UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION ON THE LIFE AND - SECTION 2.

It shall be obligatory on all schools,

WORKS OF DR. JOSE RIZAL colleges and universities to keep in their libraries
June 12, 1956 an adequate number of copies of the original and
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works
ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of
AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, translations in English as well as other writings of
PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE Rizal shall be included in the list of approved
AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE books for required reading in all public or private
PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND schools, colleges and universities.
FOR OTHER PURPOSES  The Board of National Education shall determine the
 WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the
history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals enrollment of the school, college or university.
of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived - SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall
and died; cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
 WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal
particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine
remember with special fondness and devotion their dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
lives and works that have shaped the national character; editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
 WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the
particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the
Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of country.
patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially - SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as
during their formative and decisive years in school, amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty-
should be suffused; seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the
 WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the discussion of religious doctrines by public school
supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, - SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos
personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund
duties of citizenship; Now, therefore, not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to
- SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and carry out the purposes of this Act.
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli - SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be approval.
included in the curricula of all schools, colleges  Approved: June 12, 1956
and universities, public or private: Provided, that in  Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p.
the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated 2971 in June 1956.
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El THE STORY OF THE RIZAL LAW
Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be Filing of the Rizal Bill
used as basic texts.  In 1956, Sen. Claro M. Recto filed a measure which
 The Board of National Education is hereby authorized became the original Rizal Bill. Under the bill it shall be
and directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement obligatory for college and university students to study
and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the life and works of Rizal.
the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of the
and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor the bill at Congress.
from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and However, this was met with stiff opposition from the
regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to Catholic Church.
carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The  During the 1955 Senate election, the church charged
Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing Recto with being a communist and an anti-Catholic.
for the exemption of students for reasons of religious After Recto's election, the Church continued to oppose
belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the the bill mandating the reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me
requirement of the provision contained in the second Tángere and El Filibusterismo, claiming it would
part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from violate freedom of conscience and religion.
taking the course provided for in the first part of said  On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by Committee
paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect on Education Chairman Jose P. Laurel that
thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church
Gazette. was approved unanimously.
 The bill specified that only college (university) students and the El Filibusterismo are injected into the Filipino
would have the option of reading unexpurgated versions subject as part of the overall curriculum. In tertiary
of clerically-contested reading material, such as Noli education, however, Rizal is a subject required of any
Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo. course, in any college or university in the Philippines.
 On June 12, 1956, the bill was approved by the 1. BECAUSE IT IS MANDATED BY LAW
Philippine Legislature as Republic Act 1425; otherwise  The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to accomplish
known as Rizal Law. Incidentally, June 12 was declared the following goals:
as Flag Day. o To rededicate the lives of youth to the
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIZAL LAW ideals of freedom and nationalism, for
EFFECTS OF THE RIZAL LAW which our heroes lived and died
Positive Effects: o To pay tribute to our national hero for
 According to Hernando Abaya, 1984, the nationalist devoting his life and works in shaping the
reawakening began on the UP campus, sparked by the Filipino character
teaching of Rizal’s life and his writings made o To gain an inspiring source of patriotism
compulsory by the Noli-Fili law, co-authored by Recto through the study of Rizal’s life, works,
and Laurel. and writings.
 This is a statement from a person who was able to 2. BECAUSE OF THE LESSONS CONTAINED
witness the condition of the country before and after the WITHIN THE COURSE
Rizal law was implemented. He saw the change and the  To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and
positive effect of the law to our country back then. teachings in relation to present conditions and situations
 The youth was made aware of the contributions and the in the society.
principled life of Jose Rizal who was an emblem of  To encourage the application of such ideals in current
substantial nationalism and unconditional love for the social and personal problems and issues.
country. He embodies brilliance coupled with humility  To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of
and prestige that goes along with service. This Republic all that Rizal fought and died for.
Act has pushed for Rizal to be a role model for the  `To foster the development of the Filipino youth in all
youth of this country. aspects of citizenship.
 Through this republic act the essence of freedom and Week 2:
independence was emphasized to the youth. Also, it has THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS
been implied through this act that national identity is a RIZAL'S CONTEXT
very important legacy that our heroes have achieved CONDITIONS OF THE COUNTRY BEFORE THE
through sacrificing their own lives. They have passed it BIRTH OF JOSE RIZAL:
on to us, and it is our role to nurture and protect it. 1. More than 300 years of Spanish suppressive colonial
Negative Effects: rule
 The R. A. 1425 just caused havoc within educational 2. Several attempts, through revolts or uprisings, by the
institutions. Take the case of UP a couple of years after natives to drive the foreign rulers away were all futile
this law’s implementation. The UP Student Catholic 3. The lack of unity and nationalism seemed to be the
Action and numerous publications and students were culprit
pushed to go against their President, Dr. Singco because EVENTS LEADING TO THE CHANGE OF SYSTEM
they feel that the University is starting to become OF GOVERNMENT
godless. It has just caused a mass confusion between 1. Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment)
faith and nationalism. 2. Industrial Revolution
 The faith of the people is being compromised. This law 3. Age of Explorations and Discoveries
is endangering the Christian growth of the students who 4. The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
are still in their formative years. This can drive the PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN
youth to question the credibility of the church and its The Philippines was discovered by Spain under the
teachings and traditions. FERDINAND MAGELLAN expedition on March 17, 1521.
 According to a survey that we have conducted in our He was sent by king Charles I. With Spain and Portugal
university, the Rizal course is not actually significant competing on claims over the Moluccas and the Philippine
for the students. It has just been a laborious subject that Islands, the Spaniards were only able to return to the
adds unnecessary work load to students, and it Philippines in 1543 under the expedition of Ruy Lopez de
sometimes drives the students to lose focus on their Villalobos who named the islands as “Filipinas”. The
majors. Villalobos expedition exacted the location of the
WHY STUDY RIZAL? Philippines.
 It is of great importance that students understand the THE CONQUEST
rationale behind having to take up a Rizal course in In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to the
college. For high school students, the Noli Me Tangere Philippines by Phillip II, the new king of Spain, and also
Portugal. Legazpi became the first Governor General of the common faith in the possibility of a better world,
Philippines. He also established the Encomienda system. outlined specific targets for criticism and proposals for
Likewise, he founded the city of Manila under Spain in 1571 action.
after taking it from Rajah Sulayman. - The powers and uses of reason had first been explored
SYSTEMS AND POLICIES UNDER SPAIN by the philosophers of ancient Greece. The Romans
1. ENCOMIENDA: The first government adopted and preserved much of Greek culture, notably
system adopted by Spain in the islands. This system is including the ideas of a rational natural order and
based on land occupation entrusted to private persons natural law. Amid the turmoil of empire, however, a
who contributed to the conquest of the islands, the new concern arose for personal salvation, and the way
Catholic Church and the royal government. was paved for the triumph of the Christian religion.
2. PATRONATO REAL (royal patronage) the unity of Christian thinkers gradually found uses for their Greco-
Spain and the Catholic Church. This system puts the Roman heritage. The system of thought known as
Church under the authority of the government as agreed Scholasticism, culminating in the work of Thomas
by both the king and the Pope. This gave the clergy Aquinas, resurrected reason as a tool of understanding
national and local political authority referred to as but subordinated it to spiritual revelation and the
“frailocracy”. revealed truths of Christianity.
3. TRIBUTE: tax imposed by Spain to every family - The intellectual and political edifice of Christianity,
annually. It came in the form of produce or money. seemingly impregnable in the Middle Ages, fell in turn
4. FRAILOCRACY: the rule of the friars (Spanish to the assaults made on it by humanism, the
missionaries/ regular priests) which resulted to grave Renaissance, and the Protestant Reformation.
abuses among civilians. Most abusers were the Humanism bred the experimental science of Francis
“cura paroco” (parish priests) Bacon, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Galileo and the
5. ISOLATION POLICY: As a result of Spain’s mathematical investigations of René Descartes,
insecurity with the other Southeast Asian colonizers Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and Sir Isaac Newton. The
like the British in Malaya and the Dutch in Indonesia), Renaissance rediscovered much of Classical culture and
the Philippines was secluded from the rest of Asia and revived the notion of humans as creative beings, and the
trade was confined to the GALEON TRADE (the Reformation, more directly but in the long run no less
Mexico-Philippines exchange) effectively, challenged the monolithic authority of the
6. POLO: The compulsory service to the government Roman Catholic Church. For Martin Luther as for
rendered by all males, 16 to 60 years old annually Bacon or Descartes, the way to truth lay in the
without payment. FALLA refers to the payment exacted application of human reason. Received authority,
by anyone to be exempted from work whether of Ptolemy in the sciences or of the church in
7. Divide and Rule: the principle of disuniting the people matters of the spirit, was to be subject to the probing of
(making them go against each other) in order to govern unfettered minds.
them more effectively. - The successful application of reason to any question
- EVENTS LEADING TO THE CHANGE OF depended on its correct application—on the
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT development of a methodology of reasoning that would
1. Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment) serve as its own guarantee of validity. Such a
2. Industrial Revolution methodology was most spectacularly achieved in the
3. Age of Explorations and Discoveries sciences and mathematics, where the logics of induction
4. The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade and deduction made possible the creation of a sweeping
A. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT new cosmology. The success of Newton, in particular,
- Enlightenment, French (literally “century of the in capturing in a few mathematical equations the laws
Enlightened”), a European intellectual movement of that govern the motions of the planets, gave great
the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning impetus to a growing faith in the human capacity to
God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized attain knowledge. At the same time, the idea of the
into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West universe as a mechanism governed by a few simple—
and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, and discoverable—laws had a subversive effect on the
philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment concepts of a personal God and individual salvation that
thought were the use and celebration of reason, the were central to Christianity.
power by which humans understand the universe and - Inevitably, the method of reason was applied to religion
improve their own condition. The goals of rational itself. The product of a search for a natural—rational—
humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, religion was Deism, which, although never an
and happiness. organized cult or movement, conflicted with
- The Enlightenment was both a movement and a state of Christianity for two centuries, especially in England and
mind. The term represents a phase in the intellectual France. For the Deist, a very few religious truths
history of Europe, but it also serves to define programs sufficed, and they were truths felt to be manifest to all
of reform in which influential literati, inspired by a rational beings: the existence of one God, often
 conceived of as architect or mechanical, the existence to higher levels of motivation and education that
of a system of rewards and punishments administered resulted in several ground-breaking inventions that are
by that God, and the obligation of humans to virtue and still used today such as the telephone, X-ray, lightbulb,
piety. Beyond the natural religion of the Deists lay the calculator and anesthesia. The Industrial Revolution
more radical products of the application of reason to improved people’s lives. Due to Industrial Revolution
religion: skepticism, atheism, and materialism. advancements, there were improvements in nutrition,
- The Enlightenment produced the first modern health care and education.
secularized theories of psychology and ethics. John PITFALLS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Locke conceived of the human mind as being at birth a - Several major pitfalls developed as the Industrial
tabula rasa, a blank slate on which experience wrote Revolution progressed. There was a reduction in
freely and boldly, creating the individual character agriculture as people were abandoning their farms to
according to the individual experience of the world. work in city factories where they could earn a higher
Supposed innate qualities, such as goodness or original income. This led to a shortage a food produced on
sin, had no reality. In a darker vein, Thomas Hobbes farms. Increased pollution was a pitfall of the Industrial
portrayed humans as moved solely by considerations of Revolution. Before the sharp increase in factory
their own pleasure and pain. The notion of humans as numbers, there was a limited amount of pollution
neither good nor bad but interested principally in generated in the world as production was predominantly
survival and the maximization of their own pleasure led manual. The Industrial Revolution provided an
to radical political theories. Where the state had once incentive to increase profits, and as a result, working
been viewed as an earthly approximation of an eternal conditions in factories deteriorated. Long hours,
order, with the City of Man modeled on the City of inadequate remuneration and minimal breaks became
God, now it came to be seen as a mutually beneficial the norm. This subsequently led to health issues for
arrangement among humans aimed at protecting the many factory workers. Labor movements in the United
natural rights and self-interest of each. States developed momentum from the late 19th century
B. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION in response to poor working conditions that developed
 The Industrial Revolution was a period of major during the Industrial Revolution.
industrialization that took place during the late 1700s C. AGE OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERIES
and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution began in What Was the Age of Exploration or the Age of
Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world; Discovery?
the American Industrial Revolution, commonly referred - The Age of Exploration is an informally defined
to as the second Industrial Revolution, started sometime period of European history when overseas
between 1820 and 1870. This time period saw the exploration became a major part of European
mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing culture.
and a revolution in power, including steam ships and - The Age of Exploration, also known as the Age of
railroads, that effected social, cultural and economic Discovery, is the period in European history when
conditions. overseas exploration began to grow in popularity.
BREAKING DOWN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION This era began in the late 1400’s and lasted through
 Although the Industrial Revolution occurred the 1700’s. It is responsible for influencing
approximately 200 years ago, it is a period in time that European culture, initiating globalization, and
left a profound impact on how people lived and the way introducing colonialism around the world. For
businesses operated. Arguably, factory systems many Europeans, the Age of Exploration signifies a
developed during the Industrial Revolution are time when new lands were discovered. However,
responsible for the creation of capitalism and the for many others, the Age of Exploration is
modern cities of today. Production efficiency improved remembered as a time their lands were invaded and
during the Industrial Revolution with inventions such as settled by newcomers.
the steam engine, which dramatically reduced the time - Overseas travel, exploration, and discovery paved
it took to manufacture products. More efficient the way for trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa
production subsequently reduced prices for products, (the Old World) and Australia and the Americas
primarily due to lower labor costs. Cheaper steel prices (the New World). This trade brought about the
encouraged the development of infrastructure such as exchange of new foods, animals, and plants.
railroads and bridges during the American Industrial Additionally, it saw the introduction of new human
Revolution. populations, including an increase in the trade and
INCREASED EMPLOYMENT AND INNOVATION sale of slaves and the use of slavery. The Age of
- The Industrial Revolution created an increase in Exploration facilitated the exchange of ideas and
employment opportunities. As factories became more religions between the hemispheres, but also
prolific, managers and employees were required to resulted in the spread of communicable diseases,
operate them; this had a flow-on effect of new and which severely reduced and, in some cases, wiped
innovative products emerging. Increased innovation led out some populations.
 - Because of this historical period, world maps are Ocean. His exploration crew first landed in the
now available. Although, this arguably led to already inhabited Canary Islands before proceeding
increased military conquest and resource to the Bahamas. He erroneously believed that he
exploitation. Christian missionaries were also able had landed in the West Indies.
to spread around the world during the Age of - By the beginning of the 1500’s, the governments of
Exploration, helping Christianity become one of other countries commissioned explorers to search
the most widely practiced religions in the world. for a shorter route to the “West Indies”. This
EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE AGE OF resulted in the North Atlantic route to present-day
EXPLORATION Newfoundland in North America. Doubts began to
- Before the Age of Exploration really took off, raise that this new Atlantic path was actually
several seafaring expeditions occurred, leaving leading to Asia. Explorers began to learn
behind some information that prompted the Age of significantly more about these new lands and by
Exploration. In the 12th century, Muhammad al- 1513, the Pacific Ocean was reached by crossing
Idrisi, an Arab geographer, created a world map for the Isthmus of Panama.
the King of Sicily. Al-Idrisi collected information EXPLORING THE PACIFIC OCEAN AND BEYOND
from Norman explorers and Islamic merchants, - Discovering that the Pacific Ocean is located on the
creating the most complex and thorough world map other side of the New World led to a renewed desire to
of its time. However, little was known about the explore. Between 1515 and 1516, Spanish crews sailed
southern reaches of the African continent, so it was the west coast of South America, while the Portuguese
excluded. This map, the Tabula Rogeriana, were exploring off the coast of Southeast Asia. This
provided inspiration to a number of curious exploration resulted in the first circumnavigation of the
explorers. world in 1519. Magellan took off from Seville with a
- From the late 13th to early 15th century (the fleet of 5 ships, sailing south toward South America and
Middle Ages), some explorers traveled by land navigating around the southern tip known as Tierra del
from to Eurasia and beyond, using pre-existing Fuego. The crew continued across the Pacific Ocean,
trade routes from Eurasia to the Middle East to landed in the Spice Islands in 1521, and returned to
China. These trips were carried out by Italian Spain in September of 1522.
traders, Christian missionaries, and Russian - Exploration increasingly left the water and entered the
royalty. In the mid-14th century, a Moroccan land, resulting in invasions and colonizations
scholar set out to several regions, including: North throughout the Americas. Northern European countries
Africa, West Africa, the Sahara Desert, the Horn of and Russia became involved in world exploration in the
Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, and China. latter part of the 16th century further exploring North
During the early 15th century, Arab and Chinese America, Siberia, New Zealand, and Australia.
traders traveled along the Indian Ocean and to LEGACY OF THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
present-day India, Thailand, East Africa, Arabia, - The Age of Exploration has had perhaps one of the
and Southeast Asia. When the Young Emperor of greatest impacts on global relations of any other historic
China died, however, the new Emperor advocated period or event. Because of this widespread discovery
isolationism and abolished international and exploration movement, New World and Old World
exploration and trade. Several books were products were exchanged. This brought horses, cows,
published about travel accounts, feeding the greater and sheep from Europe to the New World and tobacco,
of the world and its undiscovered places. cotton, potatoes, and corn to the Old World.
THE FIRST DISCOVERIES OF THE AGE OF - European forces came to dominate large tracts of land
EXPLORATION and inhabitants around the world, taking advantage of
- The Portuguese are often credited with making the their perceived discoveries to colonize, settle, and
first discoveries of the Age of Exploration. These exploit the new areas. This gave rise to the Age of
exploration parties traveled down the west coast of Imperialism, which was pushed by increasing demand
Africa and eventually to the Cape of Good Hope for slaves, commodities, and trade. Many existing
and into the Indian Ocean by 1488. A decade later, communities and kingdoms were abolished and taken
Vasco de Gama discovered the way around the over by European interests. With these political
Cape of Good Hope and to India, which established aggressions came language, cultural, and religious
the first sea route between Portugal and India. conversions as well as genocides and removal of
Portuguese exploration continued to Japan in 1542 indigenous peoples from their original lands and homes.
and to Brazil in 1500. - During the Age of Exploration, the slave trade grew
- Late in the 15th century, Spain became involved in significantly which had a profound impact on the
sea exploration as well in order to overcome the economy and on society as a whole. The introduction of
monopoly that Portugal held over the west African agricultural practices and crops was so successful that
trade route. In 1492, Christopher Columbus left some areas now rely on introduced foods as major
Spain, manning 3 ships, and crossed the Atlantic dietary staples (this includes potatoes in Europe and
 manioc and corn in Africa). Many of these new staples Marquina recommended that the King of Spain open
helped to increase the population sizes in their new Manila to world commerce. Your Majesty the King
countries. Goods and commodities were not the only declared the Royal Company of the Philippines
things traded during the Age of Exploration. abolished and opened Manila’s ports to world trade. Ø
Additionally, technology and cultures were also shared. Governor-General Basco had opened the Philippines to
This was a time when countries everywhere began to this trade.
understand that the world was much bigger than - Other persons who joined in the opening of the
previously believed. The economies, cultures, and Philippines to world trade were: Sebir (1787) a
politics of many countries around the world were Frenchman conducted a profitable business in Manila;
drastically influenced by this period in history. Tomas de Comyn (1798), a Spanish writer, in his book
- Retrieved from: published in Madrid 1820, mentioned an unnamed
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-age- English merchant who left the Philippines in 1798 after
of-exploration-or-the-age-of-discovery.html living in Manila for 20 years during which he became
- OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINE PORT TO rich; George W. Hubbell (1821), an American
WORLD TRADE businessman, and his younger brother Henry, arrived in
- It means that the goods from the Philippines could be Manila, engaged in business, and founded the Hubbell
shipped out to any of the countries abroad. And goods Company.
from other country could enter the Philippines directly. What Is the Impact of Opening the Port to World Trade
Before Spanish banned the other foreigners from living to All Filipinos?
in the provinces or having businesses in the Philippines. The Impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to All
They did not apply to Chinese settlers, but it covered Filipinos 19th Century:
other white men. a. When world trades open to the Philippines, it has
- History of Opening of Port to World Trade caused for the Spaniards to sell more product to other
- The world turns its eyes on the Philippines when, the countries. Since the materials came from the
Royal Company of the Philippines, or in Spanish, the Philippines. They use our resources and do not repay
Real Compaña de Filipinas Governor-General Félix us as they sell more things we grow to have less
Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of resources. But the positive is that our economy
Spain to open Manila to world commerce. Furthermore, increases.
the bankruptcy of the Real Compaña de Filipinas b. The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its
(Royal Company of the Philippines) catapulted the local industries developed to satisfy the rising
Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal demands of an industrializing Europe.
decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of c. Manila and the Philippines garnered great economic
the company were revoked and the port of Manila was growth around this time. Many shops opened in the
opened to trade. Binondo and the rest of the “Extramuros” area (the
- On September 6, 1834, the Philippines opened to world areas outside of Intramuros). The best part of this was
trade- by a royal decree, Your Majesty the King that some were also owned by Filipino businessmen
declared the Royal Company of the Philippines who were knowledgeable in finance and consumer
abolished and opened Manila’s ports to world trade. retail. Manila itself expanded – more people came to
Because Manila was a great harbor (the shape of the settle in the city and grew rich through profit from
bay protected trade boats from rough waters) it became trade.
one of the best cities to trade with, luring American, d. In short by 19th and 20th century, the opening of the
British and other European and Asian merchants to its port and the other parts of the Philippine to foreign
shores. As a result, Spain’s economic supremacy lost its trade brought not only economic prosperity to the
footing in the region. country but also remarkable transformation in the life
- Modern methods of production and transportation, of the Filipinos. As the people, prospered, their
notably sugar mills and steamships, opened the standard of living improved.
Philippines for economic development. British, French, Some of the Filipino Revolts Against Spanish Rule
Dutch, and North American traders began to demand 16th century
Philippine agricultural products, including sugar, cigars, - Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) or the Tagalog
and abaca (Manila hemp). Sugar became the leading revolt against the Legazpi and Lavezares
export crop. In 1834 Spain lifted restrictions on trade administrations.
between foreign nations and the Philippines. - Pampanga Revolt (1585) of Datus against
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN OPENING THE PORT TO Encomenderos
WORLD TRADE - Conspiracy of the Maharlikas in Tondo (1587-1588)
- The good and quite modern King Charles III of Spain - The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against Tribute
was the one who created the company, and his goal was (1589)
to make trade to Spain from the Philippines more - Magalat Revolt (1596) led by Magalat, a Cagayano
efficient. Governor-General Félix Berenguer de rebel
17th century - Juan and Cirila had thirteen children and the youngest
- Igorot Revolt (1601) against conversion to Christianity was Francisco, “Kikoy”, Rizal’s father.
- Bancao Revolt (1621-1622) for religious freedom in Both Rizal’s grandfather Juan, and great-grandfather
Leyte Francisco became Capitanes or town mayors of Biñan.
- Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50) of Warays of Northern Upon the death of his mother, Francisco, Rizal’s father,
Samar moved to Calamba where he became a tenant and
- Maniago Revolt (1660-1661) in Pampanga against friar farmer of a large Dominican estate. He also built his
and government abuses house there
- Malong Revolt (1660-1661) in Pangasinan w/ Maniago On 28 June 1848, he married Teodora Alonzo. In 1849,
- Chinese Resistance of 1662 against pirate Koxinga when Gov. Narciso Claveria issued the decree on the
- Panay Revolt (1663) by Tapar a religious pagan. Hispanization of Filipino names, he chose the new
- Zambal(es) Revolt (1681-1683) by Chieftains surname Rizal. The name is from the Latin word
18th century “ricial” meaning “green field.”
- Agrarian Revolt of 1745 of Batangas, Laguna and In 1850 he petitioned the court to change the family
Cavite name to Rizal, with all their children being surnamed as
- Dagohoy Rebellion of 88 years (1744-1829) in Bohol. such.
- Diego & Gabriela Silang Revolt (1762-1763) in Ilocos - Teodora Alonzo Realonda (b. November 8, 1826 – d.
- Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) during the British invasion August 16, 1911) The mother of Jose Rizal, born as a
19th century Manileña, was an educated Filipina who graduated
- Novales Revolt (1823) in Manila against peninsulares from the Colegio de Santa Rosa. She moved to Biñan
- Palmero Conspiracy (1828) a failed plot against Spain with her parents and siblings as a teenager.
Hermano Pule Religious Revolt (1840-1843) in - Of Spanish and Japanese ancestry, Teodora was a
Tayabas talented woman whose interests lay in literature,
Causes of the Filipinos’ Defeat culture, and business, and was well-versed in Spanish.
1. Disunity because of lack of national identity. The She helped her husband in farming and in their
divide and rule strategy was an obstacle. business. She devoted herself to the children's education
2. Loyalty crisis because of ethnic differences and growth as morally-upright individuals.
3. Self-interest - Teodora's lineage can be traced to Lakan Dula, the great
4. Lack of preparation and training ruler of Tondo. Her great grandfather, who was of
5. Absence of sufficient weapons and firepower Japanese blood, was Eugenio Ursua (Ochoa). Her
6. Geographical isolation and separation maternal grandfather, Manuel de Quintos was a popular
7. Communication gap due to language differences lawyer in his time. Brigida de Quintos was his daughter
RIZL211 and mother of Teodora.
WEEK 4: From the father side, Gregorio Alonzo was the great-
INJUSTICE, LIBERALISM AND GOMBURZA great grandfather of Rizal. His son Cipriano, who
MARTYRDOM belonged to Biñan's long list of Capitanes was married
BIRTH, FAMILY & ANCESTRY of dr. JOSE RIZAL to Maria Florentina. Their son, Lorenzo Alberto would
- Jose Protacio Rizal- Mercado y Alonzo-Realonda was become the father of Dona Teodora, Rizal’s mother.
born on Wednesday, the 19th of June 1861, in Calamba, - Teodora was second child of Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo,
Laguna. an engineer and a recipient of the most sought
He was the seventh in a brood of eleven children of decoration, the Knight of the Grand Order of Isabella
Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo. and the Catholic Order of Carlos III. He was first
He was baptized three days later by Fr. Rufino married to Paula Florentina from whom he had the son,
Collantes at St. John the Baptist parish of Calamba. Fr. Jose Alberto. Later, from Brigida de Quintos, a fair and
Pedro Casañas stood as his godfather (ninong). well-educated lady, were the children Narcisa, Teodora,
- Francisco Mercado (b. May 11, 1818 – d. January 5, Gregorio and Manuel.
1898), the father of Jose Rizal was a native of Biñan, When Governor Claveria issued the decree for the
Laguna. He was an educated and industrious farmer revision and adoption of new names, the children of
who studied at Colegio de San Jose in Manila. Of the Alberto Alonzo adopted the surname Realonda. Thus,
ancestry, his great grandfather (Rizal’s great-great the name Teodora Alonzo became Teodora Alonzo
grandfather) was Domingo Lam-co, a migrant from Realonda.
Amoy (Guanzhou), China. He was baptized as a THE RIZAL FAMILY
Catholic and married the Filipina Ines de la Rosa. - The marriage of Francisco and Teodora was blessed
The couple had the child Francisco Mercado, who then with eleven children – two boys and nine girls.
married Bernarda Monicha. One of their sons was Juan - Saturnina (1850-1913)
Mercado, Rizal’s grandfather, who would marry Cirila She is the eldest. She became the wife of Manuel
Alejandro Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas.
- Paciano (1851-1930) He was the family caretaker.
- After his younger brother’s execution, he joined the The main source of their livelihood was the sugarcane
Philippine Revolution. plantation which was being rented from the
He retired to his farm in Los Baños where he lived as a Dominicans.
farmer. The farm also had coconut (copra), rice fields, fruit-
He had 2 children by his common-law wife (Severina bearing trees and a large turkey farm.
Decena)- a boy and a girl. - Moreover, the family milled their sugar and had a ham
- Narcisa (1852-1939) She was married to Antonio press.
Lopez, a school teacher of Morong, Rizal. - Doña Lolay, fond name for Doña Teodora, who
- Olimpia (1855-1887) She became the wife of Silvestre belonged to an affluent family was relatively popular in
Ubaldo, a telegraph operator of Manila. Calamba and in Binan, and was well respected by the
She died in 1887 from childbirth. town folks.
- Lucia (1857-1919) She became the wife of Mariano - At an early age Pepe (nickname of Jose) proved to be a
Herbosa, a town mate from Calamba. truly gifted boy.
Herbosa died of cholera and was denied Christian burial - His mother was his first teacher.
because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Jose Rizal - At the age of three he was already taught how to read
- Maria (1859-1945) She became the wife of Daniel the Latin and Spanish alphabets.
Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna. - He was trained to work fast and efficiently, to be honest
- Jose Protacio (1861-1896) The seventh child in the at all times, and to always pray to God.
family. - His younger sister Concepcion, fondly called Concha,
He was married to a Scottish girl named Josephine his playmate and best friend, died of a sickness at the
Bracken. age of three.
- Concepcion (1862-1865) She died at the age of three - Jose was four years old at the time. Josefa, the next
(3) due to illness. sister, should have taken the place of Concha, but with
- Josefa (1865-1945) She was an epileptic her health condition, being an epileptic.
She died at the age of 80 as a spinster. - Jose was probably more of a caretaker to her rather than
- Trinidad (1868-1951) She was also a spinster. She died a playmate.
at the age of 83. She administered much Rizal’s - Trinidad or Trining, the sibling next to Josefa, was even
properties in Dapitan. much closer to Jose. She was a girl with a strong
- Soledad (1870-1929) She was the youngest in the character. It is as if Jose had a new younger brother.
family. She became the wife of Pantaleon Quintero - “The Moth and the Flame” from the book, El Amigo de
also from Calamba. los Ninos.
CHILDHOOD MEMOIRS OF JOSE RIZAL - Jose learned many stories and legends even at a young
- Calamba, Laguna was a special place for Jose Rizal. age.
It is here where he was born, raised and spent his early He remembered his “yaya” (Tagalog word: nanny)
childhood. would always frighten him through her stories of freaky
- Even when Rizal was already in Europe he would night creatures.
remember this town as the place where he spent some However, of all the stories told, he would never forget
of the most joyous times of his life. the story of “The Moth and the Flame” from the book,
- THE RIZAL HOUSE. The Rizal house was large, a El Amigo de los Ninos.
two-storey building built of adobe stones, hardwood - Some of those who became very influential to Jose
and tiled roof. when he was young were the three brothers of his
- The Rizal house was large, a two-storey building built mother.
of adobe stones, hardwood and tiled roof. - They were uncles Gregorio, Manuel and Jose Alberto.
It had many rooms: for the girls, the boys, another for - Pepe would always come along to his uncles who
the couple, and quarters for servants. taught him things that would benefit him in the future.
- The family had a huge dining table and a big ceiling o Jose Alberto, an artist, would teach Pepe skills in
fan. sketching and drawing through the use of a pencil
- They also had a library of more than a thousand or charcoal.
volumes of Latin and Spanish books. o Manuel, being an athlete, would instruct him the
- In their backyard there is a nipa hut, a native house rudiments of fencing and wrestling.
whose roof was made of thatched cogon grass and o Lastly, his uncle Gregorio, who was a lover of
bamboo wall, where the children played. books and a writer, would instill in him a passion
- Many fruit-bearing trees surrounded the house. for writing and an appreciation to poetry and
- The Rizal family also had a library of more than a literature.
thousand volumes of Latin and Spanish books. - When Doña Teodora gave birth to Soledad, the eleventh
- Rizal’s family was one of the richest families in child in the family, Don Francisco together with Jose
Calamba. Indeed, they belonged to the principalia, a went to Antipolo for a pilgrimage.
town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. - Jose was then seven years old.
- Afterwards, they proceeded to Manila where they THE IMPRISONMENT OF RIZAL’S MOTHER.
visited Saturnina who was then a boarding student at La - Before the end of 1871 and just right after the
Concordia College in Sta. Ana. Christmas celebration, Dona Teodora was arrested on
BIÑAN STUDIES malicious charge that she had conspired with her
- At the age of nine, Jose would be sent by his parents to brother, Jose Alberto, in the attempt to murder the
Biñan to continue his primary education under the latter’s wife, Teodora Formosa, by poisoning.
instruction of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. Ordinarily, she should have been sent to the Calamba
- Maestro Justiniano was a renowned teacher adept in jail. However, it was payback time, for the arresting
Latin and Spanish grammar. officials were Spaniards who had some grudge with
- In fact, he was a former teacher of his brother Paciano. Don Kikoy. These people, according to Rizal, have
- In the first weeks of his studies in Biñan, he would even frequented their house before as visitors in
receive ruler blows on his palms for his mistakes and celebrating various occasions. She was instead tied at
misbehavior. the back of a wagon and was dragged to travel by foot
- The pain of Maestro Justiniano’s punishment helped from Calamba to Santa Cruz (capital of Laguna). This
him to take his studies seriously. Maestro Justiniano was equivalent to a day’s walk. She was then
was of the old school who believed in the maxim imprisoned in Santa Cruz city jail. The imprisonment
"Spare the rod and spoil the child." would go on for two years and a half, and Francisco
- Later on, Jose would be able to catch up quickly and would use all his resources just to see his wife free from
win many prizes in competitions held by the maestro. jail. The case could have ended before 1873 and Lolay
He had practically beaten all his Biñan schoolmates. could have been freed, but because of the intervention
- Maestro Justiniano, though a strict disciplinarian, was of Mayor Antonino Vivencio del Rosario the case was
also a conscientious instructor. reopened in the Royal Audencia. Don Francisco had to
- The teacher told Jose, who had been only a few months hire two of some of the best lawyers from Manila for
under his care, that he already knew as much as his the case.
master. THE SPANISH REVOLUTION.
- Thus, he advised his parents that Jose be sent to Manila - In 1868, a revolution broke out in Spain in defiance
to pursue higher education. against the oppressive reign of Queen Isabel II. This
- Being physically frail and thin, Jose was initially was staged and led by two of her generals, Marshals
bullied by his classmates. Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim. The Spanish people
- One of them was a boy named Pedro whom he called it as ‘Revolucion de Disgusto’ or ‘Revolution of
remembered as the first one he had a brawl with. Disgust’. At the end of the event, Queen Isabel II was
- Another one was Andres Salandanan who almost broke ousted and took refuge in France. Francisco Serrano
his arm during a “bunong braso” or arm-wrestling became the Marshal Regent of Spain. Eventually, with
match. the will of the people, Serrano created a republican
- Arm-wrestling is a sport with two participants. form of government and ended absolute monarchy in
- Each participant places one arm, both put either the Spain. This move started to pave the way for liberal
right or left, on a surface, with their elbows bent and forms to be introduced not only to Spain but also in the
touching the surface, and they grip each other's hand. colonies. A new Governor General was named for the
- The goal is to pin the other's arm onto the surface, with Philippines, Carlos Ma. dela Torre.
the winner's arm over the loser's arm. DELA TORRE AND LIBERALISM.
- Biñan had been a valuable experience for young Rizal. - Probably the best administrator the Philippines ever had
There he had met a host of relatives and from them during the Spanish rule, dela Torre and his liberalism
heard much of the past of his father's family. was highly favored in Manila and the rest of the
- He befriended Leandro, his cousin’s son. His best friend territory. Censorship was abolished and government
in the class, though, was Jose Guevarra, his painting criticisms were accepted as reforms recommended by
partner in the class of a painting guru Mang Juancho, various sectors were welcomed. Some of the reforms
the ageing father-in-law of Maestro Justiniano. that were being considered or already introduced by the
- Rizal stayed for one and a half years in Binan for his new administration were:
studies. o the Filipinization of Parishes: the handing over of
RIZL211 parishes to Filipino secular priests as successors to
WEEK 4: the Spanish missionaries from the religious orders.
INJUSTICE, LIBERALISM AND GOMBURZA o the abolition of polo in Cavite which affected the
MARTYRDOM agricultural economy of the province and the people
OVERVIEW themselves.
In this Unit, the students are expected to: o the lifting of heavy taxes to native military
1. Analyze the effects of the Injustice experienced by the servicemen and other reforms that became beneficial
Rizal Family, the Liberalism that happened in the to the locals in the royal army
Colony and the Martyrdom of the GOMBURZA
 o the Education Decree of 1869 which placed all THE CAVITE MUTINY AND MARTYRDOM OF THE
schools under government supervision. This gave GOMBURZA
way for many natives to have children go to college - On the night of January 20, 1872 about 200 Filipino
and university: and soldiers and workmen of the Cavite Arsenal at Fort San
o the creation of the Guardia Civil which was truly Felipe rose in a violent mutiny under the leadership of
intended for the protection of civilians from Sgt. La Madrid. Unfortunately, this Cavite Mutiny was
bandits, pirates and ordinary criminals. suppressed two days later by troop reinforcement from
THE SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT. Manila. La Madrid and the mutineers were defeated by
- The Secularization of the Parishes was pioneered by Fr. Lt. Felipe Ginoves. The Spanish authorities magnified
Pedro Pelaez. It was a move to give opportunities for Jose Burgos as the mastermind of the incident together
the secular Filipino priests to occupy parishes, the with Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez. The case was
occupation of which they were really trained to do. rebellion.
Since the beginning of the colonial period parishes have - Evidence coming from the Intramuros investigation
been traditionally awarded to missionaries, the regular included testimonies of those who were captured in the
Spanish friars. This was due to the Spanish Cavite Mutiny which included Francisco Zaldua.
government’s distrust among natives. The colonial According to the prosecution, Jose Burgos did not only
government continued to be in control of the Church plan a mutiny but a rebellion of which the aim was the
during the entire Spanish period in the Philippines. assassination of Izquierdo and an attack on Intramuros.
- The only time the native priests were given the He allegedly financed and mastermind this move and
opportunity to take care of parishes was during the was supported by native soldiers and citizens, not only
expulsion of the Jesuits in the Philippines. However, from Cavite but also from Manila and other provinces.
this only served as an interlude for it was cut right after The Cavite Mutiny was mere error that failed the whole
the Jesuits were returned by the Church to service. After grand plan. On February 17, 1872, Gomburza were
the untimely death of P. Pedro Pelaez, who was a executed upon the order of the Gov. Gen. Rafael
casualty of an earthquake that destroyed parts of the Izquierdo. Paciano, Jose’s brother saw the execution.
Manila Cathedral, his follower P. Jose Burgos took his The search for those others involved, likewise,
place to champion the secular priests. The ageing P. commenced. As a result, many of those accused of
Mariano Gomez and the young P. Jacinto Zamora direct or indirect involvement were either exiled or
partnered him in the movement. executed.
A REVERSAL OF FORTUNE. - Paciano who was then a student of Colegio de San Jose
- The founding of the republic in Spain created issues and was boarding with Father Burgos was gravely
that would take the Philippines back to the old ways. affected by the event for he was a trusted assistant of
One of these issues is that Spain cannot be Spain Burgos in the fight for the Filipinization of the parishes.
without a traditional monarch, and so, they crowned a His close association with Burgos was so crucial that
new one in the person of Amadeo of Savoy, a new king after the execution of the three priests, evading arrest or
under the new Spanish Constitution. Another issue is suspicion, he quit studies in Colegio de San Jose, where
that the liberalism that was achieved by Spain must Burgos became his professor, and returned to Calamba.
only be confined in Spain and the colonies must have, Here, he told the heroic story of Burgos to his family
still, a separate set of laws that would not endanger and revealed his kept secrets to his father. Don
Spanish interest. Liberalism in the Philippines, as Francisco on his part, made a specific instruction to all
introduced by dela Torre, had already starting to his children that no one must talk anymore about
encourage many Filipino patriots to petition the Burgos (even though a family relative), the Cavite
government for more political reforms. But with mutiny, nor the word “filibustero’ (anti-government).
Serrano ousted from power, the Spanish Cortes, the This was for Paciano’s protection.
parliament, adopted a new administrative policy that - The martyrdom of Gomburza and the injustice to his
was implemented for the colonies, a policy of terror. mother made Rizal to become truly aware of the evils of
THE RESTORATION OF TERROR. Spanish tyranny, and that even priests can get executed
- Military rule was restored to the Philippines as a new as long as you are not one of them, a Spaniard.
administrator arrived to replace dela Torre. With a vow PPT copy
to erase from the minds of the Filipinos the joys of the THE ARREST and DETENTION of RIZAL’S
liberalism and a dream for a future independence, MOTHER
military action was executed by Gov. Gen. Rafael - One of the turning points of Jose Rizal’s life, which had
Izquierdo. He immediately reversed all the reforms of a profound influence on his becoming a political activist
the former governor and used the Guardia Civil to later on, was the unjust arrest of his mother. His mother
protect the interest of the government from the civilian based on a malicious and concocted charge was accused
population. As a consequence, he attracted many to have conspired with her brother, Jose Alberto, in an
enemies from various sectors who were affected. attempt to kill the latter’s wife by poisoning, despite the
lack of evidence against her. But what made the arrest
 even worse was her humiliating treatment at the hands the way for many natives’ children to enter college
of authorities who made her walk all the way from or university; and
Calamba to the provincial jail in Santa Cruz, which was 5. The creation of the Guardia Civil which was truly
50 kilometers far. It was payback time for the arresting intended for the protection of the civilians from
Spanish officials who had some grudges with Don bandits, pirates and ordinary criminals.
Kikoy (nickname of Don Francisco.) There she was - The Secularization of the Parishes was pioneered by Fr.
imprisoned for two years before gaining her freedom. Pedro Pelaez. It was a move to give opportunities for
- All these she took with calm and quiet dignity, which the secular Filipino priests to occupy parishes, the
Rizal though only a child of eleven about to embark on occupation of which they were really trained to do.
secondary school in Manila would remember. The case - Since the beginning of the colonial period parishes have
could have ended before 1873 and Teodora should have been traditionally awarded to missionaries, the regular
been freed by then, but because of the intervention of Spanish priests. This was due to the Spanish distrust
Mayor Antonio Vivencio del Rosario the case was among natives.
reopened in the Royal Audiencia. Don Francisco had to - The only time natives experienced to take care of
hire two of some of the best lawyers from Manila as parishes was during the expulsion of the Jesuits from
defense lawyers for her wife’s case. the Philippines.
LIBERALISM AND THE REIGN OF TERROR - This was short-lived because it was cut right after the
- In September 1868, Generals Juan Prim and Francisco Jesuits returned to service. After the death of Pedro
Serrano denounced the oppressive government of Pelaez, his follower Fr. Jose Burgos took his place to
Queen Isabella II. champion the seculars.
- They launched a revolution and much of the Spanish - Fr. Mariano Gomez and the young Fr. Jacinto Zamora
army defected to the revolutionary generals’ side. later joined him.
- The queen made a brief show of force at the Battle of - The founding of the republic in Spain created issues
Alcolea, where her loyal moderate generals under that would take the Philippines back to the old ways.
Manuel Pavia were defeated by General Serrano. One of these issues was that Spain cannot be a Spanish
- Isabella, then, crossed into France and retired from kingdom without a traditional monarch, and so, they
Spanish politics to Paris, where she would remain until made one in the person of Amadeo of Savoy, the new
her death in 1904. king under the new Spanish Constitution.
- Francisco Serrano became the Marshal Regent of Spain. - Another issue was that the liberalism achieved by Spain
- Eventually, with the will of the people, Serrano created must only be confined in Spain while the colonies must
a republican form of government and ended absolute still have separate set of laws that would not endanger
monarchy in Spain. Spanish interests.
- This move started to pave the way for liberal reforms to - With Serrano’s power in government already
be introduced not only in Spain but also in the colonies. transferred to the Spanish Cortes, the lawmaking body,
- A new Governor General was named for the a new administrative policy was implemented for the
Philippines, Carlos Ma. dela Torre. Gov. Carlos Ma. colonies.
Dela Torre was probably the best administrator the - Military rule was restored in the Philippines as a new
Philippines had ever had. Governor-General arrived to replace Gov. Carlos Ma.
- During dela Torre’s reign his liberal policies would dela Torre.
highly favor the people of Manila and the rest of the - With a vow to erase from the minds of the Filipinos the
territory. joys of the liberalism and a dream for a future
- Censorship was abolished and government criticisms independence, military action was executed by
were also accepted. Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo.
- Reforms recommended by various sectors were - He immediately reversed all the reforms of the former
welcomed. governor and used the Guardia Civil to protect the
Some of the reforms that were considered or introduced by interests of the government from the civilian
the new administration were as follows: population.
1. The Filipinization of Parishes: the handing down of - As a consequence, he attracted enemies from various
parishes to secular priests once the missionaries are sectors which were affected by his new policies.
transferred to new assignments; THE CAVITE MUTINY AND MARTYRDOM
2. The abolition of polo in Cavite which affected the - The Cavite Mutiny took place at an arsenal in Cavite,
agricultural economy of the province and the on January 20, 1872.
people themselves; - Around 200 Filipino soldiers and laborers rose up
3. The lifting of heavy taxes to native military against Spanish oppression in the hope of starting a
servicemen and other reforms in the army; national uprising.
4. The Education Decree of 1869 which placed all - The mutiny was unsuccessful, and the Spanish executed
schools under government supervision. This pave many of the participants and began to crack down on a
growing nationalist movement.
Fort San Felipe, Cavite City physically weak and being too late to enroll. However,
 Located at the compound of the Phil. Navy, this through the mediation of Manuel Xeres Burgos, a
16th century fort is dedicated to San Felipe Neri. nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was allowed to enroll.
The place where the Cavite Mutiny 1872 occurred - Jose used the surname Rizal when he registered at
when Filipino workers were implicated in the Ateneo. This was the decision of Paciano because their
armed uprising against the Spaniards. family name Mercado had been under the suspicion of
- The primary cause of the mutiny was believed to be on the Spanish authorities being the surname used by
the order of Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo to Paciano at the College of San Jose where he was known
subject the Filipino laborers in the Engineering and as Father Burgos’ favorite student and helper.
Artillery Corps in Cavite to pay personal taxes, from - Though Jose was confused of why would he ever need a
which they were previously exempt during the term of different surname, Paciano did not explain further and
Governor-General Carlos Ma. dela Torre. just told him that it would be better for him that way.
- The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum and to - At the time, Ateneo was located in Intramuros, within
perform forced labor (polo) as well. the walls of Manila. It was formerly called Escuela Pia.
- The mutiny started on January 20, when the laborers When it was administered by the Jesuits it assumed its
received their pay and realized that the taxes and the new name.
falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced labor, - Being more liberal than the Dominican who supervised
were deducted from them. Letran, Paciano was more confident of his brother’s
- The mutiny, led by a certain Filipino soldier Sgt. safety.
Lamadrid, was used by Spanish colonial government to - Scenes at the secondary school Ateneo Municipal de
implicate three Filipino priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Manila, Intramuros district, Manila, in 1887. Now
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as known as the Ateneo de Manila University, a private
GOMBURZA and other Filipino leaders. coed institution run by the Jesuits.
- The three were avid advocates of the Secularization of - Rizal first boarded in a house outside Intramuros, at
the Parishes. Caraballo Street, a few minutes walk from the college.
- On January 27, 1872 Governor-General Izquierdo This was owned by Doña Titay, a spinster who owed
approved the death sentences on forty-one of the the Mercado family 300 pesos.
mutineers. - Because he was boarding outside Ateneo, he was
- On February 6, eleven more were sentenced to death, referred to as an ‘externo’. Those who stayed-in were
but these were commuted to life imprisonment. Others called ‘internos’. His course was Bachelor of Arts and
were exiled to Guam. his first professor was Father Jose Bech.
- Those who were exiled were able to make their way to - At first, he was placed at the rear of the class because
more progressive places like London, Hong Kong, or he was a new comer. There were two sections, the
Tokyo. Romans and the Carthaginians. Rizal was assigned to
- They were able to start small movements that were to the Carthaginian occupying the end of the line.
help the Philippine Revolution. - After the first week, Jose progressed rapidly and
- These executions, particularly those of the became an emperor at the end of the month. He was the
GOMBURZA have significant effects on the people brightest pupil in the class and being so he received
because of the shadowy nature of the trials. prizes for his triumphs.
- The martyrdom of GOMBURZA and the injustice - Rizal also took private tutorial lessons at Santa Isabel
committed against his mother made Rizal truly aware of College during his vacant periods to improve his skill in
the evils of Spanish tyranny, and that even priests get the Spanish language. He paid three pesos for each
executed as long as they are not Spaniards. session.
- Jose Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo - In the second half of his first year, he resented some
to the executed priests. remarks of his professor which had greatly affected his
THE TEENAGE ATENEAN academic standing. At the end of the year, he was only
- On June 10, 1872, Jose was accompanied by Paciano to in second place but still maintained all his excellent
take the entrance examination for the secondary course grades or ‘sobresaliente’.
at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. - Rizal returned to Calamba at the end of the school year.
- The examinations included Christian Doctrine, He did not enjoy his vacation because his mother was
Arithmetic and Reading. Rizal passed the examinations still in prison. To cheer him up, his sister Saturnina
and returned to Calamba to stay with his family for a brought him to Tanawan, Batangas. Then he still went
few more days and perhaps to attend the town fiesta. to Santa Cruz to visit his mother.
- Upon his return to Manila, he was accompanied again - Rizal told her of his brilliant grades in the college. He
by Paciano. But instead of going back to Letran, the embraced her to show how he missed her. Doña
latter enrolled Jose at the Ateneo Municipal. Teodora advised him to be strong and not to worry
- At first, the college registrar Father Magin Ferrando much about her.
refused to admit Rizal for he was too small for his age,
- The summer vacation ended and Rizal returned to Science and Philosophy. Although Vilaclara invited
Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. him to major on the more practical Science and
- Jose boarded at a house in Magallanes Street owned by Philosophy he still preferred Literature for it was under
Doña Pepay an old widow who had a widowed Fr. Sanchez’ supervision.
daughter with four sons. He was still an “externo.” - Through the fatherly guidance of Padre Sanchez, Jose
- Unlike the previous semester, Jose studied harder to was inspired to resume his studies with vigor and zest.
regain his lost class leadership. Once more he became He topped in all his subjects and won five medals. At
emperor. At the end of the year, he received a gold the end of the school term, Rizal returned to Calamba
medal and excellent grades in all his subjects. He happily.
returned to Calamba for his summer vacation. - Rizal returned to Manila for his last year in the course.
- Jose visited again his mother in jail. He told her about He continued his studies with fire in order to maintain
his scholastic triumphs and funny tales about his his standing. At the end of the school year he still
professors and fellow students. His mother was happy excelled in all subjects. He was at the blaze of glory as
for his splendid progress in Ateneo. While they were he was the most brilliant Atenean of his time.
having a conversation, his mother told him about a - He finished his last year in Ateneo at the top of his
dream she had. Rizal interpreted the dream, that his class; he was truly the pride of the Jesuits. Although
mother would be released prison in three months’ time. there were only few who graduated, he had achieved
- Jose’s prophecy was about to come true. After Jose had more in terms of grades and achievements than the rest
left for Manila, a fiesta was held in Calamba. of his class. He graduated on March 23, 1877 at the age
- Incidentally, at that time, Gov. Izquierdo was on a of 16 and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with
provincial visit to Laguna. Learning of the occasion, he highest honors. His family was very proud of him.
proceeded to Calamba. ACADEMIC AND EXTRA-CURRICULAR
- A warm welcome was made by the townfolks. One of ACTIVITIES
the dances presented to him was that of the little - Rizal was very active in school. He was always curious
children. of joining extra-curricular activities in Ateneo. He
- While watching, Izquierdo got fond of one of the little became an active member, later a secretary, of Marian
girls. He called for her and asked her to dance again. Congregation, a religious society because of his
- When she refused, Gov. Izquierdo, not wanting to be devotion to Our Lady of the Immaculate Concepcion,
turned down, offered the girl a deal. If she would dance the college patroness. Later, he likewise joined the
once more, then he would grant her any wish. Academy of Natural Sciences.
- The girl with a sad tone, wished to have her mother - Rizal devoted some of his spare time to fine arts. Part of
come home for she had been in prison for a long time. it, he studied painting under Agustin Saez, a famous
Izquierdo told her that she may go home and her mother Spanish painter and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus,
will be there soon. Doña Teodora was released that day. a Filipino sculptor.
The girl was Soledad. - Many Jesuit professors were impressed by Rizal’s
- After his vacation, Jose returned to Ateneo for his artistic skills. One of his most loved works in Ateneo
junior year. Shortly after the opening of the classes, he was an image of the Virgin Mary which he carved from
was surprised by his mother’s visit. He was very happy a batikuling wood with a pocket-knife.
for his mother. - Father Leonart was amazed at the beauty and grace of
- At the end of the year, although all his grades remained the image that he requested Rizal to carve him an image
excellent, he was dissatisfied because he failed to earn of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Rizal made it and gave it
the medal in Spanish. to Fr. Leonart who thanked him for the wonderful work.
- The reason for this was because he was not able to - The priest wanted to take the image to Spain but when
speak Spanish in its accent fluently as compared with he left he forgot to do so because of his absent-
his Spanish classmates. mindedness.
- He only received one medal in Latin. - The Atenians later decided to better display the image
- He returned to Calamba for his summer vacation not by the door of their dormitory where it stayed there for
impressed with his scholastic work. several years.
- After Rizal’s summer vacation, he went back to Ateneo Some of the favorite readings of Rizal while in Ateneo
to continue studies. One of his professors was Father were Cesar Cantu's “Historia Universal”, which was
Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a literature teacher. He bought for him by his father, and “The Count of Monte
inspired Rizal to study harder and to write poetry. He Cristo” by Alexander Dumas, which became his
was the one who discovered Rizal’s God-given genius favorite novel. Another one that interested him was
in writing; he became Rizal’s most favorite and beloved “Travels in the Philippines” by Dr. Feodor Jagor.
teacher.  By 1874, Rizal began to become an ardent lover of
- Another professor of Rizal who became very influential poetry. By the time he graduated, he had already
to him and who have watched closely his abilities was written so many. Many of such works were made
Padre Jose Vilaclara. He was Jose’s professor in out of passion and inspiration, although a few may
 have been required from him since his major was Unfortunately, the priest was in Mindanao and Jose’s
literature. Nevertheless, grace and refinement letter took a long time to reach him. When he received
distinguished most of his works which was truly P. Ramon’s response he was already enrolled at UST
amazing because even as a teenager he was able to taking the course Philosophy and Letters as suggested
accomplish such a feat. by his father. After finishing the first year of the course
 Rizal’s first poem in Ateneo was entitled “Mi in Philosophy and Letters (1877-780), he transferred to
Primera Inspiracion” (My First Inspiration), 1874. a medical course.
It was solemnly dedicated to his mother on the - During the year of his studies in the university, which
occasion of her birthday. was under the Dominicans, rival education of the
On the occasion of Christmas in that same year, he wrote “A Jesuits, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where he
la Virgen Maria” and “Al Niño Jesus”. The others that he continued to participate in extra-curricular activities and
wrote in the following years were as follows: where he completed the education course in surveying.
1875 He studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and
o “Felicitacion”: dedicated to his brother-in-law History of Agrimensor (Land Surveyor) to please his
Antonio Lopez mother. Here, he excelled in all his subjects obtaining
o “El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes,” a gold medals in agriculture and topography. At the age
tribute to Magellan of 17 he passed the final examination but the title as
o “Y Es Español: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta surveyor was issued to him only on November 25, 1881
el Mundo,” a tribute to the circumnavigator of the when he was already 20 years old.
world. - The reasons why he studied medicine were: 1.) He
o “El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo,” a wanted to be a physician so that he may cure his
historical account mother’s failing eyesight.2.) The father rector of the
1876 university, whom he consulted for a choice of career,
o “La Tragedia de San Eustaqio,” which recounted finally answered his letter, and recommended medicine.
the tragic story of St. Eustace, a Spanish martyr of - In Padre roman’s response, he advised Rizal to take
the church. medicine. He believed that it would be best for him
o “Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo,” a description of his since he was intelligent enough to take it. He also said
that it would be safer since it would derail him from
town as he saw it in his childhood days
politics and also was a lucrative career.
o “La Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena
- Most importantly, it would benefit his family and would
Educacion,” on the importance of education and
be helpful to other unfortunate people.
religion to the salvation of man
- As a Thomasian, he won more literary laurels, had more
o “Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria,” on the
romances with girls, and fought against Spanish
benefits that mankind derives from education.
students.
o “El Cautiverio y El Triunto: Batalla de Lucena y La
- While a student at the UST, Rizal continued to take
Prison de Boabdil,” an account on a 16th century
active part in many of the activities at the Ateneo. He
Spanish event
kept on writing poems and plays for his friends because
o “La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolicos en
he was loyal to Ateneo.
Granada,” which recounted a Spanish Triumph - He loved the Jesuit professors because they inspired
over the Moors. him to scale greater heights of learning.
1877 - In 1879, Rizal wrote a poem entitled “A La Juventud
o “El Heroismo de Colon,” a tribute to Columbus Filipina.” He submitted it to the Liceo Artistico
o “Colon y Juan II,” another Columbian tribute Literario de Manila, a society of literary men and artists
o “Gran Consuelo en La Mayor Desdicha,” on the which held a literary contest that was also open to
discovery of America natives or mestizos alike.
o “Un Dialogo Alusivo a La Despedida de los - The judges, who were all pure-blooded Spaniards, gave
Colegiales,” a farewell poem for his Atenean the poem First Prize. The prize included a feather-
colleagues. shaped silver pen decorated with a gold ribbon.
UNIVERSITY LIFE AT UST - The poem “A La Juventud Filipina” was addressed to
- After graduation, Paciano and their father planned to the Filipino youth who should strive to contribute to the
send Jose to the university. His mother was not in favor arts of humanity, to use their God-given genius and
of him studying any further. Francisco even had to talents --- become great singers, poets, and painters and
persuade her. However, if he were to study at all, she most of all.
wanted him to take agriculture. After all, the family’s - More importantly, is to be grateful to God for the
livelihood is in farming. precious gifts they possess. He quoted this most
- Rizal was uncertain on what course to take. He had memorable phrase, “Oh youth, fair hope of the
written to Padre Pablo Ramon, Rector of Ateneo, asking Fatherland…”
for his advice on what choice of career he must pursue.
- In 1880, the Artistic Literary Lyceum opened another consecutive weeks. He discontinued seeing the girl
contest to celebrate the fifth centennial of Cervantes’ because of the advice of his mother. Whatever L.
death. Miguel Cervantes, who was the author of Don meant, be it Ligaya, Liwayway, Lakamabini or
Quixote de la Mancha, is regarded as one of the greatest Lagunding or probably another.
Spanish writers. The contest was open to both Filipinos - Leonor Valenzuela
and Spaniards.The prize was a gold ring bearing the When Rizal started to take up Medicine, he figured out
engraved bust of Cervantes. Rizal won the first prize that it would be better to move to somewhere near the
with his allegory in prose “El Consejo de los Dioses” school. And so, he boarded in the house of Doña
but his certificate showed he was a second prize winner. Concha Leyva. Here, he met his neighbor Leonor
The first place was awarded to a Spaniard. Valenzuela, daughter of Juan and Capitana Sarday
The one thing he would never forget was on how the Valenzuela. He courted her and the two became steady.
predominantly Spanish audience reacted during the - Leonor Rivera
awarding ceremony when they found out that the While having a relationship with Leonor V., the next
winner of the Cervantes award was a native. The year, Rizal moved to Casa Tomasina, a dormitory for
applause paused to a deep silence. Right there and then, males which was just beside the school. It was owned
Rizal decided never to join again in the society’s by an uncle, Antonio Rivera. Here he met his lovely
competition.The allegory described the gathering of the cousin (not in the first degree) Leonor Rivera. The two
gods and goddesses at Mt. Olympus. They discussed the became friends until they found out that they have
comparative merits of Homer, Virgil and Cervantes. fallen in love. In this case, the word ‘again’ may be
 They have three prizes ready. They decided to give added to Rizal’s account.The two would keep their
the trumpet to Homer, the lyre to Virgil and the secret well hidden not wishing wrath of aunt Silvestra,
laurel to Cervantes. Leonor’s mother, to pour on them and the ‘forbidden’
Other Works of Rizal relationship. Rizal would name Leonor as Taimis in his
In Ateneo, he also produced A stage drama “Junto coded letters to her. This affair would last for 11 years.
al Pasig” on December 8, 1880 on the occasion of the ` In 1880, an incident occurred one night during
annual celebration of the Feast day of Abd-el Azis Y Jose’s summer vacation in Calamba. After visiting
Mahoma” for the same occasion. It was presented as A stage some friends and on his way home, a shadow in the
play directed by his friend Manuel Fernandez. darkness passed him by. Not knowing that it was a
He also wrote a sonnet entitled “To the Filipino Spanish lieutenant that passed him, he went on walking.
Artist” which encouraged Filipino artists to glorify the But it was not over for the Spaniard, with all anger,
Philippines in every work they do. turned to him and, with all force, brutally slashed him at
WOMANIZING AND FRATERNITIES his back with his whip. Allegedly, the soldier was
- Julia infuriated with Rizal’s lack of courtesy that he would
When Jose was fifteen he saw a pretty, young girl not even say, “Buenas noches, Senor!” The victim’s
wearing a red skirt trying to catch two butterflies. Her wound and pain lingered for more than a week. He
name is Julia. As she was daintily sitting by the Los reported the incident to the office of the Governor-
Banos river, Rizal approached her and lovingly offered General in Manila but no action was taken.
her as many butterflies as she wished. Jose and Julia - In UST the gap between the natives and the creollos,
were just way too young and innocent to have a real Spanish born in the Philippines, was easily
relationship at that time so they eventually forgot about recognizable. Antagonism was in the air since the
one another. native started to pour in. Rizal who could not stand
- Segunda Katigbak being ridiculed himself, became the champion of the
Rizal came to know Segunda more intimately during his Filipino students in the frequent fights against the
weekly visit to La Concordia College, where his sister arrogant Spanish students who insulted the Filipinos as
Olimpia was a boarding student. Olimpia was a close “Indios, Chongo!” In return, the Filipino students would
friend of Segunda. That was apparent that Rizal and shout “Kastila, Bangus!” Such encounters would
Segunda loved each other. Theirs was indeed “a love at inevitably result to brawls which were truly bloody at
first sight”. But it was hopeless since the very times. There was a time when Rizal went home to Casa
beginning because Segunda was already engage to be Tomasina wounded and was bleeding all over his face.
married to her townmate, Manuel Luz. Segunda had The pain vanished once Leonor Rivera started to nurse
manifested by insinuation and deeds, her affection for him. To protect further his comrades, Rizal formed a
him, but Rizal timidly failed to propose. fraternal society of Filipino students called
- Miss L Compañerismo. Galicano Apacible was the right hand
Shortly, after his last meeting with Segunda Katigbak, man and secretary of the society.
Rizal found a new interest. Her name was Ms. L. He - Rizal started to grow unhappy at UST. In the five years
described her as a very attractive girl with seductive of his stay at the university he had seen the most
eyes. She probably have melted him when they first met disappointing times in his life. His aggressive attitude
the Rizal was at their home on a daily basis for two towards Spanish students who discriminated and
 ridiculed him and his friends did not escape the eyes of Santo Tomás, he went to Spain in 1882 to finish his
the Dominicans as they began to become hostile to him. studies at the University of Madrid.
Stories of students from abroad brought him to a - In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal joined
realization that teachings in UST were not anymore up- the Circulo-Hispano-Filipina. This circle was
to-date. Rizal has lost his first scholastic honors. composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who believed that
Although his grades in the philosophy course during his reforms be introduced in the Philippines. Its founder
first year were excellent, his 4 years in the medical was Juan Atayde. Upon the request of the members of
course were not that impressive. the society, he wrote a poem entitled Mi Piden Versos
- After Jose Rizal’s fourth year in medical studies in (They Asked Me For Verses).
Santo Tomas, the University of Higher Learning in the - His love for books encouraged him to economize his
Philippines whom Rizal was disgusted of its primitive living expenses and soon, with great diligence, he was
method of instruction and the racial prejudice of able to build a fair-sized private library, consisting
Dominican Professors against Filipino students, he was mostly of second-hand books bought from a bookstore
brought to realization that pursuing further studies owned by a certain Señor Roses. His collections of
abroad will be much better. numerous books were on medicine, philosophy,
- During that time the government of Spain was languages, geography and the arts among others. Rizal
constitutional monarchy where human rights were was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s
protected and considered specifically freedom of Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew. These
speech, of press, and of assembly that were all denied in books aroused his sympathy for his oppressed people.
the Philippines. Such atmosphere of freedom lured Jose - During the decade that followed, Rizal's career spanned
Rizal to travel to Spain not only to study but also to two worlds: Among small communities of Filipino
carry out his secret mission that he long been conceived students in Madrid and other European cities, he
with the approval of his brother Paciano. became a leader and eloquent spokesman, and in the
- Paciano Rizal (March 7, 1851 – April 13, 1930) was a wider world of European science and scholarship--
Filipino general and revolutionary, and the older brother particularly in Germany--he formed close relationships
of José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. with prominent natural and social scientists. The new
UNIT 5 discipline of anthropology was of special interest to
MADRID STUDIES THE PROPAGANDA him; he was committed to refuting the friars' stereotypes
MOVEMENT MEDICAL PRACTICE AND STUDIES of Filipino racial inferiority with scientific arguments.
TOUR OF EUROPE His greatest impact on the development of a Filipino
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT national consciousness, however, was his publication of
- Between 1872 and 1892, a national consciousness was two novels--Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in 1886
growing among the Filipino émigrés who had settled in and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) in 1891.
Europe. In the freer atmosphere of Europe, these Rizal drew on his personal experiences and depicted the
émigrés--liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, particularly
European universities--formed the Propaganda the abuses of the friars. Although the friars had Rizal's
Movement. It was organized for literary and cultural books banned, they were smuggled into the Philippines
purposes more than for political ends, the and rapidly gained a wide readership.
Propagandists, who included upper-class Filipinos from - Other important Propagandists included Graciano
all the lowland Christian areas, strove to "awaken the Lopez-Jaena, a noted orator and pamphleteer who had
sleeping intellect of the Spaniard to the needs of our left the islands for Spain in 1880 after the publication of
country" and to create a closer, more equal association his satirical short novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), an
of the islands and the motherland. Among their specific unflattering portrait of a provincial friar. In 1889 he
goals were representation of the Philippines in the established a biweekly newspaper in Barcelona, La
Cortes, or Spanish parliament; secularization of the Solidaridad (Solidarity), which became the principal
clergy; legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; organ of the Propaganda Movement, having audiences
creation of a public school system independent of the both in Spain and in the islands. Its contributors
friars; abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala included Rizal; Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austrian
(forced sale of local products to the government); geographer and ethnologist whom Rizal had met in
guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; Germany; and Marcelo del Pilar, a reform-minded
and equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter lawyer. Del Pilar was active in the anti-friar movement
government service. in the islands until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888,
Jose Rizal, the Propagandist where he became editor of La Solidaridad and assumed
- The most outstanding Propagandist was José Rizal, a leadership of the Filipino community in Spain.
physician, scholar, scientist, and writer. Born in 1861 - In 1887 Rizal returned briefly to the islands, but
into a prosperous Chinese mestizo family in Laguna because of the furor surrounding the appearance of Noli
Province, he displayed great intelligence at an early age. Me Tangere the previous year, he was advised by the
After several years of medical study at the University of governor to leave. He returned to Europe by way of
 Japan and North America to complete his second novel who alone may enjoy beauty. Humanity cannot be
and an edition of Antonio de Morga's seventeenth- redeemed while reason is not free, while faith would
century work, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (History of want to impose itself on facts, while whims are laws,
the Philippine Islands). The latter project stemmed from and while there are nations who subjugate others. For
an ethnological interest in the cultural connections humanity to be able to attain the lofty destiny toward
between the peoples of the pre-Spanish Philippines and which God guides it, it is necessary that within its fold
those of the larger Malay region (including modern there should be no dissensions nor tyranny, that
Malaysia and Indonesia) and the closely related plagues do not decimate it and no groans and curses be
political objective of encouraging national pride. De heard in its march. It is necessary that its triumphant
Morga provided positive information about the islands' career march to the tune of the hymns of glory and
early inhabitants, and reliable accounts of pre-Christian liberty with a bright face and serene forehead.
religion and social customs. Masters of the Arts
Jose Rizal, the Mason - It was during this period when two Filipino masters of
- Rizal then came into contact with the liberal and the brush won honors at the National Exposition of the
republican elements, majority of them were Masons. He Fine Arts in Madrid Juan Luna’s canvas “Spoliarium”
was easily impressed by the way prominent Spanish won a gold medal (3 won) while Felix Hidalgo’s
Masons attack the government. In time, his friends, who “Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace” took home
were Masons, persuaded him into Masonry. Thus in a silver medal (12 won). Rizal, in banquet in honor of
1883, he joined the Masonry, Rizal naturally ceases the two gave an eloquent speech that highlighted his
going to church and led a life as a “free thinker”. His poetic genius and refined sarcasm about the bigotry and
first Masonic lodge was “Acacia”. blindness of many Spaniards who could not
- Things in the Philippines turned bad to worse. The comprehend the university genius. Rizal declared in the
harvest was down. The rent on the lands cultivated by speech called “Brindis” that talent is not a monopoly of
his family was raised to exorbitant rate by the manager any race or country because it can be found in anyone
of the Dominican Estate. Due to the lean situation, his and anywhere around the world.
regular allowance decreased and at time ceased to A Doctor and a Philosopher
arrive. Rizal's prime encounter with Freemasonry - He then completed his medicine studies for that year at
occurred when he was in Spain, where he made the the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884.
acquaintance of some liberal and republican Spaniards The next academic year (1884-1885) he studied and
who were mostly Masons. He admired the way these passed all the subjects leading to degree of Doctor of
Masons scrutinized and criticized the methods of the Medicine. Due to the fact, however, that he did not
government and criticized the haughty friars, a freedom present the thesis required for graduation, nor paid the
which could not be practiced in the Philippines. corresponding fees. He was not awarded his doctor’s
Eventually, in 1883, Rizal joined the Masonic lodge in diploma. Nevertheless, he was given his Licentiate in
Madrid which was called Acacia. His central motive in Medicine and was entitled to practice. The only thing
joining the society was to secure the aid of the he was disqualified from doing was to teach Medicine
Freemasons in his battle against the abusive friars in the in the university, which was, anyway, not part his plans.
Philippines. Since the friars used the might of - On his 24th birthday he was awarded by the university
Catholicism to oppress and persecute the country's the degree in Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with
patriots, Rizal intended to fight them with Freemasonry. the rating of excellent. Upon completing his studies, he
- On November 15, 1890, Rizal became a Master Mason became more eager to see more of Europe to practice
in Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid. Two years later he medicine and to discover more things that would be
was awarded Master Mason in Paris by Le Grand beneficial to his people and his native land.
Orient de France. PARISIAN LIFE AND TOUR OF EUROPE
- Some of his comrades including Graciano Lopez-Jaena, - After graduation, Rizal prepared for a journey to Paris.
Mariano Ponce, and Marcelo H. del Pilar, were also He dropped by Barcelona to see his friend Maximo
active Masons. Rizal, on the other hand, was more Viola, a wealthy medical student who hails from San
placid. His only Masonic writing was entitled "Science, Miguel, Bulacan. He was introduced to Señor Eusebio
Virtue and Labor," which he delivered in 1889. Corominas, editor of La Publicidad. Corominas
- A portion of his lecture reads: introduced him to the owner Don Miguel Morayta. He
- The duty of modern man, to my way of thinking, is to submitted the article Carolines Questions for
work for the redemption of humanity, because once publication.
man is dignified there would be less unfortunate and - By October 1885, Rizal was living in Paris. He
more happy men that is possible in this life. Humanity practiced ophthalmology under Dr. Luis de Weckert at
cannot be redeemed so long as there are oppressed Crugen Clinic, 55 Rue Du Cherche-Midi.
peoples, so long as there are some men who live on the - He paid visits to the Pardo de Tavera Family. He would
tears of many, so long as there are emasculated minds frequently stay at the studio of his Ilocano friend Juan
and blinded eyes that enable others to live like sultans Luna. In the “Death of Cleopatra”, Rizal posed as an
 Egyptian priest while Juan Luna posed as Cleopatra Dr. Feodor Jagor, author of “Travels in the
himself. Philippines”, Dr. Rudolf Virchow and Dr. Hans
- He became friend to Nelly Boustead, a French-English Virchow.
lady with whom he will fall in love later. - To earn some income, he worked also in the clinic of
- Rizal had natural talent in creating music even though Dr. R. Schulzer, a German Ophthalmologist. Dr. R.
he admitted that his voice was really bad. He liked Virchow was generous enough to invite him to give a
music though it never liked him. Nevertheless, he got lecture on the Tagalog language. He also wrote the
inclined to music and participated in many scholarly paper entitled “Tagalinsche Verskunst”.
presentations. With constant practice he came to play - Rizal lived in Berlin for certain reasons.
the flute fairly well.  To finish writing and later publish his first novel
He wrote musical pieces like: “Noli Me Tangere”
 Leonor  To promote the existence of the Filipinos and to
 El Canto del Prisionero share their political conditions to the Germans.
 Alin Mang Lahi (a patriotic hymn)  To expose the plight of the Filipinos under Spanish
 El Canto de Maria Clara (in Noli Me Tangere) rule and their desire for independence
 Himno A Talisay - The winter months of 1886 became the worst time for
 El Canto del Viajero (during his Dapitan Exile) Rizal in Berlin. For a long period there was no money
Rizal left Paris for Germany on February 8, 1886. that arrived from Calamba. With no money at all, Rizal
IN LOVE WITH GERMANY felt his novel would not be published at all.
- Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic German City - He threw the Noli to the fireplace believing that it
famous for its old University and other medieval would have more use as firewood. Immediately, coming
structures. He stayed in a boarding house with some to his senses in a snap, he withdrew it. In the midst of
German law students. They encourage him to join the hunger and cold, Rizal’s desperation and
Chess Players Club. discouragement started to grow.
- He worked as an assistant ophthalmologist in the clinic A Gift from Above
of Dr. Javier Galezowski. He also attended lectures of - In the midst of his agonizing moment an “angel”
Dr. Otto Becker. arrived. His friend Maximo Viola arrived. He paid all
- Wrote “A Las Flores de Heidelberg”, which is about his financial obligations and needs. He also financed the
flowers in Neckar River on April 22, 1886. His favorite initial printing of the Noli amounting to P300. Truly,
flower was the bluish “forget-me-not.” He loved to Viola was Rizal’s “savior” Viola came to fulfill his
stroll beside the Neckar River. promise that he and Rizal would tour Europe.
- Rizal went to Wilhelmsfeld on April 26, 1886 to board - Before they proceeded on the tour, Rizal had the novel
with Lutheran Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer and his Family. be printed first. After the Noli came off the press, the
At present, Wilhelmsfeld pays tribute to Rizal through a two embarked for the tour. Before the tour, Rizal
museum that was built in his honor. Outside the received his long-delayed allowance of P1,000 from
museum, a life-size statue of Rizal stands in the middle his brother Paciano through Juan Luna from Paris. Rizal
of the garden in front of a small pond. paid Viola immediately. The rest, he spent for the tour
- Return to Heidelberg. On July 31, 1886, He wrote a expenses.
letter to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of Ateneo TOUR OF EUROPE
of Leitmeritz in Austria. He also gave him a book - The first stop Rizal and Viola was Potsdam, a city near
entitled “Arithmetica” by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez. Berlin, which was made famous by Frederick the Great.
- On August 6, he witnessed the celebration of the 500 th - Their next destination was the German City Dresden.
founding anniversary of University of Heidelberg. He Here they paid a quick visit to Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
visited some cities and towns in Germany like and the Museum of Art Dresden.
Mannheim, Rudesheim and Eisenach. - By May 3, Rizal and Viola were in Leitmeritz. They
- He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a German were picked up at the station by Blumentritt himself.
historian and psychologist at the University of Leipzig. Blumentritt gave them accommodations to the Hotel
He also attended some lectures while in University Krebs during the length of their stay.
- He also translated into Tagalog the legend of “William - Rizal also remembered when Blumentritt treated them
Tell” and the Fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen to a drink in a “beer hausen”. Rizal could not forget the
that included “The Little Mermaid, Thumbelina and the taste of Bohemia which was considered as the best in
Ugly Duckling. Europe.
- Rizal was in Dresden from October 29 to November 1, - Rizal and Viola in another occasion attended a meeting
1886. He met Dr. Adolph Meyer, naturalist from of the Tourist Club of Leitmeritz where Blumentritt
Dresden University. serve as secretary. Rizal also got to meet a few
- Rizal admired Berlin due to its scientific atmosphere scientists in Leitmeritz like Dr. Czepelak and Prof.
and the absence of racial prejudice. He personally met Klutschak.
- On the 17th of May, the duo boarded a train going to they lose their ability to contract, rendering them
Prague, a historic Czech City. They were introduced ineffective.
themselves to a certain Dr. Wilkomm, a natural history - ‘The Pear of Anguish’
professor. ‘The Pear of Anguish’ is quite possibly one of the most
- They also visited some sights in Prague like The Tomb gruesome and painful methods. This device would be
of Copernicus, the Museum of Natural History and the inserted into an appropriate orifice – those accused of
Cave of San Juan Nepomuceno, a catholic Martyr. Blasphemy the mouth, those accused of sodomy into
- On May 20, they were in Vienna, capital of Austria- the anus, and women accused of adultery, incest or of
Hungary and referred to as “Queen of the Danube”. ‘sexual union with Satan or his familiars’ in the vagina.
They stayed in the Hotel Metropole. Rizal met There was no set mode of use for generic Heretics, with
Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe. freedom bestowed upon the Torturer. The instrument
- After touring around Vienna, the two decided to leave would then be progressively expanded, and I’m sure not
on a cruise to the Danube River. They also met and got much is left to the imagination………
acquainted with a very lovely lady whom Viola referred - ‘The Turtle’
to as, “the Viennese Temptress”. ‘The Turtle’ is a method wherein the accused Heretic
Other Tourist Attractions in Europe would be placed under a wooden board, and large
 Munich is called the “City of Beers” because beer stones placed on top, causing crushing pain and slow
was found anytime and anywhere in the entire city. suffocation.
 Nuremburg was the site of the infamous Catholic - ‘The Iron Boot’
Holy Inquisition for Catholic heretics. ‘The Iron Boot’ affectionately known as bootikens is
 NOTES: designed to crush the foot and legs. These were boots
Inquisition Procedure that went from the person's ankles to knees. Wedges
- The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical court and process were hammered up the length of the boot into the
of the Roman Catholic Church setup for the purpose person's leg, breaking and crushing bones as it went.
towards the discovery and punishment of heresy which - ‘The Breast Ripper’
wielded immense power and brutality in medieval and ‘The Breast Ripper’ or the ‘Spanish Spider’ the name of
early modern times. The Inquisitions function was this device speaks for itself. Women condemned of
principally assembled to repress all heretics of rights, heresy, blasphemy, adultery, and witchcraft often felt
depriving them of their estate and assets which became the wrath of this device as it violently tore a breast from
subject to the ownership of the Catholic treasury, with their torso.
each relentlessly sought to destroy anyone who spoke, - The ‘Judas Cradle’
or even thought differently to the Catholic Church. This The ‘Judas Cradle’ is another particularly painful and
system for close to over six centuries became the legal humiliating torture. The victim was stripped, hoisted
framework throughout most of Europe that orchestrated and hung over this pointed pyramid with iron belts.
one of the most confound religious orders in the course Their legs were stretched out frontwards, or their ankles
of mankind. pulled down by weights. The tormentor would then
Methods of Punishments to Heretics: drop the accused onto the pyramid penetrating both
- The Pulley orifices. With their muscles contracted, they were
The pulley is known as the strappado or the garrucha usually unable to relax and fall asleep.
this was the first method of torture the Inquisition - The ‘Head crusher’
usually applied. Executioners would hoist the victim up The ‘Head crusher’ is a brutal torture device commonly
to the ceiling using a rope with their hands tied securely used only by the Spanish Inquisition. The person’s chin
behind their back. They were then suspended about six was placed over a bottom bar and the head under an
feet from the floor. In this position, heavy iron weights, upper metal cap. The executioner then slowly turned the
usually amounting to about 45 kg, were attached to their screw, gradually compressing the head between the bar
feet. The executioners would then pull on the rope, then and cap. Teeth and the jaw would often break first, with
suddenly allowing it to slack causing the victim to fall. the eyes slightly later – it was such an effective method
- The Rack as the pain could be extended for as long as the torturer
The rack is a favorite of the Inquisition. A rectangular wished, or as long as it took for a confession.
frame, with a roller at one or both ends. The victim's - ‘The Heretics fork’
ankles are fastened to one roller and the wrists are ‘The Heretics fork’ is a metal rod with two prongs at
chained to the other handle and ratchet mechanism both ends attached to a leather strap worn around the
attached to the top roller are used to very gradually neck. The top fork was placed on the fleshy part under
increase the tension on the chains, inducing the chin, while the other end dug into the bone of the
excruciating pain, straining the ropes until the sufferer's sternum, keeping the neck stretched and the head erect
joints were dislocated and eventually separated. at all times. Ensuring optimal agony was simple. A
Additionally, if muscle fibres are stretched excessively person wearing the heretic’s fork was kept from lying
down by either being hung from the ceiling or
 suspended in some manner that proved distressing. - He observed the backwardness of the city: sleepy and
Those wearing the device were only able to murmur to without much progress.
their torturers; any movement of the jaw would force - From here, the ship crossed the Indian Ocean.
the sharp prongs to further penetrate their skin. It was - The ship crossed the Indian Ocean towards Cape
effective for long use because victims usually died of Guardafui in Somalia, Africa.
sleep deprivation and fatigue. - The steamer encountered a stormy weather
- ‘Toca’ - The ship reached Aden, a seaport city in Yemen,
‘Toca’ or Waterboarding is a method of torture wherein located by the eastern approach to the Red Sea.
the victim’s face is covered with a cloth, and water is - Rizal felt the terrible heat of the Arabian Desert.
poured onto the cloth, so that they had the impression of - June 2, 1882 – the steamer reached the Suez Canal, the
drowning. terminal of the Red Sea.
 Ulm is a German city famous for its largest and tallest - Rizal was reminded of the beautiful sights of Calamba,
cathedral in the country Laguna during the night.
 Rheinfall is the last German stop. It is also famous for - de Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, (19 November 1805 – 7
its waterfalls. December 1894) was the French developer of the Suez
Tour of Switzerland Canal, which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in
- In Schaffhausen, they stayed there for two days. In 1869, and substantially reduced sailing distances and
Basel and Bern, nothing significant took place there. times between the West and the East.
Lausanne is the Swiss winter capital. On June 19th, - At Port Said, the Mediterranean Sea terminal, Rizal
Rizal celebrated his 26th Birthday with Viola in disembarked to visit some tourist spots.
Geneva. After 15 days of stay in the city, the two parted - Port Said is a city that lies in north east Egypt
ways on the 23th, for Viola had to return to Barcelona. extending about 30 km along the coast of the
Rizal Tours Italy Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal, with an
- Rizal visited the cities of Turin, Milan, Venice, and approximate population of 603,787 (2010).
Florence, birthplaces of the Renaissance. Rome, the - The city was established in 1859 during the building of
capital city of Italy, also called the “City of the the Suez Canal.
Caesars.” Vatican City, The capital of the Roman - June 11, 1882 – Rizal reached the city of Naples on
Catholic Church, also called the “City of Popes.” Italy.
- Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the
PPT Copy country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples.
Jose Rizal’s First Travel Abroad - Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount
- Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret. Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of
- The people who knew about this were: the region of Campania and of the province of Naples.
- Paciano – who gave him 700 pesos and promised a - June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French
monthly allowance of 35 pesos harbor Marseilles.
- Uncle Antonio Rivera – who encouraged him to seek - He visited the famous city landmark Chateau d’ If
his luck abroad where Dantes , the hero of the “Count of Monte Cristo”
- Saturnina – his sister who gave her diamond ring was imprisoned.
- Rizal used his cousin’s passport named Jose Mercado IN BARCELONA, SPAIN
- He was accompanied by his brother Paciano and brother - From Marseilles, Rizal took a train to Barcelona, the
in law Manuel Hidalgo to Manila 2nd largest Spanish city in the province of Cataluña,
- He visited the Jesuits in Ateneo which he thought was ugly, dirty and the people
- He bade farewell to the Valenzuela family inhospitable.
- He failed to say goodbye to Leonor - Later, he loved the city’s free atmosphere and
The Voyage liberalism.
- May 3, 1882 – Rizal boarded the Salvadora. His friend - The people were open-hearted, warm and brave.
Chenggoy was the one who see him off. He took a last - He was warmly welcomed by his paisanos, countrymen,
glance of Manila. at the Plaza Cataluña.
- May 8, 1882 – the steamship reached Singapore. ARTICLES WRITTEN ABROAD
- Rizal was impressed by the progress and beauty of this - Rizal was asked to contribute an article to the Diariong
English colony Tagalog by Basilio Teodoro Moran, an editorial staffer.
- He stayed at Hotel de Paz - He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” using “Laong
- Transferred to the French steamer Djemnah bound for Laan” as his pen name.
Europe. - The newspaper was founded by Marcelo H. del Pilar in
- May 15, 1882 – the steamer reached Point de Galle, Manila.
Ceylon. - Francisco Calvo, the editor praised Rizal, and asked
- May 18, 1882 PM – the ship reached Colombo, Ceylon. him to contribute more.
- Rizal wrote another article, “Los Viajes.”
- His last article “Revista de Madrid” was not published - His regular allowance was decreased
because the newspaper ceased publication. - Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium” won the gold in the National
SAD NEWS FROM HOME Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid
- An epidemic broke out in the Philippines - Felix Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
- A cholera had killed many lives of Filipinos Populace” garnered the silver.
- Leonor was very much depressed because of his - Rizal paid tribute to the two
departure A DOCTOR & PHILOSOPHER
- Paciano advised him to take his studies seriously. - June, 21, 1884 – Rizal completed his studies in
- Cholera is an infectious disease that can cause severe Medicine
diarrhea, dehydration, and death. - From 1884-1885, he studied and passed all the subjects
- Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine
caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. - Did not passed the thesis required for graduation
- Rizal left Barcelona and established himself in Madrid. - He did not pay the graduation fees
A STUDENT OF MADRID - He was not awarded his doctor’s diploma
- November 3, 1882 - Rizal enrolled at the Universidad - He also finished the degree Philosophy and Letters`
Central de Madrid - On his 24th birthday, he was awarded the diploma
- He enrolled Medicine and Philosophy and Letters - His rating was excellent
- He also studied painting and sculpture
- Took language lessons in French, German, and English RIZAL’S LIFE: MADRID STUDIES AND THE
at the Academy of San Carlos PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
- Honed his fencing and shooting skills at the Hall of A. STUDENT LIFE IN MADRID
Arms Sanz y Carbonell - On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the
- He lived frugally and managed his time wisely Universidad Central de Madrid in two courses,
- He occasionally drank when he was in the company of Medicine and Philosophy and Letters.
his friends - Aside from his university studies, he studied painting
- He sparingly bet on the lottery and sculpture, took language lessons on French,
“Torn Between Two Lovers” German and English in the Academy of San Carlos, and
- Rizal was welcomed in the house of Don Pablo Ortiga y honed his fencing and shooting skills in the Hall of
Rey, a former civil governor in Manila Arms Sanz y Carbonell.
- Don Pablo has a Filipina wife and two daughters: Pilar - Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid. He lived frugally,
and Consuelo. managed his time wisely for studying, attending
- It was Consuelo who awakened the heart of Rizal to lectures and going to the operas and religious fiestas.
love anew - Contrary to other claims, Rizal drank occasionally but
- He did not pursue his love for Consuelo because he still lightly, especially when he was in the company of
loved Leonor and he was planning to leave Madrid after friends. His only way of gambling was the lottery which
his studies. really became habitual.
- Consuelo chose Eduardo de Lete over Rizal.
JOINING THE PROPAGANDA MADRID INSPIRATION
- In 1882 Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipina, - It was during this time that he visited the home of Don
composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who advocated Pablo Ortega y Rey. He was a former civil governor of
reforms to the Philippine government. Manila. Rizal and other Filipino Students played parlor
- It was founded by Juan Atayde games with his two charming daughters, Pilar and
- He wrote the poem “Mi Piden Versos” for the society. Consuelo. It was Consuelo who awakened Rizal’s heart.
- He collected second hand books on medicine, - As time passed by, Rizal and Consuelo became
philosophy, languages, geography, etc. intimately close. And although Eduardo de Lete was
- He loved the books “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harry also courting her, Consuelo came to love Rizal.
Beecher Stowe and “The Wandering Jew” by Eugene However, with great will power, Rizal did not allow the
Sue. romance to grow for reasons that first, he still loved
JOINING THE MASONS Leonor and, second, he was planning to leave Madrid
- In 1883, Rizal joined the Masons, a group of liberal and right after his studies.
republican thinkers. - In the end, Consuelo chose Lete over Rizal, not because
- He was impressed by their attacks on the government. she came short of her love for the latter, but because he
- He joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Madrid was just being inconsistent with her.
- He used Dimasalang as his Masonic name. B. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
MORE BAD NEWS FROM HOME - Between 1872 and 1892, a national consciousness was
- Philippine situation turned from bad to worse growing among the Filipino émigrés who had settled in
- Harvest was down Europe. In the freer atmosphere of Europe, these
- Rent was raised exorbitantly by the Dominican Estate émigrés--liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending
 European universities--formed the Propaganda - Among small communities of Filipino students in
Movement. Madrid and other European cities, he became a leader
and eloquent spokesman.
- And in the wider world of European science and
scholarship, particularly in Germany, he formed close
relationships with prominent natural and social
scientists.
- The new discipline of anthropology was of special
interest to him; he was committed to refuting the friars'
stereotypes of Filipino racial inferiority with scientific
arguments.
- Organized for literary and cultural purposes more than - His greatest impact on the development of a Filipino
for political ends, the Propagandists, who included national consciousness, however, was his publication of
upper-class Filipinos from all the lowland Christian two novels--Noli Me Tangere (Touch me not) in 1886
areas, strove to "awaken the sleeping intellect of the and El Filibusterismo (The reign of greed) in 1891.
Spaniard to the needs of our country" and to create a - Rizal drew on his personal experiences and depicted the
closer, more equal association of the islands and the conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, particularly
motherland. the abuses of the friars.
- Among their specific goals were: - Although the friars had Rizal's books banned, they were
o representation of the Philippines in the Cortes, or smuggled into the Philippines and rapidly gained a wide
Spanish parliament; readership.
o secularization of the clergy; - Rizal drew on his personal experiences and depicted the
o legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, particularly
o creation of a public school system independent of the the abuses of the friars.
- Although the friars had Rizal's books banned, they were
friars;
smuggled into the Philippines and rapidly gained a wide
o abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala
readership.
(forced sale of local products to the government);
OTHER IMPORTANT PROPAGANDISTS
o guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and
- Graciano Lopez Jaena, a noted orator and pamphleteer
association;
who had left the islands for Spain in 1880 after the
o and equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to
publication of his satirical short novel, Fray Botod
enter government service.
(Brother Fatso), an unflattering portrait of a provincial
JOSE RIZAL, THE PROPAGANDIST
friar.
- In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal, joined
- Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austrian geographer and
the Circulo-Hispano-Filipina. This circle was composed
ethnologist whom Rizal had met in Germany;
of Filipinos and Spaniards who believed that reforms be
- Marcelo del Pilar, a reform-minded lawyer. Del Pilar
introduced in the Philippines. Its founder was Juan
was active in the anti-friar movement in the islands
Atayde.
until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888, where he became
- Upon the request of the members of the society, he
editor of La Solidaridad and assumed leadership of the
wrote a poem entitled Mi Piden Versos (They Asked
Filipino community in Spain.
Me For Verses).
RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING
- His love for books encouraged him to economize his
- In 1887 Rizal returned briefly to the islands, but
living expenses and soon, with great diligence, he was
because of the furor surrounding the appearance of Noli
able to build a fair-sized private library, consisting
Me Tangere the previous year, he was advised by the
mostly of second-hand books bought from a bookstore
governor to leave.
owned by a certain Señor Roses.
SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD
- His collections of numerous books were on medicine,
- He returned to Europe by way of Japan and North
philosophy, languages, geography and the arts among
America to complete his second novel and an edition of
others.
Antonio de Morga's seventeenth-century work, Sucesos
- Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s Uncle
de las Islas Filipinas (History of the Philippine Islands).
Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew.
- The latter project stemmed from an ethnological interest
These books aroused his sympathy for his oppressed
in the cultural connections between the peoples of the
people.
pre-Spanish Philippines and those of the larger Malay
ACTIVITIES IN EUROPE
region (including modern Malaysia and Indonesia) and
- During the decade that followed, Rizal's career spanned
the closely related political objective of encouraging
two worlds:
national pride.
- De Morga provided positive information about the 1. First Homecoming
islands' early inhabitants, and reliable accounts of pre- 2. 2nd Travel Abroad
Christian religion and social customs. 3. Tour of USA
JOSE RIZAL, THE MASON LEARNING CONTENT:
- Rizal then came into contact with the liberal and A. THE 1st HOMECOMING
republican elements, majority of them were Masons. He - August 1886, Rizal decided to return to the Philippines.
was easily impressed by the way prominent Spanish He left Rome by train for Marseilles, boarded the
Masons attack the government. In time, his friends, who Djemnah bound to Saigon.
were Masons, persuaded him into Masonry. Thus in - On July 30, 1886, Rizal arrived in Saigon, where he
1883, he joined the Masonry, Rizal naturally ceases transferred to the steamer Haifong.
going to church and led a life as a “free thinker”. His - On August 6, 1886, Rizal arrived in Manila. He noticed
first Masonic lodge was “Acacia”. that Manila has not changed that much.
- Rizal's prime encounter with Freemasonry occurred - On August 7, 1886, he reached Calamba, where there
when he was in Spain, where he made the acquaintance was a dramatic meeting. After a few days, Rizal turned
of some liberal and republican Spaniards who were the ground floor of their house into a medical clinic. His
mostly Masons. first patient was his mother who could hardly see. He
- He admired the way these Masons scrutinized and successfully restored the eyesight of his mother which
criticized the methods of the government and criticized had double cataracts.
the haughty friars, a freedom which could not be - The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people
practiced in the Philippines. flock to seek medical help. His professional fee was
- Eventually, in 1883, Rizal joined the Masonic lodge in very simple: If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you”
Madrid which was called Acacia. His central motive in is enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits,
joining the society was to secure the aid of the chickens, etc. If the patient is rich, he would charge in
Freemasons in his battle against the abusive friars in the the European way. The people called him Dr. Uleman
Philippines. Since the friars used the might of having arrived from Germany.
Catholicism to oppress and persecute the country's - Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates. He built a
patriots, Rizal intended to fight them with Freemasonry. gymnasium for the youth to discourage them from
- On November 15, 1890, Rizal became a Master Mason engaging in different forms of gambling. He wanted
in Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid. them to spend time on productive activities.
- Two years later he was awarded Master Mason in Paris - Unfortunately, Rizal failed to see Leonor in his six
by Le Grand Orient de France. months’ vacation due to the conflicts of his parents and
MASONIC COMRADES Leonor’s.
- Some of his comrades including Graciano Lopez Jaena, Noli Me Tangere Controversy
Mariano Ponce, and Marcelo H. del Pilar, were also - Rizal received an invitation, a summons, a writ
active Masons. commanding the sheriff, or other authorized officer, to
- Rizal, on the other hand, was more placid. His only notify a party to appear in court to answer a complaint
Masonic writing was entitled "Science, Virtue and made against him and in the said writ specified, on a
Labor," which he delivered in 1889. day therein mentioned from Governor-General Emilio
FILIPINO MASTERS OF THE ARTS Terrero regarding the novel which has become a hot
- It was during this period when two Filipino masters of issue. He went to Malacañang to answer any question
the brush won honors at the National Exposition of the surrounding his novel. He denied that he was a spy
Fine Arts in Madrid Juan Luna’s canvas “Spoliarium” from Germany. He explained that he was only
won a gold medal (3 won) while Felix Hidalgo’s expressing the truth of what is going on in the society in
“Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace” took home his novel. The Governor was satisfied with his answer
a silver medal (12 won). and asked for a copy of the novel, since he had not read
- Rizal, in banquet in honor of the two gave an eloquent the novel himself.
speech that highlighted his poetic genius and refined - Rizal’s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him.
sarcasm about the bigotry and blindness of many They accused the novel to have subversive ideas against
Spaniards who could not comprehend the university the church and the Spanish government.
genius. Rizal declared in the speech called “Brindis” - The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to
that talent is not a monopoly of any race or country protect him from danger. His bodyguard was a young
because it can be found in anyone and anywhere around Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade. The
the world. two became true friends in no time at all because they
UNITS 6 have common interests.
RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING - The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny
2ND TRAVEL ABROAD JAPAN INTERLUDE SIDE headed by Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo. He
TRIP TO THE USA sent a copy to the UST Fr. Rector Gregorio Echevarria
Topics for Discussion:
 for examination. The latter found the novel heretical, the Dominicans immediately brought the case to the
impious, and scandalous. Supreme Court in Manila, which immediately decided
- The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to in the Dominican’s favor. The tenants and the Rizal
the Permanent Commission on Censorship composed of family had no recourse but to appeal their case to the
priests and laymen headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo Supreme Court in Madrid.
parish priest. The body found the novel with subversive - Rizal advised his family to stop paying the rent. The
ideas against the Church and the Spanish government. rest of the Calamba tenants followed suit and with
The Commission recommended that the book be Rizal’s encouragement, petitioned the government to
banned and have its circulation in the islands be totally intervene by authorizing and supervising the drawing
stopped. The move boomeranged because it only made up of a new contract between the people of Calamba
the Filipinos more curious in reading the novel. Thus, and the Dominican landowners.
the novel’s price was exorbitantly priced. No arrests - Dominican Corruption and Financial Deceit on a
were made, thanks to the liberal-minded governor. Massive Scale
Rizal’s Enemies from the Church - The original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of
- Among Rizal’s enemies were Manila Archbishop Msgr. only a small part of land and included only a part of the
Pedro Payo, UST Rector Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Fr. town, but the Dominicans had claimed a much more
Salvador Font- head of the Permanent Commission on extensive area, no less than the whole town and its
Censorship. surrounding fields. The Dominicans were paying the
- Fr. Jose Rodriguez published an anti-Noli pamphlet government only the income tax due on the original
entitled “Caiingat Cayo.” The pamphlet stated that smaller hacienda.
“whoever reads the novel commits a mortal sin.” - Rizal wrote down his findings, which were signed by
- Another attacker of the Noli was Vicente Barrantes, a the tenants in January 1888, and he submitted the report
Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the to the government.
Spanish newspaper La Esperanza Moderna. - The friars wanted to withhold the tenants to tell the
Allies of Dr. Jose Rizal truth. The Rizal family as well as the other Calamba
- Meanwhile, Rizal also had allies like Marcelo H. Del tenants wanted to tell the truth. The tenants asked Rizal
Pilar- using the pen name Dolores Manapat, who to draft a report for the town council. Rizal asked his
published a pamphlet entitled “Caiigat Cayo” that town mates to supply him with all the relevant facts
refuted and ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez’ “Caiingat Cayo.” about the estate from the very beginning. Rizal had not
- The other one was Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal’s anticipated but he soon became the center of the
beloved Ateneo teacher. tenant’s struggle against the Dominicans.
Calamba Agrarian Problem - It started innocently. On 30th December 1887, when the
- On 6 September 1890, general Weyler began enforcing government, wondering why the revenue paid by the
the will of the Dominicans by sending artillery and Dominicans Order had remained constant despite the
military forces to Calamba which started to demolish ever-increasing size of cultivated lands, formally asked
the house of Rizal’s parents. Rizal’s brother, brothers in the Calamba town council to determine whether there
law were arrested and exiled to different places of the had been any increase in the products and the size of the
archipelago. On the first day 60 families were thrown Dominican estate over the past three years.
out of their houses and the sugar mills and all other - What came out was a horror story of Dominican
buildings they had erected were destroyed. The corruption and financial deceit on a massive scale. The
Dominicans forbade the rest of the townspeople to give original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of only
the unfortunates lodging and hospitality. By the end of a small part of land and included only a part of the
September 400 tenants had been evicted. town, but the Dominicans had claimed a much more
- The liberal governor-general Terrerro was at that time extensive area, no less than the whole town and its
replaced by the conservative general Valeriano Weyler surrounding fields. The Dominicans were paying the
in 1888. He was completely on the side of the government only the income tax due on the original
Dominicans. One of his first acts was to enforce the smaller hacienda.
court ruling for the eviction of the tenants. The first to - Ownership of the Calamba hacienda passed on to the
be evicted was the Rizal family. Dominicans after the Jesuits, who originally owned it,
- The Dominicans put pressure on Malacañang to were expelled in 1768. The Dominicans owned
eliminate Rizal. Governor-general Terrero advised practically all the lands around Calamba. The tenants
Rizal to leave the Philippines for his own good. suffered since many years due to the unjustified taxes
- The friars were furious because they were attacked on they had to pay. Even if there was an economic crisis or
their most sensitive point: money! The report never the harvest was bad, the rent and taxes still went up.
reached the desk of the governor-general. The The tenants suffered under the friars.
Dominicans responded by filing an action for eviction
against the Calamba tenants. However, when the justice B. RIZAL’S 2ND TRAVEL ABROAD
of the Peace of Calamba ruled in favor of the tenants,
- Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted the
leave his country for the second time in 1888. He was offer for the following reasons:
27 years old, a practicing physician, and a recognized  He could economize his living expenses
man of letters.  He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the
Rizal in Hong Kong and Macau Spanish authorities.
- Amoy, in Hong Kong was the first stop over of the ship.  He and Caballero became good friends.
After six months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know
via the steamer Zafiro bound for Hong Kong. how to speak Nihonggo (Japanese Language) He was
- Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons: mistakenly considered as a Europeanized Japanese because
(a) He was not feeling well. (b) It was raining hard. (c) he looks like a Japanese and yet speaks in different tongues.
He heard that the city is dirty. Rizal’s Impression of Japan
- Hong Kong is a British colony by that time. Rizal - The scenic beauty of the country
stayed in the Victoria Hotel. There he met Jose Maria - The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Japanese
Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of the people.
alcalde mayor in Calamba) - The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese
- Jose Sainz de Varanda, a Spaniard and former secretary women.
of Governor-General Terrero shadowed Rizal’s - There were few thieves in Japan.
movement in Hong Kong. It is believed that he was - Beggars are rarely seen in the city streets.
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on - Rickshaw, a popular mode of transportation which he
Rizal. did not like in Japan.
- According to Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt, Hong Rizal and O-Sei-San
Kong is a small, but very clean city. Many Portuguese, - Seiko Usui, or more fondly called O-Sei-San, is a
Hindus, English, Chinese and Jews live here. There are former samurai’s daughter of 23 years old who had
some Filipinos exiled in Marianas Islands since 1872. never experienced true love. She is a woman of beauty,
They were former financiers and rich but now are poor, charm, modesty and intelligence. She speaks French
gentle and timid. and English fluently.
- Rizal also Visited Macau, a Portuguese colony near - When Rizal first introduced himself to her, he took off
Hong Kong. Rizal together with Basa boarded a ferry his hat as a sign of respect (A German custom).
named Kiu-Kiang going to Macau. Curiously, Jose - O-Sei-San was more than Rizal’s girlfriend, for she was
Sainz de Varanda is among the passengers. Rizal and his guide, interpreter and tutor. She improved his
Basa visited Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino knowledge of the Japanese language. She eases the pain
gentleman who is married to a Portuguese lady. Rizal left by Leonor Rivera.
and Basa stayed in his house for two days while they - Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was
were in Macau. tempted to leave the Philippines and settle down in
During Rizal’s two week vacation in Hong Kong, he studied Japan. He was offered a job in the Spanish Legation but
Chinese life, language, drama and customs and found out his brother Paciano wrote to him reminding him of his
the following which he wrote in his diary: duty and why he left the Philippines in the first place.
 The celebration of the Chinese New Year was quite - Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer
very noisy due to the continuous explosion of in Yokohama bound for United States. It ended 45 days
firecrackers on the streets. of his unforgettable stay in Japan and his relationship
 The Lauriat party, wherein the guests were served a with O-Sei-San.
variety of dishes, shows lavishness and hospitality O-Sei-San after Rizal’s Departure
among the Chinese. - Alfred Charlton became the husband of O-Sei-San in
 The Dominican Order, the richest religious order in 1897, one year after Rizal was executed. He was a
Hong Kong, had millions of dollars deposited in British teacher of chemistry in Peers’ School in Tokyo.
various banks earning very high interests. They had a daughter named Yuriko, who married a son
 The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and of a Japanese senator. Seiko-Usui died in 1947 at age
Muslims were well maintained. 80 and was buried beside her husband.
C. RIZAL in JAPAN, the Land of the Cherry Blossoms RIZAL in the UNITED STATES
- Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an - Rizal in steamer Belgic met a semi-Filipino family, Mr.
American steamer on his way to Japan. He arrived Reinaldo Turner and his wife Emma Jackson, their
in Yokohama, Japan and stayed for one day in the children and maid from Pangasinan. He also met Tetcho
Grand Hotel. Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist,
After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo champion of human rights, who was forced by the
and stayed in Tokyo Hotel for five days. Juan Perez government to leave Japan.
Caballero – secretary of the Spanish legation visited him in - Tetcho Suehiro became a member of the Japanese
the hotel inviting him to stay in the Spanish legation. Imperial Diet (Parliament). He wrote to novels: Nankai-
no-Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) in 1891
 resembling Noli Me Tangere and O-unabara (The Big D. STUDIES IN LONDON
Ocean) in 1894, resembling El Filibusterismo. He died - May 24, 1888 – Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England
in 1896 at age 49 due to heart attack. from a tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean
- Via the steamer Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, - He moved to London the next day
USA on April 28, 1888. - He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an
- According to the Americans, Cholera was an epidemic 1872 exile and lawyer in London He boarded at the
raging in the Far East. Thus, all passengers are home of the Beckett’s at Primrose Hill. The Beckett
quarantined for safety. But, Rizal was surprised because family had three daughters, the eldest was Gertrude or
there is no outbreak of the disease in the Far East, thus Gettie who had an affection for Rizal.
he joined other passengers in protest. In actuality, there - The Beckett home was conveniently located a walking
were 643 Chinese coolies who boarded the ship from distance to the British Museum where he intended to
China who came as illegal migrants wanting to displace have some studies.
the White laborers in railroad construction camp. But - He met Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry
Rizal was questioning how come 700 bolts of silk were of Foreign Affairs at the British Museum.
unloaded without fumigation. - He was a notable authority on Malayan culture. They
- After a week Rizal together with other first class became friends as they shared common sentiments on
passengers were permitted to land. But the Japanese and the Malayan race.
the Chinese and passengers belonging to the second and a. LETTER FROM HOME BAD NEWS Persecution of
thirds class remained aboard. Filipino farmers who signed the Anti-Friar Petition of
- Rizal stayed in the Palace Hotel (then a first class hotel) 1888 led by Doroteo CortezThe Calamba tenants being
in San Francisco. He stayed there for two days. Grover persecuted by the Dominican management, including
Cleveland was the president when Rizal visited the the Rizal familyManuel Hidalgo (Saturnina’s husband)
United States. There he met Leland Stanford, the was exiled to BoholLaureano Viado, a UST medical
founder and benefactor of the Stanford University who student and friend of Rizal was jailed for having a copy
was then a senator representing California. of the Noli
Rizal Toured the United States b. GOOD NEWS Rev. Vicente Garcia, an authority of
 Oakland, California was the first stop via ferryboat. Theology from the Manila Cathedral came to the
 Via train Sacramento, where he ate his supper defense of the Noli Me Tangere against the attacks of
75cents and slept at his couch. the friars.
 Reno, Nevada, where he had his breakfast c. SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS Knowledge of
 Utah, where he saw Mormons, thickly populated the country’s history was an essential tool needed by
 Colorado, a lot of snow and pine trees Rizal to effectively campaign for people’s honor and
 Nebraska, Omaha City, as big as San Francisco pride. He engaged in extensive research about the
Philippines at the British MuseumHe copied and
 Missouri River, twice as big as Pasig River
annotated the 1609 edition of Antonio de Morga’s
 Chicago, a lot of Indians in cigar stores
“Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.”
 Albany, where he saw the Hudson River
- ANTONIO DE MORGA
 New York, which he considers a big city, where he
Antonio de Morga was a 17th century Spanish
stayed for three days.
official and historian in the Philippines His
- He left the United States for Liverpool, London on
historical accounts were considered as one of the
board the City of Rome, and the second largest ship
most objective during the Spanish period.His book
in the world. Great Eastern was the largest ship in
contained accounts of two of the earliest writings
the world during his time.
of pre-colonial Philippines.
RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA
- HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS
- Material progress of the country as shown in its
Antonio Pigafetta Chronicler of Ferdinand
cities, farms, and industries
Magellan’s Expedition
- The drive and energy of the Americans
- Gaspar de San Agustin Served during Governor Miguel
- The natural beauty of the land
Lopez de Legaspi’s Administration
- The high standard of living
- Their writings described the early life and industry of
- The opportunities for better life offered to poor
the Filipinos that proved the following points:
immigrants.
o That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade
- America for Rizal was the land par excellence of
with other Asian neighbors.
freedom but only for the Whites.
o That the dominant religion in Manila, the
- Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot
Visayas and Mindanao was Islam; and
marry an American and vice versa.
o That there was already an organized political
- The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their
government in the country called barangay
hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and Negroes.
headed by a rajah or a datu.
- The valuing of money over human life
- Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12th
century mentioned that the people of Luzon were
honest and hardworking.
- Annotation of Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas” and others
- Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the
allegation of the friars that our ancestors were savage
and uncivilized people. He knew that such statements
were a product of bigot views of a race who are proud
of their heritage. He also wrote many articles for the La
Solidaridad to counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on
the Noli, generally entitled “Cuestiones de Sumo
Interes.”
- Wrote a pamphlet entitled “La Vision del Fray
Rodriguez,” using the penname “Dimasalang.”
- Also wrote “To the Women of Malolos” in which he
encouraged the women to pursue their education and
not merely blind followers of the friars.
- He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related
to Asian Studies such as the “Two Eastern Fables,” and
“Specimens of Tagala Folklore.”
- AN UNSOLICITED ATTENTION Gettie Beckett
came to fall in love with Rizal.
- Rizal decided to leave London to avoid her, having no
feeling for her.He left for Paris to finally forget her.
THE PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889
- Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation for
the Universal Exposition of 1889.Tourists from all parts
of the world moved to the city.
- Rizal arrived here via train together with other
passengers speaking various languages. Inns, hotels and
boarding houses were all filled and fully booked for the
event.
- Their rates grew sky high.In Paris, he continued his
research at the Biblioteque Nationale to check on
Morga’s book.He also spent time with his friends; and
visited the Boustead family at Rue de Bassins.
- THE KIDLAT CLUB Rizal organized a social group
with his fellow Filipinos in Paris by the end of March
1889, called the Kidlat Club.
- It was a temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos
here in Paris during the International Exposition.
- INDIOS BRAVOS Rizal and his Kidlat Club members
were inspired by the Buffalo Bills troupe, a group of
tall, dignified , proud and powerful Indians. They
decided to change their group’s name to “Indios
Bravos” since they also don’t have anything to be
ashamed of about their race.
- WHITE CHRISTMAS IN PARIS December 25, 1889
was a cold winter in Paris.
- Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have a delightful
Yuletide dinner. They had fried chicken, rice, and
vegetables
- Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then
back to Paris again.
- On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium