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UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA

2015/2016 SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS

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Course No BIO 112 Duration 2 hours Date May 2016

Title of Paper: DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS

Subject: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Morning/ Afternoon

INSTRUCTIONS:

Answer ALL questions in Sections A, B, C, D and choose ONE question only to answer in
Section E. Use specific examples and illustrations where appropriate.

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 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

2015/2016 SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS

Course Code: BIO 112 Course Name: DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS

Date: May 2016 Duration: 2 hours

INSTRUCTIONS

Answer ALL questions in Sections A, B, C, D and choose ONE question to answer in Section
E. Use specific examples and illustrations where appropriate.

SECTION A. Answer all questions in this section. Circle the correct answer (25 marks)

1. Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse
conditions?

a) A different type of sporopollenin

b) An internal reservoir of water
c) Integument(s)
d) Ability to disperse

2. The main way that pine tree disperses their offspring is by using

a) Fruits that are eaten by animals

b) Spores
c) Squirrels to bury cones
d) Windblown seeds

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3. Similar to cacti, conifers often have leaves that are modified into needle-like shape- and
adaptation to arid environments, yet the northern hemisphere and slopes of mountain
ranges receive plenty of annual rainfall and have dense coniferous forests. In what ways
are such environments able to account for the presence of trees whose leaves are
adapted to arid conditions?

a) The soil there drains poorly

b) Water around the roots or on the soil surface is often frozen and therefore
unavailable
c) The reflected light desiccates the unprotected leaves
d) UV light is intense at such latitudes

4. Which features of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?

a) They have exposed ovules

b) They have flagellated sperms
c) They are pollinated by animals
d) Both a and b

5. Which structure is common to both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

a) Stigma
b) Carpel
c) Ovule
d) Ovary

6. Which pair of structures protects seed plants embryos and male gametophytes from
desiccation?

a) Ovules: waxy cuticle

b) Ovaries: stamens
c) Pollen grain : waxy cuticle
d) Integuments: sporopollenin

7. Which is true statement about angiosperm carpels?

a) Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation

b) Carpels consist of anther and stamen
c) Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte
d) Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia

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8. The carpels and stamens are

a) A sporophyte plant in their own right

b) Gametophyte plant in their own right
c) Modified sporophylls
d) Spores

9. How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms

a) By nourishing the plants that make them

b) By facilitating dispersal of seeds
c) By producing triploid cells via double fertilization
d) By attracting insects to the pollen inside

10. What structures pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in
angiosperms?

a) One sperm nucleus

b) Two sperm nuclei
c) The pollen tube
d) B and c

11. Double fertilization is so called because it features the formation of

a) Two embryos from one egg and two sperms

b) One embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperms
c) Two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs
d) One embryo from involving one sperm cell and endosperm involving a second
sperm

12. What is the greatest threat to plant diversity?

a) Competition with other plants

b) Grazing and browsing by animals
c) Pathogenic fungi
d) Human population growth

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13. Where in the angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?

a) in a style of a flower
b) inside the tip of a pollen tube
c) within the ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
d) enclosed within the stigma of a flower

14. Which one of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and
angiosperms from other plants

a) alternation of generation
b) ovules
c) integuments
d) pollen

15. All of the following organisms are nonvascular plants except

a) Mosses
b) Liverworts
c) Ferns
d) Hornworts

16. Which of the following is not a mechanism of asexual reproduction?

a. Fission
b. Budding
c. Hermaphroditism
d. Fragmentation

17. When did the dinosaurs go extinct and what is the current theory about what caused
their extinction?

a. End of the Mesozoic – because of a huge meteor strike

b. End of the Quaternary – because of cooling climate
c. End of the Permian – because of huge volcanic eruptions
d. End of the Mesozoic because they were outcompeted by mammals

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18. The hydrozoans have alternation of generations. What two life-forms do they have?

a. Larva and adult

b. Sporozoite and merozoite
c. Choanozoite and archeozoite
d. Polyp and medusa

19. What are the reproductive segments of the tapeworm called?

a. Scolex
b. Proglottid
c. Somite
d. Clitellum

20. During embryonic development, unique cell layers develop and distinguish during a
stage called

a. the blastula stage

b. the morula stage
c. the gastrula stage
d. the organogenesis stage

21. Eutely:

a. refers to the situation where male punches the body a female anywhere and deposit
his sperm
b. refers to the situation where adult of a species are formed from a fixed number of
cells
c. refers to the situation where adult of a species regulate their osmotic balance
hydrostatically.
d. None of the above

22. Which of the following is not possible?

a. radially symmetrical diploblast

b. diploblastic eucoelomate
c. protostomic coelomate
d. bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome

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23. Which of the following features in embryonic development of deuterostomes does not
represent a major difference from protostomes?

a. pattern of blastopore formation

b. radial cleavage pattern for cell division
c. number of primary germ layers
d. The first cleavage divisions of the fertilized embryo produce identical daughter cells,
and any single cell, if separated can develop into a complete organism.

24. Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from
fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition

a. from organic material

b. by ingesting it
c. by consuming living, rather than dead, prey
d. by using enzymes to digest their food

25. What do animals as diverse as hydra and monkeys have in common?

a. Body cavity between the body wall and the digestive system
b. Number of embryonic germ layers
c. Type of body symmetry
d. Presence of Hox genes

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SECTION B Answer all questions. Use the spaces provided for your answers (20 marks)

1. Using well labelled diagrams ONLY show how the female gametophyte and gamete
is formed in angiosperms, starting with a megaspore (5)

2. How many cellular nuclei are contained in the pollen tube of angiosperms? What is
the ploidy of each nucleus? (2)
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3. How different is the endosperm of gymnosperms from endosperm in angiosperms

(1)

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4. How many eggs are produced in the peach fruit/seed______________________ (1)

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5. Identify the structure below. Label the parts shown by arrows.
State the special adaptations shown by the specimen giving reasons (4)

Adaptation and reasons

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6. Identify the structure below. State the function of each part. (4)

a) Identify_________________________________________________________________

b) Functions
i. Micropyle_________________________________________________________
ii. Integument________________________________________________________
iii. Archegonium______________________________________________________
iv. Ovuliferous scale___________________________________________________
v. Megasporangium__________________________________________________
vi. Female gametophyte________________________________________________

7. In whisk ferns, what is the spore- bearing structure called? (1)

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8. State two ways of asexual reproduction in nonvascular plants (2)

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SECTION C. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow
(15 marks).

Undisputed fossil records place the massive appearance and diversification of angiosperms
in the middle to late Mesozoic era. Angiosperms (“seed in a vessel”) produce a flower
containing male and/or female reproductive structures. Fossil evidence indicates that
flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous, about 125 million years ago, and
were rapidly diversifying by the Middle Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago. Earlier
traces of angiosperms are scarce. Fossilized pollen recovered from Jurassic geological
material has been attributed to angiosperms. A few early Cretaceous rocks show clear
imprints of leaves resembling angiosperm leaves. By the mid-Cretaceous, a staggering
number of diverse flowering plants crowd the fossil record. The same geological period is
also marked by the appearance of many modern groups of insects, including pollinating
insects that played a key role in ecology and the evolution of flowering plants.

Although several hypotheses have been offered to explain this sudden profusion and
variety of flowering plants, none have garnered the consensus of paleobotanists (scientists
who study ancient plants). New data in comparative genomics and paleobotany have,
however, shed some light on the evolution of angiosperms. Rather than being derived from
gymnosperms, angiosperms form a sister clade (a species and its descendents) that
developed in parallel with the gymnosperms. The two innovative structures of flowers and
fruit represent an improved reproductive strategy that served to protect the embryo, while
increasing genetic variability and range. Paleobotanists debate whether angiosperms
evolved from small woody bushes, or were basal angiosperms related to tropical grasses.
Both views draw support from cladistics studies, and the so-called woody magnoliid
hypothesis—which proposes that the early ancestors of angiosperms were shrubs—also
offers molecular biological evidence.

The most primitive living angiosperm is considered to be Amborella trichopoda, a small plant
native to the rainforest of New Caledonia, an island in the South Pacific. Analysis of the
genome of A. trichopoda has shown that it is related to all existing flowering plants and
belongs to the oldest confirmed branch of the angiosperm family tree. A few other
angiosperm groups called basal angiosperms, are viewed as primitive because they
branched off early from the phylogenetic tree. Most modern angiosperms are classified as
either monocots or eudicots, based on the structure of their leaves and embryos. Basal
angiosperms, such as water lilies, are considered more primitive because they share
morphological traits with both monocots and eudicots.

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1) Provide a title for the passage______________________________________________ (1)

2) In which era did the flowering plants first appear?____________________________ (1)

3) Where did the evidence of this event come from?

________________________________________________________________________ (1)

4) What parts of the flowering plants were found at this time?

________________________________________________________________________ (2)

5) In which period did the angiosperms increase and become diversified?

________________________________________________________________________ (1)

6) What other groups of living organisms played a role in the evolution of angiosperms
as we see them today? ____________________________________________________ (1)

7) What views have been put forward to explain how angiosperms evolved? (2)
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8) What advantages was the evolution of the flower and fruits? (2)
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9) What is the new sources of evidence to explain the evolution of angiosperms? (2)
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10) What is the major debate among paleobotanists concerning the evolution of
angiosperms (1)
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11) Why are basal angiosperms considered to be more primitive? (1)

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SECTION D. Answer all questions. Use the space provided for your answers (25 marks)

11. What is the name and the main function of each of the two kinds of nuclei in the
Ciliophora: (2 Marks)

a)________________________________________________________________________
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b)________________________________________________________________________
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12. What is the characteristic symmetry of echinoderms and why do we say it is

‘secondarily derived’ (2 marks)
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13. Give three advantages of multicellularity in metazoans? (3 marks)

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14. Distinguish between a germinal layer and a tissue layer. (2 marks)

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15. Describe characteristics which are used to define the Protostomia-Deuterostomia
development. (5 marks)

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16. What is Cambrian explosion? Briefly describe at least two theories that attempt to
explain the cause of the Cambrian explosion. (5 marks)

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 17. What is a coelom? Outline two advantages brought about through the evolution of
this characteristic. (3 marks)

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18. List the hierarchy of levels of organization found within the Kingdom Animalia.
(3 marks)

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SECTION E. Answer ONE question only from this section (15 marks)

19. Discuss how each of the following pairs of features was important in constructing the
phylogenetic tree of animals.

a. Radial versus Bilateral symmetry

b. Coelomate versus acoelomate body plan
c. Protostome versus deuterostome development

20. Describe the triploblastic body plans and outline their similarities and differences.

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THE END OF EXAMINATION

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