a plane intersecting the plane containing rectangle 1. All rectangle edges are parallel or perpendicular to the
line of intersection of the containing planes.",
"Parallel areas on interior ends of tapered duct",
"Right triangle to perpendicular rectangle with common side.",
"Isosceles triangle to perpendicular rectangle: Base of triangle and rectangle have common edge.",
"Right triangle with side of length one-half that of perpendicular rectangle to rectangle.",
"Perpendicular right triangles with one equal edge.",
"Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle with common edge; apexes at common point.",
"Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle with common edge; apexes at opposite ends.",
"Triangle to perpendicular rectangle.",
"Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle of unequal size; apexes at opposite ends of shared edge.",
"Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle of unequal size; apexes at common point.",
"Right isosceles triangle to adjacent congruent perpendicular triangle connected along short side.",
"Parallel directly opposed right triangles.",
"Parallel directly opposed rectangles with triangular extensions.",
"Floor to end wall with triangular extension.",
"Side wall to end wall with triangular extension.",
"Between all combinations of surfaces in a hexagonal prism.",
"Between parallel regular polygons.",
"One side of rectangle to one quarter of parallel cylinder of same length as rectangle; cylinder is bisected longitudinally by plane containing
rectangle.",
"Rectangle to perpendicular circular segment.",
"Horizontal panel to adjacent vertical panel with circular segment on top.",
"Side wall to end wall with circular segment extension.",
"Circular disk to parallel right triangle; normal from center of circle passes through one acute vertex.",
"Disk to parallel coaxial disk of same radius.",
"Disk to parallel coaxial disk of unequal radius.",
"Disk to second coaxial disk inside cone.",
"Nonintersecting disks with intersecting axes; axes intersect between disks; and disks can be inscribed in sphere of radius r3 (i.e. r12 + h12
= r22 + h22 = r32)",
"Nonintersecting disks with intersecting axes; axes do not intersect between disks. Disks can be inscribed in sphere of radius r3 (i.e. r12 +
h12 = r22 + h22 = r32)",
"Sector of circular disk to sector of parallel circular disk.",
"Parallel opposed circular segments.",
"Disk to coaxial annular ring on parallel disk.",
"Disk to coaxial cone.",
"Annular Disk to coaxial truncated cone; cone can be convergent (+a) or divergent (-a).",
"Disk to a coaxial paraboloid.",
"Disk to coaxial ellipsoid.",
"Ring to parallel coaxial ring.",
"Disk to coaxial disk of equal radius with intervening coaxial cylinder",
"Coaxial annular rings separated by coaxial cylinder.",
"Annular ring between two concentric cylinders to inside of outer cylinder; inner radius of ring is equal to radius of inner cylinder.",
"Ring on annulus between coaxial cylinders to inner surface of outer cylinder.",
"Annular ring around base of hemisphere to hemisphere.",
"Ring around base of hemisphere to section of hemisphere.",
"Annular ring to attached coaxial paraboloid.",
"Annular ring to attached coaxial ellipsoid.",
"Exterior of infinitely long cylinder to symmetrically placed infinitely long parallel rectangle.",
"Exterior of infinitely long cylinder to unsymmetrically placed infinitely long parallel plate.",
"Concentric cylinders of infinite length.",
"Exterior of infinitely long cylinder to interior of concentric semicylinder.",
"Interior of infinitely long semicylinder to itself when concentric coaxial cylinder is present.",
"Interior of infinitely long semicylinder 1 to interior of semicylinder 2 when concentric parallel cylinder 3 is present.",
"Infinitely long cylinder to non-concentric cylindrical enclosure.",
"Infinitely long parallel cylinders of the same diameter.",
"Infinite parallel cylinders of different radius.",
"Infinitely long facing parallel semicylinders of equal radius.",
"Infinitely long semicylinder to parallel infinitely long semicylinder of same radius.",
"Infinitely long cylinder to other cylinders in square array of parallel cylinders of equal diameter.",
"Infinitely long cylinder to other cylinders in equilateral triangular array of parallel cylinders of equal diameter.",
"Finite-length cylinder to rectangle with two edges parallel to cylinder axis and of length equal to cylinder.",
"Finite cylinder to finite rectangle of same length.",
"Outside surface of cylinder to perpendicular right triangle; triangle is in plane of cylinder base with one vertex of triangle at center of
base.",
"Outer surface of cylinder to annular disk at end of cylinder.",
"Inner surface of right circular cylinder to itself.",
1122
"Base of right circular cylinder to inside surface of cylinder.",
"Disk in cylinder base or top to inside surface of right circular cylinder."
};
nameff=x;
return x[n];
}
public double F_ff(int no,double x[])
{ double z=0;
if(no==1) //h=x[0] w=x[1]
{ double H=x[0]/x[1];z=sqrt(1.0+H*H)-H;}
else if(no==2) //a=x[0] b=x[1] c=x[2]
{double B=x[1]/x[0];double C=x[2]/x[0];
z=(1/(2*B))*(sqrt((B+C)*(B+C)+4)-sqrt((C-B)*(C-B)+4));}
else if(no==3) //h=x[0] w=x[1]
{ double H=x[0]/x[1];z=0.5*(1+H-sqrt(1+H*H));}
else if(no==4) //alpha=x[0]
{ z=1-st(x[0]/2);}
else if(no==5) //a=x[0] b=x[1] alpha=x[1]
{double A=x[0]/x[1];z=(A+1-sqrt(A*A+1-2*A*ct(x[2])))/2;}
else if(no==6) //A1=x[0] A2=x[1] A3=x[2]
{double A1=x[0];double A2=x[1];double A3=x[2];z=(A1+A2-A3)/(2*A1);}
else if(no==7) //d=x[0] b=x[1] n=x[2]
{double D=x[0]/x[1];z= 1-sqrt(1-D*D)+D*att(sqrt((1-D*D)/D*D));
z=1.0-pow((1.0-z),x[2]);}
else if(no==8)
{double R=x[0]/x[1];
z= R;}
else if(no==9)
{ z=(1-ct(x[0]))/2;}
else if(no==10)
{ double A=x[0]/x[1];
z=A;
}
else if(no==11)
{double X=x[0]/x[2];
double Y=x[1]/x[2];
double x1=sqrt(((1+X*X)*(1+Y*Y))/(1+X*X+Y*Y));
double x2=X*sqrt(1+Y*Y);
double x3=sqrt(1+Y*Y);
double x4=Y*sqrt(1+X*X);
double x5=sqrt(1+X*X);
z=2.0/(PI*X*Y)*(ln(x1)+x2*Math.atan2(X,x3)+x4*Math.atan2(Y,x5)
-X*att(X)-Y*att(Y));}
else if(no==12)
{double A=x[0]/x[2];
double B=x[1]/x[0];
double X=A*(1+B);
double Y=A*(1-B);
z=(1/PI*A*A)*(ln(pow((A*A*(1+B*B)+2),2)/((Y*Y+2)*(X*X+2)))+sqrt(Y*Y+4)*(Y*att(Y/sqrt(Y*Y+4)-
X*att(X/sqrt(Y*Y+4)))+sqrt(X*X+4)*(X*att(X/sqrt(X*X+4)-Y*att(Y/sqrt(X*X+4))))));
}
else if(no==13)
{
z=0.00;
}
else if(no==14)
{double H=x[0]/x[2];
double W=x[1]/x[2];
z=(1/W*PI)*(W*att(1/W)+H*att(1/H)-sqrt(H*H-
W*W)*att(sqrt(1/(H*H+W*W)))+(1/4)*ln((1+W*W)*(1+H*H)/(1+W*W+H*H)*pow(W*W*(1+W*W+H*H)/(1+W*W)/(W*W+H*H),
W*W)*pow(H*H*(1+W*W+H*H)/(1+H*H)/(W*W+H*H),H*H)));
}
else if(no==15)
{ double B=x[0];
double L=x[1];
z=(0.5974*pow(0.5*L+L*L,0.4976)*pow(0.05*B+B*B,0.2091)+0.5974*pow(0.1*B*L+(B*L*B*L),0.0613))/(pow(L+L*L*L*L,0.4685)+
pow(B+B*B*B*B,0.30775)+pow(B*L+(B*L*B*L),0.7457));
}
else if(no==16)
{double A=x[0]/x[2];
double B=x[1]/x[2];
double C=A*A+B*B-2*A*B*ct(x[3]);
double D=sqrt(1+A*A*st(x[3]));
double q=x[3];
z=-st(x[3])/4*PI*B*(A*B*st(x[3])+(PI/2-x[3])*(A*A+B*B)+B*B*att((A-B*ct(x[3]))/(B*st(x[3])))+A*A*att((B-A*ct(x[3]))/A*st(x[3])));
}
1123
else if(no==17)
{ z=0.00;}
else if(no==18)
double B=x[1]/x[3];
double H=x[2]/x[3];
z=(x[3]/PI/A)*(ln(((B+A)*(B+A)+4)*((B-A)*(B-A)+4*(1+H*H))/((B-A)*(B-A)+4)*((B+1)*(B+1)+4*(1+H*H))));
} //eksik
else if(no==19)
{ double L=x[0]/x[1];
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==20)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==21)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==22)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==23)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==24)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==25)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==26)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==27)
double W=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==28)
{z=(1/2)*(1-(1/sqrt(3)));}
else if(no==29)
{ double C=x[0]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==30)
double C=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==31)
double C=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==32)
double C=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==33)
z=0.00;}
else if(no==34)
z=0.00;}
else if(no==35)
{ double S=x[0]/x[3];
double L=x[1]/x[3];
double W=x[2]/x[3];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==36)
z=0.00;}
else if(no==37)
1124
double C=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==38)
double C=x[2]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==39)
{ double X=x[0]/x[1];
double Y=x[1]/x[2];
double Z=x[1]/x[3];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==40)
{ double R=x[0]/x[1];double X=(2.0*R*R+1)/(R*R); z=0.5*(X-sqrt(X*X-4.0));}
else if(no==41)
{ double R1=x[2];double R2=x[3];double X=1+(1+x[3]*x[3])/(x[2]*x[2]);
z=1/2*(X-sqrt(X*X-4*(R2*R2/R1*R1)));}
else if(no==42)
{ double X=x[0]/x[1];
double Q=Math.toRadians(x[2]);
z=(1+X*X-2*X*ct(Q/2)-(1-X)*sqrt((X+1)*(X+1)-4*X*ct(Q/2)))/(2*X*X*st(Q/2));}
else if(no==43)
{ double H1=x[0]/x[3];
double H2=x[1]/x[3];
double R=x[2]/x[3];
z=((1-H1)*(1-H2)/(R*R));}
else if(no==44)
{ double H1=x[0]/x[3];
double H2=x[1]/x[3];
double R=x[2]/x[3];
z=((1-H1)*(1-H2)/(R*R));}
else if(no==45)
{ double R=x[0]/x[1];
double Q=x[2];
double B=x[3];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==46)
double Q=x[2];
z=0.00;}
else if(no==47)
{ double H=x[0]/x[1];
double R2=x[2]/x[1];
z=(1/2)*(R3*R3-R2*R2-sqrt(pow(1+R3*R3+H*H,2)-4*R3*R3)+sqrt(pow(1+R2*R2+H*H,2)-4*R2*R2));}
else if(no==48)
{ double S=x[0]/x[1];
double R=x[2]/x[1];
double a=Math.toRadians(x[3]);
double X=S+(R*ct(a)/st(a));
double A=sqrt(X*X+pow(1+R,2));
double B=sqrt(X*X+pow(1-R,2));
double C=sqrt(ct(a)+S*st(a));
double D=sqrt(ct(a)-S*st(a));
double E=R*ct(a)/st(a)-S;
z=1/2*sqrt(R*R+X*X+1-pow(1+R*R+X*X,2)-4*R*R);}
if(no==49)
double R=x[2]/x[1];
double a=Math.toRadians(x[3]);
double B=sqrt(H*H+pow(1-R,2));
double C=sqrt(ct(a)+R*st(a));
z=1/2*sqrt(R*R+H*H+1-pow(1+R*R+H*H,2)-4*B*C);}
if(no==50)
{ double E=x[0]/x[1];
double S=x[2]/x[1];
double L=x[3]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==51)
double S=x[2]/x[1];
double R=x[3]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==52)
1125
z=(1/2*(R2*R2-1))*(sqrt(pow(R2*R2+R3*R3+H*H,2)-pow(2*R3*R2,2))-sqrt(pow(R2*R2+R4*R4+H*H,2)-
pow(2*R2*R4,2)));}
if(no==53)
{ double R1=x[0]/x[1];
double L=x[3]/x[1];
z=(1-(pow(R2*L-R1,2)/pow(R1*(L-1),2)))*(1-(L/R1)*(sqrt(pow(L/(2*L),2)+1)-L/(2*R1)));}
if(no==54)
{ double P1=x[0]/x[1];
double P2=x[2]/x[1];
double R=x[5]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==55)
{ double R1=x[0]/x[1];
double Rc=x[3]/x[1];
double A=R1*R1-Rc*Rc;
double B=R2*R2-Rc*Rc;
double C=R2+R1;
double D=R2-R1;
double Y=sqrt(A)+sqrt(B);
z=0.00;}
if(no==56)
double Y=(P2-R1)/(1-R1);
z=0.00;}
if(no==57)
double Z=sqrt(R*R-1);
z=(1/(Z*Z*PI))*(-(PI/2)-Z+R*R*att(1/Z)+2*att(Z));}
if(no==58)
double H=x[2]/x[0];
double alfa=Math.asin(H);
z=0.00;}
if(no==59)
double E=x[2]/x[0];
double H=x[3]/x[0];
z=0.00;}
if(no==60)
double D=x[2]/x[1];
double R=x[3]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==61)
{ double B=x[1]/x[0];
z=(1/PI)*att(B);}
if(no==62)
{ double B1=x[1]/x[0];
double B2=x[2]/x[0];
z=(1/(2*PI))*(att(B1)-att(B2));}
if(no==63)
{ double D1=x[0];
double D2=x[1];
z=1-D1/D2;}
if(no==64)
{ double r1=x[0];
double r2=x[1];
z=0.5;}
if(no==65)
z=1-(2/PI)*(sqrt(1-R*R)+R*Math.asin(R));}
if(no==66)
z=(2/PI)*(sqrt(1-R*R)+R*Math.asin(R))-R;}
if(no==67)
{ double E=x[0]/x[1];
double alfa1=Math.toRadians(x[2]);
double alfa2=Math.toRadians(x[3]);
z=(1/(2*PI))*((alfa2-alfa1)/2+att(((1+E)/(1-E)*tt(alfa2/2)))-att((1+E)/(1-E)*tt(alfa1/2)));}
if(no==68)
1126
{ double X=1+x[0]/(2*x[1]);
z=(1/(2*PI)*(sqrt(X*X-1)+Math.asin(1/X-X)));}
if(no==69)
double S=x[2]/x[1];
double C=1+R+S;
z=(C/(PI)*Math.asin(1/C)*Math.asin(R/C));}
if(no==70)
{ double X=1+x[0]/(2*x[1]);
z=(2/(PI)*(sqrt(X*X-1)+((PI/2)-act(1/X)-X)));}
if(no==71)
z=1-(2/(PI))-(4/R*(PI)*(1-sqrt(R+1)+R/2*act(R/(R+2))));}
if(no==72)
{ double P=x[0]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==73)
{ double P=x[0]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==74)
double B=x[2]/x[1];
double C=x[3]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==75)
double N=x[2]/x[1];
double Z=x[3]/x[1];
z=0.00;}
if(no==76)
{ double W=x[0]/x[1];
double U=x[0]/x[2];
double V=x[0]/x[3];
z=0.00;}
if(no==77)
double H=x[2]/x[1];
double A=H*H+R*R-1;
double B=H*H-R*R+1;
z=B/(8*R*H)+1/(2*(PI))*(act(A/B)-1/(2*H)*(sqrt(pow(A+2,2)/(R*R)-4)))*(ct(A*R/B)-(A/(2*R*H)*Math.asin(R)));}
if(no==78)
{ double H=x[0]/(2*x[1]);
z=(1+H)-sqrt(1+H*H);}
if(no==79)
{ double H=x[0]/(2*x[1]);
z=2*H*(sqrt(1+H*H)-H);}
if(no==80)
double H=x[2]/x[1];
z=(1/2)*(1-R*R-H*H+sqrt(pow(1+R*R+H*H,2)-4*R*R));}
return z;
public String[] varible_ff(int no)

{ String y[]={""};
if(no==1)
{String y1[]={"h","w"};y=y1;}
else if(no==2)
{String y1[]={"a,b,c"};y=y1;}
else if(no==3)
{String y1[]={"h","w"};y=y1;}
else if(no==4)
{String y1[]={""+'\u03B1'};y=y1;}
else if(no==5)
{String y1[]={"a,b",","+'\u03B1'};y=y1;}
else if(no==6)
{String y1[]={"A1, A2, A3"};y=y1;}
else if(no==7)
{String y1[]={"d, b, n"};y=y1;}
else if(no==8)
{String y1[]={"p,d"};y=y1;}
else if(no==9)
{String y1[]={""+'\u03B7'};y=y1;}
else if(no==10)
{String y1[]={"a,b",","+'\u03A6'};y=y1;}
1127
else if(no==11)
else if(no==12)
else if(no==13)
else if(no==14)
{String y1[]={"h,w,l"};y=y1;}
else if(no==15)
{String y1[]={"B,L"};y=y1;}
else if(no==16)
{String y1[]={"a,b,c",","+'\u03A6'};y=y1;}
else if(no==17)
else if(no==18)
{String y1[]={"a,b,h,z"};y=y1;}
else if(no==19)
{String y1[]={"l,d,w"};y=y1;}
else if(no==20)
else if(no==21)
else if(no==22)
else if(no==23)
else if(no==24)
else if(no==25)
else if(no==26)
else if(no==27)
else if(no==28)
{String y1[]={"h"};y=y1;}
else if(no==29)
{String y1[]={"c,b"};y=y1;}
else if(no==30)
else if(no==31)
else if(no==32)
else if(no==33)
{String y1[]={"l,h"};y=y1;}
else if(no==34)
{String y1[]={"l,h"};y=y1;}
else if(no==35)
{String y1[]={"s,l,w,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==36)
{String y1[]={"c,b"};y=y1;}
else if(no==37)
else if(no==38)
else if(no==39)
{String y1[]={"r,d,l1,l2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==40)
{String y1[]={"r,a"};y=y1;}
else if(no==41)
{String y1[]={"R1,R2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==42)
{String y1[]={"\u03B6,x,Q"};y=y1;}
else if(no==43)
{String y1[]={"h1,h2,r1,r3"};y=y1;}
else if(no==44)
{String y1[]={"h1,h2,r1,r3"};y=y1;}
else if(no==45)
{String y1[]={"r,h,\u03F4,\u03B2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==46)
{String y1[]={"c,b,\u03F4"};y=y1;}
else if(no==47)
{String y1[]={"a,r1,r2,r3"};y=y1;}
else if(no==48)
{String y1[]={"s,r1,r2,\u03B1"};y=y1;}
else if(no==49)
1128
{String y1[]={"h,r1,r2,\u03B1"};y=y1;}
else if(no==50)
{String y1[]={"e,r,s,l"};y=y1;}
else if(no==51)
{String y1[]={"a,b,s,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==52)
{String y1[]={"a,r1,r2,r3,r4"};y=y1;}
else if(no==53)
{String y1[]={"r1,z,r2,l"};y=y1;}
else if(no==54)
{String y1[]={"p1,h,p2,r1,r2,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==55)
{String y1[]={"r1,h,r2,rc"};y=y1;}
else if(no==56)
{String y1[]={"h,r1,r2,p1,p2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==57)
{String y1[]={"r1,r2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==58)
{String y1[]={"r1,r2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==59)
{String y1[]={"r,l,e,h"};y=y1;}
else if(no==60)
{String y1[]={"a,b,d,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==61)
{String y1[]={"a,b"};y=y1;}
else if(no==62)
{String y1[]={"a,b1,b2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==63)
{String y1[]={"D1,D2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==64)
{String y1[]={"r1,r2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==65)
{String y1[]={"r1,r2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==66)
{String y1[]={"r1,r2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==67)
{String y1[]={"e,r,\u03B11,\u03B12"};y=y1;}
else if(no==68)
{String y1[]={"s,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==69)
{String y1[]={"r2,r1,s"};y=y1;}
else if(no==70)
{String y1[]={"s,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==71)
{String y1[]={"r,l"};y=y1;}
else if(no==72)
else if(no==73)
else if(no==74)
{String y1[]={"a,r,b,c"};y=y1;}
else if(no==75)
{String y1[]={"l,d,n,z"};y=y1;}
else if(no==76)
{String y1[]={"h,r,l1,l2"};y=y1;}
else if(no==77)
{String y1[]={"r1,r2,h"};y=y1;}
else if(no==78)
{String y1[]={"h,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==79)
{String y1[]={"h,r"};y=y1;}
else if(no==80)
{String y1[]={"r2,r1,h"};y=y1;}
return y;
}
{ shapeFactor sf=new shapeFactor();
String shapenames[];
ImageIcon picture=new ImageIcon("shape.jpg");
Object[] o=new Object[]{"diferential_to_diferential","diferential_to_finite","finite_to_finite"};
String name=(String)JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Please select configuration(shape) factor type : ",
"Configuration factor",JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE,picture,o,"diferential to diferential configuration(shape) factors");
int selection=0;String selection_name="";
if(name.equals("diferential_to_diferential"))
{selection=0;selection_name="diferential_to_diferential";sf.name_dd(0);}
else if(name.equals("diferential_to_finite"))
{selection=1;selection_name="diferential_to_finite";sf.name_df(0);}
1129
else
{selection=2;selection_name="finite_to_finite";sf.name_ff(0);}
if(selection==0)
{shapenames=sf.namedd;
int n=shapenames.length;
String sn[][]=new String[2][n];
for(int ii=1;ii<n;ii++)
{sn[1][ii]=shapenames[ii];sn[0][ii]=""+ii;}
String head[]={"no","name"};
Text.printT(sn,head,selection_name);
int no=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("dd no = "));
double x[]=sf.input_dd(no);
sf.i1.jt1.setText("F dd = "+sf.F_dd(no,x));
}
else if(selection==1)
{shapenames=sf.namedf;
int no=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("df no = "));
double x[]=sf.input_df(no);
sf.i1.jt1.setText("F df = "+sf.F_df(no,x));
}
else
{shapenames=sf.nameff;
System.out.println("selection="+selection+"n="+n);
int no=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("ff no = "));
System.out.println("no="+no);
double x[]=sf.input_ff(no);
sf.i1.jt1.setText("F ff = "+sf.F_ff(no,x));}
}
}
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class input6 extends Thread implements ActionListener

{ Container c;
public String s=" ";
JPanel jp;
String s1="";
JTextField jt;
JTextField jt1;
JLabel jl;
JButton bb;
double a[];
boolean basildi;
ImageIcon image;
public input6(String isim,String head,String im)

{ jp=new JPanel();
jp.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
java.net.URL imgURL = getClass().getResource(im);
image=new ImageIcon(imgURL,head);
a=new double[2];
jl=new JLabel(isim);
jt=new JTextField(s);
jt1=new JTextField();
jt.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,20));
jt1.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,20));
bb=new JButton(image);
1130
JScrollPane jsp=new JScrollPane(jt);
JFrame cerceve=new JFrame(head);
cerceve.addWindowListener(new BasicWindowMonitor());
c=cerceve.getContentPane();
c.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
c.add(bb,BorderLayout.NORTH);
jp.add(jsp,BorderLayout.CENTER);
jp.add(jl,BorderLayout.NORTH);
jp.add(jt1,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
c.add(jp,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
jt.addActionListener(this);
cerceve.pack();
cerceve.setVisible(true);
basildi=false;
}
public double[] vericiktisi()

{
while(!basildi)
{
try {Thread.sleep(100);}
catch(InterruptedException e) {System.err.println(e.toString());}
}
return a;
}
protected void finalize() throws Throwable

{super.finalize();}
public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e)

{
if(e.getSource()==jt)
{ s1=jt.getText();
int m=n+1;
double b[]=new double[m];
int j=0;
{ Double ax=new Double(token.nextToken());
b[j++]=ax.doubleValue();
}
a=b;
basildi=true;
}
}
{
input6 i1=new input6("ali veli 49 elli","baslik","sec.png");
Text.print(a);
}
}
1131
1132
22 SURFACE EXCHANGE– NO PARTICIPATING MEDIUM
We are assuming gray diffuse surfaces

Gi : Irradiation total energy coming to surface i.
1133
Ji : Radiocity total energy coming from the surface i (emissivity + reflectivity from the surface)
Ebi (blackbody radiation from surface i)
Net radiation exchange at one surface:

𝑄𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 (𝐽𝑖 − 𝐺𝑖 ) but 𝐽𝑖 = 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 + 𝜌𝑖 𝐺𝑖 Assuming that 𝜌𝑖 = 1 − 𝛼𝑖 = 1 − 𝜀𝑖 𝐽𝑖 = 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 + (1 − 𝜀𝑖 )𝐺𝑖
𝐽𝑖 −𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 𝐽𝑖 −𝜀𝑖𝐸𝑏𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 −𝐽𝑖
𝐺𝑖 = and 𝑄𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 (𝐽𝑖 − ) 𝑄𝑖 =
(1−𝜀𝑖) (1−𝜀𝑖) (1−𝜀𝑖)/(𝜀𝑖𝐴𝑖)
Heat transfer between surface i and j
𝑄𝑖−𝑗 = −𝑄𝑗−𝑖 = 𝑠̅𝑠
𝑖 ̅(𝐽
𝑗 𝑖 − 𝐽𝑗 ) = 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 (𝐽𝑖 − 𝐽𝑗 )
⁡ ⁡
cos⁡(𝜃𝑖 )cos⁡(𝜃𝑗 )
𝑠̅𝑠
𝑖 ̅𝑗 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝐴𝑗
𝜋𝑆𝑖𝑗2
𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑗
Sij : distance between surface i and j
𝑠̅𝑠
𝑖 ̅𝑗 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 : Shape factor multiplied by area
𝑄
(𝐴 ) = 𝑞𝑖 = (𝐽𝑖 − 𝐺𝑖 ) = 𝐽𝑖 − ∑𝑁
𝑗=1 𝑠
̅𝑠
𝑖 ̅𝑗 𝐽𝑗
𝑖
Where J is radiocity (emissivity + reflectivity from the surface)
G is irradiation (radiation coming to the surface)
𝜀𝑖
𝑞𝑖 = (𝐸 − 𝐽𝑖 )
(1 − 𝜀𝑖 ) 𝑏𝑖
For the system of N grey diffuse surfaces:
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑖
∑( − 𝐹 ) 𝐽 = ∑ 𝐸𝑏𝑗 = ∑ 𝜎𝑇𝑗4
𝜀𝑗 (1 − 𝜀𝑖 ) 𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 𝑗
𝑗=1 𝑗=1 𝑗=1
If q is given for some of the diffuse grey surfaces:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑁
𝛿𝑖𝑗 (1 − 𝜀𝑖 )
∑( − 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 ) 𝐽𝑗 = ∑ 𝐸𝑏𝑗 = ∑ 𝜎𝑇𝑗4
𝜀𝑗 𝜀𝑖
𝑗=1 𝑗=1 𝑗=1
𝑁 𝑁
∑ (𝛿𝑖𝑗 − 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 ) 𝐽𝑗 = ∑ 𝑞𝑗
𝑗=𝑑 𝑗=𝑑
If q is unknown to be solved directly, cavity equation becomes:

1134
𝑁 𝑁
𝛿𝑖𝑗 (1 − 𝜀𝑖 )
∑( − 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 ) 𝑞𝑗 = ∑ 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 𝜎(𝑇𝑖4 − 𝑇𝑗4 )
𝜀𝑗 𝜀𝑖
𝑗=1 𝑗=1
Where 𝛿𝑖𝑗 is Dirac delta function (𝛿𝑖𝑗 =1 if i=j 𝛿𝑖𝑗 =0 if 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗)
For only two surfaces: equation resuces to:
Two surface enclosure:

𝜎(𝑇14 −𝑇24 ) 𝜎(𝑇14 −𝑇24 )
𝑞12 = 1−𝜀1 1 1−𝜀2 = 1−𝜀1 1 1−𝜀2
+ + + +
𝜀1 𝐴1 ̅𝑠̅̅1̅𝑠̅̅̅2̅ 𝜀2 𝐴2 𝜀1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2 𝜀2 𝐴2
𝑠̅1 𝑠̅2 = 𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2
Re-radiating surfaces:
In some applications, a thermally insulated zone can be utilised. As radiation heat transfer concern such
a surface emits as much energy as it receives by radiation from the surrounding. Such a surface is called
re-radiating surface. Consider of a three enclosure zone
1135
For this problem
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )
𝑞12 =
1 − 𝜀1 1 1 − 𝜀2
+ +
𝜀1 𝐴1 1 1 −1 𝜀2 𝐴2
𝑠̅1 𝑠̅2 + ( + )
𝑠̅1 ̅̅̅
𝑠𝑅 𝑠̅1 ̅̅̅
𝑠𝑅
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )
𝑞12 =
1 − 𝜀1 1 1 − 𝜀2
+ −1 +
𝜀1 𝐴1 1 1 𝜀2 𝐴2
𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2 + ( + )
𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴𝑅 𝐴2 𝐹𝐴2 −𝐴𝑅
PROBLEM: The configuration of a furnace can be approximated as an equilateral triangular duct

which is sufficiently long that the end effects are negligable. The hot wall is maintanined at T 1=800 K
and has an emissivity 1=0.8. The second wall is maintained at T2=600 K and has an emissivity 2=0.8.
The third wall is maintained at T2=300 K and has an emissivity 2=0.5. Calculate the Net Radiation
heat transfer from the walls.
public class radiation_exchange_DS1

{
//diffuse and specular reflection in an enclosure
public double t[]; // Temperature degree K
double A[]; //area m^2
public double Tinv[][]; //inverse of T tensor
public double SS[]; //Total exchange area
1136
public double S[][];
public double ss[][]; //direct exchange area
public double h[];
public double G[]; //irradiation
public double eb[]; // blackbody radiation per unit area
public double Eb[]; //total blackbody radiation
public double q[]; //heat transfer per unit area
public double Q[]; //heat transfer
public double eps[]; // emmissivity
public double ro[]; // reflectivity
public double F[][]; // shape factor
public double J[]; //radiosities
public double sigma=5.6703744192E-08;
public radiation_exchange_DS1(double Ai[],double Ti[],double qi[],double epsi[],double roi[],double Fi[][])

{ //Ai area m^2
//Ti surface temperature K
//d number of diffuse reflected surfaces
int d=Ti.length;
int n=d+qi.length; //number of surfaces
t=new double[n]; //surface temperature K
eps=new double[n];
ro=new double[n];
q=new double[n];
Q=new double[n];
F=new double[n][n];
ss=new double[n][n];
SS=new double[n];
T=new double[n][n];
J=new double[n];
eb=new double[n];
Eb=new double[n];
G=new double[n];
A=new double[n];
{t[k]=Ti[k];
eps[k]=epsi[k];
ro[k]=roi[k];
A[k]=Ai[k];
{F[k][j]=Fi[k][j];
ss[k][j]=A[k]*F[k][j];
}
}
{ for(int j=0;j<d;j++)
{ T[k][j]=1.0/eps[k]*dirac_delta(k,j)-ro[k]/eps[k]*F[k][j];}
for(int j=d;j<n;j++)
{ T[k][j]=dirac_delta(k,j)-F[k][j];}
SS[k]=eb[k];
}
for(int k=0;k<d;k++)
{eb[k]=sigma*t[k]*t[k]*t[k]*t[k];SS[k]=eb[k];}
for(int k=d;k<n;k++)
{SS[k]=qi[k-d];}
J=NA28.AXB(T,SS);
{G[k]+=J[j]*F[k][j];}
}
{q[k]=(J[k]-G[k]);
Q[k]=A[k]*q[k];}
}
public static double[] ro(double eps[])
{ int n=eps.length;
double ro[]=new double[n];
{ro[i]=1.0-eps[i];}
return ro;
}
public int dirac_delta(int i, int j)

{
int k=0;
if(i==j) k=1;
1137
return k;
}
//==================
public static double F12(double alpha,double a,double b)
{double f=0.5*(1.0+b/a-Math.sqrt(1.0-2.0*b/a*Math.cos(alpha)+(b/a)*(b/a)));
return f;
}
public static double[][] Fij(int m,double alpha,double a,double b)

{ double F[][]=new double[m][m];
{if(i==j) F[i][j]=0.0;
else F[i][j]=F12(alpha,a,b); }
}
return F;
}
//======================================
{
double F[][]=Fij(3,Math.PI/3.0,1.0,1.0);
Text.print(F,"F Configuration(shape) factor");
double eps[]={0.8,0.8,0.5};
double ro[]=ro(eps);
double Ti[]={800,600,300};
double qi[]={};
double Ai[]={1,1,1};
radiation_exchange_DS1 sisj=new radiation_exchange_DS1(Ai,Ti,qi,eps,ro,F);
Text.print(sisj.J,"J Radiocity total energy coming from the surface i (emissivity + reflectivity from the surface)");
Text.print(sisj.q,"q radiative heat transfer ");
Text.print(sisj.G,"G Irradiation total energy coming to surface i");
Text.print(sisj.eb,"Eb blackbody radiation from surface i");
}
import java.io.*;
import java.text.*;
class NA28
{
public static void pivot(double a[][],int o[],double s[],int k)
{// GaussLU pivoting process
int n=a.length;
int dummy1=0;
double buyuk;
double dummy=0;
//pivotlama
int p=k;
buyuk=Math.abs(a[o[k]][k]);
for(int ii=k+1;ii<n;ii++)
{ dummy=Math.abs(a[o[ii]][k]/s[o[ii]]);
}
dummy1=o[p];
o[p]=o[k];
o[k]=dummy1;
}
public static int[] pivot_index(int n)

{ // indexed the pivoted matrix
int o[]=new int[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {o[i]=i;}
return o;
}
public static double[][] gaussLU(double ai[][],int o[])

{ //Gauss LU with pivoting
int n=ai.length;
double a[][]=new double[n][n];
double s[]=new double[n];
double carpan=0;
double sum=0;
1138
double absaij;
//gauss elimination
int i,j,k,p,ii,jj;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{for(j=0;j<n;j++){a[i][j]=ai[i][j];}}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{ o[i]=i;s[i]=Math.abs(a[i][0]);
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
{ absaij=Math.abs(a[i][j]);
if(absaij>s[i]) {s[i]=absaij;}
}
}
for(k=0;k<(n-1);k++)
{ pivot(a,o,s,k);
//change pivort reference
//solve gauss elimination
for(i=k+1;i<n;i++)
{ carpan=a[o[i]][k]/a[o[k]][k];
a[o[i]][k]=carpan;
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++)
{ a[o[i]][j]-=carpan*a[o[k]][j]; }
}
}
return a;
}
public static double[] back_substiution(double ai[][],double bi[])

{ int n=ai.length;
return back_substiution(ai,bi,pivot_index(n));
}
public static double[][] back_substiution(double ai[][],double bi[][])

{ int n=ai.length;
return back_substiution(ai,bi,pivot_index(n));
}
public static double[] back_substiution(double ai[][],double bi[],int o[])

{
int n=ai.length;
double sum;
double b[]=new double[n];
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{for(j=0;j<n;j++){a[i][j]=ai[i][j];};b[i]=bi[i];}
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{sum=b[o[i]];for(j=0;j<i;j++){sum-=a[o[i]][j]*b[o[j]];};b[o[i]]=sum;}
x[n-1]=b[o[n-1]]/a[o[n-1]][n-1];
for(i=(n-2);i>=0;i--)
{sum=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{sum+=a[o[i]][j]*x[j];};
x[i]=(b[o[i]]-sum)/a[o[i]][i];
}
return x;
}
public static double[][] back_substiution(double ai[][],double bi[][],int o[])

{
int n=ai.length;
int m=bi[0].length;
double sum;
double x[][]=new double[n][m];
double b[][]=new double[n][m];
int i,j,k;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{for(j=0;j<n;j++){a[i][j]=ai[i][j];};for(k=0;k<m;k++) {b[i][k]=bi[i][k];}}
for(k=0;k<m;k++)
{
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{sum=b[o[i]][k];for(j=0;j<i;j++){sum-=a[o[i]][j]*b[o[j]][k];};b[o[i]][k]=sum;}
x[n-1][k]=b[o[n-1]][k]/a[o[n-1]][n-1];
for(i=(n-2);i>=0;i--)
{sum=0;
1139
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{sum+=a[o[i]][j]*x[j][k];};
x[i][k]=(b[o[i]][k]-sum)/a[o[i]][i];
}
}
return x;
}
public static double [] AXB(double a[][],double b[])

{
//solution of the system of equation
int n=a.length;
int q[]=new int[n];
double c[][]=gaussLU(a,q);
double s[]=back_substiution(c,b,q);
return s;
}
public static double [][] AXB(double a[][],double b[][])

{//solution of the set of the system of equations
int n=a.length;
int q[]=new int[n];
double s[][]=back_substiution(c,b,q);
return s;
}
public static double[][] I(int n)

{
//Inverse matrix
double b[][];
b=new double[n][n];
b[i][i]=1.0;
return b;
}
public static double[][] inverse(double a[][])

{
//Inverse matrix
int n=a.length;
int q[]=new int[n];
double s[][]=back_substiution(c,I(n),q);
return s;
}
// Matrix output classes

public static String toString(double[][] left)
{
//return a string representation of a matrix
return toString(left,25,15);
}
public static String toString(double[][] left,int w,int d)
{
//return a string representation of a matrix
int n,m;
String b;
b="";
n=left.length;
m=left[0].length;
{
{
b=b+toString(left[i][j],w,d);
}
b=b+"\n";
}
return b;
}

{
String s="%"+w+"."+d+"f";
1140
String s1=String.format(us,s,left);
return s1;
}

{
double a[][]={{8,2,3},{1,-9,2},{2,3,6}};
System.out.println("Matrix a : \n"+toString(a));
System.out.println("Inverse Matrix of a : \n"+toString(inverse(a)));
}
}
PROBLEM: The configuration of a furnace can be approximated as an equilateral triangular duct

which is sufficiently long that the end effects are negligable. The hot wall is maintanined at T 1=900 K
and has an emissivity 1=0.8. The second wall is maintained at T2=400 K and has an emissivity 2=0.8.
The third wall is reradiating zone for which q 3=0( has an emissivity 3=0.0). Calculate the Net
Radiation heat transfer from the walls.
𝑠̅1 𝑠̅2 = 𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴2 = 0.5

𝑠̅1 𝑠̅3 = 𝐴1 𝐹𝐴1 −𝐴3 = 0.5
1141
𝑠̅2 𝑠̅3 = 𝐴2 𝐹𝐴2 −𝐴3 = 0.5
𝐶 𝜋4
𝜎 = [( 14 ) ] =5.6703744192x10-8 W/m2K
𝐶2 15
1 − 𝜀1 1 1 − 𝜀2
𝑅= + −1 +
𝜀1 𝐴1 1 1 𝜀2 𝐴2
𝑠̅1 𝑠̅2 + ( + )
𝑠̅1 ̅̅̅
𝑠𝑅 𝑠̅1 ̅̅̅
𝑠𝑅
1 − 0.8 1 1 − 0.8
𝑅= + −1 + = 1.8333
0.8 1 1 0.8
0.5 + ( + )
0.5 0.5
𝜎 (𝑇14 − 𝑇24 ) 5.6703744192x10−8 (9004 − 4004 )
𝑞12 = =
𝑅 1.8333
2
= 19500.93⁡𝑊/𝑚
 5.67037E-08
R 0.25 1.333333 0.25 1.833333
T1 900
T2 400
q12 19500.93312 W/m2
Using computer program to solve it:

{
//diffuse and specular reflection in an enclosure
public double Tinv[][]; //inverse of T tensor
public double SS[]; //Total exchange area
public double h[];
public double sigma=5.6703744192E-08;
public radiation_exchange_DS1(double Ai[],double Ti[],double qi[],double epsi[],double roi[],double Fi[][])

{
int d=Ti.length;
int n=d+qi.length; //number of surfaces
t=new double[d]; //surface temperature K
eps=new double[d];
ro=new double[d];
q=new double[n];
Q=new double[n];
F=new double[n][n];
SS=new double[n];
T=new double[n][n];
J=new double[n];
eb=new double[d];
Eb=new double[n];
G=new double[n];
1142
A=new double[n];
{F[k][j]=Fi[k][j];}
}
{t[k]=Ti[k];
eps[k]=epsi[k];
ro[k]=roi[k];
}
{A[k]=Ai[k];}
{ for(int j=0;j<n;j++){ T[k][j]=1.0/eps[k]*dirac_delta(k,j)-ro[k]/eps[k]*F[k][j];}}
{ for(int j=0;j<n;j++){ T[k][j]=dirac_delta(k,j)-F[k][j];}}
{eb[k]=sigma*t[k]*t[k]*t[k]*t[k];SS[k]=eb[k];}
for(int k=d;k<n;k++) {SS[k]=qi[k-d];}
J=NA28.AXB(T,SS);
{G[k]+=J[j]*F[k][j];}
}
{q[k]=(J[k]-G[k]);
Q[k]=A[k]*q[k];}
}
{ int n=eps.length;
{ro[i]=1.0-eps[i];}
return ro;
}
{
int k=0;
if(i==j) k=1;
return k;
}
//==================
public static double F12(double alpha,double a,double b)
{double f=0.5*(1.0+b/a-Math.sqrt(1.0-2.0*b/a*Math.cos(alpha)+(b/a)*(b/a)));
return f;
}
public static double[][] Fij(int m,double alpha,double a,double b)

{ double F[][]=new double[m][m];
{if(i==j) F[i][j]=0.0;
else F[i][j]=F12(alpha,a,b); }
}
return F;
}
//======================================
{
double F[][]=Fij(3,Math.PI/3.0,1.0,1.0);
double eps[]={0.8,0.8,0.5};
double Ti[]={900,400};
double qi[]={0};
double Ai[]={1,1,1};
radiation_exchange_DS1 sisj=new radiation_exchange_DS1(Ai,Ti,qi,eps,ro,F);
}
1143
}
PROBLEM
Two square plates each 1m by 1 m are parallel to and directly opposite to each other at a distance 1 m.
The hot plate is T1=800 K and has an emissivity 1=0.8. The cold plate is T2=600 K and has an
emissivity 2=0.8. The radiation heat transfer takes place also with the ambient which T3=300 K. Note
that emissivity of the ambient can be assumed to approximate as black body(has an emissivity 2=1.0).
Calculate the heat transfer between plates and ambient.
Note A3 is very big compare to A1=1 m2 and A2=1 m2 so in order to solve problem as a close enclosure a
very big number A3=100000 m2.
public class radiation_exchangeSiSj_1
{
public double Tinv[][]; //inverst of T tensor
public double SS[][]; //Total exchange area
public double h[];
public double G1[];
1144
public double Q1[]; //heat transfer
public double sigma=5.67e-8;
public radiation_exchangeSiSj_1(double Ai[],double Ti[],double epsi[],double roi[],double Fi[][])
{ //Ai area m^2
//Ti surface temperature K
int n=Ti.length; //number of surfaces
t=new double[n]; //surface temperature K
eps=new double[n];
ro=new double[n];
q=new double[n];
Q=new double[n];
Q1=new double[n];
F=new double[n][n];
ss=new double[n][n];
SS=new double[n][n];
T=new double[n][n];
S=new double[n][n];
J=new double[n];
eb=new double[n];
Eb=new double[n];
h=new double[n];
G=new double[n];
G1=new double[n];
A=new double[n];
{t[i]=Ti[i];
eps[i]=epsi[i];
ro[i]=roi[i];
A[i]=Ai[i];
{F[i][j]=Fi[i][j];
ss[i][j]=A[i]*F[i][j];
}
}
{
{ T[i][j]=1.0/eps[j]*dirac_delta(i,j)-ro[j]*ss[i][j]/eps[j]/A[j];
S[i][j]=ss[i][j]*eps[j];
}
eb[i]=sigma*t[i]*t[i]*t[i]*t[i];
}
J=NA28.AXB(T,eb);
SS=NA28.AXB(T,S);
{ double toplam1=0;
double toplam2=eps[i]*A[i];
{ toplam1+=SS[i][j];}
}
{ h[i]=0;
q[i]=0;
{h[i]+=SS[i][j]*eb[j];
q[i]+=SS[i][j]*(eb[i]-eb[j]);
}
}
{G[i]=h[i]/(A[i]*eps[i]); }
}
{ int n=eps.length;
{ro[i]=1.0-eps[i];}
return ro;
}
{
int k=0;
1145
if(i==j) k=1;
return k;
}
//==================
public static double F_parallel_rectangles(double X,double Y, double Z)
{// Z distance between plates
// X ,Y plate size
double x=X/Z;
double y=Y/Z;
double x1=1+x*x;
double x2=Math.sqrt(x1);
double y1=1+y*y;
double y2=Math.sqrt(y1);
double Fij=2.0/(Math.PI*x*y)*(Math.log(Math.sqrt(x1*y1/(1+x*x+y*y)))+
x*y2*Math.atan(x/y2)+
y*x2*Math.atan(y/x2)-x*Math.atan(x)-y*Math.atan(y));
return Fij;
}
public static double F_perpendicular_rectangles(double X,double Y, double Z)

{ // X,Y size of plate 1
// X,Z size of plate 2
//Plate 1 and plate 2 are perpendicular to each other
double H=Z/X;
double W=Y/X;
double x1=W*Math.atan(1.0/W)+H*Math.atan(1.0/H);
double y1=Math.sqrt(H*H+W*W);
double x2=y1*Math.atan(1.0/y1);
double y2=(1+W*W)*(1+H*H);
double y3=1+W*W+H*H;
double y4=(1.0+H*H)*(H*H+W*W);
double x3=y2/y3*Math.pow((W*W*y3/y2),W*W)*Math.pow((H*H*y3/y4),H*H);
double x4=1.0/(Math.PI*W)*(x1-x2+0.25*Math.log(x3));
double Fij=x4;
return Fij;
}
public static double[][] Fij( double X,double Y,double Z,double Ai[])

{ double F[][]=new double[3][3];
int m=3;
{F[i][i]=0;}
F[0][1]=F_parallel_rectangles(X,Y,Z);
F[0][2]=4.0*F_perpendicular_rectangles(X,Y,Z);
F[1][2]=4.0*F_perpendicular_rectangles(X,Y,Z);
F[2][1]=Ai[1]*F[1][2]/Ai[2];
F[2][0]=Ai[0]*F[0][2]/Ai[2];
F[1][0]=Ai[0]*F[0][1]/Ai[1];
return F;
}
//=================
{
double eps[]={0.8,0.8,1.0};
double Ti[]={800,600,300};
double Ai[]={1,1,100000};
double F[][]=Fij(1.0,1.0,1.0,Ai);
radiation_exchangeSiSj_1 sisj=new radiation_exchangeSiSj_1(Ai,Ti,eps,ro,F);
}
}
1146
PROBLEM Two gray surfaces with emmissivities 1=0.7 and 2=0.6 are located as shown in the figure.
The temperature of the plate 1 T1=600 K and temperature of the plate 2 is T2=1000 K. Calculate the
radiation heat transfer between the surfaces. Ignore the heat transfer between surfaces and the
surrounding air.
For an enclosure it can be written that ∑𝑁

𝑗=1 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 1 and
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝐴𝑗 −𝐴𝑖
For sub-surfaces 𝐴𝑗 = ∑𝐾 𝑘=1 𝐴(𝑗,𝑘) 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴𝑗 = ∑𝐾𝑘=1 𝐹𝐴𝑖−𝐴(𝑗,𝑘)
1147
{
//==================
//==================
public static double F_parallel_rectangles(double X,double Y, double Z)
{// Z distance between plates
// X ,Y plate size
double x=X/Z;
double y=Y/Z;
double x1=1+x*x;
double x2=Math.sqrt(x1);
double y1=1+y*y;
double y2=Math.sqrt(y1);
double Fij=2.0/(Math.PI*x*y)*(Math.log(Math.sqrt(x1*y1/(1+x*x+y*y)))+
x*y2*Math.atan(x/y2)+
y*x2*Math.atan(y/x2)-x*Math.atan(x)-y*Math.atan(y));
1148
return Fij;
}
public static double F_perpendicular_rectangles(double X,double Y, double Z)

{ // X,Y size of plate 1
// X,Z size of plate 2
//Plate 1 and plate 2 are perpendicular to each other
double H=Z/X;
double W=Y/X;
double x1=W*Math.atan(1.0/W)+H*Math.atan(1.0/H);
double y1=Math.sqrt(H*H+W*W);
double x2=y1*Math.atan(1.0/y1);
double y2=(1+W*W)*(1+H*H);
double y3=1+W*W+H*H;
double y4=(1.0+H*H)*(H*H+W*W);
double x3=y2/y3*Math.pow((W*W*y3/y2),W*W)*Math.pow((H*H*y3/y4),H*H);
double x4=1.0/(Math.PI*W)*(x1-x2+0.25*Math.log(x3));
double Fij=x4;
return Fij;
}
public static double[][] Fij(double Ai[])
{
int m=2;
double F[][]=new double[m][m];
{F[i][i]=0;}
double F1=F_perpendicular_rectangles(1,1,1);
double F2=F_perpendicular_rectangles(1,1,2);
double F3=F2-F1;
System.out.println("F1="+F1+"F2="+F2+"F3="+F3);
F[0][1]=F3;
F[1][0]=Ai[0]*F[0][1]/Ai[1];
return F;
}
{ int n=eps.length;
{ro[i]=1.0-eps[i];}
return ro;
}
//======================================
{
double A[]={1,1};
double F[][]=Fij(A);
double eps[]={0.7,0.6};
double T[]={600,1000};
double R=ro[0]/eps[0]/A[0]+1/(F[0][1]*A[0])+ro[1]/eps[1]/A[1];
double sigma=5.6703744192E-08;
double q=sigma*(T[1]*T[1]*T[1]*T[1]-T[0]*T[0]*T[0]*T[0])/R;
System.out.println("R="+R+"q="+q);
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" radiation_exchange_DS3
F1=0.20004377607540316F2=0.2328526027953619F3=0.032808826719958745
R=31.574840689245683 q=1563.1096742643892
23 SURFACE EXCHANGE –PARTICIPATING MEDIUM

Radiation in gases differs fundamentaly from the fact that gaseous radiation is concentrated in specific
wavelength intervals (called bands), and it is not is not a surface phenomenon like radiation in solids,
but is instead a volumetric phenomenon. For a gas column of length L
1149
dI  ( x) = −  I  ( x)dx
Where   is absorbtion coefficient, L is thickness of the gas column, I  (x) is the radition intensity.
Integration of the equation gives:
I ( L ) dI  ( x) L
I ( 0) I  ( x)
= −   dx
x =0
I  ( L)
 = = exp( −  L)
I  (0)
  = 1 −   = 1 − exp(−  L)
If Kirchhoff’s law is assumed to be valid,   =   = 1 −   = 1 − exp(−  L)
We should be noted that this equation is given spectral dependent value. And in actual heat transfer
calculations total emmissivity data should be needed.
I b 1 − exp(−  L)d
 

=  =0
I b   d 
=  =0
 
 =0
I b d  =0
I b d
There are several way to approach to this solution, one way is taken data directly. An experimental data
for CO2 water wapor is developed by Leckner [xx], which (for temperatures above 400K) have a
maximum error of 5% for water vapor and 10% for CO2
 =  ( pa L, p, Tg )
1/ 2
T  T
 =  ( pa L, p, Tg , Ts )   g   ( pa L s , p, Ts )
 Ts  Tg
Where Tg is the gas temperature and Ts is the temperature of an external surface, p a is the partial
pressure of the gas and p is the total pressure. Emissivities of gases are calculated from:
 M N T 
j
 pL 
i

 0 ( pa L, p = 1bar, Tg ) = exp  c ji  g   log10 a  
 i =0 j =0  T0 

 ( pa L )0  
T0 = 1000K ( pa L)0 = 1 barcm
1150
And cij are correlation contants for carbondioxide an water vapor. The values are given in the table
below.
Gas Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide
M,N 2,2 2,3
c00 ... cN 0 −2.2118 −1.1987 0.035596 −3.9893 2.7669 −2.1081
0.85667 0.93048 −0.14391 0.39163 1.2710 −1.1090 1.0195
: ... : −0.10838 −0.17156 0.045915 −0.21897 −0.23678 0.19731
c ... c −0.19544 0.044644
0M NM
PE ( p + 2.56 pa / t ) / p0 ( p + 0.28 pa ) / p0
( pa L)m /( pa L)0 1.32/t 1.4
0.23
a 2.144, t  0.75 1 + 0.1 / t1.45

1.888 − 2.053 log10 t t  0.75
b 1.1 / t1.4 0.23
c 0.5 1.47
T0=1000 K, p0=1 bar, t=T/T0, (paL)0=1 barcm
The emissivity for different pressure conditions is then found from:

 ( pa L, p, Tg ) (a − 1)(1 − PE )   ( pa L) m  
2
=1− 
exp − c log10
  
 0 ( pa L, p = 1bar, Tg ) a + b − 1 + PE pa L  
 
Where PE is an effective pressure, and a,b,c, and (p aL)m are correlation parameters given in the table
above. In a mixture that contains both carbondioxide and water vapor, the bands partially overlap and
another correction factor must be introduced

 = 
 
− 0.0089 10.4  log10 H 2 O
(
p + pCO2 L 

) 2.76
10.7 + 101  ( pa L )0 
pH 2 O
=
pH 2 O + pCO2
So the total emissivity and absorptivity of gases containing CO 2 and water vapor can be calculated as:
 
 i ( pa L, p, Tg ) =  0i ( pa L, p = 1bar, Tg )  ( pa L, p, Tg )

 0 i
1/ 2
T  T
 i ( pa L, p, Tg , Ts ) =  g   0i ( pi L s , p, Ts )
 Ts  Tg
 CO2 + H 2O =  CO2 +  H 2O −  ( pH 2O L, pCO L, )
2
Ts T
 CO + H O =  CO +  H O −  ( pH O L , pCO L s )
2 2 2 2 2
Tg 2
Tg
Solutions of these equations are presented in computer form below:
Main program is solving the following problem: Consider a 1m thick layer of a gas mixture at 1000K and 5bar that
consists of 10% carbon dioxide, 20% water vapor, and 70% nitrogen. What is the total normal intensity escaping
from this layer? Normal intensity can be calculated as:
1151
  T 4
I =  I b (1 − e −  L
)d =  I b   d =
0 0 
//SAYISAL ISI IŞINIMI-SEMİH YILMAZ- HAFTA 8 ÖDEV-24.11.2016
//Modest, Radiative Heat Transfer, Sayfa 366-367
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class gasemissivity_odev8

{ gasemissivityDATA g1,g2,g1A,g2A;
public double eps,alpha;
public double gasemissivity(double pi,double pa_h2oi,double pa_co2i,double Ti,double Tsi,double Li)
{ g1=new gasemissivityDATA("water",pi,pa_h2oi,Ti,Li);
g2=new gasemissivityDATA("carbondioxide",pi,pa_co2i,Ti,Li);
double eps1=g1.eps;
//System.out.println("eps1="+eps1);
double eps2=g2.eps;
double fi=pa_h2oi/(pa_h2oi+pa_co2i);
double deps=(fi/(10.7+101.0*fi)-0.0089*Math.pow(fi,10.4));
deps*=Math.pow((Math.log10((pa_h2oi+pa_co2i)*Li)),2.76);
eps=eps1+eps2-deps;
g1A=new gasemissivityDATA("water",pi,pa_h2oi,Ti,Li*Tsi/Ti);
g2A=new gasemissivityDATA("carbondioxide",pi,pa_co2i,Ti,Li*Tsi/Ti);
double eps1A=g1A.eps;
double eps2A=g2A.eps;
double alpha1=eps1*Math.sqrt(Ti/Tsi);
double alpha2=eps1*Math.sqrt(Ti/Tsi);
double depsA=(fi/(10.7+101.0*fi)-0.0089*Math.pow(fi,10.4));
depsA*=Math.pow((Math.log10((pa_h2oi+pa_co2i)*Li*(Ti/Tsi))),2.76);
System.out.println(" eps1A="+ eps1A);
System.out.println(" eps2A="+ eps2A);
System.out.println("depsA="+ depsA);
alpha=alpha1+alpha2-depsA;
return eps;
}

{ double L=100.0; // cm gaz tabakası kalınlığı
double pt=5.0; //bar
double pa_h2o=0.2*pt; //h2o kısmi basınç
double pa_co2=0.1*pt;//co2 kısmi basınç
double Tg=1000.0; //K gaz sıcaklığı
double Ts=1000.0;
double sigma=5.67e-8; // W/(m2 K4)
gasemissivity_odev8 xx=new gasemissivity_odev8();
double eps_sonuc=xx.gasemissivity(pt,pa_h2o,pa_co2,Tg,Ts,L);
System.out.println("eps_sonuc = "+eps_sonuc);
double I=eps_sonuc*sigma*Ts*Ts*Ts*Ts/Math.PI;
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("0.00");
System.out.println("Intensity I="+I+" kW/m^2.sr");
}}
public class gasemissivityDATA

{ public String gasname;
public int M,N; //number of rows .M+1 number of columns N+1
public double c[][]; //coefficient c
public double p,pa,p0,PE; // pressure bar p total pressure pa.partial pressure
public double T,T0; // temperature K
public double t; //temperature ratio T/T0
public double a,b,cc;
public double paLratio,paLratiom;
public double L;
public double eps;
public gasemissivityDATA(String gasnamei,double pi,double pai,double Ti,double Li)
{gasname=gasnamei;
p=pi;
pa=pai;
T=Ti;
T0=1000.0; //degree K;
t=T/T0;
p0=1.0; //bar
L=Li; //gas thickness cm
1152
if(gasname.equals("water"))
{M=2;N=2;
double ci[][]={{-2.2118, -1.1987, 0.035596},
{ 0.85667, 0.93048,-0.14391},
{-0.10838,-0.17156, 0.045915}};
c=ci;
PE=(p+2.56*pa/Math.sqrt(t))/p0;
paLratiom=13.2*t*t;
if(t<0.75) a=2144.0;
else a=1.888-2.053*Math.log10(t);
b=1.1/Math.pow(t,1.4);
cc=0.5;
}
else if(gasname.equals("carbondioxide"))
{M=2;N=3;
double ci[][]={{-3.9893,2.7669,-2.1081,0.39163},
{1.2710,-1.1090,1.0195,-0.21897},
{-0.23678,0.19731,-0.19544,0.044644}};
c=ci;
PE=(p+0.28*pa)/p0;
if(t<0.7) paLratiom=0.054/(t*t);
else paLratiom=0.225*t*t;
a=1.0+0.1/Math.pow(t,1.45);
b=.23;
cc=1.47;
}
double eps0=0;
double tratio=1.0;
double pratio=1.0;
for(int i=0;i<=M;i++)
{ tratio=1.0;
for(int j=0;j<=N;j++)
{ eps0+=c[i][j]*tratio*pratio;
tratio*=t;
}
pratio*=Math.log10(pa*L);
}
eps0=Math.exp(eps0);
double logpal=Math.log10(paLratiom/(pa*L));
eps=eps0*(1.0-(a-1.0)*(1.0-PE)/(a+b-1.0+PE)*Math.exp(-cc*logpal*logpal));
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\javaw.exe" gasemissivity_odev8
eps1A=0.5077387872915612
eps2A=0.15680693133724524
depsA=0.07192742875261586
eps_sonuc = 0.5926182898761906
Intensity I=10695.675964732329 W/m^2.sr
Values can be determined also from the charts below.
1153
Wide band model
Another way of calculating emmissivity values of gases is using wide band model. It was mentioned
that gas emmissivities are behaved as bands of emmission, instead of continious emmision curves
observed in solid surfaces. In the exponential wide box model bands are modelled as exponential curves
1154
as seen in the figure below. Where S/d is called smoothed absorbtion coefficient and Wavenumber,
1
(measured in 1/cm) =

It is assumed that there will be three kind of behavior of exponential band: with upper limit head band,
symmetric band and with lower limit head band
public class WBM
{ //Reference : Michael F. Modest. Radiative heat transfer 2013
//C Euler-Mascheroni constant
public int m;
public double s; //gas path m
public double M; //molecular weight kg/kmol
public int J;
public String name; //gas name
public double eta[];
public double u[];
public double u0[];
public double band[];
public double inlet_band;
public int selected_band;
public int gk[];
public int delta[][];
public int v0[][];
public double P0,P,Pa,Pe,T0,T;
double n,b,betastar0,w0;
double alfa0[];
double etac;
// constructor method
public WBM(String namei,double Ti,double Pi,double Pai,double si,int select)
{name=namei;
s=si;
T=Ti; //degree K
inlet_band=2898/T;
P=Pi; //atm
Pa=Pai; //atm
P0=1.0; //atm
T0=100.0;
//steam water
if(name.equals("h2o") || name.equals("H2O") || name.equals("steam"))
{double band1[]={71,6.3,2.7,1.87,1.38};band=band1;
selected_band= select_band(select);
double eta1[]={3652,1595,3756};eta=eta1;
m=eta.length;
M=18.015; //kg/kmol
u=new double[eta.length];
u0=new double[eta.length];
for(int k=0;k<eta.length;k++) {u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
if(selected_band==0)
{etac=140.0;n=1;b=8.6*Math.sqrt(T0/T)+0.5;
double alfa01[]={5.455};alfa0=alfa01;
betastar0=0.143;w0=69.3;int delta1[][]={{0,0,0}};delta=delta1;
}
else if(selected_band==1) {etac=1600.0;n=1;b=8.6*Math.sqrt(T0/T)+0.5;
1155
betastar0=0.094;w0=56.4;int delta1[][]={{0,1,0}};delta=delta1;}
double alfa01[]={0.2,2.3,23.4};alfa0=alfa01;
betastar0=0.132;w0=60.0;int delta1[][]={{0,2,0},{1,0,0},{0,0,1}};delta=delta1;}
double alfa01[]={3};alfa0=alfa01;
int gk1[]={1,1,1};gk=gk1;
}
// carbondioxide
if(name.equals("co2") || name.equals("CO2") || name.equals("carbondioxide"))
{double band1[]={15,10.4,9.4,4.3,2.7,2.0};band=band1;
m=eta.length;
M=44.01;
for(int k=0;k<eta.length;k++)
{u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
{etac=667;n=0.7;b=1.3;
}
else if(selected_band==1) {etac=960.0;n=0.8;b=1.3;
double alfa01[]={2.47e-9};alfa0=alfa01;
betastar0=0.04017;w0=13.4;int delta1[][]={{-1,0,1}};delta=delta1;}
double alfa01[]={2.48e-9};alfa0=alfa01;
betastar0=0.11888;w0=10.1;int delta1[][]={{0,-2,1}};delta=delta1;}
int gk1[]={1,2,1};gk=gk1;
}
// carbonmonoxide
if(name.equals("co") || name.equals("CO") || name.equals("carbonmonoxide"))
{double band1[]={4.7,2.35};band=band1;
double eta1[]={2143};eta=eta1;
m=eta.length;
M=28.011;
{u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
{etac=2143;n=0.8;b=1.1;
betastar0=0.07506;w0=25.5;int delta1[][]={{1}};delta=delta1;
}
else if(selected_band==1) {etac=4260;n=0.8;b=1.0;
betastar0=0.16758;w0=20.0;int delta1[][]={{2}};delta=delta1;}
int gk1[]={1};gk=gk1;
}
// methane
if(name.equals("ch4") || name.equals("CH4") || name.equals("methane"))
{double band1[]={7.7,3.3,2.4,1.7};band=band1;
double eta1[]={2914,1526,3020,1306};eta=eta1;
m=eta.length;
M=16.043;
1156
{u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
{etac=1310;n=0.8;b=1.3;
betastar0=0.08698;w0=21.0;int delta1[][]={{0,0,0,1}};delta=delta1;
}
else if(selected_band==1)
{etac=3020;n=0.8;b=1.3;
}
{etac=4220;n=0.8;b=1.3;
}
{etac=5861;n=0.8;b=1.3;
}
int gk1[]={1,2,3,3};gk=gk1;
}
// nitrousoxide
if(name.equals("no") || name.equals("NO") || name.equals(" nitrousoxide"))
{double band1[]={5.3};band=band1;
double eta1[]={1876};eta=eta1;
m=eta.length;
M=30.006;
{u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
{etac=1876;n=0.65;b=1.0;
betastar0=0.18050;w0=20.0;int delta1[][]={{1}};delta=delta1;
}
int gk1[]={1};gk=gk1;
}
// sulfurdioxide
if(name.equals("so2") || name.equals("sO2") || name.equals("sulfurdioxide"))
{double band1[]={19.3,8.7,7.3,4.3,4.0};band=band1;
m=eta.length;
M=44.01;
{u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
{etac=519;n=0.7;b=1.28;
}
{etac=1151;n=0.7;b=1.28;
}
{etac=1361;n=0.65;b=1.28;
}
{etac=2350;n=0.6;b=1.28;
}
{etac=2512;n=0.6;b=1.28;
}
1157
int gk1[]={1,1,1};gk=gk1;
}
J=delta.length;
v0=new int[J][m];
for(int jj=0;jj<J;jj++)
{for(int k=0;k<m;k++)
{ if(delta[jj][k]>=0) v0[jj][k]=0;
else v0[jj][k]=Math.abs(delta[jj][k]);
}
}
Pe=Math.pow((P/P0*(1.0+(b-1.0)*Pa/P)),n);
}
public int select_band(int select)

{if(select<0 || select >= band.length)
{
double dband=1.0e30;
double db=0;
int k=0;
for(int i=0;i<band.length;i++)
{ db=Math.abs(inlet_band-band[i]);
if(db<dband) {dband=db;k=i;}
}
return k;
}
else
{return select;}
}
public static double factorial(int nn)
{ if(nn==0) return 1;
else if(nn==1) return 1;
double fact=1.0;
for(int i=1;i<=nn;i++) fact*=i;
return fact;
}
public double fi(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
double total1=0,total2=0;
{ double x1,x2,x3,x4;
int xx1,xx2;
for(int vk=v0[jj][k];vk<20;vk++)
{ xx1=vk+gk[k]+Math.abs(delta[jj][k])-1;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
x4=x1/x2/x3*Math.exp(-u[k]*vk);
total1+=Math.sqrt(x4);
total2+=x4;
}
f1*=total1;
f2*=total2;
}
return f1*f1/f2;
}
public double fi0(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
int xx1,xx2;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
x4=x1/x2/x3*Math.exp(-u0[k]*vk);
total2+=x4;
}
f1*=total1;
f2*=total2;
}
return f1*f1/f2;
}
1158
public double psi(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
double total1=0,total2=0,total3=0;
int xx1,xx2;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total1+=x4;
}
for(int vk=0;vk<20;vk++)
{ xx1=vk+gk[k]-1;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total2+=x4;
}
total3+=u[k]*delta[jj][k];
f1*=total1;
f2*=total1;
}
return f1/f2*(1.0-Math.exp(-total3));
}
public double psi0(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
double total1=0,total2=0,total3=0;
int xx1,xx2;
{ xx1=vk+gk[k]+delta[jj][k]-1;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total1+=x4;
}
{ xx1=vk+gk[k]-1;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total2+=x4;
}
total3+=u[k]*delta[jj][k];
f1*=total1;
f2*=total1;
}
return f1/f2*(1.0-Math.exp(-total3));
}
public double alpha(int jj)
{ double alfa=alfa0[jj]*psi(jj)/psi0(jj);
return alfa;
}
public double alpha()
{ double total=0;
{total+=alpha(jj);}
return total;
}
public double roa() //density of the gas
{double R=8314.5/M;
double ro=Pa*1.0132e5*1.0e3/(R*T);
return ro; //gr/m^3
}
public double beta(int jj)
1159
{ double bb=betastar0*Math.sqrt(T0/T)*fi(jj)/fi0(jj)*Pe;
return bb;
}
public double beta()
{ double total=0;
{total+=Math.sqrt(alpha(jj)*beta(jj));}
return total*total/alpha();
}
public double betastar(int jj)

{ return beta(jj)/Pe;}
public double betastarratio(int jj)
{ return beta(jj)/Pe/betastar0;}
public double betastar()
{ return beta()/Pe;}
public double betastarratio()
{ return beta()/Pe/betastar0;}
public double X() //density of the gas
{return roa()*s; //gr/m^2
}
public double w()
{ double bb=w0*Math.sqrt(T/T0); return bb;}
public double to()

{return alpha()*X()/w();}
// Edwards and Menard model
public double Astar()
{ double As=0.0;
double beta=beta();
double to=to();
System.out.println("to="+to+"1.0/beta="+1.0/beta);
if(beta<=1.0)
{
if(to>=0 && to<=beta) {As=to;}
else if(to>=beta && to<=1.0/beta) {As=2.0*Math.sqrt(to*beta)-beta;}
else if(to>=1.0/beta) {System.out.println("true");As=Math.log(to*beta)+2.0-beta;}
}
else
{if(to>=0 && to<=1) {As=to;}
else if(to>=1.0) {As=Math.log(to)+1.0;}
}
return As;
}
// Felske and Tien model
public double Astar1()
{ double As=0.0;
double beta=beta();
double to=to();
double ww=to/Math.sqrt(1.0+to/beta);
As=2.0*Ein(ww)+Ein(ww/(2.0*beta))-Ein((1.0/(2.0*beta)+1.0)*ww);
return As;
}
// Wang model
public double Astar2()
{ double As=0.0;
double beta=beta();
double to=to();
double ww=beta/2.0*(Math.sqrt(1.0+4.0*to/beta)-1.0);
As=Math.exp(beta)*(E1(beta+ww)-E1(beta))+Math.log(1.0+ww/beta)+Ein(ww);
return As;
}
public double A()
{return Astar()*w();}
public double A1()

{return Astar1()*w();}
public double A2()

{return Astar2()*w();}
//Exponential functions
//exponential integral section
public static double AAS_Ei(double x)
{
double ei[] = {
1.915047433355013959531e2, 4.403798995348382689974e2,
1160
1.037878290717089587658e3, 2.492228976241877759138e3,
6.071406374098611507965e3, 1.495953266639752885229e4,
3.719768849068903560439e4, 9.319251363396537129882e4,
2.349558524907683035782e5, 5.955609986708370018502e5,
1.516637894042516884433e6, 3.877904330597443502996e6,
9.950907251046844760026e6, 2.561565266405658882048e7,
6.612718635548492136250e7, 1.711446713003636684975e8,
4.439663698302712208698e8, 1.154115391849182948287e9,
3.005950906525548689841e9, 7.842940991898186370453e9,
2.049649711988081236484e10, 5.364511859231469415605e10,
1.405991957584069047340e11, 3.689732094072741970640e11,
9.694555759683939661662e11, 2.550043566357786926147e12,
6.714640184076497558707e12, 1.769803724411626854310e13,
4.669055014466159544500e13, 1.232852079912097685431e14,
3.257988998672263996790e14, 8.616388199965786544948e14,
2.280446200301902595341e15, 6.039718263611241578359e15,
1.600664914324504111070e16, 4.244796092136850759368e16,
1.126348290166966760275e17, 2.990444718632336675058e17,
7.943916035704453771510e17, 2.111342388647824195000e18,
5.614329680810343111535e18, 1.493630213112993142255e19,
3.975442747903744836007e19, 1.058563689713169096306e20
};
int k = (int) (x + 0.5);
int j = 0;
double xx = (double) k;
double dx = x - xx;
double xxj = xx;
double edx = Math.exp(dx);
double Sm = 1.0;
double Sn = (edx - 1.0) / xxj;
double max_double=1.7976931348623157e+308;
double eps=1e-20;
double term = max_double;
double fact = 1.0;
double dxj = 1.0;
while (Math.abs(term) > eps * Math.abs(Sn) ) {

j++;
fact *= (double) j;
xxj *= xx;
dxj *= (-dx);
Sm += (dxj / fact);
term = ( fact * (edx * Sm - 1.0) ) / xxj;
Sn += term;
}
return ei[k-7] + Sn * Math.exp(xx);

}
//Power series Ei
public static double PS_Ei( double x )
double eps=1e-20;
double xn = -x;
double Sn = -x;
double Sm1 = 0.0;
double hsum = 1.0;
double g = C;//Euler number ;
double y = 1.0;
double fact = 1.0;
while ( Math.abs(Sn - Sm1) > eps * Math.abs(Sm1) ) {

Sm1 = Sn;
y += 1.0;
xn *= (-x);
fact *= y;
hsum += (1.0 / y);
Sn += hsum * xn / fact;
}
return (g + Math.log(Math.abs(x)) - Math.exp(x) * Sn);
}
//Continued Faraction Ei
public static double CF_Ei( double x )
double eps=1e-20;
double Am1 = 1.0;
double A0 = 0.0;
1161
double Bm1 = 0.0;
double B0 = 1.0;
double a = Math.exp(x);
double b = -x + 1.0;
double Ap1 = b * A0 + a * Am1;
double Bp1 = b * B0 + a * Bm1;
int j = 1;
a = 1.0;
while ( Math.abs(Ap1 * B0 - A0 * Bp1) > eps * Math.abs(A0 * Bp1) ) {
if ( Math.abs(Bp1) > 1.0) {
Am1 = A0 / Bp1;
A0 = Ap1 / Bp1;
Bm1 = B0 / Bp1;
B0 = 1.0;
} else {
Am1 = A0;
A0 = Ap1;
Bm1 = B0;
B0 = Bp1;
}
a = -j * j;
b += 2.0;
Ap1 = b * A0 + a * Am1;
Bp1 = b * B0 + a * Bm1;
j += 1;
}
return (-Ap1 / Bp1);
}
public static double Ei( double x )
if ( x < -5.0 ) return CF_Ei(x);
if ( x < 6.8 ) return PS_Ei(x);
if ( x < 50.0 ) return AAS_Ei(x);
return CF_Ei(x);
}
public static double E1( double x )
{return -Ei(-x);}
public static double Ein( double x )
{return E1(x)+Math.log(x)+C;}
//end of exponential functions
public static void exampleH2O()
{WBM ww=new WBM("h2o",600.0,3.0,0.05*3.0,0.1,-1);
int ks=ww.selected_band;
System.out.println("ks="+ks+"inlet_band="+ww.inlet_band+"J="+ww.J);
System.out.println("betastarratio="+ww.betastarratio()+"betastar0="+ww.betastar0+"b="+ww.b+"Pe="+ww.Pe);
System.out.println("beta="+ww.beta());
System.out.println("w="+ww.w());
System.out.println("alpha = "+ww.alpha()+"beta="+ww.beta());
System.out.println("ro="+ww.roa());
System.out.println("X="+ww.X());
System.out.println("to="+ww.to());
System.out.println("As="+ww.Astar());
System.out.println("A="+ww.A());
System.out.println("As1="+ww.Astar1());
System.out.println("A1="+ww.A1());
}
public static void exampleCO()
{WBM ww=new WBM("co",800.0,1.0,1.0,0.2,-1);
System.out.println("betastarratio="+ww.betastarratio()+"betastar0="+ww.betastar0+"b="+ww.b+"Pe="+ww.Pe);
System.out.println("w="+ww.w());
System.out.println("alpha = "+ww.alpha()+"beta="+ww.beta());
System.out.println("ro="+ww.roa());
System.out.println("X="+ww.X());
System.out.println("to="+ww.to());
System.out.println("As="+ww.Astar());
System.out.println("A="+ww.A());
System.out.println("M="+ww.M);}
1162
{
if(x<=0) return 0;
double C2=1.438769e4;
double y=C2/x;
double total=0;
double pi=Math.PI;
return total;
}
public static double Eb(double nu,double T)
{ //lambda in micrometers Eb_nu/T^3
double k=1.3807e-23; // J/K
double h=6.626e-34; // Js
double c0=2.998e8; //m/s
double C1=2.0*Math.PI*h*c0*c0; // Wm^2
double C2=h*c0/k*1e2; //mikrometer K
double nuoT=nu/T;
double e=C1*nuoT*nuoT*nuoT*1e8/(Math.exp(C2*nuoT)-1.0);
return e;
}
public static double eps(String name,double T,double P,double Pa,double s)

{ double PI=Math.PI;
double k=1.3807e-23; // J/K
double C1=2.0*PI*h*c0*c0; // W/(mikrometer)^4/(m^2sr)
double C2=h*c0/k; //mikrometer K
WBM ww=new WBM(name,T,P,Pa,s,-1);
int n=ww.band.length;
WBM w1[]=new WBM[n];
double eps[]=new double[n];
double nu[]=new double[n];
double A[]=new double[n];
double ep=0;
{w1[i]=new WBM(name,T,P,Pa,s,i);
A[i]=w1[i].A();
nu[i]=w1[i].etac;
eps[i]=Eb(nu[i],T)*A[i]/(sigma*T);
System.out.println("i="+i+"nu="+nu[i]+"eps="+eps[i]+"A="+A[i]);
ep+=eps[i];
}
System.out.println("eps total ="+ep);
return ep;
}
public static double eps1(String name,double T,double P,double Pa,double s)
double k=1.3807e-23; // J/K
double ep=0;
A[i]=w1[i].A1();
nu[i]=w1[i].etac;
ep+=eps[i];
}
return ep;
}
public static double eps2(String name,double T,double P,double Pa,double s)
1163
double k=1.3807e-23; // J/K
double ep=0;
A[i]=w1[i].A2();
nu[i]=w1[i].etac;
ep+=eps[i];
}
return ep;
}

{ //exampleH2O();
//exampleCO();
System.out.println("eps="+eps("co",800.0,1.0,1.0,0.2));
System.out.println("eps1="+eps1("co",800.0,1.0,1.0,0.2));
System.out.println("eps2="+eps2("co",800.0,1.0,1.0,0.2));
}
}
public class WBM_DATA

{ public int m;
public int J;
public String name;
public double eta[];
public double u[];
public double u0[];
public double band[];
public double inlet_band;
public int selected_band;
public int gk[];
public int delta[][];
public int v0[][];
public double P0,P,Pa,Pe,T0,T;
double n,b,gamma0,w0;
double alfa0[];
double etac;
public int select_band()
{double dband=1.0e30;
double db=0;
int k=0;
for(int i=0;i<band.length;i++)
{ db=Math.abs(inlet_band-band[i]);
if(db<dband) {dband=db;k=i;}
}
return k;
}
public static double factorial(int nn)
{ double fact=1.0;
for(int i=1;i<=nn;i++) fact*=i;
return fact;
}
public double fi(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
int xx1,xx2;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
1164
x3=factorial(vk);
total2+=x4;
}
f1*=total1;
f2*=total2;
}
return f1*f1/f2;
}
public double fi0(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
int xx1,xx2;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total2+=x4;
}
f1*=total1;
f2*=total2;
}
return f1*f1/f2;
}
public double psi(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
int xx1,xx2;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total1+=x4;
}
{ xx1=vk+gk[k]-1;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total2+=x4;
}
f1*=total1;
f2*=total1;
}
return f1/f2;
}
public double alpha(int jj)
{double total=0;
double total0=0;
{total+=u[k]*delta[jj][k];
total0+=u0[k]*delta[jj][k];
}
double bb=1.0-Math.exp(-total);
double bb0=1.0-Math.exp(-total0);
return alfa0[jj]*bb*psi(jj)/(bb0*psi0(jj));
}
public double alpha()
{ double total=0;
{total+=alpha(jj);}
return total;
}
1165
public double psi0(int jj)
{double f1=1.0,f2=1.0;
int xx1,xx2;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total1+=x4;
}
{ xx1=vk+gk[k]-1;
xx2=gk[k]-1;
x1=factorial(xx1);
x2=factorial(xx2);
x3=factorial(vk);
total2+=x4;
}
f1*=total1;
f2*=total1;
}
return f1/f2;
}
public double beta(int jj)
{ double bb=gamma0*Math.sqrt(T0/T)*fi(jj)/fi0(jj)*Pe;
return bb;
}
public double beta()
{ double total=0;
{total+=beta(jj);}
return total;
}
public double w()
{ double bb=w0*Math.sqrt(T0/T);
return bb;
}
public WBM_DATA(String namei,double Ti,double Pi,double Pai)
{name=namei;
T=Ti; //degree K
inlet_band=2898/T;
P=Pi; //atm
Pa=Pai; //atm
P0=1.0; //atm
T0=100.0;
if(name.equals("h2o") || name.equals("H2O") || name.equals("steam"))
{double band1[]={71,6.3,2.7,1.87,1.38};band=band1;
selected_band= select_band();
for(int k=0;k<eta.length;k++) {u[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T;u0[k]=1.4388*eta[k]/T0;}
if(selected_band==0) {etac=140.0;n=1;b=8.6*Math.sqrt(T0/T)+0.5;
gamma0=0.14311;w0=69.3;int delta1[][]={{0,0,0}};delta=delta1;}
double alfa01[]={0.2,2.3,23.4};alfa0=alfa01;
gamma0=0.13219;w0=60.0;int delta1[][]={{0,2,0},{1,0,0},{0,0,1}};delta=delta1;}
int gk1[]={1,1,1};gk=gk1;
}
1166
J=delta.length;
Pe=Math.pow((P/P0*(1.0+(b-1.0)*Pa/P)),n);
}
{WBM_DATA ww=new WBM_DATA("h2o",600.0,3.0,0.05*3.0);
}
}
---------- Capture Output ----------

> "D:\co\java\bin\java.exe" WBM
to=24.7279878035179481.0/beta=23.32659519453048
true
i=0nu=2143.0eps=0.04990125289203836A=145.365703631297
to=0.211193580044399731.0/beta=10.39406576817441
i=1nu=4260.0eps=6.265997937345691E-4A=10.68457542973929
eps total =0.05052785268577293
eps=0.05052785268577293
eps1=0.03877879029360184
eps2=0.03713943910412516
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1173
APPENDIX 1 EXAM QUESTIONS
HEAT TRANSFER I group A Fall 2015 Midterm Exam, M. Turhan ÇOBAN
27 November 2015 time : 13.15
QUESTION 1
t=0.5x10-3 m thin, L=0.1 m long fins attached to a wall with 1.5x10-3 m distance in between (
N=500 fins/m). The base temperature is T b= 127 C. The air temperature is T =27 C. The width
of the wall is z=0.2 m. Find the total heat transfer for a meter of finned Wall (W) . The
convective heat transfer coefficient is h=40 W/(m2K). Fin thermal conductivity k=120 W/(mK).
Note: Total heat transfer=heat transfer from the fins + heat transfer from the base wall
Af = PLc Lc = L + (t / 2) Ap = tL Ac = tz P = 2 z + 2t
d 2 hP hP
−  =0  = T − T b = Tb − T m2 =
dx 2 kAc kAc
 cosh m( Lc − x)
=
b cosh mLc 
q f = hPkAc  b tanh(mL)
tanhmLc 
f =
mLc 
N fin system:
q = q f + qbase = N f hAf b + hAbaseb
QUESTION 2
A pipeline, used for the transport of crude oil, is burried in the earth such that its centerline is a
distance of 1.5 m below the surface. The pipe has an outer diameter of 0.5 m and is insulated
with a layer of cellular glass[k=0.05 W/(mK)] 0.1 m thick. What is the heat loss per unit length
of pipe under conditions for which heated oil at 120 C flows through the pipe and the surface of
the earth is at a temperature of 0 C.
Horizontal isothermal cylinder of Length L buried in a semi-infinite medium.

q = SkT1− 2 T1− 2 = T1 − T2 2L 2L
L  D S= −1
L  D z  3D / 2 S =
cosh (2 z / D) ln(4 z / D)
1174
T1 − T 2
qr =
1 ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) 1
+ + +
2r1 Lh1 2k A L 2k B L 2r3 Lh3
QUESTION 3 A 0.15 m x 0.15 m square shape is given with outside temperatures are 0 C and 100 C
as shown in the figure. Upper and lower parts are insulated. If x=0.05 m and y=0.05 m, find
temperatures T1,T2,T3 and T4 by using finite difference formulation.
q (x) 2
Tm, n +1 + Tm, n −1 + Tm +1, n + Tm −1, n + − 4Tm, n = 0
k
QUESTION 4 : Consider a steel wall that has a thickness of 0.04 m. The wall is heavily insulated on
the outside, and the before the initiation of flow on the surface of the wall, the wall are at uniform
temperature of 0 C. With initiation of the flow, hot oil at 80 C is flowing from from the surface, creating
convective condition corresponding to h=500 W/m 2K at the surface. What is the temperature of the steel
wall under the insulation (x=0.04 m) 480 seconds after the initiation of flow.Properties of steel used in
the wall is as follows: =7832 kg/m3, Cp=434 J/kgK, k=63.9 W/mK, =18.8e-6 m2/s
hL t x T − T 
4 sin( n )
Bi = Fo = 2 x* = * = =  Cn exp(− n Fo ) cos( n x* ) Cn =
k L L Ti − T n =1 2 n + sin(2 n )
 n tan( n ) − Bi = 0
1175
HEAT TRANSFER I Fall 2014 Midterm Exam, M. Turhan ÇOBAN
QUESTION 1
An aliminium fin[k=200 W/mK] 3.0 mm thick and 75 mm long protrudes form a Wall as in the figure.
The base is maintained at 300 C, and the ambient temperature is 50 C with h=10 W/(m 2K). Calculate the
heat loss from the fin per unit depth of material.
d 2 hP  = T − T hP  coshm( L − x)
−  =0 m2 = =
dx 2 kAc kAc  b cosh mL
q f = hPkAc  b tanh(mL)
QUESTION 2
An aliminium pipe has an internal radius of r1=10x10-3 m and outside radius of r1=12x10-3 m. Pipe has a
thermal conductivity k=200 W/(mK). Pipe is insulated with 5e-2m m insulation layer with a thermal
conductivity coefficient of k=0.05 W/(mK). Inside the pipe water at T i=100 C is flowing with a heat
transfer coeefficient hi=1000 W/(m2K) and in the outside of the pipe air at T o=20 C existed with a heat
transfer coeefficient h0=10 W/(m2K). Total pipe length is L=100 m. Calculate the heat loss from the
pipe.
1176
T1 − T 2
qr =
1 ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) 1
+ + +
2r1 Lh1 2k A L 2k B L 2r3 Lh3
QUESTION 3 A 0.15 m x 0.15 m square shape is given with outside temperatures are 0 C, 100 C, 100
C and 50 C as shown in the figure. If x=0.05 m and y= m, find temperatures T1,T2,T3 and T4 by
q (x) 2
Tm, n +1 + Tm, n −1 + Tm +1, n + Tm −1, n + − 4Tm, n = 0
k
QUESTION 4 : The temperature of a gas stream is measured with a thermocouple.The junction may be
approximated as a sphere of diameter D=1 mm, k=25 W/(mK), =8400 kg/m3, and Cp=400 J/(kgK). The
heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas stream is h=100 W/(m 2K). How long will it
take for the thermocouple to record 99%  T − T = 1  of applied temperature difference?
 
 Tb − T 100 
T − T hA
= e − mt m=
Tb − T C pV
1177
1178
HEAT TRANSFER I Fall 2013 Midterm Exam
QUESTION 1
A plane wall of thickness L=0.2 m, thermal conductivity k=2 W/(mK) has its surface at x=0 insulated,
and the other surface at x=L is at T= 0 C . Heat is generated within the wall at a rate of
x 
q = 100 cos  W/m3.
 2L 
a) Develop an expression for one dimensional steady state temperature distribution in the Wall
b) Develop an expression and solve the temperature of the insulated surface.
QUESTION 2
Aliminium fins of recangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm spacing The fins have
thickness t=1 mm, length L=10 mm, and thermal conductivity of the fin material is k=200 W/(mK). He
plane wall is maintained at T0=240 C, and the fins dissipate heat by convection into the ambient air at
Tair=40 C with heat transfer coefficient h m=50 W/(mK)
5. Determine the fin efficiency
6. Determine the area weighted fin efficiency
7. Determine the heat loss from the wall per square meter of wall surface
QUESTION 3
A steel pipe has an internal radius of r1=40x10-3 m and outside radius of r1=50x10-3 m. Pipe
has a thermal conductivity k=55 W/(mK). Pipe is insulated by using 50x10-3 m thick glass-
fiber insulation with k=0.05 W/(mK). Inside the pipe water at Ti=100 C is flowing with a heat
transfer coeefficient hi=1200 W/(m2K) and in the outside of the pipe air at To=20 C existed
with a heat transfer coeefficient h0=10 W/(m2K).
a) Calculate the heat loss for 100 meters of pipe length (W/m).
b) Calculate Temperature outside of the insulation layer.
1179
HEAT TRANSFER I Fall 2013 Final Exam
QUESTION 1
An iron road of length L=0.3 m, diameter D=1x10-2m and thermal conductivity k=60 W/(mK) is
thermally attached horizontally to a large tank at temperature T 0=200 C. The road is dissipating heat by
convection into the ambient air at T inf=20 C with a covective heat transfer coefficient h=15 W/(m2K)
a) Find the heat transfer
b) Find the temperature at the and of the road (L=0.3 m)
QUESTION 2
A thick wood Wall[=0.82x10-7m2/s, k=0.15 W/(mK)] is initially at a uniform temperature of T i=20 C.

The wood may ignite at T=400C. If the surface is exposed to hot gases at Tinf=500 C, and the heat
transfer coefficient between the gas and the surface is h=45 W/(m2K). How long will it take for the
surface of the wood to ignition temperature[T=400C]
QUESTION 3 A 0.3 m x 0.3 m square shape is given with outside temperatures are 0 C, 100 C, 200 C
and 100 C as shown in the figure. If x=0.1 m and y= m, find temperatures T1,T2,T3 and T4 by
QUESTION 4 A rectangular aliminium bar 0.06 m by 0.03 m [k=200 W/(mK), Cp=890 J/(kgK),
=2700 kg/m3,=8.4x10-5m2/s] is initially at a uniform temperature T i= 175 C, suddenly all four
surfaces of the road are subjected to convective cooling with a heat transfer coefficient h=250 W/(m 2K)
into an anbient at Tinf=25 C . Determine the center temperature T 0 of the bar at t=60 s after the start of
the cooling
1180
HEAT TRANSFER II Spring 2015 Final Exam
M. Turhan ÇOBAN
QUESTION 1
Two square plates, each 1m by 1 m are parallel to and directly opposite each other at distance 1 m. The
hot plate is at T1=800 K and has an emmisssivity 1=0.8. The colder plate is T2=600 K and also has an
emmisssivity 2=0.8. rate by radiation at each plate. The configuration is given in the figure. Calculate
the heat transfer by radiation between the plates.
Eb1 − Eb 2 1 − 1 1−  2
q= R1 = R2 =
R1 + R12 + R2  1 A1  2 A2
1
R12 = Eb = T 4  = 5.67e − 8 W /(m 2 K 4 )
A1F12
X = X / L, Y = Y / L
  (1 + X 2 )(1 + Y 2 ) 1/ 2   
 ln + X (1 + Y 2 )1/ 2 tan −1 
X
+
  2 1/ 2 
2   1+ X + Y (1 + Y )  
2 2
Fij =  
 
XY  −1  Y  −1 −1 
 Y (1 + X ) tan  (1 + X 2 )1/ 2  − X tan ( X ) − Y tan (Y ) 
2 1/ 2
   
QUESTION 2
A counterflow heat exchanger is used to cool water (Cph=4187 J/(kgK) from Thi=90 C to Tho=60 C at a
rate of mh=0.5 kg/s with water (Cpc=4187 J/(kgK ) entering Tci=20 C at a rate of mc=1 kg/s. The
overall heat transfer coefficient is Um=200 W/(m2K). Calculate the heat transfer surface required and
exit temperature of cold water.
1181
q Ch (Thi − Tho ) Cc (Tc 0 − Tci ) UA
Cc = mcCpc Ch = mhCph = = or  = NTU =
qmax Cmin (Thi − Tci ) Cmin (Thi − Tci ) Cmin
Cmin 1 − exp− NTU (1 − Cr ) NTU
Cr = for counter flow:  = (Cr  1)  = (Cr = 1)
Cmax 1 − Cr exp− NTU (1 − Cr ) 1 + NTU
1   −1  
for counter flow: NTU = ln  (Cr  1) NTU = (Cr = 1)
Cr − 1  Cr − 1  1− 
QUESTION 3 A horizontal electrical heater of outside diameter D=0.025 m and length L=2 m
dissipates heat by free convection into atmospheric air at T =27 C. If the surface temperature of the
heater is 227 C, calculate the rate of heat transfer from heater to the air.
2
 0.387Ra1D/ 6  hD g (Ts − T ) D 3
NuD =  0.60 +  RaD  1012 NuD = RaD =

 (
1 + (0.559 / Pr) )
9 / 16 8 / 27 
 k 
1    P
 =−   = (ideal gaz)
  T  P RT
1182
HEAT TRANSFER II MIDTERM EXAM 16.04.2015 EXAM TIME:2 HOUR
PROBLEM 1
Water at an inlet temperature of 37 C enters into a pipe with 3x10 -2m in diameter end exit at a temperature of 87
C. The water velocity at the pipe inlet is u=3 m/s. If the surface temperature of the pipe is T s=97 C, calculate
b) Pipe length
PROBLEM 2
Saturated water at Tsat =100 C flows with a mass flow rate of m=0.1 kg/s through a 2.5x10 -2 m ID vertical tube of
L=5 m, subjected to a uniform wall temperature of T w=110 C. Calculate the two phase heat transfer coefficient
where x=0.1
PROBLEM 3 A horizontal cylinder of 0.05 m in diameter and 5 m in length maintained at a uniform temperature
of T=100 C is exposed to atmospheric air at 10 C. Calculate
a) the free convection heat transfer coefficient
b) The total heat transfer from the pipe
1183

Numerical Heat Transfer

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NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER

1. HEAT CONDUCTION INTRODUCTION

2. ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION SOLUTIONS

3. ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS: SEPARATIONS OF VARIABLES

4. FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS

5. FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

6. FURTHER ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS

7. INTEGRAL TRANSFORM METHOD

8. APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS: INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

9. PHASE CHANGE PROBLEMS

10. HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS

PART II HEAT CONVECTION

11. NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

12. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OVER BODIES

13. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN PIPES AND TUBES

14. NATURAL (FREE) CONVECTION

15. BOILING AND CONDENSATION

16. HEAT EXCHANGERS

PART III HEAT RADIATION

17. RADIATION BASIC DEFINITIONS

18. BLACK BODY RADIATION FUNCTION

19. SPECTRAL AND TOTAL EMMISSIVITY

20. ABSORTIVITY, REFLEVTIVITY AND TRANSMISSIVITY OF REAL SURFACES

21. SHAPE FACTOR (CONFUGURATION FACTOR) FOR SURFACES SEPERATED BY A

22. SURFACE EXCHANGE – NO PARTICIPATING MEDIUM

23. SURFACE EXCHANGE – PARTICIPATING MEDIUM

Dr. M. Turhan ÇOBAN, Ege University, 23.01.2020

1. HEAT CONDUCTION INTRODUCTION

1.1 HEAT CONDUCTION FORMULATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)

First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy) states that:

1.2 HEAT CONDUCTION FORMULATION IN GENERAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

𝒙 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)𝒄𝒐𝒔() 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)𝒔𝒊𝒏() 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)

1.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In this equation 𝜀 is called emmissivity coefficient. Emmisisvity is surface characteristicscify emitted

For a differential surface element

Surface type R=1/h m2K/W

Table 1.4.1-1 Thermal conductivity of metals

Table 1.4.1-2 Thermal conductivity of some materials

Table 1.4.1-3 Thermal conductivities of some materials as a function of temperature[93],[94]

public class thermal_conductivity_CS_Data extends Object

public static double [] thomas(double f[],double e[],double g[],double r[])

public static double dfSpline(double S[][],double x)

public static double dfSpline(double xi[],double yi[],double x)

public static double intSpline(double S[][],double a,double b)

public static double s0(double S[][],double a,double b)

public static double intSpline(double xi[],double yi[],double c0,double cn,double a,double b)

public double k_l(double t)

public class thermal_conductivity_CS

public thermal_conductivity_CS(String rName)

public String readNames()

public boolean readref(String rName)

class thermal_conductivity_CS_Model extends AbstractTableModel

public thermal_conductivity_CS_Model(String s,double t)

public int getRowCount() {return veri.length;}

public void setValues(String s,double t)

public void setValues(double t)

public boolean isCellEditable(int row, int col) {return true;}

public class thermal_conductivity_CS_Table extends JApplet implements ItemListener,ActionListener

l1[0]=new JLabel("name of the solid : ");