IDEAS For Writing

TOPIC CONTENTS
1 Advertising Positives, negatives, opinions
2 Animal Rights Testing on animals, vegetarianism, zoos
3 Cities Urbanisation, negatives of city life, pedestrian areas
Police and crime prevention, punishments/ prisons,

4 Crime
rehabilitation, capital punishment, community service, crime in
the media
Benefits, studying abroad, technology in education, education

in developing countries higher education, home-schooling, bad
5 Education
behaviour in schools, corporal punishment, single sex education,
streaming (grouping children according to ability)
Global warming, impact of humans on the environment,

6 Environment
solutions to environment problems, waste/rubbish, litter,
recycling, nuclear power
Family size, working parents: negative effects on children,

7 Family
divorce, care for old people
Gender Gender and education, gender and work,

8
(Males and women’s and men’s role in the family
Females)
9 Genetic Positives, negatives, genetically modified foods
Engineering
Problems in developing countries, how to help developing
10 Global Issues
countries, immigration, multi-cultural societies, globalisation
1
TOPIC CONTENTS
11 Government and What governments can do, public services, censorship,

Society video cameras in public places, smart cards, disabilities
12 Guns and Gun ownership and possession, police and guns, arms trade, nuclear
Weapons weapons, armed forces
Diet, exercise, governments’ role, state health systems, private
13 Health
healthcare, alternative medicine, stress
Housing and
14 State housing, old buildings, modern/green buildings
Architecture
15 Language English as an international language: positives and negatives
16 Money Money and society, consumerism
17 Personality Happiness, success, nature or nurture
18 Sport and Leisure Professional/competitive sport, sport salaries, sport and politics
19 Television, Positives, negatives, opinions, Internet, newspapers and books, mobile

Internet, Phones phones
20 Tourism Positives, negative effects on environment, future of tourism
21 Traditional vs. Losing traditional skills, traditional customs

Modern
22 Transport Traffic problems, traffic solutions, public transport, road safety
23 Water Importance of clean water, water supply, water and politics, water
should be free, bottled water
24 Work Same job for life, self-employment, unemployment, unemployment

benefits, work/life balance, technology and work, child labour 2
TOPIC 1: ADVERTISING
* Advertising is a key part of ______________________________________.
* Companies need to tell _____________________ about their
_____________________.
Positives of * Advertisements inform us about the _____________________ we have.
Advertising * Advertising is a creative ____________________ that _____________________
many people.
* Without advertising we would have _____________________ choice.
* Without advertising there would be higher _____________________.
* Advertising is a _____________________ of modern art.
* People _____________________ adverts.
* Advertising _____________________ people.
* It aims to _____________________ people that buying a product will make
them happier.
* Advertisers focus on selling a brand _____________________.
Negatives of * They use _____________________ , successful people.
Advertising * We now live in a _____________________ culture.
* We are persuaded to follow the _____________________ trends.
* We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a _____________________.
* Advertisers often aim their _____________________ at children.
* Children can easily be _____________________ by advertisements.
* Children put _____________________ on parents to buy them things.
* Advertising should be _____________________.
* Advertising aimed at children should be _____________________ or even
_____________________.
* _______________ foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children.
Opinions
* Products that can be a risk to health should display _____________________.
about
* In some countries it is _____________________ to advertise cigarettes on
Advertising
television.
* _____________________ must be ___________________ on cigarette packets.
* However, advertising is _____________________ in free market economies.
* It creates _____________________ for products.
* Governments should only _____________________ false information or
products that are harmful.
3
TOPIC 2: ANIMAL RIGHTS
* Animals are used in important _____________________ .
* It is necessary to do _____________________ tests on new drugs.
* Animal testing helps to advance _____________________ and
_____________________ knowledge.
Arguments
for Animal * Many important medical _____________________ involved
Testing _____________________ on animals.
* Researchers aim to _____________________ the _____________________ that
animals experience.
* Testing for the cosmetics industry is now _____________________ in many
countries.
* The benefits of research using animals do not _____________________
Arguments the suffering caused.

against
* There are _____________________ methods of research.
Animal
Testing * The lives of animals should be _____________________.
* Humans have no moral _____________________ to do experiments on animals.
* Vegetarians do not eat foods that are _____________________ by killing
animals.
* Many people choose a vegetarian diet for _____________________ or

Arguments
_____________________ reasons.
for
Vegetarian * A healthy diet is possible _____________________ eating meat.
ism
* It is unnecessary to kill animals for _____________________.
* A vegetarian diet may reduce the _____________________ of diseases like
cancer.
* Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms.

4
* Vegetarians do not eat a _____________________ diet.
* In many _____________________ , meat is the main _____________________

Arguments
in traditional meals.
against
* Meat- _____________________ argue that animals are below humans in the
Vegetarian
food chain.
ism
* It is completely _____________________ for us to kill them for food.
* Our aim should be to _____________________ farming methods.
* Farms should produce _____________________ food.

* Zoos play an important role in wildlife _____________________ .
* They can help to protect _____________________ .

Positives of * Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their _____________________.
Zoos * Zoos are _____________________, interesting and fun.
* Children, in particular, enjoy _____________________ about animals.
* Zoos provide job _____________________ .
* Zoo animals are kept in _____________________ environments.
* They are kept in cages or have _____________________ space.
* Zoo animals _____________________ on humans.
* They lose the _____________________ to hunt for food.

Negatives of
* The best way to save _____________________ species is by protecting natural
Zoos
_____________________ .
* Some people _____________________ that zoos are unethical.
* Zoos exhibit animals with the aim of _____________________ money.
* We have no ___________________ to use animals for __________________
and _____________________ . 5
TOPIC 3: CITY
* People move to cities in search of job _____________________ .
* Cities _____________________ greater employment possibilities and a higher
Reasons for _____________________ of living.

Urbanisation
* People _____________________ to cities from the countryside.
* Traditional activities like farming need _____________________ workers
nowadays.
* Life in cities has its _____________________ .
* The _____________________ of living is higher than in rural areas.
* Some people do not _____________________ to find work.
* Housing is usually much more _____________________ .
* Homelessness and poverty are _____________________ in cities.

Negatives of * There is a _____________________ between the rich and poor.
City Life
* Life in cities can be extremely _____________________ l.
* There are problems like ____________________ and _____________________
* Cities lack a sense of _____________________ .
* People do not even know their _____________________ .
* Cities are sometimes described as “ _____________________ ”.
* Pedestrian zones in city centres can improve the local _____________________
* _____________________ cars encourages people to walk or cycle.
* Many European cities have built bicycle _____________________.

Pedestrian
Areas * Dependence on cars is _____________________ health problems like obesity.
* People who walk or cycle _____________________ are generally healthier.
* Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both _____________________
and _____________________.
6
TOPIC 4: CRIME
* The job of the police is to catch _______________________.
* They must also prevent _______________________ and
make _______________________.
Police and * There should be an _______________________ in the number of
Crime _______________________ on the streets.
Prevention * _______________________ should be seen as part of the community.
* They should be _______________________ with education and prevention.
* The police should be in _______________________ contact with schools.
* They should focus on young people who have _______________________
out of school.
* These teenagers may become involved with _______________________.

* Fines are used as punishment for _______________________.
Punishments
* If the crime is more serious, prison is the most _______________________.
/ Prisons
* Some criminals _______________________ a threat to society.
* They are put in prison to ___________________ the ___________________ of
other citizens.
* _______________________ are put together.
Negatives of
* They make friends with other _______________________.
Prisons
* Many prisoners _______________________ when they are released.
* A criminal record makes finding a job _______________________.
* Another aim of prisons is _______________________.
* Prisoners receive education or _______________________ training.
Rehabilitation * Prisoners should learn _______________________ skills and

_______________________ job skills.
* Punishment could make prisoners’ behaviour _______________________.
* Rehabilitation aims to make them _______________________.
* Rehabilitated prisoners are _______________________ to re-offend. 7

TOPIC 4: CRIME
* Supporters say that capital punishment _______________________ crime.
* Fear of the _______________________ stops people from committing offences.
Capital * The death penalty shows that crime is not _______________________.
Punishment * It is a form of _______________________.
* The cost of _______________________ is avoided.

* The _______________________ cannot pose a threat to others.
* Innocent people could be wrongly _______________________ and

_______________________ .
* Crime rates are not _______________________ reduced.
Against
Capital * Many criminals do not think they will be _______________________.
Punishment * Capital punishment is not a good _______________________ .
* Executing prisoners creates a _______________________ culture and

encourages _______________________ .
* We have no right to take another human _______________________ .
* Community service is a way to _______________________ offenders.
* It could be a _______________________ to prison overcrowding.
* It avoids the cost of _______________________.
Community * It makes offenders _______________________ in their local communities.
Service
* They are _______________________ to clean streets or talk to school groups.
* _______________________ repay their community.
* They avoid the _______________________ influence that prison can have.
Against * Community service is _______________________ a sufficient punishment.

Community
* Criminals should be _______________________ up, away from their victims.
Service
* Crime is one of the main _____________________ of most news programmes.

* The mass media focus on violent and _______________________ crimes.
Crime in the * This leads to _______________________ of crime among the public.

Media * _______________________ stories attract more _______________________ or
readers.
* The media report crime stories in order to increase their ____________________.
8
TOPIC 5: EDUCATION
* Education gives people __________________ and __________________.
* People with __________________ are more likely to find work.
Benefits of * They can earn a higher __________________.

Education * They can contribute __________________ to society.
* Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as __________________
and __________________.
* Schools __________________ children to be members of a society.
* Foreign __________________ may offer better courses.
* Many students want to attend a __________________ university.
* The best universities employ teachers who are _______________ in their fields.
Benefits of * Qualifications gained abroad can open the __________________ to better job
Studying __________________.
Abroad * Living abroad can broaden students’ __________________.
* Overseas students are __________________ to different cultures and customs.
* They become __________________ independent.
* They are __________________ for cooking, cleaning and paying bills.
* They will learn a foreign __________________.
* Living and __________________ abroad can be difficult.

* Students have problems with __________________ such as visa applications.
Drawbacks * The language __________________ can be a problem.
of Studying
* Students have to find accommodation and pay __________________.
Abroad
* Studying in a __________________ language is challenging.
* Living alone in an __________________ culture can cause ________________.
* Technology is a powerful tool to __________________ students.

* Technology can make lessons much more __________________.
* Students can do research using online __________________.
Technology in * Students can study at their own __________________.
Education:
* Adults can take __________________ learning courses.
Advantages
* Students can study __________________ and wherever they want.
* Students also learn skills which are __________________ for their future jobs.
* For example, they learn to write reports using a word __________________. 9
TOPIC 5: EDUCATION
* People __________________ too much on computers.
* Young learners do not become __________________ in some basic skills.
Technology * They use word __________________ with spell-checkers.
in Education: * Their handwriting and spelling may __________________.
Disadvanta * People should be able to write a letter by __________________.
ges * Technology is no __________________ for a real teacher.
* Learners __________________ a structured course.
* A __________________ teacher knows what materials to choose.
* Computers are expensive to __________________ and can be unreliable.
* Institutions should __________________ traditional teaching with the use of

technology.
Technology
* Technology is __________________ of everyday life.
in Education:
* It can enhance a __________________ ’s lessons.
Opinion
* Students can use online __________________ to help with homework.
* Students must still __________________ to write by hand.
* They should still use traditional __________________ of information such as
books.
* Children often have to work from an __________________ age.
Education in
* There are no schools in many __________________ .
Developing
* Families do not have __________________ to books or computers.
Countries:
* __________________ rates are often low.
Problems
* People in __________________ countries need knowledge and skills.
* Education is the key to improving the __________________ of these countries.
* Developed countries could help developing nations by _______________ money.

* They could _______________ in schools and technology.
Education in
* They could supply the _______________ to build schools and pay for teachers.
Developing
* Children need to have access to free _______________.
Countries:
* Computer _______________ could be donated.
Solutions
* The Internet can expose students to a __________ of knowledge and information.
* Governments should make education _______________ for all children.
* They should encourage parents to _______________ their children to school.
* _______________ of developed and developing countries must work together. 10
TOPIC 5: EDUCATION
* There are many benefits to _______________ to university.
* A degree can open the door to better employment _______________.
* Economies are becoming _______________ knowledge-based.
Higher
* Most jobs require _______________ knowledge and skills.
Education:
* Skilled workers are needed for _______________such as information technology
Advantages
and engineering.
* Repetitive _______________ jobs are now done by machines.
* Many factories have _______________ to developing countries.
* A _______________ economy needs a wide range of workers.

Higher
* Some manual workers will always be _______________ .
Education:
* A university _______________ is not necessary for many service professions.
Disadvanta
* _______________ training is more important in some industries.
ges
* In the UK, for example, there is _______________ a shortage of plumbers.
* Their services are _______________ becoming more and more expensive.
* Some parents decide to _______________ their children at home.

* Some families live in isolated areas with _______________ transport.
Advantages * Other parents are not _______________ with local schools.
of Home- * Parents can _______________ to what their children need and how they learn
Schooling best.
* One-to-one lessons allow much faster _______________ .
* The child can work at his or her _______________ pace.
* Discipline problems are _______________ by home-schooling.
* Most parents do not have the ______________ to educate their children at home.
* One parent would need to give up _______________ .
Disadvanta * School subjects are normally _______________ by up to ten different teachers.
ges of Home- * Most parents do not have the _______________ knowledge or resources.
Schooling * _______________ tutors are expensive.
* Children will miss out on the social experience that school _______________ .
* At school, children learn how to _______________ on with each other.
* Home-schooled children may lack _______________ skills.
* Schools offer a better overall educational _______________. 11
TOPIC 5: EDUCATION
* Bad behaviour is due to a lack of structure and _______________.

Bad * There are too many children in some _______________ .
Behaviour in * Large classes are difficult to _______________ .
Schools: * Many _______________ students come from an unstable family
Causes _______________ .
* Other parents are too _______________ and spoil their children.
* Some children are used to getting _______________ they want.
* Schools can do very _______________ if they are not supported by parents.
* Schools need a clear _______________ of conduct.
* Schools need a clear set of _______________ about behaviour.
Bad
* They need to create a _______________ working atmosphere.
Behaviour in
* Teachers must have the power to punish _______________ students.
Schools:
* Schools should _______________ difficult children from lessons.
Solutions
* Schools need to work _______________ with parents.
* Discipline could be lacking at home.
* Parents must _______________ the school rules.
* They should take responsibility for their children’s _______________ .
* _______________ punishment is not a good idea.

Corporal * Physical punishment is a way of _______________ children using fear.
Punishment: * This does not promote trust between _______________ and children.
Opinion * Children who are punished _______________ may become shy or resentful.
* Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and _______________ .
* Some people believe that male and female students should go to

Single Sex _______________ schools.
Education: * This is often for _______________ or _______________ reasons.
Advantages * Discipline problems might be _______________ by separating boys and girls.
* Boys and girls may learn in different _______________ and have different
_______________ .
* Students at single-sex schools often get better exam _______________.
12
TOPIC 5: EDUCATION
* _______________ boys and girls is unnecessary.
* It is unhealthy in terms of children’s _______________ development.
Single-Sex * Many _______________ schools are extremely successful.

Education:
Disadvantages * A _______________ environment is more representative of real life.
* _______________ schools provide children with better social skills for adult
life.
* Some schools separate students according to their _______________ ability.
Advantages of * Teachers can work at the right _______________ for their students.
Streaming
* Teachers can plan more _______________ lessons.
(grouping
children * High-level groups may _______________ faster.
according to
* Lower level groups can benefit from a _______________ pace.
ability)
* Some teachers and parents support _______________ for these reasons.
* _______________ by ability may have a negative impact on students.
* Children do not want to be seen as less _______________ than others.
* Streaming could _______________ students’ self esteem.

Disadvantages
* They may _______________ motivation.
of Streaming
* Students from wealthier families _______________ to be better prepared.
* Children from poorer families may receive less _______________ from parents.
* Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their _______________ .
13
TOPIC 6: ENVIRONMENT
* Gases such as carbon dioxide __________________ heat from the sun.

* This causes global __________________ to rise.
Global * This process is known as the greenhouse __________________.
Warming * Human activity is a major __________________ in the __________________
of the greenhouse gases.
* Factories and vehicles produce ________________ and ______________ fumes.
* Many developing countries are becoming __________________.
* The __________________ of cars on our streets is growing.
* Cheap air travel is allowing more people to __________________ .
* Global warming will have a significant impact on our __________________.

Effects of
* Rising temperatures will cause __________________ of the polar ice
Global
__________________.
Warming
* Sea levels will __________________.
* We can expect more __________________ weather conditions.
* Flooding and __________________ may become more common.
Impact of * The increasing world population is putting __________________ on natural

Humans on resources.
the * Fossil fuels like oil and gas are __________________ out.
Environment * We are destroying wildlife __________________ .
* We have cut down enormous __________________ of rainforest.
* This has led to the __________________ of many species of animals and plants.
* Governments could introduce laws to ______________ emissions from factories.

* They should invest in __________________ energy from solar, wind or water
__________________ .
Solutions to
* They could _________________ “green taxes” on drivers and airline companies.
Environment
* Government __________________ should promote recycling.
Problems
* Natural __________________ and wild animals should be __________________
* Individuals should also __________________ to be greener.
* We should take fewer flights abroad for __________________.
* We should take __________________________ rather than driving.
* We should choose products with less __________________.
* We should __________________ as much as possible.
14
* The amount of waste that we __________________ has increased.

* This problem is a result of our __________________ culture.
Waste / * Products are not made to __________________.
Rubbish * If something __________________, we throw it away and buy a new one.
* Advertisers __________________ us to buy the newest fashions.
* __________________ is an important part of selling.
* Most foods are sold in __________________ plastic packaging.
* The amount of household __________________ is growing.
* This waste ends up in __________________ sites.
* People do not think about the __________________ of dropping rubbish.

Litter
* They assume that somebody is paid to clean the streets.
* Plastic packaging does not break down easily.
* Most of the litter seen on streets is fast food __________________ .
* Companies should make goods that __________________ longer.

* They should not use so much __________________ .
* Governments should be __________________ about waste produced by
Recycling companies.
and Other * They should put __________________ limits on packaging.
Solutions * Consumers should avoid buying __________________ products.
* We should recycle and __________________ useful materials.
* There are __________________ banks for glass, paper and
__________________ bottles.
* Households can use several rubbish bins to __________________ waste.
* Recycling saves energy and raw __________________ .
15
* There are several benefits to building more nuclear power __________________

* __________________ like oil and gas are __________________.
Nuclear * Nuclear power is a relatively __________________ energy source.
Power: * It can be used to produce electricity without wasting __________________ .
Positives * It could __________________ the use of natural __________________ like
coal, oil or gas.
* Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel __________________.
* They could help to reduce __________________ that cause global warming.
* The __________________ of accidents are being reduced.
* __________________ of nuclear power worry about the __________________

of power stations.
* The building of new nuclear power stations is __________________ .
Nuclear * __________________ wants to live near one.
Power: * Nuclear waste __________________ is a __________________ problem.
Negatives * There is currently no way to decontaminate __________________ material.
* People worry that __________________ could steal __________________
materials.
* It is __________________ to produce energy from solar, wind or water
__________________ .
16
TOPIC 7: FAMILY
* Families in many countries are not as __________________ as they used to be.

* We tend to live in small __________________ families rather than large
__________________ families.
Family Size
* Parents tend to have fewer __________________.
* Young children are no __________________ expected to work.
* Nowadays __________________ parents often work.
* It costs so much to __________________ children up.
* It is more difficult to __________________ a large family.
* Children and their parents seem to be less __________________ nowadays.

* Parents __________________ less time with their children.
* Women __________________ stayed at home to cook, clean and look after
Working
children.
Parents (also
see “Gender” * __________________ both parents often work full time.
topic)
* Children may be left alone, or with __________________ or
__________________ .
* Busy parents have less __________________ with their children.
* Many families no longer eat meals __________________ .
* Children __________________ more time with friends or __________________
the Internet.
* The lack of __________________ in families can have a negative effect on
children.
* Many parents have no idea __________________ their children spend their time.
* Friends, television and the Internet become the main __________________ on
Negative
Effects on children’s __________________ .
Children
* Teenagers are influenced by __________________ pressure.
* Some of them __________________ gangs.
* __________________ delinquency is __________________ the increase.
* Parents should be more __________________ with their children’s
__________________ .
* Young people need __________________ role models.
17
TOPIC 7: FAMILY
* In the past, divorce was __________________ .

* It was considered to be __________________ for a family.
* People stayed together for __________________ or family reasons.
* Divorce is more __________________ acceptable nowadays.
Divorce * It has become much more __________________ .
* Divorce can be extremely __________________ .
* Lone parents may face __________________ difficulties.
* Many single parents have to rely on __________________ paid by the state.
* Divorce can have a __________________ effect on children.
* Children from __________________ families are more likely to get lower grades
or __________________ of school.
* The rise in divorce rates may be __________________ to some social problems.
* Caring for elderly people was traditionally the __________________ of families.

* Adults had to look after their __________________ parents.
* A woman’s __________________ was to stay at home taking care of her family.
* Nowadays, fewer elderly people are looked after by their relatives.
Care for Old
* __________________ homes provide __________________ for large numbers
People
of elderly people.
* Some families are unable to look after __________________ relatives.
* Families tend to be __________________ these days, and women often have
__________________ jobs.
* __________________ homes provide a professional __________________ for
senior citizens.
* Nurses are better __________________ than family members.
* The best __________________ of care for the elderly depends on the family
__________________ .
Care for Old
* It depends on whether family members have the __________________ and
People:
__________________ .
Opinion
* We __________________ have a responsibility towards the older people in our
__________________ .
* Governments should invest money in __________________ and
__________________ for care workers.
18
TOPIC 8: Gender (Males and Females)
* Men and women should have __________________ to the same educational
__________________ .
* Males and females should be accepted onto __________________ according to
Gender and their __________________ .
Education * It is wrong to __________________ against students because of their gender.
* Gender should be __________________ in education.
* Students’ achievements should depend on __________________ and individual
__________________ .
* In the UK, there are __________________ numbers of male and female students
in higher education.
* Men and women should have access to the same ______________ opportunities.
* Both men and women should be able to __________________ a career.
* They should earn __________________ salaries.
Gender and
* They should be __________________ according to their abilities,
Work
__________________ and experience.
* Traditionally, women have been __________________ to certain roles.
* They were often employed as __________________ or __________________.
* Nowadays, a range of occupations is __________________ to both sexes.
* __________________ success depends on individual __________________ .
* Some people argue that a mother should __________________ work.

* She should stay at home and __________________ her children.
* The father should be the __________________ of the family.
* Others believe that both parents should _______________ these responsibilities.
Women’s
* __________________ women can take __________________ leave during and
and Men’s
after __________________ .
Roles in the
* Many mothers continue to work after this __________________ .
Family
* Many fathers and mothers share their parenting and __________ responsibilities.
* They contribute ______________ to ________________ , cooking and cleaning.
* Some women may have better career __________________ than their husbands.
* ______________ leave and “ _______________ ” are becoming more common.
* Traditional gender __________________ are gradually changing.
* Families can __________________ roles and responsibilities in the most
__________________ way. 19
TOPIC 9: GENETIC ENGINEERING
* Genetic engineering is the __________________ of __________________ the

genes of an organism.
* It is used to produce crops that are more __________________ to insects and
__________________ .
Positives of * Some genetically __________________ crops grow more quickly.
Genetic * Some drugs and __________________ are produced by genetic engineering.
Engineering * It may become possible to change humans’ genetic __________________ .
* Scientists may use genetic engineering to __________________ diseases.
* Inherited __________________ would no longer exist.
* Genes could be __________________ before a baby is born.
* It could also be possible to __________________ human organs.
* We could all have __________________ body parts.
* Humans could live longer, healthier __________________ .
* There are __________________ concerns about human genetic engineering.

* Parents might want to choose their children’s __________________ .
Positives of * This would be __________________ .
Genetic * It would be __________________ in most religions.
Engineering * Soldiers could be __________________ from the __________________ of the
strongest people.
* Clones might be used like robots to do certain __________________ .
* Clones might even be developed just for organ __________________ .
* Society and human evolution would __________________ completely.
* Currently, human genetic engineering is __________________ .
20
TOPIC 9: GENETIC ENGINEERING
* Farmers can produce __________________ that grow bigger and
__________________ .
* Some GM crops are more resistant to __________________ or
Genetically-
__________________ .
Modified
* This could be important for food __________________ in developing countries.
(GM) Foods:
* Faster growing cereals, fruit and vegetables will mean more
Advantages
__________________ .
* GM foods can be __________________ to look perfect.
* They may be more __________________ to customers.
* There may be _________________ involved in the genetic engineering of foods.

* GM crops might __________________ whole ecosystems.
Genetically-
* Food __________________ could be broken if crops are __________________
Modified
to predators.
(GM) Foods:
* Organic foods are produced without chemicals or genetic __________________.
Disadvantages
* Organic farming may be __________________ and more _________________.
* However, the environment is not damaged by fertilisers or _________________.
21
TOPIC 10: GLOBAL ISSUES
* Developing countries face a range of _________________.

Problems in * _________________ of healthcare and education are low.
Developing * _________________ is usually lower than in developed countries.
Countries * There is a lack of _________________ , employment and good quality housing.
* Many people are forced to live in _________________ .
* Food, _________________ water and basic medicines are in short supply.
* The best _______________ of help for developing countries is development aid.

* Richer nations can help by investing in long-term _________________ .
* _________________ and _________________ can help by building new
houses and schools.
How to Help
* Globalisation may also _________________ developing countries.
Developing
* _________________ companies are _________________ jobs in developing
Countries
countries.
* On the other hand, many people _________________ to find work in richer
countries.
* They often _________________ money back home to their families.
* This money helps to _________________ the _________________ of living in
developing countries.
* Some people move to another country in _________________ of a better life.

* Many _________________ come from less developed countries.
* Richer, _________________ countries may offer _________________ for
Immigration employment.
* Free _________________ and _________________ are available in some
developed countries.
* Other people migrate to a foreign country to improve their _________________
qualifications.
22
* From an economic _________________ , immigration can be extremely

_________________.
Positives of * Many _________________ have skills that are _________________ in the

Immigration country they move to.
and * _________________ who find work contribute to the _________________ of
Multi-Cultural their new country.
Societies * Many immigrants send money home to help _________________ members.
* Immigration also creates cultural _________________ .
* People of many different _________________ learn to live together.
* This can help people to become more _________________ and
_________________ .
* Some people believe that _________________ take jobs that should go to local
Negatives of
people.
Immigration
* Some _________________ workers work longer hours for less money.
* Companies might pay lower _________________ to immigrant workers.
* ________________ rates could rise if there are too many _________________
* Immigration can help the _________________ of a country.

* It can create _________________ societies.
Opinions about * However, immigration needs to be _________________ .
Immigration * In many countries, immigrants need visas or work _________________ .
* Governments should stop companies from ______________ immigrant workers.
* Foreign and local workers should have the right to _________________ pay and
conditions.
23
* Business is becoming _________________ international.

* Multi-national companies do _________________ across the world.
Positives of * Companies like MacDonald’s can be seen on high streets in most cities.
Globalisation * Goods are produced in one country and sold in many others.
* A global economy means free _________________ between countries.
* This can strengthen _________________ relationships.
* Globalisation can also create opportunities for _________________.
* It encourages _________________ in less developed countries.
* It could _________________ poverty in the developing world.
* Globalisation is not always _________________ to everyone.

* Companies can move to countries where _________________ is cheap.
* This creates _________________, or job _________________ .
Negatives of
* Employees cannot be confident that they have _________________ jobs.
Globalisation
* Companies sometimes _________________ their employees in developing
countries.
* Global trade creates more _________________ and _________________ .
The Future * There should be global _________________ for salaries and

of _________________ conditions.
Globalisation * Governments should _________________ laws to _________________
the environment.
24
TOPIC 11: GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
* Governments provide __________________ like healthcare and education.
* They support people who are living in __________________ or
__________________ to work.
* Governments raise money by __________________ working people.
* They can spend money on __________________ and campaigns.
What * They can __________________ new laws.
governments * They can __________________ taxes.
can do * They can raise people’s __________________ of issues
(e.g. climate change/ __________________ ).
* They can __________________ people’s habits and opinions.
* They can __________________ jobs.
* They can __________________ the activities of companies such as banks.
* They can __________________ resources for schools.
* They are also responsible for the ____________ and well-being of their citizens.
* They control armed forces and police __________________ .
* Governments pay the __________________ of public sector workers like police
officers an __________________ .
* The necessary money is raised by taxing people’s __________________ .
* Free education and healthcare may be __________________ by the state.
Public * Some governments control public transport __________________ and even TV
Services channels.
* In other countries, these services are provided by _______________ companies.
* Some people believe that __________________ between private companies is
good.
* It helps to improve __________________ while bringing prices down.
* Other people think that essential services should be __________________ .
* Governments should __________________ for them
* Governments can _______________ what the public sees or reads in the media.
* To a certain __________________ censorship is necessary.
* We should use censorship to protect children from ________________ images.
* Some computer games ________________ killing people or committing crimes.
Censorship:
* The Internet also needs to be __________________.
Opinion
* Many websites show pornography and __________________ .
* There should be age __________________ for websites and computer games.
* Parents need to take ________________ for checking what their children watch.
* It is impossible for governments to ________________ everything we see. 25
TOPIC 11: GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
Video * The use of CCTV is becoming ________________ .

Cameras in * Video cameras have been installed in many ________________ places.
Public Places * They are supposed to protect us and ________________ criminals.
* Many people think that this surveillance ________________ our privacy.
* The authorities could build ________________ with our pictures and identities.
* We should not be ________________ like criminals.
* Governments will probably ________________ a digital identification card

system.
* Smart cards will have benefits and ________________ .
Smart Cards: * They could help to ________________ crime.
Positives * They could hold ________________ information, such as DNA.
* Digital bank cards could contain fingerprint ________________ .
* It would be very difficult fo ________________ to use a stolen card.
* It would be easier for police to ________________ people and catch criminals.
* Many people are worried about ________________ their privacy.

Smart Cards:
* Governments could ________________ all our personal and medical
Negatives
information.
* This information could be used by insurance companies.
* Employers could check our health ________________ .
* People with disabilities should be _______________ the same as everybody else.

* They should have the same ________________ as other people.
People with * They should have ________________ to the same jobs as other citizens.
Disabilities * ________________ against disabled people is ________________ in many
countries.
* Ramps and lifts for ________________ should be _______________
in public buildings.
* Support teachers can be employed to help children with learning ____________.26
TOPIC 12: GUNS AND WEAPONS
Why guns
* In some countries, people are allowed to ________________ firearms.
should be
* Individuals have the right to ________________ themselves.
legal:
* People can use guns in self ________________ .
* This ________________ criminals.
Why gun * There is a ________________ of accidents with guns.

ownership * The number of violent crimes increases when guns are ________________ .
should be * Criminals may be ________________.
illegal: * The police then need to use guns.
* Suicide ________________ have been shown to rise when guns are available.
* Guns create violent societies with high ________________ rates.
* Many criminals use ________________ .

* The threat of a gun can ________________ criminals.
Why police
* Police officers can force a criminal to ________________ .
should use
* It is easier to arrest someone and avoid ________________ violence.
guns:
* The police may shoot violent criminals in self ________________ .
* They can ________________ the public.
* They can shoot an escaping criminal who poses a serious ________________ to
the public.
* There is a risk of accidents and ________________ .

Why police * The police might shoot an unarmed criminal or an ________________ person.
should not * Accidents can happen in public places.
carry guns: * There are several ________________ to guns (e.g. tear gas, sprays and electric
shock weapons).
* Only special police units should ________________ guns.
27
TOPIC 12: GUNS AND WEAPONS
* The export of arms, or weapons, is an extremely ________________ issue.
Arms Trade: * Governments of rich, ________________ countries sell arms to each other.
Positives * This industry creates jobs and ________________ .
* The trade of weapons may improve ________________ between governments.
* Weapons may be used in conflicts and ________________ .

Arms Trade: * The supply of arms could be ________________ for deaths.
Negatives * Governments are promoting war in order to make a ________________ .
* Rich countries can ________________ the politics of other nations.
* Nuclear weapons are capable of ________________ whole cities.

Nuclear
* A nuclear war between two countries would destroy ______________ countries.
Weapons
* Nuclear weapons are used as a ________________ .
* They prevent ________________ from starting.
Nuclear * Nuclear weapons should be ________________ .

Weapons: * Governments should ________________ the production of nuclear weapons.
Opinion * There is a danger of nuclear weapons being obtained by ________________ .
* Nuclear weapons cannot be used ________________ terrorist organisations.
* Armed forces provide ________________ and protection.

Armed
* They deter ________________ attack by another country.
Forces:
* They can also be used to ________________ peace within countries.
Positives
* They can be used to give the police extra ________________ .
* Soldiers are also used to help in ________________ situations, such as after a
natural disaster.
Armed * Armies require a lot of ________________ from governments.
Forces: * Too much money is spent on weapons and ________________ technology.
Negatives * This money could be spent on schools, hospitals and other ________________ .
28
TOPIC 13: HEALTH
* The human body requires a ________________ diet.

* An unhealthy diet can cause various ________________ problems.
Diet * Obesity, diabetes and heart disease are ________________ the increase.
* Many people nowadays rely on fast food or ________________ meals.
* These foods often contain too much fat, salt and ________________ .
* They are cheap to buy and very easy to ________________ .
* Many young people have grown up on a diet of ________________ foods.
* Populations in developed countries are increasingly ________________ .
* Regular exercise is essential in ________________ a healthy body.

* Exercise burns ______________ and helps to build healthy bones and muscles.
* Doctors advise ________________ at least three times a week for 20 minutes.
Exercise
* Most people nowadays lead a ________________ lifestyle.
* We tend to walk less and do ________________ jobs.
* Most adults ________________ by watching television.
* Children play video games ________________ doing outdoor sports.
* ________________ , people were more active in their jobs and at home.
* Governments have a significant ________________ to play in reducing obesity.

* More and more people, including young children, are ________________
overweight.
* They are at risk of heart disease and ________________ .
Governme * This situation will increase the ________________ on hospitals and taxpayers.
nts’ Role * Hospitals rely on the government for money and ________________ .
* Governments should ________________ a healthy diet and regular exercise.
* There should be more time for ________________ on school timetables.
* Unhealthy junk food should be banned from school ________________ .
* People need information about what foods ________________ .
* Food packaging must show the food’s nutritional content.
* The British Government________________ eating five portions of fruit and
vegetables per day. 29
TOPIC 13: HEALTH
* Good healthcare should be ________________ to everyone for free.

State Health * State healthcare is paid by the government using money from ______________ .
Systems: * Everyone has access to the same ________________ of care and treatment.
Advantages * Private healthcare is unfair because only wealthy people can ________________
it.
* The National Health Service in the UK provides free healthcare for every
________________ .
* State hospitals are often very large and difficult to ________________ .

Private * Private hospitals have shorter ________________ lists for operations and
Healthcare: appointments.
Advantages * Patients can benefit from faster ________________ .
* Many people prefer to pay for a more personal ________________ .
* Patients have their own room and more comfortable ________________ .
* People are increasingly using alternative medicines to treat ________________ .

Alternative * For example, ________________ can be used to treat backache.
Medicine: * Herbal medicines can be used to treat ________________ or viruses.
Positives * Many patients report positive experiences with these ________________ .
* Some traditional ________________ have been used for hundreds of years.
Alternative * Many alternative medicines have not been tested ________________ .

Medicine: * They may have no ________________ effects at all.
Negatives * They may cause unknown side ________________ .
* People should trust the opinions of ________________ doctors.
* An illness could get worse without ________________ from a doctor.
30
TOPIC 13: HEALTH
* Modern lifestyles are increasingly ________________ .
* People work long hours with strict ________________ .
* Our busy ________________ mean we have less time to relax.
Stress * Unemployment is a major ________________ of stress.
* Children may be ________________ affected by their parents’ relationship
problems.
* Tests and exams can also ________________ stress.
* Stress can be ________________ by taking ________________ exercise and

eating a healthy diet.
* It is also important to get ________________ sleep and make leisure time
How to
a ________________ .
Reduce
* People should work ________________ overtime and take ________________
Stress
holidays.
* Schools have started to ________________ psychologists.
* They can offer ________________ support to students.
* They can help students to ________________ with exam stress.
31
TOPIC 14: HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE
* In some countries the government provides state or council ________________ .

* This helps people who cannot ________________ to buy their own houses.
State / * It can be argued that state housing creates ________________ on the
Council government.
Housing * People should not ________________ on the government to look after them.
* People have no ________________ to earn money and buy their own homes.
* Council properties are often made with cheap, ________________ materials.
* Historic buildings are part of a country’s ________________ .

* They should be ________________ .
* Old buildings are often considered to be ________________ of art.
Old * They give character to cities and ________________ tourists.
Buildings * They show us ________________ people lived in the past.
* We identify countries by architectural symbols like the ________________ in
Egypt.
* ________________ should spend money on looking after historic buildings.
* They need regular repairs and ________________ .
* New buildings should be designed to ________________ them.
* Modern buildings should be designed to be ________________ friendly.

* They should use less ________________ and produce less ________________ .
Modern /
* Modern insulation can make houses more ________________ .
Green
* Solar and wind power can be used to ________________ electricity.
Buildings
* Rainwater and waste water can be recycled and used to ________________
toilets.
* Modern glass buildings take advantage of ________________ light.
32
TOPIC 15: LANGUAGE
* English is ________________ used around the world.

* It is becoming a ________________ second language.
* It is the ________________ language of technology, science and international
English as an
________________ .
International
* International business meetings are regularly ________________ in English.
Language
* The most important textbooks and journals are ________________ in English.
* The ________________ to speak English is a necessary skill in the modern
world.
* If one language is ________________ , other languages may disappear.

* The dominant language brings its ________________ culture.
Negatives of
* American culture has become ________________ around the world.
English as an
* Other cultures may be ________________ .
International
* As an alternative to English, a new global language could be _______________ .
Language
* It would have no nationality or culture attached to it.
* This could help to ________________ international peace and understanding.
* Esperanto is an example of a language that was ________________ with this
aim.
33
TOPIC 16: MONEY
* Society has become increasingly ________________ .

* People ________________ to earn more money.
Money and * They want a bigger house or a better ________________ .
Society * We connect wealth and material ________________ with happiness and
________________ .
* Brands like ‘Armani’ or ‘Mercedes’ are ________________ symbols.
* Advertising creates new ________________ and needs.
* It persuades us to buy the ________________ styles.
* Consumerism creates ________________ .

* It helps to reduce ________________ .
Positives of
* It encourages ________________ and creativity in business.
Consumer
* We live in a ________________ economy.
ism
* We have a better ________________ of life.
* Consumerist ________________ create more waste.

* They use more natural ________________ .
Negatives of * They cause ________________ to the environment.
Consumer * Consumerism creates a “ ________________ ” culture.
ism * Advertisers tell us who we are and what we want.
* Wealth does not ________________ to happiness.
* Materialism causes ________________ and ________________ .
* We should return to traditional values like ________________ .
34
TOPIC 17: PERSONALITY
* Happiness ________________ different things to different people.
* It can be described as a feeling of ________________ or enjoyment.
* People enjoy spending ________________ with family and friends.
* Hobbies, sports and games can be a ________________ of fun and enjoyment.
* Some people see money as a ________________ of happiness.
Happiness
* Other people ________________ happiness as something deeper.
* In order to be truly happy it is ________________ to live a good life.
* We need to feel that we are doing something ________________ with our lives.
* Some people get a sense of ________________ from their work.
* Others find happiness in ________________ up their children.
* Religion or a ________________ of purpose can also be a source of happiness.
* People ________________ success in different ways.
* Some people get a ________________ of achievement from ________________
a family.
* For others, success is defined by ________________ or status.
Success * We often think of rich and ________________ people as being successful in life.
* Millionaires like Bill Gates are ________________ to be successful.
* They have risen to the top in their chosen ________________ .
* For some, being successful means achieving personal or ________________
goals.
* They see success as the ________________ of hard work.
* Success in any field requires long-term planning and ________________ .
* Some people believe that our personalities are ___________ mainly by genetics.
* We ________________ our abilities and talents from our parents.
* Others think that our education and ________________ are more important.
Nature or * We develop according to the ________________ around us.
Nurture * Our personalities and achievements depend more on ________________ than

nature.
* Many people argue that we ________________ our own destinies.
* We can ________________ our own personalities.
* By working hard we can achieve any goal that we put our _______________ to.
* Many successful people are “ ________________ ”.
35
* We are not limited by our genetic ________________ or upbringing.
TOPIC 18: SPORT AND LEISURE
* Sport has become a ________________ .

* Professional sport encourages people to ________________ for money.
Arguments * Many sports stars are only concerned about money and ________________ .
against * Some athletes take drugs in order to win at any ________________ .
Professional / * Competitors are often ________________ and rude.
Competitive * They are not good role ________________ for children.
Sport * All sports ________________ be amateur.
* Sports should be leisure activities ________________ jobs.
* People should do sporting activities for enjoyment and ________________
reasons.
* Taking part is more important than ________________ .
* Professional sports are the same as any other ________________ .

Arguments
* Many people are ________________ in the sports industry.
for
* People should be able to use their ________________ to earn a salary.
Professional
* Sports stars ________________ millions of people.
Sport
* Money is necessary to ________________ facilities and ________________
athletes.
* The level of ________________ sport is much higher than that of amateur sport.
* Competition is a natural ________________ in humans.

Arguments
* In daily life we ________________ to get jobs or the highest grades.
for
* Sports are a safe ________________ of competition.
Competitive
* Competition is healthy because it ________________ us to give our
Sport
________________ .
* Competitors and fans can ________________ energy and aggression.
* Supporters of teams feel a sense of ________________ to a community.
36
TOPIC 18: SPORT AND LEISURE
* Sports ________________ earn too much money.

* They do not provide a ________________ service.
Opinion:
* Football players, for example, earn ________________ salaries by simply
professional
kicking a ball.
sport salaries
* We could all live happily ________________ professional football.
are too high
* Life would be difficult without doctors, engineers and other ________________
professionals.
* Society does not seem to ________________ these professions as highly as
professional sport.
* Sports salaries should be ________________ with the wages most people earn.
* It is fair that the best ________________ earn a lot of money.

Opinion:
* Sport is a multi-million-pound ________________ .
professional
* There is a large ________________ of sports fans.
sport salaries
* Sports on television ________________ many viewers.
are fair
* Sports stars have ________________ hours of practice to developing their
fitness and ________________ .
* Only the most ________________ among them will ________________ the top.
* A sports career may only ________________ 10 years.
* Sports fans are ________________ to pay to support their teams.
* Some people think that sport and politics should remain ________________
separate.
* Governments are involved in the ________________ of sporting events such as
Sport and
the Olympics.
Politics
* These events attract ________________ and create jobs.
* The Olympic Games are an ________________ for the host nation.
* They attract huge ________________ of visitors and sports fans.
* ________________ countries tend to hold these events.
* Developing countries should be given the ________________ to become hosts.
37
TOPIC 19. TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES
* Watching television is a good way to _______________.

* It is many people’s favourite way to _______________ after
a _______________ day at work.
Positives of * Television programmes can be _______________ and enjoyable.
Television * Viewers have access to a huge variety of entertainment _______________ .
* Television brings the best comedians, musicians and actors _______________
our homes.
* Programmes can also be _______________ and _______________ .
* News coverage makes the public _______________ of events around the world.
* Documentaries can _______________ learning more interesting.
* Television is having a _______________ impact on society.

* Some people link _______________ on television with crime rates
Negatives of in the _______________ world.
Television * Children ______________ the behaviour that they ____________ on the screen.
* Children are _______________ healthy because they spend _______________
time playing.
* Advertisers _______________ their marketing at children.
* Most programmes do not _______________ much thought.
* Watching TV is a _______________ of time.
* Television has many benefits. However, it can be _______________ .

* Children should play _______________ rather than sit in front of
a _______________ all day.
Opinions
* Behaviour shown on TV can _______________ people.
about
* Parents should _______________ carefully what their children watch.
Television
* Children should not be _______________ to violence, swearing or sexual
_______________ .
* Advertising during children’s programmes should be _______________
controlled.
* TV companies should make more positive, _______________ programmes. 38
* There are many advantages to _______________ the Internet.

* It gives us _______________ access to information on almost any subject.
* Shops and other services are now _______________ online.
Positives of
* People can buy goods and services from the _______________ of their homes.
the Internet
* The Internet is starting to _______________ other forms of entertainment.
* It has _______________ communication.
* We can keep in _______________ by e-mail or instant messenger services.
* Video messaging is becoming common for business _______________ .
* Many websites contain offensiv _______________ .

Negatives of * Some sites show _______________ or _______________ images.
the Internet * Parents find it difficult to _______________ what their children see online.
* They do not always know who their children are _______________ to.
* With so many websites it is difficult to _______________ for good information.
* Criminals _______________ use the Internet to steal people’s money.
* Newspapers and books are now published online as well as in ______________ .

* We can read the news in any _______________ from any country in the world.
Internet
* It costs nothing to publish or access _______________ on the Internet.
Compared to
* The Internet allows anybody to _______________ their own writing.
Newspapers
* Newspaper articles and books are written by _______________ .
and Books
* Professionals produce better _______________ writing than amateurs.
* People still buy newspapers and books because they are _______________ .
* People do not like reading from a _______________ .
39
* The mobile phone is the most popular _______________ in today’s world.

* Mobile phones have revolutionised the way we _______________ .
Positives of
* We can stay in _______________ with family, friends and _______________
Mobile
wherever we are.
Phones
* Users can send text _______________ , _______________ the Internet, take
photos and listen to music.
* Mobiles have also become fashion _______________ .
* Mobile phones can be a problem in some _______________ places.

* Ringing phones cause _______________ in cinemas and school lessons.
Negatives of
* Some people are not aware that others can hear their _______________ .
Mobile
* Mobile phones may also _______________ with electronic equipment.
Phones
* Their waves could cause _______________ to our brains.
* Mobile phones can also be a _______________ distraction.
* Using a phone while driving reduces the driver’s _______________ .
* Mobile phones are a popular _______________ for thieves.
Opinion
about Mobile * The benefits of mobile phones _______________ the drawbacks.
Phones * We need to use these phones with _______________ .
40
TOPIC 20: TOURISM
* Tourism is a popular leisure _______________ .

* People go on holiday to relax and have _______________ .
* Tourists can experience different _______________ .
* They can sunbathe on beaches or go _______________ .
* Travelling abroad opens our _______________ .
Positives of
* We can learn to _______________ other languages.
Tourism
* The tourist trade is _______________ for some economies.
* It creates employment in services like _______________ , _______________
and entertainment.
* Some areas rely on tourism for their _______________ .
* _______________ spend money.
* Tourism attracts investment from _______________ companies.
* It helps to improve the _______________ of living.
* Low-cost airlines are making it cheaper to travel _______________ .
* Tourism can have a negative effect on the natural _______________ .

* The building of facilities and _______________ can destroy the
Negative _______________ of wild animals.
Effects of * Beautiful beaches are _______________ by the building of hotels.
Tourism * Tourism creates _______________ and waste.
* It put _______________ on local resources.
* Local _______________ and cultures may be endangered.
* A rise in the cost of living _______________ local people.
* The price of goods, services and housing may _______________ significantly.
* Governments should introduce ______________ to protect natural environments
and local cultures.
The Future * Tourism should have a low impact on _______________ .
of Tourism * _______________ resources like solar or water power should be used.
* Waste should be _______________ .
* Local businesses such as farms should be _______________ .
41
TOPIC 21: TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN
* Because of industrialisation and global _______________ , many traditions have

disappeared.
Losing
* Global _______________ encourages everyone to buy the same products.
Traditional
* Most products are now made in _______________ .
Skills
* Machinery has replaced skilled human _______________ .
* Factory work is boring and leaves people feeling _______________ .
* Goods are produced very _______________ and in _______________ numbers.
* Products are cheaper, which _______________ that more people can buy them.
* Clothes are _______________ produced in standard sizes.

* People wear similar clothes, rather than traditional _______________ .
* Jeans and T-shirts are now _______________ throughout the world.
Examples * Historic buildings took skilled craftsmen years to _______________ .
* Modern _______________ , _______________ and glass buildings are built in
only weeks or months.
* There are fewer people who can create _______________ goods.
* Traditional customs are still important during weddings and _______________

festivals.
Traditional
* People wear _______________ costumes and eat _______________ foods.
Customs
* It is important to maintain our different cultural _______________.
* We should celebrate festivals, _______________ traditional skills and
_______________ historic places.
42
TOPIC 22: TRANSPORT
* Traffic congestion is caused by _______________ travelling to work.

* Most people live in the _______________ outside city centres.
Traffic * Commuters tend to travel at the _______________ time of day.
Problems * They tend to _______________ alone.
* Cars and road space are not used _______________ y.
* This causes traffic jams during the _______________ .
* In order to reduce traffic we should change our working _______________ .

* The Internet can now be used to _______________ people.
* More people could _______________ from home.
* Meetings can be _______________ as video conferences.
Traffic
* Workers could be given _______________ timetables.
Solutions
* Another solution would be to _______________ drivers.
* Workers should _______________ their cars and travel together.
* In London, for example, there is a congestion _______________ .
* This helps to raise money for _______________ public transport.
* Public transport needs to be _______________ and _______________ .
43
TOPIC 22: TRANSPORT
* We need to reduce our _______________ on cars.

Positives of
* _______________ a car can be extremely difficult in big cities.
Public
* _______________ transport systems are comfortable and convenient.
Transport
* _______________ public transport can be fast and cheap.
* Public transport can help to reduce _______________ in cities.
* Investment in buses and trains will _______________ traffic congestion.
* Buses can be given special _______________ to avoid traffic.
Negatives of * Public transport is often slow and _______________ .

Public * Metro systems and trains are often dirty and _______________ .
Transport * People feel like “ _______________ in a can”.
* Cars are much more _______________ .
* Driving while tired or _______________ is extremely dangerous.

* Mobile phones can be a dangerous _______________ for drivers.
* They draw the driver’s _______________ away from the road.
* The use of phones while driving has been _______________ in many countries.
Road Safety * Punishments are becoming _______________ .
* Television _______________ are used to remind people to drive safely.
* _______________ cameras have become more common.
* Speed bumps are another form of traffic _______________.
* Many streets are designed with the _______________ of slowing traffic down.
44
TOPIC 23: WATER
* Water is an ________________ natural resource.

* Humans need access to clean, safe ________________ water in order to live.
* Poor water quality is a major cause of ________________ and death in some
countries.
Importance
* Water usually needs to be ________________ before we can drink it.
of Clean
* Developing countries often lack the ________________ to treat and supply
Water
water to ________________ .
* Developed countries tend to have much better ________________ .
* Citizens have ________________ to clean tap water.
* Drinking water is not ________________ by sewage or waste water.
* The supply of clean water would improve public ________________ in many
developing countries.
* Urban life would be ________________ without water supply systems.

* These systems are ________________ engineering projects.
* Many professionals are involved in their planning, ________________ and
Water
________________ .
Supply
* The supply and distribution of water are major ________________ .
* Water is becoming ________________ in some countries.
* Areas that suffer ________________ often need to import water.
* As populations grow, there is more ________________ on water supplies.
* This could lead to a water ________________ .
* The supply of water is also an important ________________ issue.

Water and * Huge amounts of water are needed for agriculture and ________________ .
Politics * The ________________ of crops accounts for a large proportion of water use.
* A water ________________ could lead to political ________________ or even
wars.
45
TOPIC 23: WATER
* Some people believe that water should be free for ________________ .

Argument: * Governments should supply water to all homes at no ________________ .
water should * Private companies should not be allowed to ________________ from this
be free natural resource.
* Money from ________________ can be used to pay for water supply systems.
* If water is free, people take it for ________________ .

* They do not think about how much water they ________________ .
Argument:
* They leave ________________ running while washing or brushing their teeth.
water should
* If we have to pay for water, we will use it more ________________ .
not be free
* Water ________________ systems are extremely expensive.
* Investment is needed to ________________ and improve them.
* Private companies may provide a better service than ________________ .
* If they provide an ________________ service, they will make more money.
* They will ________________ leaks to avoid losing money.
* Some people carry ________________ of water wherever they go.

* For example, they take bottles of water to ________________ or to the
Bottled ________________ .
Water: * They believe that bottled water is ________________ than tap water.
Opinions * They also argue that it ________________ better.
* However, other people believe that we should _____________ less bottled water.
* Plastic water bottles add to ________________ and waste problems.
* Companies should not be able to make a ________________ from water.
* It is unethical to make money by selling ________________ water.
* There is no difference in quality between ________________ and
________________ water.
46
TOPIC 24: WORK
* Employees have a ________________ career with one employer.

* They have a good ________________ and health ________________ .
The benefits
* Their salaries ________________ increase.
of staying in
* They may be ________________ within the organisation.
the same job
* They demonstrate ________________ .
for life:
* ________________ staff can be trusted with more responsibility.
* They become ________________ of a team.
* There is a clearly defined ________________ for development.
* People often change jobs in order to ________________ their careers.

The benefits
* Another company may offer a ________________ or a higher salary.
of not staying
* People who change jobs can gain ________________ .
in the same
* They can ________________ different skills.
job:
* Changing jobs is interesting and ________________ .
* People can retrain in a different ________________ .
* In a ________________ world workers need to be flexible.
* People need to develop a range of ________________ and ________________ .
* Nowadays, it is easy to set up a ________________ .

* The Internet provides a ________________ marketplace.
* Self-employment offers greater ________________ than working for a
company.
Self-
* However, there are ________________ to starting a new business.
employment
* Self-employed people may face ________________ difficulties.
* Many businesses ________________ to make a profit.
* There is ________________ stability in self-employment.
* There are no benefits like ________________ , ________________ pay and
holiday pay.
* Self-employment involves hard work, long hours and total ________________ .
47
TOPIC 24: WORK
* Unemployment is a big problem for ________________ ,

________________ and ________________ .
* Some people are ________________ to find a job.
* They may not have the ________________ level of education or
Unemployment
qualifications.
* They may find ________________ homeless.
* Unemployment causes ________________ and stress.
* Jobless people may become ________________ in crime as a
________________ to get money.
* The ________________ need careers advice.
* Governments need to provide ________________ courses and retraining.
* Some governments pay unemployment ________________ in order to help

jobless people.
Unemployment * Unemployed people need ________________ support until they find a new
Benefits: Positives job.
* By claiming ________________ they can continue to pay for their homes.
* The benefits system helps to reduce poverty, ________________ and
________________ .
* Some people claim benefits ________________ working.

Unemployment * They become ________________ on the government.
Benefits: * They are not ________________ to find a job.
Negatives * The benefits system is a ________________ on taxpayers.
* All citizens should work to earn a living and ________________
themselves.
* Receiving benefits affects people’s ________________ .
48
TOPIC 24: WORK
* It is important to ________________ a balance between ________________ time

and ________________ or ________________ time.
* Too much work can result in stress and poor ________________ .
Work / Life * “Workaholics” may ________________ their families and friends.

Balance * People need to ________________ regular holidays.
* Companies should not expect employees to work ________________ .
* Nowadays, many people work part-time or have ________________ working hours.
* ________________ allows people to work from home.
* Many companies ________________ childcare facilities.
* A good work/life balance can ________________ job satisfaction.
* Happy, healthy workers are more ________________ .
* Internet, fax and mobile phone technologies have ________________ working life.
* Workers can ________________ via e-mail, online networks and video conferencing.
Technology
* Technology can ________________ workers in different countries.
and Work
* It gives people more ________________ .
* It can also save time and ________________ .
* Some people believe that offices could ________________ in the future.
* Virtual online offices may ________________ them.
* In some countries, children are ________________ .

* They do ________________ jobs for very ________________ pay.
* Children are often used in agriculture and ________________ work.
* The employment of children is ________________ in other countries.
Child Labour
* Many people think that children should be free to enjoy their ________________ s.
* Governments should make education a ________________ .
* They should ________________ new schools.
* They should supply the ________________ to educate children.
* Children need to be given the ________________ and ________________ for
________________ life.
49
Positives of Advertising
* Advertising is a key part of modern business.
* Companies need to tell customers about their products.
* Advertisements inform us about the choices we have.
* Advertising is a creative industry that employs many people.
* Without advertising we would have less choice.
* Without advertising there would be higher unemployment.
* Advertising is a form of modern art.
* People enjoy adverts.
50
Negatives of Advertising
* Advertising manipulates people.
* It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier.
* Advertisers focus on selling a brand image.
* They use glamorous, successful people.
* We now live in a consumer culture.
* We are persuaded to follow the latest trends.
* We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status.
* Advertisers often aim their marketing at children.
* Children can easily be influenced by advertisements.
* Children put pressure on parents to buy them things.
51
Opinions about Advertising
* Advertising should be regulated.
* Advertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned.
* Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children.
* Products that can be a risk to health should display warnings.
* In some countries it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television.
* Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packets.
* However, advertising is necessary in free market economies.
* It creates demand for products.
* Governments should only censor false information or products that are harmful.
52
1. Arguments for Animal Testing
* Animals are used in important scientific research.
* It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs.
* Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge.
* Many important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals.
* Researchers aim to minimise the suffering that animals experience.
* Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries.
53
2. Arguments against Animal Testing
* The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused.
* There are alternative methods of research.
* The lives of animals should be respected.
* Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals.
54
3. Arguments for Vegetarianism
* Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals.
* Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons.
* A healthy diet is possible without eating meat.
* It is unnecessary to kill animals for food.
* A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of diseases like cancer.
* Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms.
55
4. Arguments against Vegetarianism
* Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet.
* In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals.
* Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain.
* It is completely natural for us to kill them for food.
* Our aim should be to improve farming methods.
* Farms should produce organic food.
56
5. Positives of Zoos
* Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation.
* They can help to protect endangered species.
* Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behaviour.
* Zoos are educational, interesting and fun.
* Children, in particular, enjoy learning about animals.
* Zoos provide job opportunities.
57
6. Negatives of Zoos
* Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments.
* They are kept in cages or have limited space. Zoo animals rely on humans.
* They lose the freedom to hunt for food.
* The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats.
* Some people believe that zoos are unethical.
* Zoos exhibit animals with the aim of making money.
* We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.
58
TOPIC 3: CITY
1. Reasons for Urbanisation
* People move to cities in search of job opportunities.
* Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living.
* People migrate to cities from the countryside.
* Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays.
59
TOPIC 3: CITY
2. Negatives of City Life
* Life in cities has its drawbacks.
* The cost of living is higher than in rural areas.
* Some people do not manage to find work.
* Housing is usually much more expensive.
* Homelessness and poverty are common in cities.
* There is a gap between the rich and poor.
* Life in cities can be extremely stressful.
60
TOPIC 3: CITY
2. Negatives of City Life
* There are problems like traffic congestion and crime.
* Cities lack a sense of community.
* People do not even know their neighbours.
* Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.
61
TOPIC 3: CITY
3. Pedestrian Areas
* Pedestrian zones in city centres can improve the local environment.
* Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle.
* Many European cities have built bicycle lanes.
* Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity.
* People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier.
* Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists.
62
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TOPIC CONTENTS

1 Advertising Positives, negatives, opinions

2 Animal Rights Testing on animals, vegetarianism, zoos

3 Cities Urbanisation, negatives of city life, pedestrian areas

Police and crime prevention, punishments/ prisons,

Benefits, studying abroad, technology in education, education

Global warming, impact of humans on the environment,

Family size, working parents: negative effects on children,

Gender Gender and education, gender and work,

11 Government and What governments can do, public services, censorship,

15 Language English as an international language: positives and negatives

16 Money Money and society, consumerism

17 Personality Happiness, success, nature or nurture

19 Television, Positives, negatives, opinions, Internet, newspapers and books, mobile

20 Tourism Positives, negative effects on environment, future of tourism

21 Traditional vs. Losing traditional skills, traditional customs

22 Transport Traffic problems, traffic solutions, public transport, road safety

24 Work Same job for life, self-employment, unemployment, unemployment

* It is necessary to do _____________________ tests on new drugs.

* Animal testing helps to advance _____________________ and

* Researchers aim to _____________________ the _____________________ that

* Testing for the cosmetics industry is now _____________________ in many

Arguments the suffering caused.

* Humans have no moral _____________________ to do experiments on animals.

* Vegetarians do not eat foods that are _____________________ by killing

* Many people choose a vegetarian diet for _____________________ or

* A vegetarian diet may reduce the _____________________ of diseases like

* Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms.

* In many _____________________ , meat is the main _____________________

* Our aim should be to _____________________ farming methods.

* Farms should produce _____________________ food.

* They can help to protect _____________________ .

Zoos * Zoos are _____________________, interesting and fun.

* Children, in particular, enjoy _____________________ about animals.

* Zoos provide job _____________________ .

* Zoo animals are kept in _____________________ environments.

* They are kept in cages or have _____________________ space.

* Zoo animals _____________________ on humans.

* They lose the _____________________ to hunt for food.

* Some people _____________________ that zoos are unethical.

* Zoos exhibit animals with the aim of _____________________ money.

* We have no ___________________ to use animals for __________________

* Cities _____________________ greater employment possibilities and a higher

Reasons for _____________________ of living.

* Traditional activities like farming need _____________________ workers

* The _____________________ of living is higher than in rural areas.

* Some people do not _____________________ to find work.

* Housing is usually much more _____________________ .

* Homelessness and poverty are _____________________ in cities.

* There are problems like ____________________ and _____________________

* Cities lack a sense of _____________________ .

* People do not even know their _____________________ .

* Cities are sometimes described as “ _____________________ ”.

* Pedestrian zones in city centres can improve the local _____________________

* _____________________ cars encourages people to walk or cycle.

* Many European cities have built bicycle _____________________.

* People who walk or cycle _____________________ are generally healthier.

* They must also prevent _______________________ and

Police and * There should be an _______________________ in the number of

* Researchers aim to _ the _ that

* In many _ , meat is the main _

* We have no _ to use animals for

* There are problems like and _

* They are put in prison to _ the _ of

* of nuclear power worry about the

* Genetic engineering is the of the

Positives of * Many _ have skills that are _ in the