ART APPRECIATION

LESSON 1: WHAT IS ART?

Unit 1. The Nature of Art

When the word "art" comes up, many of us envision museums or framed paintings. In
this context, some individuals might dismiss it, thinking, "Nah, I'm not a big fan of art! I just
don't get it." Alternatively, they might view art as something reserved for intellectuals or those
inclined toward the arts. However, art is truly accessible to anyone who wishes to engage with it,
often manifesting in unexpected places: the songs you enjoy, the movies you watch, poems,
theater productions, or even a quilt crafted by your grandmother. All of these are forms of art.
Consequently, you might ask, "What exactly is art? How do I define it?" Well, that's a
challenging question! Art has existed for thousands of years, evolving in various ways
throughout different epochs, with creators driven by diverse motivations. Thus, defining art
proves to be a complex task, subject to ongoing debate throughout history. There isn't a single
universally accepted definition.

However, many subscribe to the notion that art is anything that evokes emotion. The
emotions stirred up, however, hinge entirely on your personal history, your narrative, and all the
elements that converge to shape your identity. Consequently, three different individuals can
encounter the same piece of art and have vastly different reactions. One person may find it
breathtakingly beautiful, the second might harbor disdain, and the third may remain relatively
indifferent. Importantly, none of these reactions would be deemed incorrect. Each person is
entitled to their own preferences and feelings in the realm of art. Much like the way you connect
with your favorite song, someone else might feel a similar connection to their favorite sculpture.
Even if the sculpture fails to resonate with you, it can be valuable to contemplate why it holds
such significance for that person. Through this, you may gain insights into their perspective and,
perhaps, even your own.

The term "art" is essentially a label. Throughout the years, many individuals have
attempted to define and classify it, but that's not the essence of what art truly represents. It's more
about your personal experience with it and the meaning you derive from it. Art elicits varied
reactions from everyone, offering the potential for growth and learning. It provides us with the
opportunity to narrate stories, document history, and connect with our emotions in a way that
few other things can ("What is Art, Goodwill Community Foundation, 2012).

Different Definitions of Art

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 The arts represent one of the oldest and most significant forms of expression developed
by humanity.

Throughout the ages, people have been creating art, and its enduring existence is a
testament to its popularity and enjoyment.

Art encompasses the personal experiences of individuals, accompanied by a certain

intensity of emotion.

Zulueta (2006) posits that “art is made by man, no matter how close it is to nature;
although each work of art is evidently the expression of an artist’s personal thoughts and
feelings, it may be inferred that, like any other individual, he/she belongs to a nuclear, and he/she
cannot free himself/herself form the influence of his/her social, economic, political, cultural,
geographic, scientific and technical environment – these factors undoubtedly affect his/her
creative expression.”

Art is a product of man’s need to express himself and is not limited to the revelation of
emotions alone – the personal and social values of the artist are also manifested and conveyed
through the arts.

Art is a man’s way of expressing his/her ideas and feelings through his/her creations in
non-geographic expression (Ferraro, 2008).

Ferraro (2008) contents that art could be:

1. A creation of men or any non-graphic expression of a man that appeals to a man's
where woman's taste or sense of beauty; the use or employment of things to
answer some special need;
2. The special skill required by those who practice Fine Arts and;
3. Away or means of communicating ideas through sensors mediums.

While there is no universally agreed-upon definition of art, a general consensus exists

that it involves the conscious creation of something beautiful or meaningful, utilizing skill and
imagination. The definitions and perceived value of artistic works have undergone changes over
time and across various cultures. For instance, a Jean Basquiat painting, fetching $110.5 million
at a Sotheby's auction in May 2017, would likely have faced challenges finding an audience in
Renaissance Italy.

Etymology

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 The term "art" is linked to the Latin word "ars," which signifies art, skill, or craft. Its
earliest documented usage can be traced back to 13th-century manuscripts. However, it is likely
that the word "art" and its various forms (such as "artem," "eart," etc.) have been in existence
since the founding of Rome.

Philosophy of Art

The definition of art has been a subject of debate for centuries among philosophers. The
fundamental question in the philosophy of aesthetics is "What is art?" which essentially asks,
"How do we determine what qualifies as art?" This inquiry encompasses two subtexts: the
essential nature of art and its social significance (or lack thereof). Traditionally, the definition of
art has been categorized into three main concepts: representation, expression, and form.

Art as Representation: Mimesis. Plato originally introduced the concept of art as

"mimesis," a Greek term signifying copying or imitation. This notion persisted for centuries,
shaping the primary meaning of art as the representation or reproduction of something beautiful
or meaningful. Until the close of the eighteenth century, the merit of a work of art was
determined by how faithfully it replicated its subject. This definition of "good art" exerted a
profound influence on both modern and contemporary artists.

As Gordon Graham notes, this perspective led people to highly value lifelike portraits
created by masters such as Michelangelo, Rubens, and Velasquez. It also sparked debates about
the worth of "modern" art, including the cubist distortions of Picasso, the surrealistic figures of
Joan Miro, the abstract creations of Kandinsky, or the dynamic "action" paintings of Jackson
Pollock. While representational art continues to exist today, it no longer stands as the sole
criterion for assessing artistic value.

This evolution in the understanding of art has broadened the scope of artistic expression,
fostering a diverse range of styles and approaches. The criteria for evaluating art have expanded
to include factors beyond mere imitation, allowing for a richer and more nuanced appreciation of
the myriad forms that contemporary artistic expression can take.

Art as Expression of Emotional Content. The significance of expression gained

prominence during the Romantic Movement, characterized by artworks that sought to convey
distinct feelings, such as the sublime or the dramatic. Central to this artistic approach was the
emphasis on audience response, as the intention behind the creation of art was to elicit an
emotional reaction. This definition remains pertinent in contemporary art, where artists continue
to aspire to establish a connection with their audience, aiming to provoke and evoke diverse
responses from those who engage with their work. The ongoing pursuit of emotional resonance
underscores the enduring nature of this concept in the realm of artistic expression.

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 Art as Form. Immanuel Kant, born in 1724 and passing away in 1804, stands as one of
the most influential theorists of the late 18th century. His perspective on art was distinctive,
positing that it should not be tethered to a conceptual framework. According to Kant, the
evaluation of art should be based solely on its formal qualities, as he contended that the content
of a work of art lacks aesthetic interest.

As the 20th century unfolded, witnessing a notable shift towards abstraction in art, Kant's
emphasis on formal qualities gained renewed relevance. During this era, the principles of art and
design, such as balance, rhythm, harmony, and unity, became paramount in defining and
assessing artistic creations. This marked a significant departure from earlier periods, highlighting
the evolving nature of artistic expression and the increasing importance placed on the
fundamental elements that shape visual aesthetics.

In the present day, all three ways of defining art are at play when deciding what is
considered art and how much it's worth. The determination varies based on the specific artwork
under evaluation. Different perspectives on art's definition and value contribute to the ongoing
discourse in the art world.

History of How Art Is Defined

H.W. Janson, the author of the classic art textbook, "The History of Art," emphasizes that
we can't avoid looking at artworks without considering the time and circumstances in which they
were created. This is true for both the past and the present. It makes sense because art is
continuously being made, introducing us to fresh experiences regularly. This constant creation
compels us to adapt our perspectives almost every day, opening our eyes to new things in the
world of art.

In Western culture, starting from the 11th century up until the late 17th century, art was
seen as anything created with skill acquired through knowledge and practice.

Artists during this time dedicated themselves to mastering their craft, striving to replicate
their subjects with precision. This period reached its peak during the Dutch Golden Age, when
artists thrived in a flourishing economic and cultural environment, painting in various styles and
genres to sustain themselves.

The 18th century ushered in the Romantic period, reacting against the Enlightenment's
focus on science and reason. During this era, art was not merely about skill; it became a means to
pursue beauty and convey the artist's emotions. Nature was exalted, spirituality revered, and
artists gained recognition, often mingling with the aristocracy.

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 The Avant-garde movement emerged in the 1850s with artists like Gustave Courbet
pioneering realism. This movement birthed modern art forms like cubism, futurism, and
surrealism, which challenged conventional ideas and pushed artistic boundaries. Originality of
vision became paramount, expanding the definition of art.

Today, the concept of originality persists, fostering a plethora of art genres and forms,
including digital art, performance art, conceptual art, environmental art, and electronic art,
among others. As artists continue to innovate, the landscape of art evolves, reflecting the
diversity and creativity of human expression.
Quotes

Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. – Rebe Magritte

Art is discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms
suitable for human use. – Franks Lloyd Wright

Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time. – Thomas Merton

The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. – Pablo Picasso

All art is but imitation of nature. – Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Art is not what you see, but what you make others see. – Edgar Degas

Art is the signature of civilizations. – Jean Sibelius

Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain
external signs, hand on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by
these feelings and also experience them. – Leo Tolstoy.

Universalities and Importance of Art

A. Timeless of Art

The realm of art stands as one of the earliest and paramount forms of expression crafted
by humanity. Its presence extends beyond specific epochs or national boundaries, transcending
time and geography. Regardless of the era or location, art persists as a constant, an enduring
facet of human culture.

The preservation of works of art throughout history can be attributed to their ability to fulfill the
inherent needs of people and, crucially, to be cherished and relished. Art's timeless quality
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imparts a sense that it is not bound by age; it resists the aging process, maintaining a perpetual
relevance that defies the passage of time. In essence, art possesses an ageless quality, and its
vitality does not diminish over the years.

B. Art Imitates Life and Reality

Art springs forth from lived experiences; it bears the indelible imprints and fingerprints
of artists, capturing the essence of their real-life encounters. Artists navigate the vibrant tapestry
of their era, situated within a specific time, place, and cultural milieu. Consequently, certain
artworks emerge as profound statements, delving into and scrutinizing the intricate concepts of
life and reality that prevailed during the artist's epoch. In essence, art becomes a dynamic
reflection of the artist's engagement with the world, a manifestation of their exploration of
profound ideas within the context of their time and cultural backdrop.

C. Art has intrinsic worth: the value is in itself

The humanities are commonly seen as domains that celebrate human values and
individual creativity. Each artistic creation is considered to possess a "lifetime enhancing" value,
as Berenson (1957) aptly describes. While art can serve as a conduit for spiritual values, its
utility and impact are boundless and cannot be fully exhausted. Remarkable works of art, often
deemed masterpieces, transcend temporal limitations and continue to amplify their value across
the ages and for generations to come, as highlighted by Maguidad et al. (2005). Their enduring
significance persists, shaping the discourse of present and future issues.

Lourdes Sanchez (UE CAS Horizon, 1992) enumerates art as:

1. Aesthetic value or art for the sake as championed by Oscar Wilde. John Keats expresses
this with poetic lines:
“Beauty is truth, the rules is beauty; That is all you know on earth and all you need to
know”
2. Didactic value advocates that art can be an effective means to show what is moral, that
art can improve the moral fiber of society, this stand of Bernard Shaw who was Oscar
wilde's contemporary and rival in the theater. Wild, however, persisted in the contention
that art has nothing to do with morality. The didactic value prevailed during the medieval
age when the church was mandated fount of knowledge.
3. Religious value of art is supposed to increase awareness of man's relationship with God
and to promote better and stronger bonds between God and man.
4. Historical value is present even art tells us something significant aspects about the past
such as the painting of the first holy mass of Limasawa.

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 5. Sociopolitical value, such as that can be gleaned from Juan Luna’s painting, “Spolarium”
from Jose Rizal’s novel “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo” which clarify some
problems of society and government.
6. Scientific value is an art if it informs us about the earth, outer space, psychology,
numbers, etc.
7. Commercial value exist if the artwork can sell for a fortune.
8. Pragmatic value of art considers not only aesthetic but also its practical value of artwork.
For instance, a porcelain figure is used as paperweight or painting covers a crack in the
wall or carved copper cup used in to hold your dentures at night.
9. Therapeutic value of art has been explored by Medical Sciences. It is well known, for
instance, that music, “scotches the savage breast.”
10. Personal value is flexible. It can be Socratic and approach. Socrates “know thyself”
theory through art can lead to self-discovery, greater self-awareness, self-development,
self-expression which at the same time is form of communication and ideally self-
fulfillment.

On classifying art, the following are some ways of classifying art, they are:

1. Visual Arts and Space Arts are similar because both could be seen on our naked eye;
2. The Arts and Auditory Arts are similar in the sense that both require the use of time or
duration (i.e., reading, dancing and singing)
3. Major Arts. These are fields that have reached their golden years of development, the
highest peak of development, especially in the employment of high technology (i.e.,
architecture, painting, sculpture, literature, and music)
4. Creative Arts. These require man’s/woman’s creation or invention of objects in two or
three-dimensional medium like painting, sculpture, and architecture.
5. Performing Arts. These require man’s/woman’s way of expression (i.e., dancing, singing
and acting).

The Subject of Art: Perspectives, etc.

The subject of art is varied; it may refer to any person, object scene or event represented
in a work of art.

Arts have subjects; others do not the arts that have subject are called representational or
objective arts; those that do not have subjects are non-representational or non-objective arts.

Example:

Representative Arts 1. Painting

2. Sculpture
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3. Graphic Artist Representative Art 1. Music
4. Literature 2. Architecture Art
5. Theatre Arts

Non-Representational Arts

On Creation of Art: The Process Lives On

The process of art creation involves the idea, the material and the organization form

1. Idea. Before an artist starts creating an art piece, he/she should have an idea or a mental
image of something that will be given form out of a subject taken from a particular
source).
2. Material. It is also called the medium; this is the means by which an artist communicates
his/her idea; this is the stuff out of which the artist creates a work of art.

3. Organization/Form. The giving of the idea the form out of the selected material; the art
of planning how a composition is to be done and finished beautifully by following a pre-
planned design; it is the orderly piecing-up of various parts of elements to produce one
organic whole.

The basic requirements of organization (art creation):

a. It must make sense.
b. It must be interesting.

Meaning and Nature of Humanities

The term "humanities" finds its roots in the Latin word "humanus," denoting the refined,
cultured, and dignified nature of a human being. Additionally, it draws inspiration from the
philosophical perspective articulated by the Greek Pythagoras, asserting that "Man is the
measure of all things."

The exploration of humanities encompasses the appreciation of the arts, a pursuit that
fortifies our understanding of life and reality. According to the Webster dictionary, "humanities"
encompasses various branches of learning, such as philosophy, literature, language, and art,
excluding theology, natural sciences, and social sciences.
In the realm of artistic expression, be it visual, literary, or performing arts, the artist
becomes a conduit for conveying thoughts, beliefs, values, and emotions. Through engagement
with these artistic forms, we embark on a journey of aesthetic enlightenment, opening our senses
to new dimensions of perception and education.
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 Aeschylus, a fifth century Greek dramatist aptly observed about human beings:

"Though they had eyes to see, they saw to avail: they had ears, but understood not; but
like the shape in dreams, throughout the lengths of days, without purpose they wrought all things
in confusion."

In order to achieve a complete and authentic sense of humanity, it is imperative for us to

grasp the art of utilizing and reveling in our senses. Failure to do so may result in becoming part
of what the psychologist Rudolph Arnheim astutely observed as a "generation that has lost touch
with its senses." This implies that a genuine and profound human experience involves not only
acknowledging but also embracing the rich tapestry of sensory perceptions that shape our
connection with the world around us. It is through the cultivation and appreciation of our senses
that we unlock a fuller, more enriched understanding of our own existence, contributing to the
preservation of our humanity in a world that can easily lead us astray from the richness of
sensory engagement.

Susan Sontag (1966) has this say about our sensual "recovery" throughout the arts:

"What is important now is to recover our senses. We must learn to see more, to hear
more, to feel more... The aim of all commentary on art now should be able to make works of art-
and, by analogy, our own experience more, rather than less, real than us... his function of
criticism should be to show how it is, even that it is what it is, rather than to how what it means."

"The humanities are the stories, the ideas, and the words that help us make sense of our
lives and our world. The humanities introduce us to people we have never met, places we have
never visited, and ideas that may have never crossed our minds. By showing how others have
lived and thought about life, the humanities help us decide what is important in our own lives
and what we can do to make them better. By connecting us with other people, they point the way
to answers about what is right or wrong, or what is true to our heritage and our history. The
humanities help us address the challenges we face together in our families, our communities, and
as a nation." (Maguigad et al.,2005).

In the Renaissance period, as elucidated by Dr. Francisco Zulueta in 2003, the term
"Humanities" was characterized by a collection of disciplines imparted in universities. These
disciplines encompassed grammar, rhetoric, history, literature, music, and philosophy,
collectively constituting a comprehensive body of knowledge. The primary objective of this
educational pursuit was to mold an individual into a fully cultured, refined, and well-rounded
human being. This concept emanated from a profound recognition of the intrinsic value of man
within the societal framework. The Renaissance thus sought to cultivate individuals who not only

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possessed academic knowledge but also embodied essential qualities that contribute to their
meaningful participation in society.

Importance of Studying Humanities

Art falls within the realm of Humanities, a field that prioritizes the significance of human
beings and their emotions. The humanities focus on cultivating a person's humanity, enabling
individuals to positively enhance and empower themselves by unlocking their potentials. In this
process, one learns essential values for interpersonal relationships, including humility,
compassion, love, patience, and socially appropriate decorum.

Through the study of humanities, individuals embark on a journey of self-discovery,

reflection, and self-criticism, contributing to the quest for their unique identity. The act of
discovery itself can serve as a rewarding accomplishment, especially in areas such as art, music,
and literature. The arts, in particular, provide a sanctuary for evaluating one's feelings and
actions, transforming them into positive forces in the world. Despite occasional setbacks or
failures, the transformative power of the arts remains a potent force for personal growth and
societal betterment.

According to C.S. Flores (UE, 1999), the goal of humanities is to foster humanity in
individuals. This means that students should focus on learning before diving into practical skills.
To be humane is to embody qualities such as being free, reflective, sensitive, and connected. In
essence, the humanities serve to teach students how to think critically and logically, encouraging
a broad and deep perspective. Communication skills are honed, enabling clear and, when
necessary, forceful expression. Additionally, students are trained to make evaluative judgments
grounded in a correct sense of values.

Proponents on Humanities, are numerous scientists, government and business leaders,

who emphasize the importance of a broad liberal arts education. They point out that the students
may achieve a high degree of technical knowledge and specialized skill but lack of
understanding and appreciation of the world in which they live. The study of the humanities is
needed for the following specific reasons:

1. The study of humanities gives us broad knowledge of our history and cultural
traditions. With this knowledge, we come to understand man in the different
stages of his cultural development, struggles, advances, retrogressions, and
discover the elements of his culture at every stage;

2. It also helps us to acquire the values and wisdom that are essential for human
survival and progress. We can understand and appreciate those measures of

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 human greatness, which may inspire us to greater efforts and at the same time
"refine our taste of judgement";

3. By exposing us to avoid varied concepts, ideas and forms that man has created,
the study of humanities helps us develop reflective and critical thinking, which
are important in our everyday life. Critical thinking enables us to form sound
judgement and make wise decisions. It may also help discourage fanaticism and
rabid partisanship; and

4. Humanities encourage us to think creatively and teaches us to reason about being

human and to ask questions about our world.

Peter Medawar, a scientist opines about Humanities - "The scientist values research by
the size of its contribution to that huge, logically articulated structure of ideas which is already,
though not yet half built, the most glorious accomplishment of mankind. The humanist must
value his research differently but equally by honorable standards, particularly by the contribution
it makes, directly or indirectly, to our understanding of human nature and conduct, and human
sensibility."

Humanities stands out as one of the most overlooked academic paths. Unfortunately, a
prevailing myth deeply ingrained in the Indian mindset suggests that the Arts/Humanities stream
is reserved for students deemed "not smart enough" to pursue Science or Commerce. This
misconception undermines the true value and potential of the Humanities, dismissing its
importance in fostering critical thinking, cultural understanding, and a well-rounded education.

There are many career choices available to students who choose the Humanities stream.
It's not just a backup option when no other stream is available. The Humanities offer a broad
field of study. It's filled with fascinating career opportunities that stimulate the mind.

Exploring the humanities teaches us essential skills, such as creative and critical thinking,
reasoning, and the ability to ask questions. These skills are not only valuable in understanding
poetry and paintings but also in grasping concepts like business models and politics. Since
ancient times, humanistic subjects have played a central role in liberal arts education. The
ancient Greeks recognized their significance and utilized them to educate their citizens,
highlighting the enduring importance of these subjects in cultivating a well-rounded education.

Presently, humanistic knowledge remains a solid base for delving into and
comprehending the human experience. Engaging with a branch of philosophy can spark
contemplation on ethical inquiries. Delving into the acquisition of another language can foster an
appreciation for the commonalities shared among diverse cultures. Reflecting on a sculpture may
prompt thoughts about how an artist's life influenced her creative decisions. Exploring books
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from different regions of the world can stimulate reflection on the meaning of democracy.
Tuning into a history course not only enhances understanding of the past but also provides a
clearer perspective on what the future may hold.

The Liberal Arts

The term "liberal arts," originating from the Latin word "Liberalis" meaning "suitable for
a free man," originally denoted seven courses of study during the medieval period. These courses
included grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The essence of liberal
arts education goes beyond the mere acquisition of knowledge. Its primary and most basic aim is
the fullest possible development of the individual. This development is not only a fundamental
goal in itself but also crucial for the effective functioning of democracy.

By delving into topics, thoughts, and approaches spanning the humanities, arts, natural
sciences, and social sciences, you will develop the ability to read critically, express ideas clearly
in writing, and broaden your thinking. These acquired skills will enhance your participation in
classroom discussions and fortify your analysis of social and cultural aspects. Ultimately, they
will provide you with the essential tools to navigate the intricacies of the world's most complex
issues.

Sidney S. Letter (1968) states that liberal arts education:

“Teaches a man to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a
skein of thought, to detect what is sophisticated and to discard what is irrelevant. It prepares him
to fill any post credit, and to master any subject with facility.”

Political Value of Art

In their study on culture and governance, Virtucio and Campomanes (2004) highlighted
the significance of art. They emphasized that art is not just for entertainment; rather, it serves as
a potent tool for achieving national and local development goals. Moreover, art plays a crucial
role in promoting human rights, establishing a genuinely participatory democracy, and fostering
social inclusion and equity within communities and the general population. According to them,
art is not only ideal but also essential for the well-being, security, and fulfillment of the needs of
individuals in a healthy democratic society.

The argument posits that all art is political because, even in its abstract form, it inevitably
reflects the values of a particular culture or social class. Artists, up until the 19th century, were
aware that they were being compensated to create propaganda for the church, state, or influential
figures seeking their images to be adorned and their status affirmed. A significant shift occurred
when artists started producing works that were not commissioned, granting them the freedom to
critique the ruling class, its wars, and oppressive societal norms.
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 However, the price for this newfound freedom was substantial - artists faced
marginalization, poverty, and in extreme cases, exile or imprisonment. Contemporary Western
"political" art, on the other hand, does not bear this cost, as it seamlessly integrates into existing
institutions such as museums, commercial galleries, and auction houses. Ironically, this art often
ends up being purchased by the same speculative interests it purportedly criticizes.

Related Views About Art

1. The Romantics, including Croce, Collingwood, and Tolstoy, believe that art is more than
just copying the external world; it's also an expression of the artist's inner reality. They
argue that the most effective way to interpret art is by trying to comprehend the artist's
original intentions. According to Tolstoy, art is like a shared emotion; the artist conveys
their feelings through their work, and those feelings are then transmitted to the viewer or
audience. Collingwood emphasizes that understanding the artist's initial intention is a
natural and essential aspect of appreciating art.
2. The Impressionist painters, such as Monet, Renoir, and Manet, aimed to capture the
immediate visual impressions they experienced and portray them in a personal way. In
doing so, they made the emotions of the artist less important in their works.
3. According to Freud and the Psychoanalysts, numerous human intentions could be
unconscious neurotic symptoms, as seen in symbolic dreams. Artists, just like everyone
else, harbor various hidden intentions that find expression in their artworks. These
concealed drives, including desires, wishes, urges, depression, and inhibitions, may be
discovered through the interpretation of their artistic creations. Uncovering these
unconscious aspects can provide insights into the meaning behind their works.
4. The Marxists operate in a technological context where structures play a crucial role.
Consequently, their work is bound to mirror the underlying economic conditions.
Therefore, analyzing the artwork requires emphasizing the presence of a specific class or
economic framework during the production of art.
5. The Formalists believe that the meaning of artwork lies in how its elements relate to each
other. They don't think the artist's original intention matters; they cut it out.

Division of Art

1. Commercial Art. This category involves creations crafted from high-quality materials,
displaying skillful workmanship in a functional manner and featuring harmonious color
combinations. A commercial artist's main goal is to please and satisfy the intended
buyers, ultimately selling their creative products. To achieve this, the artist must possess
superb craftsmanship and be adaptable in shaping forms, styles, and designs based on the
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 specific preferences and whims of a particular clientele or customer. This flexibility is
crucial to ensure that the artist's proposals are accepted rather than rejected. Notable
examples of professionals falling under this category include fashion designers and
graphic artists.

2. Art for Art's. The arts are crafted for personal expression and the satisfaction of the
creator or artist. The creator produces works of art driven by love, relying on instincts
and inspiration during the creative process. Although the artworks can be sold to patrons
and clients, the artist remains unaffected by external influence. Buyers support the artist's
creations because they derive enjoyment from the art.

Functions of Art

1. The Personal Function

a. Arts opens and educate the senses and sharpen the perception.
b. Arts serves as a vehicle for the expression of feelings, emotions, motivations, and
ideas.
c. Arts provides awareness for other ways of thinking, feeling and imagining.

2. Social Function

a. Art seeks to influence proper human behavior. It helps promote good manners and
right conduct.
b. The audio-visual nature of arts can be used primarily for public consumption and
enjoyment.
c. Arts express or describe individual, social or collective, and universal aspects of
existence.

3. Physical Function
Many attempts have been made to answer the basic questions about man, his
physical existence and his environment, yet until now it seems that no one has found the
absolute answer to what man really is. His physical existence becomes more complicated,
since machines, and modern technology are replacing his traditional physical functions
Art and skilled workmanship, however, help mitigate the automatic or robotic effects of
technology on mankind.

Art Theories

A. Art and Nature

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 Art is distinct from nature. The talent of an artist is not something naturally present or
automatically given to all individuals. Even though artists find inspiration and use nature as a
medium, nature itself doesn't inherently become art. The way an artist sees and interprets the
natural world may vary from other viewpoints, influenced by social and cultural differences. It is
this unique perspective and creative vision that give rise to artworks.

B. Art as Imitation

The idea that art imitates reality can be traced back to the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle. Plato,
who was an idealist, believed that art is distant from the actual reality that exists in the realm of
Ideals or Universals. According to him, our world is merely an imperfect imitation, and art, in
this context, is just a reflection of that imitation. Plato equates art to shadows and reflections,
considering them as illusions of reality.

On the contrary, Aristotle, an empiricist, dismissed the idea of art existing in the realm of ideals.
He argued that reality is present in the world around us and within us, perceived through our
senses. According to Aristotle, art acts as a "mirror of reality," providing a connection to it.

In summary, Plato asserted that art portrays the universal through imitation, a view Aristotle
largely agreed with, despite some differences in their concepts of universals. However, the
theory of imitation encounters two significant contradictions:

1. It claims that imitation is common to all artworks making it the criterion for their value.
This implies that the more successful the imitation, the better the art (Sheppard 1987);
and
2. It is arguable that all works of art are imitative. All visual arts like landscape, painting
and portrait, sculpture may be imitative but some abstract paintings are not. Most musical
works of musical works are created originally, although few are imitations or versions of
the original. This is another argument against the theory of imitation.

C. Art as Pleasure

Both Plato and Aristotle acknowledged the importance of pleasure in art. In fact, both
philosophers believed that art, by representing the physical world, brings about pleasure.
Aristotle went on to explain the connection between imitation, learning, and pleasure.

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 Aristotle asserted that imitation is inherent in humans from childhood. Humans, he
argued, are superior to lower animals because they are the most imitative creatures. Learning
initially occurs through imitation. Despite the fact that the actual objects being imitated may be
unpleasant, we derive pleasure from viewing realistic representations of them in art (Ross, vol.
60) (Maguigad et al., 2005).

The underlying concept is that imitation and pleasure can coexist. However, this does not
imply that things not imitated cannot provide pleasure. As Fauret (1978) suggests, painting,
sculpture, and music, strictly speaking, serve no other purpose in life than to offer pleasure and
enhance our experiences.

D. Art as Play

Everyone requires a way to release their passions, emotions, and other unbridled
expressions of energy. Artists provide entertainment to their audience or viewers through the
expression of their art. Plato also noted that for the artist, art serves as a form of play.

E. Art as an Expression

Expressionist ideas are evident in the works of Leo Tolstoy, a Russian novelist known for
"War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina," as well as Benedetto Croce, an Italian philosopher
recognized for "Theory of Aesthetic." According to Tolstoy, when a person perceives another
individual's emotions through their senses and undergoes those emotions, they are capable of
truly experiencing the feelings conveyed. The foundation of artistic activity, as per Tolstoy, lies
in this ability of humans to receive and feel another person's emotions.

On the other hand, Benedetto Croce interpreted art as the "intuitive knowledge of mental
states." He emphasized the importance of distinguishing between two types of knowledge:
intuitive and logical. Intuitive knowledge, acquired through imagination, stands in contrast to
logical knowledge, obtained through intellect. Croce linked intuitive knowledge, also referred to
as "expressive," with art, asserting that every genuine intuition is simultaneously an expression.

In essence, the appreciation of art transcends mere "casual sensualism," evolving into an
imaginative experience, or in Croce's perspective, an intuitive one. The observer or viewer, in
this context, engages in recreating or reproducing the artist's expression through their interaction
with the artwork.

F. Art as an Emphaty or as an Experience

The Emphatic Theory of art suggests that art allows individuals to feel what they would
experience if they were actually part of the scene being artistically presented or depicted.
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Advocating for a broader understanding of empathy-related responses and drawing from four
distinct bodies of literature, we explore the contextual and personal factors that influence
empathic responses to portrayed individuals.

It's widely acknowledged that art is about experience; all forms of art demand and
involve experience. Just as in life, experience is the best teacher, so it is with art. Therefore, it's
valuable for anyone to delve into any artwork, understand what critics have said about it, and
grasp the conditions that influenced its creation or production. Without experiencing the artwork
firsthand, one's knowledge of it may be limited.

According to John Dewey (1934), art should not be separated from experience. The
purpose of art is to elevate common experiences by organizing and unifying them for the mind.
For humans, the aesthetic experience lies in recognizing the interconnectedness among the
elements presented or depicted. Therefore, the artist's intention isn't solely about the meaning of
the artwork, but also about the quality of the experience it evokes. The more widespread and
intense the depicted experience, the more expressive the art becomes.

Dewey defines art as nature transformed through new relationships that evoke new
emotional responses. He believes that the object shouldn't be viewed in isolation from the
process that created it or from the individual vision that inspired it.

Dimension of Art

A. Social Dimension of Art

The social dimension of art consists of communication or dialogue; this is the art of transmitting
and exchanging information or opinion. This dimension is also found in literary and dramatic
works that represent conversation, interaction, mutual or reciprocal action, and influence in a
person's relationship with other men in the community

Relationship have several types:

1. Objective relationship which relates people as an object, existing outside and independent
of the mind and dealing with the fact without distortion. The object relations suggests that
the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family
experiences during infancy.

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 2. Manipulative relationship uses other people for vested interest, its influence or at worst to
deceive functional relationship is a purpose-oriented Personal relationship is related to
thing or ideas that are personal; in nature. Basic elements of social dimension of art are
the family, community, age grouping, class phenomena, religion, and a race or ethnicity.

B. Economic Dimension of Art

Human existence is primarily concerned with the satisfaction of material wants. It

focused on the task of making a living- the most absorbing interest of human being. An artist
interesting with an economic experience or subject (planning rice, barter trade, trading caravans,
etc.) translates and conveys it into a medium using its elements and the techniques in order to
produce an artwork.

A painting is not only something to be appreciated; a poem or a musical composition is

not only something to be savored or heard of; an architectural marvel is not only as something to
be built and seen; at has useful or practical function and one of which is its economic value-it can
be sold or exchanged for a piece.

Art is also form of profession. Artist men improve quality of life through sales and mass
production of his opuses. Auctions, art exhibits and galleries are marketing conduits for the
artworks of a painter, sculptor and photographers. Concerts, recitals and movie TV shows
showcase the works of musicians, dancers and actors for a free.

C. Psychological Dimension of Art

An artist gives objective physical form to subjects that have to do with the subconscious
or to what they dream, feel, imagine, or urge. This covers the psychological realm or dimension
of arts such as subjects of arts attempt *to show the inside of the human psyche and to reveal
thoughts and dream A that are not controlled by rational or conscious behavior. In painting, this
kind of woks falls under surrealism (beneath the real pioneered by the Spanish painter Salvador
Dale "Last Supper" and the Jewish Marc Chagall "The Green Violinist ".

Plato regards poetry either as "a kind of madness" or an "inspired vision ". Aristotle
considers it as "strain of madness". However, what these two philosophers called "madness" is
equivalent to that many artist now consider as "inspiration" which is directed by forces from
within or within them. D.Politico-military and Ideology Dimension ofArt

Many artist made use to their work to convey their idea, feeling and at some cases their
partisan consciousness and reaction about political or military event. Picasso's anger and
revulsion is felt in his mural Guernica, which shows two days or relentless, barbaric, and

18
senseless Nazi bombing of the Basque town. The painting is Picasso's political statement of
protest against the barbarity and evils of war.

To some artist who does not adhere to Oscar Wilde "Art for art's "they would rather cater
to the dictum "Art for life sake". Thus, there were artist who made use to their artworks as
vehicle to air their misgiving or grievances against the political or economic system of their
times. As furthermore examples, the two novels of Jose Rizal were scaring indictments of the
Spanish colonial system during his time.

LESSON 2: SOME BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ART

Top 10 Questions on Our Assumptions about Art

1. Why do we assume that art is always something intended for public display?
2. Why do we assume that art should be collectible?
3. Why do we assume that our should be intelligent or explainable Or intended to impress?
4. Why should we assume that art has any particular consistent and persistent qualities at
all?
5. Why do we assume that art should be interpreted without context?
6. Why do we assume that serious art has more significance or greater value than a doodle
which only you seem to appreciate?
7. Why do we assume that art is something that can be defined?
8. Why do we assume that popularity is the ultimate indicator of good art when it is in
conflict with your own taste in art?
9. Why do we assume that art should be art?
10. Why do you assume that this list of questions about some basic assumptions of art has to
have a coherent message and a sound ending?

Lesson 3: Functions of Art

The Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in the world has
an end, telos in Greek, which translates to “purpose”. Every substance, defined as a formed
matter, according to fixed path toward its aim.

According to Aristotle, the telos, or ultimate purpose, is intricately tied to function. In

order for something to fulfill its purpose, it must also perform a specific function. In Aristotle's
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perspective on reality, human beings are destined to attain a life of fulfillment and happiness,
known as eudaimonia in Greek. All individuals strive towards this ultimate goal. Happiness, the
supposed culmination of human existence, is closely linked to the function of being rational.
According to Aristotle, one can only experience happiness when one is rational. This implies that
plants, tables, and chairs, lacking rationality, cannot achieve happiness. Aristotle asserts that the
natural end or telos of humans is connected to their function, which is rooted in rationality.

Furthermore, the telos and function of an object are intricately connected to its identity.
The essence of a table lies in its ability to fulfill its function and consequently, achieve its telos.
If a table lacks a surface on which books, plates, or glasses can be placed, it loses its status as a
table. The parallel holds true for human beings. According to certain philosophical perspectives,
the defining characteristic of a human being is its capacity for thought, its presumed function.

Without this function, the essence of being human diminishes. The telos, function, and
intrinsic nature of an entity are deeply intertwined. In contemporary society, the relationship
between the ultimate goal, the function, and the essence of a thing has grown closer and more
entwined. Sometimes, it is suggested that the end is the function, and vice versa, and they
collectively define the essence of an object. When encountering a new kitchen appliance in a
department store, one typically seeks to understand its functions first. Once these functions are
known, one can discern the purpose of the appliance and begin to grasp its true nature.

When discussing function, one is essentially considering the practical use of the object
under scrutiny. Investigating the function of art, for instance, entails probing into the purpose of
art. Alternatively, the response to the question "what is it for" defines the function of whatever
the "it" in the question refers to. For example, if one asks about the purpose of the Rizal
monument and why it was erected in Luneta (formerly Bagumbayan), the inquiry is seeking to
understand its function. Is it solely for sentimental value? In this sequence of questions, the
interrogator seeks to unveil the purpose or function of the artistic piece in Luneta.

When it comes to function, various art forms serve distinct purposes, and there is no
direct one-to-one relationship between an art form and its function. Different art forms exhibit
varying degrees of functionality. For instance, architecture, as an art form, is highly functional,
akin to most applied arts. Buildings, as works of art, are evidently created for specific purposes.
Consider the Taj Mahal, a monumental mausoleum in Agra constructed in memory of the
emperor Shah Jahan's favorite wife. Conversely, the art of jewelry-making is identified by its end
product, and the name of this applied art often reflects its specific function.

In applied arts like architecture and jewelry-making, function holds such significance that
it often becomes the defining feature, overshadowing the name of the art itself in the
identification of individual works (Dudley, Faricy, and Company, 1960). This emphasis on

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function is also observed in other functional arts, such as paintings, poems, and statues, where
the name of the art typically alludes to the nature of the product or its intended purpose.

On the opposite side of the spectrum, one can only consider painting and literature as
forms of art that are least concerned with purely practical values. When contemplating a painting
or a literary work such as a poem or a novel, the evaluation centers around the intrinsic value of
the art itself, not solely based on its utility or benefits to us. Unlike practical arts, where the value
of the art (as seen in pottery, jewelry-making, architecture, among others) lies in the practical
advantages one derives from it (a pot, a piece of jewelry, or a house/building), in the case of
painting and literature, one can only appreciate the value of the artistic product for its own sake.
A poem is considered beautiful irrespective of its potential impact on society. For instance, Joyce
Kilmer's "Trees" has sustained its popularity over the years, independent of any practical
application or tangible benefits it might offer.

This definitely is not to say that paintings and literary works can never have any function.
The two masterpieces of our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo served as a catechist for Filipino revolutionaries to gather strength in rejecting
the oppressive of the Spaniards in the Philippines in the nineteenth century. The novels accrued
value and as consequence, function, that is over and beyond its literary worth. They are
functional “in so far as they are designed to accomplish some definite end” (Dudley, Faricy, and
Company 1960). In the case of Rizal’s novels, they spelled out country’s independence. They
continue to be treasured even a hundred years after their supposed functions.

Roughly and broadly, the functions of art are classified into three: personal (public
display, expression), social (celebration, to, affect collective behavior), and physical
(utilitarian).

The personal functions of art are varied and are highly subjective. This variability
underscores the influence of the individual—the artist—behind the creation of art. An artist
might conceive art as a means of self-expression, driven by the necessity to convey ideas to their
audience. Alternatively, it could serve as pure entertainment for the intended viewers, with the
artist not necessarily intending to convey any specific meaning through their work.

Moreover, art can serve therapeutic purposes. In certain environments, such as

orphanages and homes for abandoned elders, art is employed to assist residents in processing
their emotions or simply passing the time. A contemporary manifestation of this therapeutic
function is the use of adult coloring books for stress relief, a trend reflected in the multitude of
designs available in bookstores nationwide. All these aspects fall within the realm of the personal
functions of art.

Social Functions of Art

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Art assumes a social function when it addresses collective interests rather than personal ones.
Political art stands out as a common example of art with a social function, often conveying
messages of protest, contestation, or other intentions the artist wishes to impart. Art frequently
portrays social conditions, and photography, as an art form, excels in this role by capturing
subjects in situations often overlooked or disregarded. Images depicting poverty, for instance,
may evoke emotional responses, prompting action or raising awareness among viewers.
Performance art, including plays and satires, also has the capacity to stir emotions and
mobilize people toward a specific objective. In these instances, the social function of art becomes
evident, as it engages with and addresses broader societal concerns.

Physical Function of Art

The physical functions of art are readily observable and comprehensible. These functions
manifest in artworks deliberately created to fulfill specific physical purposes. An illustration of
this is a Japanese raku bowl designed to serve a physical function within a tea ceremony.
Furthermore, architecture, jewelry-making, and even interior design are all artistic forms that
inherently serve physical functions.

Other Functions of Art

Music, considered as a form of artistic expression, presents an intriguing subject when

examining its historical functionality. Originally, music played a crucial role in serving specific
functional purposes, primarily being employed in the context of dance and religious ceremonies.
Unlike the modern era, where individuals often engage with music purely for its intrinsic value,
ancient societies viewed music exclusively as a means to facilitate worship and invoke deities. In
those earlier times, music played an integral role in dance, ensuring a synchronized and
harmonious performance among dancers. Moreover, it served a functional purpose in
guaranteeing simultaneous marches, especially within the context of warriors and military
activities. The evolution of music's purpose from its original functional roles to its current
diverse and multifaceted expressions adds depth to the exploration of its cultural and historical
significance.
Over time, the role and reach of music have undergone substantial expansion. In the
contemporary era, people engage with and produce music for purposes beyond the traditional
domains of dance or religious ceremonies. Serenades, for instance, are crafted as melodic
expressions of love, serving as hymns to convey deep emotions. Furthermore, music has found
its place as a compelling accompaniment in various artistic mediums, such as stage plays and
motion pictures. It is noteworthy that a single piece of music can evoke a myriad of meanings for
different individuals, highlighting the dynamic evolution of music as an art form.

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 Sculpture, being another form of functional art, has played diverse roles throughout the
course of history. Much like music, sculptures have been created with a significant emphasis on
religious purposes since the earliest days of human civilization. Statues have been erected to
honor and represent divine entities, and within the Roman Catholic world, sculptures maintain a
crucial, meaningful, and symbolic relevance in religious practices. The tangible and enduring
nature of sculptures provides a visual and tactile connection to the spiritual, shaping and
enriching the religious experiences of individuals and communities.
Sculptures also serve as commemorative tributes to significant historical figures.
Monuments like those of Jose Rizal in Luneta and Andres Bonifacio in Caloocan stand as
prominent examples of this practice. Additionally, the iconic statue "Oblation" by Guillermo E.
Tolentino at the University of the Philippines stands as a powerful symbol of selfless dedication
to the country. These sculptures not only honor the individuals they represent but also serve as
enduring reminders of their contributions to society, inspiring future generations with their
legacy of courage, sacrifice, and patriotism.
Coins offer yet another manifestation of sculpture's functional role, often featuring
intricate reliefs of renowned heroes or personalities. The Central Bank of the Philippines, in
particular, goes a step further by producing special commemorative coins dedicated to notable
figures, such as Pope Francis and Jesuit priest Horacio de la Costa. These numismatic creations
not only serve as a medium of exchange but also double as miniature sculptural works,
encapsulating the essence and significance of the individuals they portray, adding a layer of
cultural and historical value to the currency.

Architecture, often considered the most prominent functional art form, inherently
accommodates various functions. In contrast to other art forms that may be easily replaced or
modified, buildings represent substantial, costly, and time-consuming endeavors. Significant
investments are dedicated to the construction of monumental structures such as the pyramids of
Giza, the Acropolis, or the grand cathedrals of the medieval world. The multifaceted nature of
functionality plays a pivotal role in the architectural process, requiring meticulous consideration
and planning before the commencement of construction. The enduring impact of architecture on
the physical and cultural landscape underscores its significance as a multifunctional and lasting
form of artistic expression.

Architecture serves as a poignant example of the intimate interplay between function and
form. In the planning of architectural structures, serious consideration must be given to factors
such as topography, climate, and social conditions. In the Philippines, for instance, house designs
are significantly influenced by the climate, with Spanish colonial houses incorporating features
that facilitate adequate air circulation. Social conditions also wield a crucial influence on
architectural decisions, particularly in the case of churches. For Christians, these structures
primarily function as places of worship and assembly, necessitating spacious designs to
accommodate regular ceremonies. This underscores the principle that whenever art is designed to

23
serve a specific function, the form of that art must be intricately determined by the requirements
of its intended purpose.

Does Art Always Have to Be Functional?

While it has been demonstrated that many forms of art serve a function, there are still
some that do not. The value of a work of art is not contingent on its function but rather on the
inherent qualities of the work itself. The plays of Aeschylus and the poetry of Robert Frost and
Edgar Allan Poe, for example, are regarded as exemplary works of art despite not having a
specific, known function. On the other hand, in cases where functions are established, it is a
different story. A functional object cannot be deemed beautiful unless it effectively performs its
intended function. For instance, a house that fails to protect its residents from harsh weather or a
spoon that spills food cannot be considered beautiful. The satisfactory execution of function
contributes to the aesthetic appeal of these functional art forms.
However, it is important to note that efficiency should not be confused with beauty.
While efficiency may contribute to the beauty of certain works of art, an efficient functional
object is not necessarily beautiful. Art demands more than mere efficiency. The questions then
arise: What truly comprises beauty and art? What makes something genuinely beautiful? What
constitutes a work of art? What is the essence of art? The following section aims to explore
various perspectives on the nature of art.

Lesson 4: Subject and Content of Art

Subject

In nearly all forms of art—whether painting, sculpture, photography, music, literature,

theater, or dance—a subject serves as the foundation for the creation of the work. The subject
matter is the most apparent aspect of an artwork, representing what the work depicts or portrays.
It could be a person, an object, a scene, or an event, providing the answer to the question: What
is the work of art about?

However, the subject matter of art should not be the sole basis for judging artworks. The
presence or absence of representation does not determine the superiority of one form of art over
another. While some art forms have discernible subjects, others do not. Furthermore, works
portraying pleasant subjects are not inherently superior to those depicting unpleasant ones. What
matters most in art is not the subject matter itself, but rather how effectively the artist handles or
presents it in their work.

Differentiating between Subject and Content

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 The subject matter constitutes the literal, visible image in a work, such as still life,
portrait, or landscape, while content encompasses the connotative, symbolic, and suggestive
aspects of the image. While subject matter pertains to the tangible elements within the artwork,
content extends beyond mere depiction to convey ideas, emotions, and reactions associated with
the subject. When viewing artwork, the content is what is felt and experienced rather than what
can be dissected or analyzed. It represents the deeper meaning and purpose behind the creation of
art.

Types of Visual Art According to Subject

There are two basic types of Visual Art according to the subject matter. These types are
representational or figurative art and non- representational or non-objective art.

Representational/Figurative Art

Representational artwork is created with the primary aim of depicting actual objects or
subjects from reality. These artworks are rooted in images found in the objective world or, at
times, in the artist's imagination—images that can be named or recognized. Subcategories within
representational art encompass various styles, including Realism, Impressionism, Idealism, and
Stylization. Despite some forms taking steps toward abstraction, they remain within the
overarching category of representation.

Representational art is arguably the oldest of the three main types of art, and its
identification is relatively straightforward for viewers. This form of art constitutes the largest
collection of artworks created throughout history, navigating through numerous phases and
movements. Despite these shifts, the fundamental principle of presenting viewers with
recognizable subject matter has endured, making representational art a cornerstone in the
evolution of artistic expression.

Painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature, and theater arts are commonly classified as
representational forms of art. However, it's important to note that within these categories, there
can be instances where some paintings and sculptures deviate from representing recognizable
subjects. In such cases, the line between representational and non-representational or abstract art
may blur, as artists may choose to explore various degrees of abstraction within these traditional
forms.

Non-Representational/ Non-Objective Art

Non-objective art, also known as non-representational art, is a term used interchangeably to

describe artworks that do not aim to represent or depict any person, place, or thing in the natural
world. In essence, the focus of non-objective art is not on portraying recognizable subjects.
25
Instead, the content of the artwork is often centered around elements such as color, shapes,
brushstrokes, size, scale, and, in some instances, the artistic process itself. This form of art
allows for a more abstract and subjective exploration of visual elements, emphasizing the
expressive qualities of the medium.

Distinguishing between abstract art and non-objective art can be challenging for many
people, but the key distinction lies in the chosen subject matter. When an artist begins with a
subject from reality, the resulting artwork is categorized as abstract. In this case, the artist takes a
real-world subject and interprets, modifies, or simplifies it, retaining some connection to the
original source.

On the other hand, if an artist creates without any reference to reality, producing work
that does not aim to represent or depict anything from the natural world, then that artwork is
considered non-objective. Non-objective art takes a more purely abstract and subjective
approach, emphasizing visual elements such as color, form, and composition without tethering
them to identifiable real-world subjects.

KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT

The subject of art is the central theme or matter that an artist seeks to describe or
represent in their work. As discussed in previous lessons, it forms the essence of the piece,
encompassing what is depicted visually or the message the artist intends to convey to the
audience. The subject in art serves as the core focus, shaping the narrative or expression within
the artwork.

Artists draw inspiration from various sources in their environment. What they see, feel,
and hear can all serve as potential subjects for their artistic endeavors. This broad spectrum of
influences allows artists to capture the richness and diversity of their surroundings, infusing their
work with personal experiences, emotions, and perspectives.

In general, the kinds and sources of a subject can be categorized into seven:

1. Still life refers to the depiction of groups of inanimate objects arranged in an

indoor setting, encompassing a variety of subjects such as flower and fruit
arrangements, food items, kitchen utensils, and musical instruments. As
MacArdle (2020) notes, the themes explored in still life paintings can span a wide
spectrum, ranging from personal and cultural to religious, philosophical, or
26
 existential. In historical contexts, still life compositions often carried profound
religious and mythological significance. However, contemporary practices in still
life have expanded the thematic possibilities to include explorations of material
qualities like color, shape, and texture, showcasing a shift towards more abstract
and visually focused interpretations.
2. Landscapes, cityscapes, and seascapes are categories of artworks that primarily
center around depicting natural scenery. These compositions often feature
elements of the environment, including mountains, valleys, rivers, and
skyscrapers, to capture the beauty and essence of the outdoors. Whether
portraying vast open landscapes, bustling urban cityscapes, or the tranquility of
seascapes, these artworks aim to convey the visual and emotional experience of
the natural world, showcasing the diverse and awe-inspiring elements of our
surroundings.
3. Animals have been a subject of artistic representation across nearly every age and
culture. In fact, it can be observed that some of the earliest known paintings
discovered on the walls and caves depict animals. These ancient artworks serve as
a testament to the enduring fascination and connection between humans and the
animal kingdom throughout history. From prehistoric cave paintings to
contemporary art forms, artists have sought to capture the essence and beauty of
animals, reflecting cultural beliefs, symbolic meanings, and the intrinsic
relationship between humans and the natural world.
4. A portrait is an art form that aims to provide a realistic likeness of a person,
achieved through various mediums such as sculpture, painting, drawing, or print.
The emphasis is not on creating a strictly photographic representation, but rather
on a selective process that involves highlighting certain features while de-
emphasizing others. One of the most renowned examples of a portrait is "The
Mona Lisa" by Leonardo da Vinci, painted sometime between 1503 and 1519.
This iconic artwork captures the likeness of Lisa Gherardini and stands as a
pinnacle in the realm of portraiture, showcasing the artist's mastery in conveying
the subject's presence and personality through subtle and nuanced techniques.
5. Everyday life in art involves the artist's keen observation of people engaged in
their routine activities, capturing these moments in paintings. An exemplary work
in this genre is Fernando Amorsolo's "Rice Planting" (1922), a favorite during the
Commonwealth era in the Philippines. This painting gained prominence and was
prominently featured on posters and tourist brochures
(info@philippineartgallery.com, 2020). Notably, Fernando Amorsolo holds the
distinction of being the Philippines' first National Artist in Painting, receiving this
prestigious title in 1972.
6. History paintings are characterized by their high-minded or heroic narratives,
often depicting exemplary deeds of prominent figures. Originally dominated by
religious themes, this category has expanded to encompass subjects from
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 mythology, literature, and history. Subcategories within history paintings include
religious history paintings, mythological history paintings, allegorical history
paintings, literary history paintings, and historical history paintings (visual-arts-
cork.com, 2020).

One notable example is "The Spoliarium" (1884) by Juan Luna, considered the
most valuable oil-on-canvas painting by the Filipino artist. This masterpiece
delves into Roman history, offering a glimpse into the carnage resulting from
gladiatorial matches. The title "Spoliarium" originates from the Latin word
referring to the basement of the Roman Colosseum, where fallen and dying
gladiators were discarded. Luna's painting captures the gravity of this historical
context and stands as a powerful representation within the realm of historical
paintings.
7. Figurative art centers around the depiction of the human figure, whether in a
clothed or nude state. The primary focus for artists engaged in figurative art lies in
capturing the form of the body, including its structural intricacies and flexibility.
The aim is often to convey the grace and ideal proportions of the human figure
through paintings or sculptures.

One of the most iconic examples of figurative art is Michelangelo's "David,"

considered one of the most famous statues globally. Crafted between 1501 and
1504, this monumental work stands at a height of 14.0 feet and portrays the
Biblical hero, David. Michelangelo's "David" is celebrated for its exceptional
representation of the human form, showcasing the artist's mastery in capturing
both the physical and emotional essence of the subject.

Sources of Subject

1. Nature – Alongside depictions of animals, people, and their activities, landscapes

portraying nature have emerged as a prevalent subject in art. Nature, in its various forms
and settings, has consistently served as a primary source of inspiration and subject matter
for artists across different periods and styles.
2. History - The creation of art is inevitably shaped by the historical context in which it
emerges. Rulers, desiring to immortalize both themselves and the significant
accomplishments of their era, often commission artworks that perpetuate their legacy. As
a result, statues and paintings portraying influential figures and their notable deeds are
prevalent in every civilization. These artistic expressions not only serve as a form of
28
 historical documentation but also reflect the societal values, power structures, and
cultural narratives of the respective time periods in which they are created.
3. Greek and Roman Mythology - The depiction of rulers and their achievements has been a
crucial source of artistic subjects throughout history. These artworks have gained such
widespread recognition that they are considered an integral part of our cultural heritage.
Notably, during the Renaissance period, poets, painters, and sculptors extensively drew
inspiration from Greek and Roman sources for their subjects. This classical influence
played a pivotal role in shaping the artistic landscape of the time and has left an enduring
mark on the collective artistic inheritance of subsequent generations.
4. Religion – The classical tradition has played a monumental role in inspiring works across
various artistic disciplines, including visual arts, music, architecture, and literature,
throughout the ages. A transformative moment occurred during the Renaissance when
European artisans evolved into "artists" and became conscious of their role in a manner
that had never been true before. This period marked a significant shift in artistic
consciousness, where creators began to view themselves as more than mere craftsmen,
embracing a heightened sense of individual artistic expression and innovation. The
classical influence, with its emphasis on aesthetics, form, and intellectual exploration,
profoundly shaped the Renaissance and continues to resonate as a foundational source of
inspiration in the world of art.
5. Sacred oriental texts – The sacred texts of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism,
Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and Islam have been influential subjects in various forms of art.
Artists have drawn inspiration from these profound scriptures to create visual
representations, sculptures, paintings, and other artistic expressions that capture the
spiritual essence and teachings contained within these texts. Whether depicting scenes
from the epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata in Hinduism, illustrating the wisdom
of the Tripitaka in Buddhism, or embodying the ethical principles of Confucianism
through visual art, these sacred texts serve as a rich source of inspiration, guiding artists
to convey the depth and significance of these religious traditions in their creative
endeavors.

Content in Art

Content in art refers to the meaning or message that an artwork seeks to express or
communicate. It encapsulates the intended significance or emotional impact that the artist
conveys through the visual, auditory, or tactile elements of the artwork. The content serves as the
underlying narrative, theme, or concept that the artist wishes to share with the audience, inviting
interpretation, reflection, or emotional response. Whether it be a painting, sculpture, music,
literature, or any other form of artistic expression, the content is the essence that imbues the
artwork with depth and purpose.
In understanding the content of art, it is important to note that there are various levels of
meaning:
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 Factual Meaning – pertains to the most fundamental level of interpretation, derived from
the identifiable or recognizable forms within the artwork. It involves comprehending and
making sense of the elements present in the artwork, as well as understanding the
relationships and connections between these components. At this level, the viewer
extracts meaning directly from the observable and concrete aspects of the artwork, such
as recognizable objects, shapes, colors, and their spatial arrangement. Factual meaning
provides a foundational understanding that forms the basis for more nuanced
interpretations of the artistic creation.
 Conventional Meaning – refers to the accepted interpretation of an artwork, relying on
motifs, signs, symbols, and other ciphers as the foundational elements of its significance.
These conventions are established through repetitive use and widespread acceptance
among both the general audience and scholars who engage in the study of art. Artists
often incorporate culturally recognized symbols or employ conventional visual language
to convey specific meanings in their works. The conventional meaning adds a layer of
shared understanding, allowing viewers to interpret the artwork within the context of
established artistic and cultural norms. This shared symbolism contributes to the
collective appreciation and comprehension of the artwork.
 Subjective Meaning – emerges when individual subjectivities are considered, leading to a
range of interpretations when engaging with a particular work. These meanings are
shaped by the viewer's or audience's personal circumstances, encompassing their
knowledge, learned experiences, and values. Unlike a singular, definitive meaning,
subjective interpretations of art can be multiple and varied. Each viewer brings their
unique perspective, emotions, and background to the artistic encounter, influencing the
way they perceive and derive meaning from the artwork. This subjective aspect of
interpretation adds richness and diversity to the overall understanding of a piece of art,
acknowledging the unique lens through which each person engages with the creative
expression.

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